CONTENTS  目录

1. To Aphrodite … 2
   致阿佛洛狄忒…… 2
2. To Aphrodite … 3
   致阿佛洛狄忒……3
3. When I look at you … 3
   当我看着你…… 3
4. Anactoria … 3  阿娜克托里亚……3
5. Parting … 4  离别……4
6. Remembering the girl Atthis … 4
   记得那个女孩阿提斯……4
7. The wedding of Hector and Andromache … 4
   赫克托耳与安德洛玛克的婚礼……4
8. On old age … 5
   关于老年……5
9. Prayers for a safe return … 5
   祈求平安归来…… 5
   Corinna … 6  科林娜……6
10. The contest of Cithaeron and Helicon … 6
    基塞隆山与赫利孔山的竞赛……6
11. Reflections on a woman poet … 6
    关于一位女诗人的思考……6
    Praxilla … 6  普拉克西拉……6
12. Two fragments … 6  两个片段……6
    Erinna … 7  艾琳娜 … 7
13. Childhood … 7  童年 … 7
14. Two epigrams for Baucis … 7
    献给鲍西丝的两首短诗……7
    Anyte … 7  安尼特……7
15. Miletus … 9  米利都……9
16. Antibia … 10  安提比亚... 10
17. Thersis … 10  特尔西斯……10
18. Philaenis … 10  菲莱尼斯……10
    Nossis … 10  诺西斯……10
19. To Hera … 10
    献给赫拉…… 10
20. To Aphrodite … 10
    致阿佛洛狄忒……10
21. To Artemis … 10
    致阿尔忒弥斯…… 10
22. Polyarchis … 11  波利阿尔基斯……11
23. Thaumarete … 11  陶马瑞特 … 11
24. Callo … 11  卡洛... 11
    Herennia Procula … 11
    赫伦尼娅·普罗库拉 … 11
25. Herennia Procula … 11  赫伦尼娅·普罗库拉……11
    Sulpicia … 11  苏尔皮基娅 … 11
26. To Messala … 12
    致梅萨拉…… 12
27. To Cerinthus … 12  致刻任图斯……12
    Claudia Trophime … 12
    克劳迪娅·特罗菲姆……12
28. Two epigrams in inscriptions from the same cave … 12
    同一洞穴中的两段碑文……12
    Inscribed on the Colossus of Memnon … 13
    刻在门农巨像上……13
29. Caecilia Trebulla … 13
    凯基利亚·特雷布拉……13
30. Balbilla, a member of the court of Vibia Sabina, wife of the emperor Hadrian … 13
    巴尔比拉，维比亚·萨比娜宫廷的成员，她是皇帝哈德良的妻子……13
31. Damo … 14  达莫……14
    Men’s Words in Women’s Mouths … 14
    女人口中的男人之言 … 14
    From Greek tragedy … 14
    从希腊悲剧……14
32. The daughters of Erechtheus die for their city … 14
    厄瑞克透斯的女儿们为她们的城市而死…… 14
33. A maiden offers herself to be sacrificed … 15
    一位少女献身自己以被牺牲…… 15
34. Medea’s complaint … 16
    美狄亚的抱怨……16
35. Andromache’s ideal behaviour … 16
    安德洛玛切的理想行为…… 16
36. How a wife ought to behave … 17
    妻子应有的行为举止……17
37. Deianeira contrasts women’s childhood with life after marriage … 17
    得阿涅拉将女性的童年与婚后的生活进行了对比……17
38. The lot of women: Procne … 18
    女性的命运：普罗克涅 …… 18
39. The disgracing of an unmarried mother … 18
    未婚母亲的耻辱……18
40. Pasiphae … 18  帕西法厄 … 18
41. In defence of women … 19
    为女性辩护……19
42. A fragment of a lost comedy by an unknown author … 19
    一部佚失喜剧的残篇，作者不详……19
43. Anonymous ‘adulterous’ songs with women speakers … 20
    匿名"通奸"歌曲，女性演唱者... 20
44. Warning to a lover … 20
    警告情人……20
    II. MEN’S OPINIONS … 25
    二、男性的观点 … 25
    Praise … 25  赞美……25
    Inscriptions … 25  铭文……25
45. Archedice … 25  阿尔奇迪斯 … 25
46. Aspasia … 25  阿斯帕西娅…… 25
47. Dionysia … 25  酒神节 … 25
48. Claudia … 27  克劳迪娅 … 27
49. Eucharis … 27  欧卡里斯 … 27
50. Amymone … 27  阿米摩涅 … 27
51. An accomplished woman … 27
    一位有成就的女性……27
52. Murdia … 28  穆尔迪亚 … 28
53. Pythion and Epicydilla … 29
    皮西昂和埃皮西迪拉……29
54. Severa, wife of Sacerdos … 29
    塞维拉，萨塞多斯的妻子……29
55. From the tomb of the Statilii … 29
    来自斯塔提利乌斯家族的墓…… 29
56. Epitaph for a little girl, Politta … 29
    为小女孩波利塔所作的墓志铭…… 29
57. Allia Potestas … 29
    阿利亚·波泰斯塔斯……29
58. Athenodora … 30  雅典诺多拉……30
59. Urbana, housewife … 31
    乌尔巴纳，家庭主妇……31
60. Macria Helike, a Christian … 31
    马克里亚·赫利克，一位基督徒……31
    Literary sources … 31
    文学资料……31
61. Cornelia’s noble nature … 31
    科妮莉亚的高贵品格……31
62. Tiberius Gracchus chooses to die in place of Cornelia … 33
    提比略·格拉古选择代替科妮莉亚去死……33
63. Womanly virtue … 33  女性美德……33
    Papyri … 35  纸莎草文献……35
64. New Hellenistic epigrams about women … 35
    关于女性新希腊化警句……35
    Invective … 36  辱骂……36
65. Pandora … 36  潘多拉 …… 36
66. A woman’s place is in the home … 38
    女人的位置是在家里……38
67. How to pick a wife … 38
    如何挑选妻子……38
68. The nature of women … 38
    女性的本质……38
69. The female mind … 38
    女性的思想……38
70. The best days in a woman’s life … 40
    一个女人一生中最好的日子……40
    Greek tragedy … 40
    希腊悲剧……40
71. The uselessness of women … 41
    女性的无用……41
72. The unreasonableness of women … 41
    女性的不理智……41
73. The worthlessness of women … 41
    女性的无价值……41
    Satire and irony … 42
    讽刺与反讽……42
74. Woman as the equivalent of evil … 42
    女人等同于邪恶……42
75. Weighing bad women against good … 42
    将坏女人与好女人相比较……42
76. The price of a wife … 43
    妻子的价格……43
77. Wives and courtesans compared … 43
    妻子与交际花的比较……43
78. A man prefers natural over artificial beauty … 43
    男人喜欢自然美而非人造美……43
79. An overbearing wife … 43
    一个专横跋扈的妻子……43
80. Lucretius on the delusions of lovers … 44
    卢克莱修论恋人的错觉……44
81. The dangers of literacy … 45
    识字的风险……45
82. The disadvantage of a rich wife … 46
    富家妻子的缺点……46
83. Juvenal on women in general … 46
    尤维纳利斯论女性……46
84. Bereavement … 48  丧亲之痛 … 48
85. Cicero on Clodia … 49
    西塞罗论克洛迪娅……49
    III. PHILOSOPHERS ON THE ROLE OF WOMEN … 55
    三、哲学家论女性的角色 … 55
86. Educating women to make them more like men … 55
    教育女性使她们更像男性……55
87. Men and women should be treated alike … 61
    男性和女性应该受到同等对待……61
88. The female role … 64
    女性角色……64
89. Theophrastus on the role of women … 66
    特奥弗拉斯托斯论女性的角色……66
90. A Roman philosopher advocates women’s education … 67
    一位罗马哲学家倡导女性教育……67
    IV. LEGAL STATUS IN THE GREEK WORLD … 73
    四、希腊世界的法律地位 … 73
    Crete … 73  克里特 … 73
91. Laws relating to women … 73
    与女性相关的法律……73
    Athens … 76  雅典 … 76
92. Funeral law … 76
    葬礼法 … 76
93. The banker Pasion’s will … 77
    银行家帕西翁的遗嘱……77
94. Aristotle’s will … 78
    亚里士多德的遗嘱……78
95. Epicurus’ will … 79
    伊壁鸠鲁的遗嘱……79
96. Provisions for female children … 80
    女童的供养……80
97. Married heiresses … 80
    已婚女继承人 … 80
98. Widow of Diodotus … 81
    狄奥多图斯的遗孀……81
99. Property … 82  财产 … 82
100. Maintenance … 82  维护 … 82
101. Payment of a dowry … 82
     嫁妆的支付 … 82
102. Proof of marriage … 82
     婚姻证明 … 82
103. A mistress’s scheme … 83
     情妇的计谋……83
104. A law of Solon … 84
     ……一部梭伦的法律 … 84
105. A husband’s defence … 84
     丈夫的辩护……84
106. The case for the prosecution in a poisoning trial … 88
     一起投毒案中检方的控诉……88
107. The past activities of a courtesan … 90
     一位交际花过往的活动……90
     Amorgos … 100  阿莫尔戈斯……100
108. A mortgage … 100
     抵押贷款……100
109. Security for a dowry … 100
     嫁妆的保障……100
110. Transactions with a society … 100
     与社会交往……100
111. Leased property … 101  租赁财产……101
     Sparta … 101  斯巴达……101
112. Opinions attributed to the sophist Gorgias … 101
     归于智者高尔吉亚的观点……101
113. A saying attributed to the philosopher Antisthenes … 101
     一句据说是出自哲学家安提西尼的名言…… 101
114. The education of Spartan mothers … 102
     斯巴达母亲的教育……102
115. The advantages of Spartan education and marriage customs … 102
     斯巴达教育和婚姻习俗的优势……102
116. Anecdotes … 104  轶事……104
117. A Greek historian’s account of the behaviour of Etruscan women … 105
     一位希腊历史学家对伊特鲁里亚女性行为的描述……105
     Thera … 107  塞拉……107
118. Testament of Epikteta … 107
     埃皮克泰塔的遗嘱……107
     Smyrna … 109  士麦那……109
119. Aurelia Tryphaena’s instructions for a heroön for herself and her family … 109
     奥蕾莉娅·特里法娜为自己和家族建造英雄祠的指示…… 109
     Egypt … 110  埃及 … 110
120. A marriage contract … 110
     一份婚姻契约…… 110
121. Annulment of a marriage contract … 111
     婚姻合同的废除……111
122. Agreement to transfer a concubine … 112
     转让妾室的协议 … 112
123. Problems over a dowry … 112
     关于嫁妆的问题……112
124. A petition from a wife requesting restitution of a dowry … 112
     一位妻子请求返还嫁妆的请愿书……112
125. A petition from a husband complaining that his wife stole his property … 114
     一位丈夫的请愿书，抱怨其妻子偷窃了他的财产... 114
     V. LEGAL STATUS IN THE ROMAN WORLD … 119
     五、罗马世界的法律地位 … 119
     Early Rome … 119
     早期罗马 … 119
126. The laws of the kings … 119
     诸王的法律…… 119
127. The Twelve Tables (excerpts) … 120
     《十二铜表法》（节选）…… 120
128. Husbands’ punishment of wives in early Rome … 121
     早期罗马丈夫对妻子的惩罚……121
129. The first divorce for sterility … 121
     第一起因不育而离婚的案例……121
130. Punishment for adultery … 122
     通奸的惩罚 … 122
131. Regulations against incest … 122
     禁止乱伦的规定……122
     The Roman Jurists … 122
     罗马法学家……122
     On women’s status within the family … 123
     关于女性在家庭中的地位……123
132. On guardianship … 123
     关于监护…… 123
133. Patria potestas and adoption … 124
     父权与收养……124
134. Patria potestas … 125
     父权……125
135. Guardianship … 125  监护权 … 125
136. Guardianship … 125  监护权 … 125
137. Guardianship … 126  监护权 … 126
138. Pregnancy, status, and paternity … 126
     怀孕、身份和父权 … 126
139. Children of slaves … 127
     奴隶的子女……127
     On the Julian marriage laws … 127
     关于尤利安婚姻法……127
140. Men must marry … 128
     男人必须结婚…… 128
141. Prizes for marriage and having children … 128
     婚姻和生育的奖励……128
142. Augustus’ law … 128
     奥古斯都的法律……128
143. The consequences of adultery … 129
     通奸的后果……129
144. Petitions to the emperor … 130
     向皇帝的请愿……130
145. Adultery … 130  通奸 … 130
146. Concubinage … 131  姘居关系 … 131
147. The right of life and death … 132
     生杀权……132
148. Social status and marriage … 134
     社会地位与婚姻……134
149. Social status … 135  社会地位……135
     On marriage … 135
     关于婚姻……135
150. Consent as the basis of marriage … 135
     作为婚姻基础的同意……135
151. Consent as the basis of marriage … 137
     作为婚姻基础的同意……137
152. Marital subordination … 137
     婚姻从属地位…… 137
153. Social status and citizenship of children … 139
     儿童的社会地位与公民身份 … 139
154. Marriage after adultery … 139
     通奸后的婚姻……139
155. Eligibility for marriage … 139
     结婚资格 … 139
156. Conditions for the dissolution of marriage … 140
     婚姻解除的条件……140
157. The dowry … 140  嫁妆……140
     On legal powers of women … 141
     关于女性的法律权力…… 141
158. How women could make use of their freedom to contract … 141
     女性如何利用其订立契约的自由……141
159. The wife’s property … 141
     妻子的财产…… 141
160. Division of property between husband and wife … 141
     夫妻之间的财产分割 … 141
161. The husband’s liability … 142
     丈夫的责任…… 142
     On sexual mores … 142
     关于性道德……142
162. Definitions of adultery … 142
     通奸的定义 … 142
163. Prostitution … 143  娼妓业 … 143
164. Punishments … 143  惩罚 … 143
165. Marriage with a freedman … 143
     与一个被释奴的婚姻……143
166. How a woman loses her social status … 144
     女性如何失去其社会地位……144
167. Do not punish the woman who is raped … 144
     不要惩罚被强奸的妇女…… 144
     Roman Egypt … 144
     罗马埃及……144
168. Marriage and inheritance … 144
     婚姻与继承……144
169. A final dowry payment … 146
     最后的嫁妆支付……146
170. Bank-certified copy of a marriage contract … 147
     经银行认证的婚姻合同副本……147
171. Legitimacy … 147  合法性 … 147
172. A mother’s last will and testament … 149
     一位母亲的最后遗嘱…… 149
173. Calpurnia Heraclea, a woman landowner … 150
     卡尔普尼亚·赫拉克利亚，一位女性土地所有者……150
174. A woman’s petition to act without a kyrios … 151
     一名女性请求在没有监护人（kyrios）的情况下行动的请愿书 … 151
175. Papyrus receipt of a paid lease … 151
     一份已付租金的莎草纸收据…… 151
176. A prostitute and her mother … 151
     一名妓女和她的母亲…… 151
177. A husband’s complaint about a drunken assault on his wife … 152
     丈夫对妻子遭受醉酒袭击的抱怨……152
178. A letter (written in his own hand) from a suspicious husband … 152
     一封（由他亲笔所写）来自多疑丈夫的信…… 152
179. A woman greengrocer brings a charge of assault and battery against another woman and her husband … 153
     一名女菜贩对另一名女子及其丈夫提出殴打和攻击的指控……153
180. A violent quarrel … 153
     一场激烈的争吵…… 153
181. A wife’s complaint against an abusive husband … 154
     一位妻子对虐待她的丈夫的抱怨……154
     VI. PUBLIC LIFE … 159
     六、公共生活 … 159
     Women’s Bravery in Legend and History … 159
     传说与历史中的女性勇气……159
     Legend … 159  传说 … 159
182. The courage of the poet Telesilla … 159
     诗人泰勒西拉的勇气…… 159
183. Marpessa and the defence of Tegea … 160
     玛尔佩萨与特格亚的防御 … 160
184. A memorial to Telesilla … 160
     纪念泰莱西拉……160
185. Thargalia … 160  塔尔格利亚 … 160
186. Artemisia, the sea-captain … 161
     阿尔忒弥斯，这位女船长…… 161
187. The anger of the widows … 161
     寡妇们的愤怒…… 161
188. Cloelia the hostage … 162
     人质克洛艾莉娅……162
189. The rape of Lucretia … 162
     卢克蕾蒂亚的强暴…… 162
     History … 164  历史……164
190. Women who risked their lives to save their husbands … 164
     冒着生命危险拯救丈夫的女性们…… 164
191. A funeral eulogy … 165
     葬礼颂词……165
192. Pythias, a courageous slave-woman … 170
     Pythias，一位勇敢的奴隶女性……170
193. On Arria … 170
     关于阿里亚……170
194. Arria’s death … 171
     阿里亚之死……171
195. On Fannia … 171  关于范尼娅…… 171
     Political Life … 172
     政治生活 … 172
196. Women demonstrate and obtain repeal of the Oppian law … 172
     妇女示威并成功废除奥庇安法……172
197. Sempronia, a revolutionary … 176
     塞姆普罗尼娅，一位革命者……176
198. A portrait of Cleopatra … 177
     一幅克利奥帕特拉的肖像……177
199. Hortensia’s speech … 179
     霍滕西娅的演讲……179
200. Caenis, not just a secretary … 180
     凯尼斯，不仅仅是一位秘书……180
201. Caenis’ epitaph … 181
     凯尼斯的墓志铭……181
202. Women advocates … 181
     女性倡导者……181
203. Electioneering … 181  竞选……181
204. The family of Julia Domna … 182
     茱莉亚·多姆娜的家庭……182
     Women’s Organisations … 186
     妇女组织……186
205. A trade union? … 186
     一个工会？…… 186
206. A women’s club … 186
     一个女性俱乐部……186
207. A grateful mother … 187
     一位感恩的母亲…… 187
208. The curia of women … 187
     女性的议事会……187
209. The women’s collegium … 187
     妇女协会……187
210. A grant for funeral rites … 187
     葬礼仪式的资助……187
211. The matrons … 187
     主妇们 … 187
212. Fundraising … 188  筹款…… 188
213. A meeting of married women … 188
     已婚妇女的会议……188
214. A women’s ‘senate’ … 189
     一个女性的"参议院"…… 189
215. A plan to restore the ‘senate’ … 189
     一项恢复"元老院"的计划……189
216. A member of a youth group … 189
     一个青年团体的成员……189
     Inscriptions Honouring Benefactresses and Philanthropists … 190
     表彰女恩主与慈善家的铭文……190
217. The chaste Asë … 190
     贞洁的阿塞…… 190
218. Aufria, woman of letters … 190
     奥夫里亚，女文人……190
219. Lalla of Arneae (gymnasiarch) … 190
     阿尔尼亚的拉拉（体育馆长官）……190
220. A benefactress … 190
     一位女捐助者…… 190
221. Food for children … 191
     儿童的食物……191
222. Eumachia … 191  尤玛奇娅 … 191
223. A lesser patroness … 192
     一位次要的女庇护人……192
224. Honours from the Seviri Augusti … 192
     奥古斯都六人团的荣誉……192
225. Junia Theodora … 192
     朱尼亚·西奥多拉 … 192
226. Flavia Publicia Nicomachis … 192
     弗拉维娅·普布利基亚·尼科马奇斯 … 192
227. Modia Quintia … 192
     莫迪娅·昆提娅 … 192
228. Aurelia Leite … 193
     奥蕾莉娅·莱特 … 193
229. Scholasticia … 193  学术女性……193
230. Restoration of a theatre … 193
     修复一座剧院……193
231. Helvidia Priscilla … 193
     赫尔维迪娅·普里斯奇拉 … 193
232. An aqueduct restored … 194
     一条水渠被修复……194
     Victors … 194  胜利者……194
233. Euryleonis, a Spartan princess, victor in the Olympic chariot race in 368 BC … 194
     欧律勒奥尼斯，一位斯巴达公主，公元前 368 年奥运战车赛的冠军……194
234. A royal victor … 194
     一位皇家胜利者……194
235. Winner of a four-horse chariot race … 194
     194 四马战车比赛的获胜者……
236. Berenice II, winner in chariot races … 194
     贝蕾妮丝二世，战车赛冠军……194
237. Winner of a two-horse chariot race … 196
     两人战车赛获胜者……196
238. From the Panathenaic victor lists … 196
     从泛雅典娜胜利者名单……196
239. Women victors … 197
     女性胜利者……197
240. Melosa … 197  梅洛萨……197
241. Prizes for beauty, chastity, and household management … 197
     美貌、贞洁和家务管理的奖项……197
     VII. PRIVATE LIFE … 203
     七、私人生活 … 203
     Correct Behaviour … 203
     正确的行为……203
     Letters Attributed to Women Followers of Pythagoras … 203
     归于毕达哥拉斯女性追随者的信件……203
242. Greek sayings attributed to Theano, Pythagoras’ wife … 203
     归于毕达哥拉斯之妻塞阿诺的希腊格言……203
243. The Syriac Sayings of Theano … 204
     西奥诺的叙利亚格言……204
244. Chastity … 205  贞洁……205
245. Advice about coping with a husband who is consorting with a hetaera … 207
     关于如何应对丈夫与交际花交往的建议……207
246. Greek and Roman customs compared … 208
     希腊与罗马风俗比较……208
247. Imperial upbringing … 208
     帝国的养育… 208
248. Seating for gladiatorial shows … 208
     角斗士表演的座位安排 … 208
249. The household of $P$$P$PP. Larcius Nicia … 209
     $P$$P$PP . 拉尔基乌斯·尼基亚的家…… 209
250. An intruder … 209  一个入侵者…… 209
     Education of Females … 209
     女性教育…… 209
251. Eurydice’s education … 209
     欧里狄刻的教育…… 209
252. The need for educated parents … 210
     对受过教育的父母的需求…… 210
253. Heraidous, a girl who is learning to read … 210
     赫拉伊多斯，一个正在学习阅读的女孩…… 210
     Intellectual Life … 210
     知识生活 … 210
254. Sayings attributed to Aspasia by Socrates … 210
     苏格拉底所引用的阿斯帕西娅的言论……210
255. Plato’s female pupils … 211
     柏拉图的女学生们…… 211
256. A female philosopher … 211
     一位女哲学家…… 211
257. Epigram on Hipparchia … 212
     关于希帕尔基亚的短诗……212
258. Hestiaea of Alexandria, author of a book on Homer … 212
     亚历山大的赫斯提娅，《荷马》一书的作者……212
259. A learned woman … 212
     一位有学识的女性…… 212
260. Agrippina’s memoirs … 212
     阿格里皮娜的回忆录……212
261. The empress Plotina, an Epicurean … 213
     皇后普洛提娜，一位伊壁鸠鲁学派信徒……213
262. A philosopher … 215
     一位哲学家……215
263. A Roman philosopher … 215
     一位罗马哲学家…… 215
264. A Platonist patroness … 215
     一位柏拉图主义的女性资助人…… 215
265. Women’s eloquence … 215
     女性的雄辩……215
266. Sulpicia … 215  苏尔皮基娅 … 215
     Women and Women … 216
     女性与女性……216
267. Biote … 216  比奥特 … 216
268. Praxidice and Dyseris … 216
     普拉克西狄克和迪塞里斯 … 216
269. The dildo … 216
     假阳具 … 216
270. Going to a festival … 219
     参加节日……219
271. The go-between … 221
     媒人……221
272. Letters to Lepidina … 223
     写给莱皮迪娜的信 … 223
273. Lesbians as a bad omen … 223
     女同性恋被视为不祥之兆……223
274. A letter from a soldier’s wife … 224
     一名士兵妻子的来信……224
     Women and Men … 224
     女性与男性……224
275. The rape of the Sabine women … 224
     萨宾妇女的遭劫 … 224
276. The first caryatids … 226
     第一个女像柱……226
277. ‘Birth control’ … 227
     "节育" … 227
278. The courtesan Aspasia, mistress of Pericles … 227
     交际花阿斯帕西娅，伯里克利的情妇……227
279. Disadvantages of a liberal education … 228
     自由教育的弊端…… 228
280. Melite … 229  墨利特……229
281. Epitaph for Atthis … 229
     阿提斯的墓志铭 … 229
282. Betrayal … 229  背叛……229
283. A butcher and his wife … 230
     一个屠夫和他的妻子…… 230
284. Graffito on a tomb … 230
     墓穴上的涂鸦……230
285. Women unfavourably compared with boy lovers … 230
     女性与男童情人相比处于不利地位……230
286. Advice on marriage … 231
     关于婚姻的建议……231
287. To Calpurnia Hispulla … 233
     致卡尔普尔尼亚·希斯普拉……233
288. To his wife Calpurnia … 233
     致他的妻子卡尔普尔尼亚…… 233
289. To Calpurnia … 234
     致卡尔普尔尼亚……234
290. To Calpurnia … 234
     致卡尔普尔尼亚……234
291. To Calpurnius Fabatus … 234
     致卡尔普尔尼乌斯·法巴图斯……234
292. From a husband who misses his wife and wants her to come back … 235
     来自一位思念妻子并希望她回来的丈夫…… 235
293. Gifts of gem stones … 235
     宝石的馈赠 … 235
294. A brother-in-law’s cruelty … 235
     姐夫的残忍…… 235
     Babies … 236  婴儿…… 236
295. Exposure of a female child … 236
     遗弃女婴……236
296. Egyptian practices compared with Greek … 236
     埃及习俗与希腊习俗的比较……236
297. Hiring a wet-nurse … 237
     雇佣奶妈……237
298. Graxia who nursed her own children … 237
     格拉西亚，她亲自哺育自己的孩子……237
299. A letter from a parent offering to pay for a wet-nurse … 238
     一位家长提出支付乳母费用的信……238
300. The philosopher Favorinus on breast-feeding … 238
     哲学家法沃里努斯关于母乳喂养……238
301. A devoted wet-nurse … 239
     一位忠实的奶妈……239
     Parents and Children … 239
     父母与子女 … 239
302. Posilla Senenia … 239
     波西拉·塞尼尼亚 … 239
303. A daughter who breast-fed her mother … 240
     一个给母亲哺乳的女儿…… 240
304. A mother’s request … 240
     母亲的请求…… 240
305. A mother’s last wish … 240
     一位母亲的最后愿望…… 240
306. A mother’s instructions about her son’s education … 240
     一位母亲关于她儿子教育的指导…… 240
307. The good old days … 241
     美好的旧时光……241
308. Cornelia’s jewels … 241
     科妮莉娅的珠宝……241
309. A letter from Cornelia to Gaius Gracchus … 241
     科妮莉亚致盖乌斯·格拉古的一封信……241
310. Seneca to his mother … 242
     塞内卡致他的母亲……242
311. The death of the Helvidiae … 243
     赫尔维迪亚家族的死亡……243
312. Epitaph for a woman who died in childbirth … 243
     一位死于分娩的女性的墓志铭……243
313. Epitaph for four sisters who died in childbirth … 244
     为死于分娩的四姐妹所作的墓志铭…… 244
314. Epitaph for Matrona, wife of Aurelius Marcianus … 244
     马特罗娜的墓志铭，奥勒利乌斯·马尔西安努斯之妻……244
315. The death of Minicia Marcella … 244
     米尼奇娅·玛尔切拉之死……244
316. Epitaph of Minicia Marcella … 245
     米尼奇娅·玛尔切拉的墓志铭 … 245
317. Julia, daughter of Augustus … 245
     尤利娅，奥古斯都的女儿……245
318. Julia’s wit … 245  朱莉娅的机智…… 245
     The Home … 247
     家庭 … 247
319. How to train a wife … 247
     如何训练妻子……247
320. Letter from a woman about domestic matters … 253
     一位女性关于家庭事务的信件……253
321. Letter from a woman managing an estate … 253
     一位管理庄园的女人的来信……253
     Celebrations … 253  庆祝活动 … 253
322. Attempts to explain Roman marriage customs … 253
     试图解释罗马婚姻习俗……253
323. A wedding invitation … 254
     一份婚礼请柬……254
324. A birthday party … 254
     一个生日聚会……254
     Epitaphs … 254  墓志铭 … 254
325. Phrasicleia … 255  弗拉西克莱亚……255
326. Bitte … 255  请 … 255
327. Xenoclea … 255  克诺克勒娅 … 255
328. The epitaph of Isias … 255
     伊西亚斯的墓志铭……255
329. Onasagoratis of Paphos, a grandmother … 255
     帕福斯的奥纳萨哥拉提斯，一位祖母…… 255
330. Bithynis, a slave … 256
     比西尼斯，一个奴隶……256
331. Nicomache … 256  尼科马切…… 256
332. Telephia of Karyai … 256
     卡莱的泰勒菲娅 …… 256
333. From a husband … 256
     来自一位丈夫…… 256
334. A widower … 256
     一个鳏夫…… 256
335. To a young wife … 256
     致一位年轻的妻子…… 256
336. Epitaph with curse … 258
     带有诅咒的墓志铭……258
337. A devoted couple … 258
     一对忠诚的夫妻……258
338. From the second husband … 258
     从第二任丈夫…… 258
339. From a father … 258
     从一个父亲……258
340. From a mother … 259
     出自一位母亲……259
341. Domitilla, a young girl abducted by bandits … 259
     多米提拉，一个被强盗绑架的年轻女孩……259
342. From a father … 259
     从一个父亲…… 259
343. Loss of a baby daughter … 259
     失去一个女婴 … 259
344. Arete, who lived to be 100 … 259
     阿瑞特，活到了 100 岁……259
     VIII. OCCUPATIONS … 267
     八、职业 … 267
     Apprenticeship … 267  学徒制 … 267
345. An apprenticeship agreement … 267
     一份学徒协议……267
     Self-employment and Entrepreneurship … 268
     自我就业与创业 … 268
346. An incentive to female enterprise … 268
     女性创业的动力……268
347. A shipping magnate? … 269
     一位航运大亨？……269
348. A businesswoman … 269
     一位女商人……269
349. The baker’s wife … 269
     面包师的妻子……269
350. Property owners … 270
     财产所有者……270
351. An oil importer … 271
     一个石油进口商……271
352. A moneylender … 271  一个放债人……271
     Prostitution … 271  娼妓业 … 271
353. A native mistress of Ptolemy II Philadelphus … 271
     托勒密二世·菲拉德尔福斯的本地情妇……271
354. Tricks of the trade … 272
     行业技巧……272
355. A public brothel in Athens … 272
     雅典的一家公共妓院……272
356. Prostitutes in action … 273
     妓女在行动……273
357. The famous trial of the hetaera Phryne of Thespiae … 273
     著名的艺妓弗律涅（来自塞斯比亚）的审判……273
358. Some famous courtesans … 273
     一些著名的交际花…… 273
359. Inscription on a monument for Doricha … 273
     为多里卡建造的纪念碑上的铭文……273
360. Doricha as Rhodopis … 274
     多里卡即罗多庇斯……274
361. Lais as an old woman … 274
     老年时期的拉伊斯……274
362. The palace brothel … 275
     宫殿妓院……275
363. Writers of pornography … 275
     色情文学作者……275
364. Fragments of Philaenis’ treatise on love … 275
     菲莱尼斯的爱情论著残篇……275
365. The senate vs. Vistilia … 275
     元老院对维斯提利亚案 … 275
366. Justinian on pimps … 276
     查士丁尼论皮条客……276
367. Vibia Calybenis, the procuress … 277
     维比亚·卡莱贝尼斯，那个女鸨…… 277
368. Graffiti … 277  涂鸦……277
369. A runaway slave … 278
     一个逃跑的奴隶……278
     Women Gladiators … 278
     女角斗士 … 278
370. Freedom … 278  自由……278
371. Lady gladiators … 279
     女角斗士……279
372. In the Colosseum … 279
     在斗兽场……279
373. Domitian’s entertainment for the masses … 279
     为民众提供的图密善娱乐活动……279
374. Evoking Hercules and Venus … 279
     唤起赫拉克勒斯和维纳斯……279
375. Amazons in the Colosseum … 279
     竞技场中的亚马逊人……279
376. Fans … 279  粉丝……279
377. Septimius Severus calls a halt … 280
     塞普蒂米乌斯·塞维鲁下令停止…… 280
     The Arts and Entertainment … 280
     艺术与娱乐……280
378. An exceptional tumbler … 280
     一位出色的杂技演员……280
379. A tumbler … 281
     一个杂技演员……281
380. Aglaïs the trumpet-player … 281
     吹号手阿格莱……281
381. A harpist … 281
     一位竖琴演奏者……281
382. Women painters … 281
     女画家……281
383. An actress … 282
     一位女演员……282
384. A troupe of castanet-dancers … 283
     一群响板舞者……283
385. Menophila … 283  梅诺菲拉 … 283
386. A citharist … 283
     一位琴师……283
387. Phoebe Vocontia … 283
     福柏·沃康提亚 … 283
388. Twin singers … 285
     双胞胎歌手……285
389. A musical family … 285
     一个音乐世家……285
390. A singer … 285
     一位歌手…… 285
391. Petronia Musa, a singer … 285
     佩特罗尼亚·穆萨，一位歌手……285
392. A citharist … 285
     一位基萨拉琴演奏者……285
393. A lyre player … 286
     一位里拉琴演奏者……286
394. An impresaria? … 286
     一位女经理人？…… 286
395. Benefactions … 286  ……恩惠 286
396. Property ownership … 286  财产所有权……286
     Skilled Labour … 287
     熟练劳动 … 287
397. Handiwork … 287  手工……287
398. Handiwork … 287  手工……287
399. An instructor of weaving … 287
     一位纺织教师……287
400. A weaver of gold … 288
     一位金织工……288
401. A reader … 288
     读者……288
402. A skilled worker in gold … 288
     一位技艺精湛的金匠……288
     Sales and Services … 288
     销售与服务 … 288
403. A washerwoman … 289
     一个洗衣妇……289
404. A society of launderers … 289
     一个由洗衣工组成的社会……289
405. A grocer … 289
     一个食品杂货商……289
406. The women’s market … 289
     妇女市场……289
407. A bar-maid … 289  一位女酒保……289
     Agriculture … 291  农业……291
408. Valeria Maxima, owner of a farm … 291
     瓦莱里娅·马克西玛，一个农场的女主人……291
409. The duties of a farm manager … 291
     农场管理者的职责……291
     Other Records of Women’s Employment … 292
     其他关于女性就业的记录……292
     Papyri … 292  纸草文献 … 292
410. Egypt, 3rd cent. BC … 292
     埃及，公元前 3 世纪……292
411. Egypt, Roman imperial period … 292
     埃及，罗马帝国时期……292
     Inscriptions … 292  铭文……292
412. Occupations of freedwomen … 292
     解放女性的职业……292
413. Occupations of freedwomen … 292
     解放女性的职业……292
414. Occupations of freedwomen … 292
     解放女性的职业……292
415. A baker … 293
     一个面包师……293
416. Occupations of women, from inscriptions on gravestones … 293
     女性的职业，出自墓碑铭文……293
417. A storeroom attendant … 293
     一个仓库管理员……293
418. Women in the service of the imperial household … 293
     在皇室家庭中服务的女性……293
419. Occupations of slaves and freedwomen in Italy … 294
     意大利奴隶和获释女性的职业……294
420. Occupations in Roman Athens … 296
     罗马雅典的职业…… 296
421. Jobs named on lead curse tablets … 296
     铅制诅咒片上提到的职业……296
422. A female wrestler … 296
     一位女摔跤手……296
     IX. MEDICINE AND ANATOMY … 301
     IX. 医学与解剖学 … 301
     Philosophers Observe Nature … 301
     哲学家观察自然……301
423. Origins of the desire for procreation … 301
     生育欲望的起源…… 301
424. The female role in generation … 302
     女性在生育中的角色 … 302
425. Menstruation … 305  月经 … 305
426. Why women are inferior to men … 305
     为何女性劣于男性…… 305
     Writings of Practising Physicians … 306
     执业医师的著作 … 306
     The Hippocratic Corpus … 306
     希波克拉底文集……306
427. Intercourse, conception, and pregnancy … 306
     性交、受孕与怀孕……306
428. A contraceptive … 309
     一种避孕方法…… 309
429. Women’s illnesses … 309
     女性的疾病…… 309
430. Displacement of the womb … 312
     子宫移位……312
431. Hysterical suffocation … 313
     歇斯底里性窒息……313
432. Dislocation of the womb … 314
     子宫脱位……314
433. Dropsy in the womb … 315
     子宫水肿……315
434. The dangerous first and sixth 40 -day periods during pregnancy … 315
     怀孕期间危险的第一和第六个 40 天时期…… 315
435. Hysteria in virgins … 316
     处女中的歇斯底里……316
436. Case histories … 317
     病例史……317
437. A fatal breast cancer … 318
     一种致命的乳腺癌……318
     Galen … 318  盖伦 … 318
438. Comparison of male and female anatomy … 318
     男女解剖学比较 … 318
439. Psychological origins of hysteria … 320
     歇斯底里的心理起源 … 320
     Aretaeus of Cappadocia … 321
     卡帕多西亚的阿雷泰乌斯……321
440. The wandering womb … 321
     游走的子宫……321
441. Inflammation of the womb … 322
     子宫炎症……322
     Soranus … 324  索拉努斯 … 324
442. Menstruation, conception, contraception, and abortion … 324
     月经、受孕、避孕和堕胎……324
443. Childbirth: instructions for the midwife … 327
     分娩：助产士指南……327
444. Treatment for hysterical suffocation … 328
     治疗歇斯底里窒息……328
445. Surgery for breast cancer … 330
     乳腺癌手术……330
446. Surgery for cancer of the breast and uterus … 331
     乳腺癌和子宫癌的手术……331
     Writings on Medical Matters by Laymen … 332
     外行撰写的医学著作……332
447. The women of Miletus (a traditional story) … 332
     米利都的妇女（一个传统故事）……332
448. Pregnancy … 332  怀孕 … 332
449. Treatments for diseases of the womb … 333
     子宫疾病的治疗方法……333
450. The dangers of sharing a bath with women … 334
     与女性共浴的危险……334
451. Side effects of menstruation … 335
     月经的副作用……335
452. A death in childbirth … 335
     分娩死亡……335
453. Clitoridectomy … 335  阴蒂切除术 … 335
     Case Histories from Epitaphs … 336
     墓志铭中的案例史 … 336
454. Taking the cure … 336
     接受治疗……336
455. Epitaph for a woman who died while pregnant … 336
     为一位在怀孕期间去世的女性所作的墓志铭……336
456. Martha … 337  玛莎……337
457. Epitaph of a pregnant woman … 337
     一位孕妇的墓志铭……337
458. Malpractice … 337  医疗事故……337
459. Death in childbirth … 337
     分娩死亡……337
460. Death in childbirth … 337
     分娩死亡……337
461. Death in childbirth … 338
     分娩时的死亡……338
462. Socratea … 338  苏格拉底 … 338
     Female Medical Practitioners … 338
     女性医疗从业者 … 338
     Physicians … 338  医生……338
463. Antiochis … 338  安提奥基斯……338
464. Primilla … 338  普里米拉……338
465. Julia Saturnina … 339
     尤利娅·萨图尔尼娜……339
466. Terentia Prima … 339
     特伦提娅·普里马……339
467. Four doctors … 339
     四位医生……339
468. Panthia … 339  潘提娅……339
469. Domnina … 339  多姆尼娜 … 339
     Midwives … 340  助产士……340
470. Qualities and training … 340
     品质与训练……340
471. A midwife and physician … 341
     助产士和医生……341
472. Epitaphs of midwives … 341
     助产士的墓志铭……341
473. Hagnodice of Athens, the legendary first woman obstetrician … 342
     雅典的哈格诺迪克，传说中的第一位女性产科医生……342
474. Epitaph of a midwife … 343
     一位助产士的墓志铭……343
475. A slave midwife … 343
     一个奴隶助产士……343
     Wet-nurses … 343  乳母 … 343
476. A nurse … 343
     一个奶妈……343
477. Advice on hiring a wet-nurse … 343
     关于聘请乳母的建议……343
478. Two contracts for the services of wet nurses for slave children … 346
     两份关于为奴隶儿童提供乳母服务的合同……346
479. Receipt of wages for nursing … 348
     护理工资收据……348
480. Epitaph of a wet-nurse … 348
     一位奶妈的墓志铭……348
481. A slave wet-nurse … 349
     一个奴隶奶妈……349
     X. RELIGION … 353
     十、宗教 … 353
     Dionysus/Bacchus … 353  狄俄尼索斯/巴克斯 … 353
482. Imported Phrygian rituals … 353
     输入的弗里吉亚仪式……353
483. Rules of ritual … 355
     仪式规则……355
484. Epitaph for a priestess … 355
     女祭司的墓志铭……355
485. Authorisation by the Delphic oracle to establish a temple … 355
     德尔斐神谕授权建立一座神庙……355
486. Equipment for women’s orgiastic rites … 355
     妇女狂欢仪式的装备……355
487. Senatus consultum de bacchanalibus … 356
     关于酒神节的元老院决议 … 356
488. Rules in the cult of Dionysus … 357
     狄俄尼索斯崇拜中的规则……357
489. The festival of Agrionia … 357
     阿格瑞俄尼亚节……357
     Hera … 358  赫拉 … 358
490. Chrysis, priestess of Hera … 358
     赫拉的女祭司克律西斯……358
491. The cult of Hera … 358
     赫拉的崇拜……358
     Demeter/Ceres … 359  得墨忒耳/刻瑞斯 … 359
492. The story of Persephone … 359
     珀耳塞福涅的故事……359
493. Thesmophoria … 361  塞斯莫福里亚节……361
494. A girl’s chorus in a ritual for Demeter … 362
     在为得墨忒耳举行的仪式中的少女合唱队……362
495. Regulations for women attending the festival of Demeter … 362
     参加德墨忒尔节的女性的规定……362
496. The order of the procession at the Mysteries … 362
     在秘仪中的游行顺序……362
     Athena … 363  雅典娜 … 363
497. Inscribed monument dedicated by a woman … 363
     由一位女性奉献的铭刻纪念碑……363
498. The priestess and temple of Athena Nike … 363
     雅典娜·尼刻的女祭司与神庙……363
499. The religious duties of aristocratic young girls … 363
     贵族年轻女孩的宗教职责……363
500. Lysimache, priestess of Athena Polias … 364
     吕西马刻，雅典娜·波利亚斯的女祭司……364
501. A procession … 364  游行……364
     Artemis … 364  阿尔忒弥斯 … 364
502. A puberty ritual … 364
     青春期仪式……364
503. Excerpts from records of offerings to Artemis at Brauron … 365
     来自布劳隆为阿尔忒弥斯献祭的记录摘录……365
504. Records of dedications to Artemis Brauronia … 366
     记录献给布劳罗尼亚的阿尔忒弥斯的奉献……366
505. Ritual procedures … 366
     仪式程序……366
506. The priestess of Artemis Hymnia … 366
     阿尔忒弥斯·许姆尼亚的女祭司……366
507. Vera, Priestess of Artemis … 367
     薇拉，阿尔忒弥斯的女祭司 … 367
     Aphrodite … 367  阿佛洛狄忒 … 367
508. Dedication of statues of women … 367
     女性雕像的奉献……367
     Asclepius … 367  阿斯克勒庇俄斯 … 367
509. Cures of women’s diseases … 367
     治疗女性疾病……367
     Serapis … 369  塞拉皮斯 … 369
510. A petition to Ptolemy VI Philometor and Cleopatra II … 369
     向托勒密六世菲洛梅托尔和克娄巴特拉二世请愿……369
     Vesta … 370  维斯塔……370
511. Vestal Virgins … 370
     维斯塔贞女 … 370
512. Vestal Virgins … 371
     维斯塔贞女 … 371
513. Augustus and the Vestal Virgins … 373
     奥古斯都与维斯塔贞女……373
514. Inscription to the chief Vestal … 373
     献给女祭司长的铭文……373
515. A dire portent … 373
     一个可怕的预兆……373
516. Tax exemptions for Vestal Virgins … 373
     维斯塔贞女的税收豁免权 … 373
     Bona Dea … 374
     波娜·女神 … 374
517. A divine portent … 374
     一个神圣的预兆……374
518. Desecration of the rites of the Bona Dea … 374
     亵渎波娜·女神的仪式……374
519. Two inscriptions from southern France … 375
     来自法国南方的两篇铭文……375
520. A dedication from a couple … 376
     一对夫妇的奉献……376
     Isis … 376  伊西斯……376
521. A devotee of the goddess Isis … 376
     女神伊西斯的信徒……376
     Witchcraft … 376  巫术 … 376
522. Medea … 377  美狄亚……377
523. A love potion … 377
     一种爱情药水……377
524. Bitto’s curse … 379
     比托的诅咒……379
525. Ingredients for a love charm … 379
     爱情魔药的配方……379
526. Epitaph with a curse … 380
     带有诅咒的墓志铭…… 380
527. A comprehensive curse … 381
     一个全面的诅咒……381
528. A curse against Aristo … 381
     针对阿里斯托的诅咒……381
529. A curse against Aristocydes … 381
     针对阿里斯托基得斯的诅咒……381
530. A remedy for induration of the breasts … 381
     治疗乳房硬结的药方……381
531. A remedy for ascent of the womb … 381
     子宫上移的疗法……381
532. Magic recipe for a male contraceptive … 382
     男性避孕的魔法配方……382
533. A spell to ensure a woman’s fidelity … 382
     确保女人忠贞的咒语……382
534. A magic spell … 382
     一个魔法咒语……382
535. Women alchemists, Mary the Jewess and Cleopatra … 383
     女炼金术士，犹太人玛丽和克娄巴特拉……383
     Priestesses … 384  女祭司 … 384
536. Mamia … 385  玛米娅……385
537. A priestess of Venus … 385
     一位维纳斯的女祭司……385
538. Two priestesses of Venus … 385
     两位维纳斯的女祭司……385
539. Priestesses at the sanctuary of Hilaeria and Phoebe … 385
     希拉里亚和福柏圣殿的女祭司……385
540. The priestesses of Eileithyia and of Zeus Sosipolis at Olympia … 385
     奥林匹亚的艾莉西亚女神和宙斯·索西波利斯的祭司们……385
541. Flavia Ammon … 386
     弗拉维亚·阿蒙 …… 386
542. The priestess Lalla … 386
     女祭司拉拉……386
543. Tullia, priestess of Hestia … 386
     图利亚，赫斯提亚的女祭司……386
544. The priestess Alexandria … 386
     女祭司亚历山大里亚……386
545. Tata … 387  塔塔……387
546. Cassia Victoria … 387
     卡西娅·维多利亚 … 387
547. Theano the arrhephoros … 387
     女祭司塞阿诺……387
548. Thesmophane … 388  塞斯莫福里亚节……388
549. A priestess of Demeter at Eleusis … 388
     厄琉西斯的一位得墨忒耳女祭司……388
550. Berenice … 388  贝蕾妮丝 … 388
551. A priestess of Ceres … 388
     一位谷物的女祭司……388
552. Flavia Vibia Sabina … 389
     弗拉维娅·维比娅·萨比娜 … 389
553. Paulina, priestess of several mystery cults … 389
     保利娜，几位神秘宗教的女祭司……389
554. Umbria Matronica … 390  翁布里亚的已婚妇女 … 390
     Christianity … 391  基督教……391
555. Teachings of Paul of Tarsus on women … 391
     塔尔苏斯的保罗关于妇女的教导……391
556. Teachings about women attributed to Paul … 393
     归于保罗的关于女性的教导……393
557. The conversion of Lydia and the exorcism of a slave-girl … 394
     吕底亚的皈依与女奴的驱魔……394
558. St. Thecla’s devotion to St. Paul … 394
     圣西克拉对圣保罗的奉献……394
559. The martyrdom of St. Perpetua … 396
     圣佩尔佩图阿的殉道…… 396
560. Persecution under Diocletian … 400
     戴克里先统治下的迫害……400
561. Pagan mobs attack Christian women … 405
     异教暴徒袭击基督教女性……405
562. The death of the Christian martyr Blandina … 405
     基督教殉道者布兰迪娜之死……405
563. A woman’s soul, not her body, equips her for martyrdom … 405
     女人的灵魂，而非她的身体，使她适合殉道……405
564. Gnostic ritual … 406
     诺斯替仪式……406
565. Flavia Sophe, a Gnostic Christian woman … 407
     诺斯替基督教女性弗拉维娅·索菲……407
566. Drinking parties … 408
     酒宴 …… 408
567. Celibacy … 408  独身 … 408
568. St. Macrina, her mother Emmelia, and their community of celibate women … 410
     圣马克瑞娜、她的母亲艾米莉娅以及她们的独身女性社区……410
569. A Spanish nun’s pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Thecla … 413
     一位西班牙修女前往圣德克拉圣殿的朝圣之旅……413
     Late Pagan ‘Saints’ … 415
     晚期异教"圣人"……415
570. The martyrdom of the pagan philosopher Hypatia … 415
     异教哲学家希帕蒂娅的殉道……415 年
571. Sosipatra the philosopher … 417
     女哲学家索西帕特拉……417
     Abbreviations … 427  缩略语 … 427
     Bibliography … 431  参考文献 … 431
     Concordance of sources … 433
     资料来源索引 … 433
     Index of women and goddesses … 439
     女性与女神索引……439
     General index … 449
     总索引……449

I. Women's Voices   一、女性的声音

• Lyric poetry by women from the 6th cent. BC to the 2nd cent. AD
  公元前 6 世纪至公元 2 世纪的女性创作的抒情诗
• Speeches and songs placed in the mouths of women by male writers (usually with great empathy)
  男性作家（通常怀着极大的同理心）为女性角色创作的演讲和歌曲

FEMALE POETS  女诗人

'She entered into rivalry with Pindar'
她与品达展开了竞争

1. To Aphrodite  1. 致阿佛洛狄忒

2. To Aphrodite  2. 致阿佛洛狄忒

3. When I look at you
3. 当我看着你时

4. Anactoria  4. 阿娜克托里亚

5. Parting  5. 告别

6. Remembering the girl Atthis
6. 记忆中的女孩阿提斯

7. The wedding of Hector and Andromache
7. 赫克托耳与安德洛玛克的婚礼

8. On old age
PKöln Fr. $1+$$1+$1+1+ POxy. 1787 = Fr. 58 Voigt. G
8. 论老年 PKöln Fr. $1+$$1+$1+1+ POxy. 1787 = Fr. 58 Voigt. G

9. Prayers for a safe return
PSapphObbink 1-20; POxy. 2289 Fr. 5. G
9. 祈求平安归来 SapphObbink 1-20；POxy. 2289 Fr. 5. G

Corinna (Tanagra, Boeotia, 5th cent. BC?)
科林娜（维奥蒂亚的塔纳格拉，公元前 5 世纪？）

10. The contest of Cithaeron and Helicon 654 PMG. G
10. 喀泰戎山与赫利孔山的竞赛 654 PMG. G

11. Reflections on a woman poet
664 PMG. G
11. 关于一位女诗人的思考 664 PMG. G

Praxilla (Sicyon, 5th cent. BC)
普拉希拉（西锡安，公元前 5 世纪）
‘Maiden from the head up’
"从头到脚的少女"

12. Two fragments
747, 757 PMG. G
12. 两个残篇 747, 757 PMG. G

I From an unknown context
I 出自未知上下文

Erinna (Telos, 4th cent. BC)
'Dolls in our bedrooms'
艾琳娜（泰洛斯，公元前 4 世纪）"我们卧室里的娃娃"

14. Two epigrams for Baucis
Anth.Pal. VII.712, 710. G
14. 两首关于鲍西斯的警句 Anth.Pal. VII.712, 710. G

Anyte (Tegea, 3rd cent. BC)
安泰（泰格亚，公元前 3 世纪）
‘We were three maidens’
"我们曾是三位少女"

15. Miletus  15. 米利都

22. Polyarchis  22. 波莉阿尔基斯

23. Thaumarete  23. 特乌马瑞特

24. Callo  24. 卡洛

Herennia Procula (Boeotia, 1st cent. AD)
赫伦尼娅·普罗库拉（彼奥提亚，公元 1 世纪）

‘Aphrodite herself said . . .’
"阿佛洛狄忒自己说道……"

25. Herennia Procula. Thespiae, in Boeotia, 1st cent. AD
    赫伦尼娅·普罗库拉。彼奥提亚的塞斯皮埃，公元 1 世纪

Sulpicia (Rome, 1st cent. BC)
苏尔皮基娅（罗马，公元前 1 世纪）

'Venus kept her promise'
维纳斯信守了她的承诺

26. To Messala  26. 致梅萨拉

27. To Cerinthus  27. 致克林苏斯

Claudia Trophime (1st cent. AD)
克劳迪娅·特罗菲梅（公元 1 世纪）

Inscribed on the Colossus of Memnon
刻在门农巨像上

MEN'S WORDS IN WOMEN'S MOUTHS
男人口中的女人之言

From Greek tragedy  源自希腊悲剧

33. A maiden offers herself to be sacrificed. Athens, 5 th cent. BC
Euripides, Children of Heracles 474-84, 500-2, 520-34. G
33. 一位少女自愿献身。雅典，公元前 5 世纪 欧里庇得斯，《赫拉克勒斯的孩子们》474-484 行，500-502 行，520-534 行。G

34. Medea's complaint. Athens 431 bc
Euripides, Medea 230-51, G
34. 美狄亚的控诉。雅典公元前 431 年 欧里庇得斯，《美狄亚》230-51 行，G

35. Andromache's ideal behaviour. Athens, 415 bc
Euripides, Trojan Women 643-58
35. 安德洛玛切的理想行为。雅典，公元前 415 年 欧里庇得斯，《特洛伊妇女》643-658 行

36. How a wife ought to behave. Athens, 5th cent. BC Euripides, Andromache 205-27. G
36. 妻子应该如何举止。雅典，公元前 5 世纪。欧里庇得斯，《安德洛玛克》205-27 行。G

38. The lot of women: Procne. Athens, mid-5th cent. bc Sophocles, Tereus Fr. 585. G
38. 女人的命运：普洛克涅。雅典，公元前 5 世纪中期。索福克勒斯，《忒柔斯》残篇 585。G

41. In defence of women. Athens, 5 th cent. bc
Euripides, Melanippe Captive Fr. 494. G
41. 为女性辩护。雅典，公元前 5 世纪。欧里庇得斯，《被俘的墨兰尼珀》残篇 494。G

42. A fragment of a lost comedy by an unknown author. Athens, 2 nd cent. bc Fr. Adesp. 1000 PCG. ${}^{37}$${}^{37}$^(37){ }^{37} Tr. H. Lloyd-Jones. G
42. 一部佚失喜剧的残篇，作者不详。雅典，公元前 2 世纪。残篇 Adesp. 1000 PCG。 ${}^{37}$${}^{37}$^(37){ }^{37} 译自 H. Lloyd-Jones。G

43. Anonymous 'adulterous' songs with women speakers, ${}^{40}$${}^{40}$^(40){ }^{40} written on the wall of a tomb at Marisa in Israel, 2nd cent. bc
Coll. Alex. Lyr. Adesp. 5. G ${}^{41}$${}^{41}$^(41){ }^{41}
43. 匿名"通奸"歌曲，由女性演唱者演唱， ${}^{40}$${}^{40}$^(40){ }^{40} 刻于以色列马利萨一座墓穴的墙壁上，公元前 2 世纪。收录于亚历山大抒情诗残篇集 5。G ${}^{41}$${}^{41}$^(41){ }^{41}

44. Warning to a lover. Locri in Italy, 2nd-3rd cent. ad
PMG 853. G
44. 对情人的警告。意大利洛克里，公元 2-3 世纪 PMG 853. G

II. Men's Opinions   二、男性的观点

'Zeus was angry in his heart'
'宙斯心中愤怒'

• Praise for women who kept a clean house, had good character, were devoted to their husbands, or otherwise placed others above themselves
  赞美那些保持整洁家居、品德良好、忠于丈夫或以他人为先的女性
• Unvarnished, hyperbolic misogyny
  不加掩饰的、夸张的厌女情绪
• Hyperbolic misogyny with a veneer of humour
  带有幽默表象的夸张厌女情绪

PRAISE  赞美

Inscriptions  铭文

48. Claudia. Rome, 2nd cent. bc
    克劳迪娅。罗马，公元前 2 世纪

(The first part of the inscription is lost.)
（铭文的第一部分已遗失。）

53. Pythion and Epicydilla. Thasos, 1st cent. AD
53. 皮西昂和埃皮西迪拉。萨索斯岛，公元 1 世纪

58. Athenodora. Athens, Christian period
CGF 176. G
58. 雅典诺多拉。雅典，基督教时期 CGF 176. G

59. Urbana, housewife. Rome, 3rd cent. AD
CIL VI. 29580 = ILS 8450. L
59. 乌尔巴娜，家庭主妇。罗马，公元 3 世纪 CIL VI. 29580 = ILS 8450. L

60. Macria Helike, a Christian. Rome, 2nd/3rd cent. AD
Greek verses in CGF 727 = GVI 1164. G
60. 马克里亚·赫利克，一位基督徒。罗马，公元 2/3 世纪。希腊诗句，载于 CGF 727 = GVI 1164。G

Literary sources  文学资料

'A woman who never had women's defects'
一个从未有过女性缺点的女人

61. Cornelia's noble nature. Misenum, 2nd cent. bc
61. 科妮莉亚的高尚品格。米塞努姆，公元前 2 世纪

62. Tiberius Gracchus chooses to die in place of Cornelia. Rome, 2nd cent. bc Plutarch, Life of Tiberius Gracchus 1.2-2. G
62. 提比略·格拉古选择代替科妮莉亚去死。罗马，公元前 2 世纪。普鲁塔克，《提比略·格拉古传》1.2-2. G

63. Womanly virtue. 1st cent. AD
Valerius Maximus, Memorable Deeds and Sayings 6.7.1-3. L
63. 女性的美德。公元 1 世纪 瓦莱里乌斯·马克西穆斯，《 memorable Deeds and Sayings》6.7.1-3. L

Papyri  莎草纸

64. New Hellenistic epigrams about women. Alexandria, 3rd cent. bc
Posidippus of Pella, AB 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 13-18. C. Austin, and G. Bastianini (eds), Posidippi Pellaei Quae Supersunt Omnia (Milan, LED, 2002). G
64. 关于女性的新希腊化警句。亚历山大里亚，公元前 3 世纪。佩拉的波西迪普斯，AB 43, 44, 45, 49, 50, 13-18。C. Austin 和 G. Bastianini（编），《佩拉的波西迪普斯现存全部著作》（米兰，LED，2002）。G

INVECTIVE  辱骂

Greek tragedy  希腊悲剧

Satire and Irony  讽刺与反讽

81. The dangers of literacy. 1st cent. ad (?)
81. 识字的风险。公元 1 世纪（？）

82. The disadvantage of a rich wife. Rome, late 1st cent. ad Martial, Epigrams 8.12. L
82. 富有妻子的缺点。罗马，公元 1 世纪末。马提亚尔，《警句诗集》8.12。L

83. Juvenal on women in general. Rome, 2nd cent. ad Satire 6, excerpts. L
83. 尤维纳利斯论女性。罗马，公元 2 世纪。《讽刺诗》第 6 卷，节选。L

84. Bereavement. Rome, late 1st cent. AD
Martial, Epigram 9.30. L
84. 丧亲之痛。罗马，公元 1 世纪晚期。马提亚尔，《警句诗集》9.30。L

85. Cicero on Clodia. Rome 56 bc
Cicero, Pro Caelio 13-16. ${}^{53}$${}^{53}$^(53){ }^{53} L
85. 西塞罗论克洛迪娅。罗马 公元前 56 年 西塞罗，《为凯利乌斯辩护》13-16。 ${}^{53}$${}^{53}$^(53){ }^{53} L

NOTES  注释

1. Tyrant of Athens, $527-510\mathrm{bc}$$527-510\mathrm{bc}$527-510bc527-510 \mathrm{bc}, son of Pisistratus.
   雅典的僭主， $527-510\mathrm{bc}$$527-510\mathrm{bc}$527-510bc527-510 \mathrm{bc} ，庇西斯特拉图之子。
2. Cf. Sophocles, Oedipus the King 873-80.
   参见索福克勒斯，《俄狄浦斯王》873-80 行。
3. Presumably, her former owner.
   大概是她的前主人。
4. The numeral one.  数字一。
5. I.e. died in his arms. It was the Roman custom for the nearest relative to kiss the dying person on the mouth at the last possible moment in order to capture the soul as it left the body.
   即死在他的怀中。罗马习俗是，由最亲近的亲属在最后时刻亲吻垂死者的嘴唇，以便在灵魂离开身体时将其捕获。
6. Cf. note Horsfall, ‘CIL VI 37965 = CLE 1988 (Epitaph of Allia Potestas): A Commentary’, ZPE 61 (1985): 251-72.
   参见霍斯福尔注释，《CIL VI 37965 = CLE 1988 (阿利亚·波泰斯塔斯墓志铭)：一篇评注》，ZPE 61 (1985): 251-72。
7. Allia’s patron Aulus Allius was probably one of her owners; ‘time-sharing’ made ownership of a courtesan more affordable; or one could rent a courtesan from her owner, as in no. 107, para. 20.
   阿利亚的庇护人奥卢斯·阿利乌斯可能是她的主人之一；"分时共享"使拥有交际花变得更加经济实惠；或者人们可以从其主人那里租用交际花，如第 107 号文件第 20 段所述。
8. A play on the word potestas, which means ‘power’. A very plausible explanation of this unusual name is that it is merely the Latin translation of the Greek word and name Dynamis, also meaning power. It would not be at all surprising if she were Greek or of Greek descent.
   这是对"potestas"一词的文字游戏，该词意为"权力"。对这个不寻常名字的一个非常合理的解释是，它仅仅是希腊词"Dynamis"（同样意为"权力"）的拉丁语翻译。如果她是希腊人或具有希腊血统，那一点也不奇怪。
9. In Aeschylus’ Agamemnon (416-19) the chorus comments on the inadequacy of a statue as substitute for Menelaus’ real wife Helen. Admetus, in Euripides’ Alcestis, promises his dying wife that he will put a likeness of her in his bed, so that he can embrace and caress it and hold it in his arms, ‘so that I will seem to hold my dear wife in my arms even though I am not holding her’ (348-54), a speech that illustrates how much emphasis he places on her physical presence. Compare Anyte’s epitaph for Thersis, above, no. 16. A Roman sarcophagus lid in the Terme Museum, Rome, shows a man reclining, Etruscan-style, with his arm around not his wife but a bust of her.
   在埃斯库罗斯的《阿伽门农》（416-419 行）中，合唱团评论雕像作为墨涅拉俄斯真正妻子海伦的替代品是多么不合适。在欧里庇得斯的《阿尔刻提斯》中，阿德墨托斯向他垂死的妻子承诺，他将在床上放置她的肖像，这样他就可以拥抱、爱抚并把它抱在怀里，"这样我虽然不抱着她，却似乎抱着我亲爱的妻子"（348-354 行），这段话说明了他多么强调她的实际存在。可与上文第 16 号安尼特为特尔西斯写的墓志铭比较。罗马特尔梅博物馆的一具罗马石棺盖上展示一个男人斜倚着，以伊特鲁里亚风格，他的手臂环绕着的不是他的妻子，而是她的半身像。

III. Philosophers on the Role of Women
三、哲学家论女性角色

'The inequality is permanent'
这种不平等是永久性的

The education of females
女性的教育

How to discourage unnatural sexual intercourse
如何劝阻非自然的性交行为

89. Theophrastus on the role of women. Athens, 4th cent. bc
89. 泰奥弗拉斯托斯论女性的角色。雅典，公元前 4 世纪

90. A Roman philosopher advocates women's education. Rome, 1st cent. AD Musonius Rufus 3, 4, 13A. G
90. 一位罗马哲学家倡导女性教育。罗马，公元 1 世纪 穆索尼乌斯·鲁弗斯 3, 4, 13A. G

The study of philosophy
哲学研究

3. When he was asked whether women ought to study philosophy, he began to answer the question approximately as follows. Women have received from the gods the same ability to reason that men have. We men employ reasoning in our relations with others and so far as possible in everything we do, whether it is good or bad, or noble or shameful. Likewise women have the same senses as men, sight, hearing, smell, and all the rest. Likewise each has the same parts of the body, and neither sex has more than the other. In addition, it is not men alone who possess eagerness and a natural inclination towards virtue, but women also. Women are pleased no less than men by noble and just deeds, and reject the opposite of such actions. Since that is so, why is it appropriate for men to seek out and examine how they might live well, that is, to practise philosophy, but not women? Is it fitting for men to be good, but not women?
   当被问及女性是否应该学习哲学时，他开始大致如下回答这个问题。女性从神那里获得了与男性相同的理性能力。我们男性在与他人交往中运用理性，并且在我们所做的一切事情中尽可能运用理性，无论这些事情是好是坏，是高尚还是可耻。同样，女性拥有与男性相同的感觉，视觉、听觉、嗅觉以及所有其他感觉。同样，每个人都有相同的身体部位，任何一方都不比另一方多。此外，并非只有男性拥有对美德的热忱和自然倾向，女性也是如此。女性与男性一样，对高尚和公正的行为感到高兴，并拒绝相反的行为。既然如此，为什么男性适合寻求和探索如何过上好生活，即实践哲学，而女性却不适合呢？男性成为善良的人是恰当的，而女性却不是吗？

Education  教育

Marriage  婚姻

NOTES  注释

1. On Resp. 5, cf. G. Vlastos, ‘Was Plato a Feminist?’, Times Literary Supplement 3111 (1989): 276, 288-9; M. R. Lefkowitz, ‘Only the Best Girls Get To’, Times Literary Supplement 5/5-11 (1989): 481, 484; M. R. Lefkowitz, ‘Should Women Receive a Separate Education’, New Literary History 21.4 (1990): 801-15.
   关于《理想国》第 5 卷，参见 G. Vlastos，《柏拉图是女权主义者吗？》，《泰晤士报文学增刊》3111（1989 年）：276，288-9 页；M. R. Lefkowitz，《只有最优秀的女孩才能获得》，《泰晤士报文学增刊》5/5-11（1989 年）：481，484 页；M. R. Lefkowitz，《女性应该接受单独教育吗？》，《新文学史》21.4（1990 年）：801-15 页。
2. I.e. Socrates, who is represented as the narrator of the dialogue.
   即苏格拉底，他被描绘为对话的叙述者。
3. Cf. no. 115. Ordinarily, women exercised in public only in the company of other women and at religious festivals: girls ran races at Brauron (in the 5th cent.; cf. no. 499), at the Heraea at Olympia (no. 491), and in the Roman period women’s races were added to the games at Delphi (no. 239) and to the Capitoline games at Rome (Suetonius, Life of Domitian 4.4). Cf. H. M. Lee, ‘Athletics and the Bikini Girls from Piazza Armerina’, Stadion 10 (1984): 46.
   参见第 115 条。通常情况下，女性仅在与其他女性一起时或在宗教节日期间才在公共场所进行锻炼：少女们在布拉乌隆（公元前 5 世纪；参见第 499 条）、奥林匹亚的赫拉节（第 491 条）参加赛跑，在罗马时期，女性赛跑被增加到德尔斐的运动会（第 239 条）和罗马的卡皮托利运动会中（苏埃托尼乌斯，《图密善传》4.4）。参见 H. M. Lee，《皮亚扎阿尔梅里纳的比基尼女孩与田径运动》，《斯塔迪翁》10（1984 年）：46。
4. A quotation from the renowned 5th-cent. poet Pindar (Fr. 209 Maehler).
   引自 5 世纪著名诗人品达（Maehler 辑，残篇 209）。
5. I.e. the end (guardianship) justifies the means (women’s gymnastics).
   也就是说，目的（监护权）证明手段（女子体操）是正当的。

IV. Legal Status in the Greek World
四、希腊世界的法律地位

CRETE  克里特

Sexual offences  性犯罪

Disposition of property in divorce
离婚时的财产处置

Widowhood  寡居

Provisions for children in case of death or divorce
为子女在死亡或离婚情况下的准备措施

Determination of social status
社会地位的确定

Heiresses ${}^4$${}^4$^(4){ }^{4}  女继承人 ${}^4$${}^4$^(4){ }^{4}

ATHENS  雅典

Provisions for his children
为他子女的安排

Provisions for his concubine Herpyllis
为他的妾赫尔皮利斯所做的安排

Provisions for slaves  奴隶的供给

Provisions for commemorative statues
纪念雕像的条款

95. Epicurus' will. Athens, 4th cent. bc Diogenes Laertius 10.19. G
95. 伊壁鸠鲁的遗嘱。雅典，公元前 4 世纪。第欧根尼·拉尔修 10.19. G

Succession  继承

51. If a man dies intestate and leaves female children, the estate goes with them, if not, his male heirs inherit his property, as follows: ${}^{18}$${}^{18}$^(18){ }^{18} if he has brothers from the same father, and if there are legitimate sons of the brothers, they are to inherit the father’s share. ${}^{19}$${}^{19}$^(19){ }^{19} But if there are no brothers or sons of brothers, their descendants shall inherit as follows. The males shall have precedence and the descendants of the males, if they have any, even though their relationship be more remote. But if there are on the father’s side no relations closer than the children of cousins, the male relatives on the mother’s side shall inherit according to the same principles. If there are no relatives on either side within those limits, then the next of kin of the father shall inherit. But no illegitimate son or daughter is to have the right of inheritance either to religious or civic privileges, since the time of Euclides’ archonship [403 BC].
    如果一个男人去世时没有留下遗嘱且有女儿，遗产归她们所有；如果没有女儿，则由他的男性继承人继承财产，具体如下： ${}^{18}$${}^{18}$^(18){ }^{18} 如果他有同父兄弟，且兄弟有合法儿子，这些儿子将继承父亲的份额。 ${}^{19}$${}^{19}$^(19){ }^{19} 但如果没有兄弟或兄弟之子，则由他们的后代按以下方式继承。男性享有优先权，即使他们的关系较远，男性后代也可继承。但如果父系没有比堂兄弟子女更近的亲属，则母系的男性亲属将按相同原则继承。如果在双方亲属中都没有这些限制范围内的亲属，则由父系最近的亲属继承。但自欧几里德执政官时期[公元前 403 年]以来，任何非婚生子女都无权继承宗教或公民特权。

Provisions for dowries  嫁妆的条款

54. The law about heiresses of the Thetes class ${}^{20}$${}^{20}$^(20){ }^{20} if the next of kin does not wish to marry her, he should give her in marriage: if he is of the class of Pentacosiomedimni, he should provide a dowry of 500 drachmas in addition to what she already has; if he is a Knight, 300 drachmas; if he is of the class of Zeugitae, 150 drachmas. If there is more than one kinsman in the same degree of relationship, each should contribute a share to the heiress. If there is more than one heiress, it is not necessary for any male relative to provide a dowry for more than one, but the next closest male relative should provide it, or marry her himself. If the male relative does not marry her or does not provide a dowry, the archon should compel him to marry her or to provide a dowry. If the archon cannot get him to comply, he must consecrate 1,000 drachmas to Hera. Anyone who wishes to may denounce a man who does not comply [with these regulations] to the archon.
    关于塞特斯阶层女继承人的法律 ${}^{20}$${}^{20}$^(20){ }^{20} 如果最近的亲属不愿娶她，他应将她嫁出：如果他属于五百斗级，他应在她已有财产之外提供 500 德拉克马的嫁妆；如果是骑士级，300 德拉克马；如果是牛轭级，150 德拉克马。如果有多个亲属处于同一亲等，每位都应向女继承人贡献一份。如果有多个女继承人，任何男性亲属无需为超过一人提供嫁妆，但最近的男性亲属应提供嫁妆，或亲自娶她。如果男性亲属不娶她或不提供嫁妆，执政官应强迫他娶她或提供嫁妆。如果执政官无法使其遵守规定，他必须向赫拉奉献 1000 德拉克马。任何人均可向执政官告发不遵守[这些规定]的人。

97. Married heiresses. Athens, 4th cent. bc
97. 已婚女继承人。雅典，公元前 4 世纪

104. A law of Solon. Athens, 6th cent. bc
Aeschines, Against Timarchus 183. G
104. 梭伦的一项法律。雅典，公元前 6 世纪。埃斯基涅斯，《反对提马库斯》183. G

105. A husband's defence. Athens, c. 400 bс
105. 丈夫的辩护。雅典，约公元前 400 年

Philostratus testifies . . .
菲洛斯特拉图斯证实……

They testify . . .
他们作证……

He testifies . . .
他证实……

They testify.  她们作证。

The Clerk of the Court reads out the following law:
法庭书记员宣读以下法律：

From the summation of the argument
根据论点的总结

AMORGOS ${}^{32}$${}^{32}$^(32){ }^{32}  阿莫尔戈斯 ${}^{32}$${}^{32}$^(32){ }^{32}

108. A mortgage. Amorgos, 3rd cent. bc
108. 一份抵押契约。阿莫尔戈斯，公元前 3 世纪

109. Security for a dowry. Amorgos, c. 300 bc
109. 嫁妆的保障。阿莫尔戈斯，约公元前 300 年

110. Transactions with a society. Amorgos, 3rd cent. bc
110. 与一个社团的交易。阿莫尔戈斯，公元前 3 世纪

SPARTA  斯巴达

‘Virtue is the same for men and for women’
"美德对男女而言是相同的"

112. Opinions attributed to the sophist Gorgias. Sparta, 5th cent. bc
112. 归于智者高尔吉亚的观点。斯巴达，公元前 5 世纪

114. The education of Spartan mothers
Xenophon, Constitution of the Lacedaemonians 1.2-9, 4th cent. bc. G
114. 斯巴达母亲的教育 色诺芬，《拉西第蒙人的政制》1.2-9，公元前 4 世纪。G

115. The advantages of Spartan education and marriage customs
Plutarch, Life of Lycurgus 14-16, excerpts, 2nd cent. AD. G
115. 斯巴达教育和婚姻习俗的优势 普鲁塔克，《莱库古传》14-16 节，节选，公元 2 世纪。G

116. Anecdotes. Sparta, 5th cent. bc?
116. 轶事。斯巴达，公元前 5 世纪？

Anecdotes about other women
关于其他女性的轶事

117. A Greek historian's account of the behaviour of Etruscan women. Chios, 4th cent. BC
Theopompus, Histories 115 FGrHist F204 = Athenaeus 517d-518a. G
117. 一位希腊历史学家对伊特鲁里亚妇女行为的描述。希俄斯，公元前 4 世纪。泰奥彭波斯，《历史》115 FGrHist F204 = 雅典尼乌斯 517d-518a。G

THERA  锡拉

118. Testament of Epikteta. Thera, 3rd cent. bc
     埃庇克泰塔的遗嘱。塞拉岛，公元前 3 世纪

SMYRNA  士麦那

119. Aurelia Tryphaena's instructions for a beroön ${}^{53}$${}^{53}$^(53){ }^{53} for herself and her family. Smyrna in Asia Minor, 3rd cent. ad. CIG 3386. G
119. 奥雷利娅·特里法纳为自己和家人所立墓碑的指示。小亚细亚的士麦那，公元 3 世纪。CIG 3386。G

EGYPT  埃及

120. A marriage contract. Tebtunis, 92 bc
120. 一份婚姻契约。泰布尼斯，公元前 92 年

121. Annulment of a marriage contract. Alexandria, 1st cent. BC PBerol. 1104. G
121. 婚姻契约的废除。亚历山大港，公元前 1 世纪 PBerol. 1104. G

122. Agreement to transfer a concubine. Egypt, $284/283$$284/283$284//283284 / 283 bc Elephantine Papyri (1907) 3.25. G
122. 转让妾的协议。埃及，公元前 $284/283$$284/283$284//283284 / 283 年，象岛纸莎草文献（1907 年）3.25. G

123. Problems over a dowry. Oxyrhyncha, early 2 nd cent. bc PTeb. 776. G
123. 关于嫁妆的纠纷。奥克西林库斯，公元前 2 世纪初 PTeb. 776. G

124. A petition from a wife requesting restitution of a dowry. Oxyrhynchus, 1st cent. AD
POxy. 281. G
124. 一份妻子要求返还嫁妆的请愿书。奥克西林库斯，公元 1 世纪 POxy. 281. G

125. A petition from a husband complaining that his wife stole his property. Oxyrhynchus, 1st cent. AD POxy. 282. G
125. 一份丈夫的请愿书，抱怨其妻子偷窃了他的财产。奥克西林库斯，公元 1 世纪。POxy. 282. G

NOTES  注释

1. Cf. R. F. Willetts, The Law Code of Gortyn (Berlin, de Gruyter, 1967); R. Sealey, Women and Law in Classical Greece (Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Press, 1990), 50-81.
   参见 R. F. Willetts，《戈尔廷法典》（柏林，de Gruyter 出版社，1967 年）；R. Sealey，《古典希腊的妇女与法律》（北卡罗来纳州教堂山，北卡罗来纳大学出版社，1990 年），50-81 页。
2. A free man, but not a citizen, perhaps roughly equivalent in status to the Attic metoikos, ‘resident alien’, who had more rights than a slave but fewer than a citizen.
   一个自由人，但不是公民，其地位可能大致等同于阿提卡的"外邦人"，即"居留外邦人"，他们比奴隶拥有更多权利，但比公民少。
3. Here and elsewhere in the Code, if oaths are sworn by both sides, the oath that has precedence wins by default; presumably, the oath was not merely an asseveration that one is telling the truth, but a solemn demand that the gods punish the swearer for lying.
   在此法典及其他地方，如果双方都宣誓，那么优先的宣誓会默认获胜；据推测，宣誓不仅仅是声明自己在说真话，而是一种庄严的要求，即请求神明惩罚说谎的宣誓者。
4. Special provisions were made for daughters when no brothers were available to inherit.
   当没有兄弟可以继承时，为女儿制定了特殊规定。
5. The father’s kinship group, sometimes translated ‘tribe’ or ‘clan’.
   父亲的亲属群体，有时被翻译为"部落"或"氏族"。
6. Cf. Plutarch, Life of Solon 21. On the political reasons for the legislation, and modern analogues; cf. M. Alexiou, The Ritual Lament in Greek Tradition (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1974), 21-3.
   参见普鲁塔克，《梭伦传》21。关于该立法的政治原因及现代类似情况；参见 M. Alexiou，《希腊传统中的仪式哀歌》（剑桥，剑桥大学出版社，1974 年），21-3 页。
7. The women in the household washed the corpse and laid it out for burial.
   家中的女人们为死者清洗遗体并为其入殓作准备。
8. For similar regulations, cf. Demosthenes, 43.62.
   类似的规定，参见德摩斯梯尼，43.62。
9. Apparently legislation against customs intended to remove death-pollution by catching it in a cup of water and by interring all traces of dirt in the house along with the corpse. Cf. R. Parker, Miasma (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1983), 35-6.
   显然，有立法反对那些旨在通过将死亡污染捕获在一杯水中来消除它，以及将家中所有污迹与尸体一同埋葬的习俗。参见 R. Parker，《Miasma》（牛津，牛津大学出版社，1983 年），35-6 页。
10. The additional five women were probably relations by marriage. At the end of the Iliad, Hector is mourned formally by his mother Hecuba, his wife Andromache, and his sister-in-law Helen. Cf. Parker (1983), 40.
    另外五位女性可能是姻亲。在《伊利亚特》的结尾，赫克托尔的母亲赫库芭、妻子安德洛玛赫以及嫂子海伦都为他举行了正式的哀悼仪式。参见帕克（1983 年），第 40 页。
11. Pasion was originally a resident alien (or metic) himself, but had been granted Athenian citizenship by special decree: Sealey (1990), 18-19; C. Carey, ‘Apollodorus’ Mother’, Classical Quarterly 41 (1991): 84-9.
    帕西翁原本是一名外邦居民（或称 metic），但通过特别法令获得了雅典公民身份：参见西利（1990），18-19 页；C. 凯里，《阿波罗多洛斯的母亲》，《古典季刊》41（1991 年）：84-9 页。
12. The Greek gyne can signify both ‘wife’ and ‘woman’.
    希腊语中的 gyne 可以表示"妻子"和"女人"两种含义。
13. For interpretation, see G. E. M. de Ste Croix, ‘Some Observations on the Property Rights of Athenian Women’, CR 20 (1970): 274-5; A. R. W. Harrison, The Law of Athens: the Family and Property (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1968), 110; D. M. Schaps, Economic Rights of Women in Ancient Greece (Edinburgh, University of Edinburgh Press, 1979), 10-11, 14.
    关于解读，参见 G. E. M. de Ste Croix，《关于雅典妇女财产权的一些观察》，CR 20（1970 年）：274-5 页；A. R. W. Harrison，《雅典法律：家庭与财产》（牛津，牛津大学出版社，1968 年），110 页；D. M. Schaps，《古希腊妇女的经济权利》（爱丁堡，爱丁堡大学出版社，1979 年），10-11，14 页。

V. Legal Status in the Roman World
五、罗马世界的法律地位

• Roman laws from the legendary past
  罗马传说中的法律
• The great Roman jurists on matters of guardianship, property, inheritance, marriage and divorce, social status, adultery, and rape
  伟大的罗马法学家关于监护、财产、继承、婚姻与离婚、社会地位、通奸和强奸等问题的论述
• Wills, contracts, and other private documents preserved on papyrus from Roman Egypt
  遗嘱、契约及其他保存在罗马埃及纸莎草上的私人文件

EARLY ROME  早期罗马

Laws attributed to Numa Pompilius; traditional dates, 716-673 вс
归功于努马·庞皮利乌斯的法律；传统年代，公元前 716-673 年

9. On the Vestal Virgins he conferred high honours, among which was the right of making a will while their fathers lived and of doing all other juristic acts without a guardian.
   他授予维斯塔贞女崇高的荣誉，其中包括在父亲在世时立遗嘱的权利，以及在无监护人的情况下进行所有其他法律行为的权利。
10. A royal law forbids the burial of a pregnant woman before the child is extracted from the womb. Whoever violates this law is deemed to have destroyed the child’s expectancy of life along with the mother.
    王室法律禁止在胎儿从子宫中取出前埋葬孕妇。任何违反此法律的人，都被视为不仅杀害了母亲，也摧毁了胎儿的生命期望。
11. A concubine shall not touch the altar of Juno. If she touches it, she shall sacrifice, with her hair unbound, a ewe lamb to Juno.
    妾不得触碰朱诺的祭坛。若她触碰了，她须披头散发地向朱诺献祭一只母羊羔。

127. The Twelve Tables (excerpts). Rome, 450 bc (traditional date). FIRA ${}^2$${}^2$^(2){ }^{2}, vol. 1, p. 23. Tr. ARS. L
127. 《十二表法》（节选）。罗马，公元前 450 年（传统日期）。FIRA ${}^2$${}^2$^(2){ }^{2} ，第 1 卷，第 23 页。ARS. L 译

Table IV. Paternal power
表四. 父权

1. A notably deformed child shall be killed immediately.
   一个明显畸形的婴儿应被立即杀死。
2. To repudiate his wife, her husband shall order her . . . to have her own property for herself, shall take the keys, shall expel her. ${}^3$${}^3$^(3){ }^{3}
   丈夫若要休妻，应命令她……拥有自己的财产，拿走钥匙，将她逐出家门。 ${}^3$${}^3$^(3){ }^{3}
3. A child born within ten months of the father’s death shall enter into the inheritance…
   父亲去世后十个月内出生的子女应继承遗产……

Table V. Inheritance and guardianship
表五. 继承与监护

130. Punishment for adultery. Rome, 2nd cent. BC
Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 10.23, 2nd cent. Ad. L
130. 对通奸的惩罚。罗马，公元前 2 世纪。奥卢斯·盖利乌斯，《阿提卡之夜》10.23，公元 2 世纪。L.

131. Regulations against incest. Rome, 2nd cent. ad
Plutarch, Roman Questions 265d-e. G
131. 禁止乱伦的规定。罗马，公元 2 世纪。普鲁塔克，《罗马问题》265d-e。G

THE ROMAN JURISTS ${}^{14}$${}^{14}$^(14){ }^{14}
罗马法学家 ${}^{14}$${}^{14}$^(14){ }^{14}

'This woman does not seem to have a just defence'
这个女人似乎没有正当的辩护理由

On women's status within the family
论女性在家庭中的地位

132. On guardianship  132. 论监护

133. Patria potestas and adoption
133. 父权与收养

134. Patria potestas  134. 父权

135. Guardianship  135. 监护权

136. Guardianship  136. 监护权

137. Guardianship
Ulpian, Rules 11.1. L
137. 监护 乌尔比安，《规则》11.1. L

138. Pregnancy, status, and paternity
138. 怀孕、身份与父子关系

139. Children of slaves
139. 奴隶的孩子们

On the Julian marriage laws
关于尤利安婚姻法

140. Men must marry. Rome, 131 bc
140. 男人必须结婚。罗马，公元前 131 年

141. Prizes for marriage and having children. Rome, 1st cent. AD
141. 婚姻和生育奖励。罗马，公元 1 世纪

142. Augustus' law. Rome, 18 bc
Suetonius, Life of Augustus 34. L
142. 奥古斯都的法律。罗马，公元前 18 年 苏维托尼乌斯，《奥古斯都传》34. L

143. The consequences of adultery
143. 通奸的后果

146. Concubinage  146. 姘居关系

148. Social status and marriage
148. 社会地位与婚姻

149. Social status
Digest 23.2.34.3; 23.2.42 pr.-1. L
149. 社会地位 摘要 23.2.34.3；23.2.42 pr.-1. L

ON MARRIAGE  论婚姻

152. Marital subordination
152. 婚姻从属关系

153. Social status and citizenship of children
Ulpian, Rules 5.8-10. L
153. 儿童的社会地位与公民身份 乌尔比安，《规则》5.8-10. L

154. Marriage after adultery
154. 通奸后的婚姻

Property within marriage
婚姻内的财产

156. Conditions for the dissolution of marriage
156. 婚姻解除的条件

157. The dowry  157. 嫁妆

On legal powers of women
论女性的法律权力

158. How women could make use of their freedom to contract
158. 女性如何能够利用其订立契约的自由

159. The wife's property
159. 妻子的财产

160. Division of property between husband and wife
160. 夫妻之间的财产分配

161. The husband's liability Ulpian, Rules 7.2. L
161. 丈夫的责任 乌尔比安，《规则》7.2. L

ON SEXUAL MORES  论性道德

162. Definitions of adultery
162. 通奸的定义

The emperors Diocletian and Maximian
皇帝戴克里先和马克西米安

Constantius, AD 326  君士坦提乌斯，公元 326 年

163. Prostitution  163. 妓女

164. Punishments. Rome, ad 326
164. 惩罚。罗马，公元 326 年

165. Marriage with a freedman
165. 与获释奴隶的婚姻

166. How a woman loses her social status
166. 女人如何失去其社会地位

167. Do not punish the woman who is raped
Justinian, Codex 9.9.20. L
167. 不要惩罚被强奸的妇女 查士丁尼，《法典》9.9.20. L

ROMAN EGYPT  罗马埃及

24. After death, the fiscus ${}^{60}$${}^{60}$^(60){ }^{60} takes the dowry given by a Roman woman over 50 to a Roman man under 60 .
    死后，国库将没收 50 岁以上的罗马女性给予 60 岁以下罗马男性的嫁妆。
25. And when a Latina ${}^{61}$${}^{61}$^(61){ }^{61} over 50 gives something to one over 60 it is likewise confiscated.
    当一位 50 岁以上的拉丁裔女性 ${}^{61}$${}^{61}$^(61){ }^{61} 向一位 60 岁以上的女性赠送物品时，该物品同样会被没收。
26. What is inherited by a Roman of 60 years, who was neither child nor wife, is confiscated. If he have a wife but no children and register himself, the half is conceded to him.
    一名 60 岁的罗马人，若既无子女又无妻子，其所继承之物将被没收。若有妻子但无子女，并进行登记，则一半财产可让与他。
27. If a woman is 50 years old, she does not inherit; if she is younger and has three children, she inherits; ${}^{62}$${}^{62}$^(62){ }^{62} but if she is a freedwoman, she inherits if she has four children.
    如果一位女性年满 50 岁，她不能继承遗产；如果她年龄较轻且有三个孩子，她可以继承； ${}^{62}$${}^{62}$^(62){ }^{62} 但如果她是一位被解放的女奴，她需要有四个孩子才能继承。
28. A freeborn Roman woman who has an estate of 20,000 sesterces, so long as she is unmarried, pays a hundredth part annually; and a freedwoman who has an estate of 20,000 sesterces pays the same until she marries.
    一位拥有 2 万塞斯特斯财产的罗马自由出生女性，只要未婚，每年需缴纳百分之一的税；而拥有 2 万塞斯特斯财产的被释女性，在结婚前也需缴纳相同的税。
29. The inheritances left to Roman women possessing 50,000 sesterces, who are unmarried and childless, are confiscated.
    拥有 5 万塞斯特斯且未婚无子女的罗马女子所获得的遗产将被没收。
30. It is permitted a Roman woman to leave her husband a tenth of her property; if she leaves more, it is confiscated.
    罗马妇女可以将其十分之一的财产留给丈夫；如果她留下更多，这部分财产将被没收。
31. Romans who have more than 100,000 sesterces, and are unmarried and childless, do not inherit; those who have less, do.
    拥有超过 10 万塞斯特斯且未婚无子女的罗马人不能继承遗产；而拥有少于 10 万塞斯特斯的人则可以继承。
32. It is not permitted to a Roman woman to dispose of her property by will without a stipulated clause of the so-called coemptio fiduciaria. ${}^{63}$${}^{63}$^(63){ }^{63} A legacy by a Roman woman to a Roman woman who is a minor is confiscated.
    罗马妇女未经所谓信托买卖的明确规定条款，不得通过遗嘱处置其财产。 ${}^{63}$${}^{63}$^(63){ }^{63} 罗马妇女遗赠给未成年罗马妇女的财产将被没收。
33. The children of a woman who is a citizen of Alexandria and an Egyptian man remain Egyptians, but inherit from both parents.
    一位亚历山大城公民女性与埃及男性所生的子女仍为埃及人，但可继承双方父母的财产。
34. When a Roman man or a Roman woman marries a citizen of Alexandria or an Egyptian, without knowledge (of the true status), the children follow the lower class.
    当一个罗马男人或罗马女人与亚历山大公民或埃及人结婚，而不知情（不了解真实身份）时，子女将跟随较低的社会阶层。
35. To Roman men and citizens of Alexandria who married Egyptian women without knowledge (of their true status) it was granted, in addition to freedom from responsibility, also that the children follow the father’s station.
    对于在不知情的情况下与埃及女子结婚的罗马男子和亚历山大公民，除了免除责任外，还准许其子女随父亲的地位。
36. It is permitted for Roman men to marry Egyptian women.
    允许罗马男子与埃及女子结婚。
37. Egyptian women married to ex-soldiers come under the clause of misrepresentation if they characterise themselves in business transactions as Roman women.
    与退伍军人结婚的埃及妇女如果在商业交易中将自己描述为罗马女性，则属于虚假陈述条款的管辖范围。
38. Ursus ${}^{64}$${}^{64}$^(64){ }^{64} did not allow an ex-soldier’s daughter who had become a Roman citizen to inherit from her mother if the latter was an Egyptian.
    乌尔苏斯不允许成为罗马公民的前士兵之女从其埃及母亲那里继承遗产。

169. A final dowry payment. Egypt, AD 122
PFamTeb. 21. G
169. 最后一次嫁妆支付。埃及，公元 122 年 PFamTeb. 21. G

170. Bank-certified copy of a marriage contract. 11 May ad 143. Oxyrhynchus (?), Egypt. PMich. 6551. G. Tr. P. J. Sijpesteijn ${}^{66}$${}^{66}$^(66){ }^{66}
170. 经银行认证的婚姻契约副本。公元 143 年 5 月 11 日。埃及，奥克西林库斯（？）。PMich. 6551. G. Tr. P. J. Sijpesteijn ${}^{66}$${}^{66}$^(66){ }^{66}

171. Legitimacy. Alexandria, 2nd cent. AD
PCattaoиi 3, 4. V. Scialoia, Il papiro giudiziario 'Cattaoui' e il matrimonio dei soldati romani (Rome, 1895). G
171. 合法性。亚历山大港，公元 2 世纪。PCattaoиi 3, 4。V. Scialoia，司法纸莎草《Cattaoui》与罗马士兵的婚姻（罗马，1895）。G

172. A mother's last will and testament. Oxyrhynchus, ad 133 SB X.10756, excerpt. G
172. 一位母亲的临终遗嘱。奥克西林库斯，公元 133 年 SB X.10756，节选。G

Here follow details of parcels of land, one of which she had inherited from her mother.
以下是土地地块的详细信息，其中一块是她从母亲那里继承的。

173. Calpurnia Heraclea, a woman landowner. Oxyrhynchus, Egypt, ad 246 POxy. 3048. G
173. 卡尔普尼亚·赫拉克利亚，一位女性土地所有者。埃及，奥克西林库斯，公元 246 年，POxy. 3048. G

The prefect's decision:  长官的决定：

177. A husband's complaint about a drunken assault on his wife. Oxyrhynchus, Egypt, ad 110-112
177. 一位丈夫对其妻子遭受醉酒袭击的投诉。埃及，奥克西林库斯，公元 110-112 年

178. A letter (written in his own hand) from a suspicious husband. Oxyrhynchus, Egypt, 3rd cent. AD
178. 一封（由丈夫亲笔书写的）来自多疑丈夫的信。埃及，奥克西林库斯，公元 3 世纪

179. A woman greengrocer brings a charge of assault and battery against another woman and her husband. Bacchias, Egypt, ad 114 PBerol. 22. G
179. 一名女菜贩对另一名女子及其丈夫提出殴打和伤害指控。埃及，巴奇亚斯，公元 114 年，柏林纸莎草纸 22 号，G。

180. A violent quarrel. Oxyrhynchus, Egypt, 3rd cent. AD
180. 一场激烈的争吵。埃及，奥克西林库斯，公元 3 世纪

181. A wife's complaint against an abusive husband. Oxyrhynchus, Egypt, 4th cent. AD
РОху. 903. G
181. 一位妻子对虐待她的丈夫的控诉。埃及，奥克西林库斯，公元 4 世纪。РОху. 903. G

VI. Public life   六、公共生活

• Legendary heroines and queens and their daring acts
  传奇女英雄与女王及其英勇事迹
• Historical women of moral and physical courage
  具有道德和身体勇气的历史上的女性
• Women who took an active role in politics
  积极参与政治的女性
• Women’s organisations  妇女组织
• Benefactresses and philanthropists
  女恩主与慈善家
• Victors in athletic contests
  体育比赛中的胜利者

WOMEN'S BRAVERY IN LEGEND AND HISTORY
传说与历史中的女性英勇事迹

Legend  传说

182. The courage of the poet Telesilla. Argos, 5th cent. bc
182. 诗人泰莱西拉的勇气。阿尔戈斯，公元前 5 世纪

183. Marpessa and the defence of Tegea. Arcadia, 7th cent. bc Pausanias, Guide to Greece 8.48.4-5, 2nd cent. ad. G.
183. 玛佩萨与特格亚的保卫战。阿卡迪亚，公元前 7 世纪。保萨尼亚斯，《希腊指南》8.48.4-5，公元 2 世纪。G.

184. A memorial to Telesilla. Argos, 2nd cent. ad
Pausanias, Guide to Greece 2.20.8. G
184. 泰莱西拉的纪念碑。阿尔戈斯，公元 2 世纪。保萨尼亚斯，《希腊指南》2.20.8。G

185. Thargalia. Miletus, early 5th cent. BC
Anon., Tract. de Mulieribus 11. G
185. 塔尔格利亚节。米利都，公元前 5 世纪初。佚名，《论妇女》第 11 节。G

History  历史
‘Paetus, it doesn’t hurt’
"佩图斯，这不疼"

190. Women who risked their lives to save their husbands. Rome, 43 bc
     冒着生命危险拯救丈夫的女性们。罗马，公元前 43 年

Left-hand column  左侧栏

Right-hand column  右侧栏

(About 12 lines missing)
（约 12 行缺失）

194. Arria's death  194. 阿里亚之死

195. On Fannia. Rome, ad 107
195. 关于法尼娅。罗马，公元 107 年

From Pliny to Priscus.
从普林尼到普里斯库斯。

POLITICAL LIFE  政治生活

199. Hortensia's speech. Rome, 42 вс
199. 霍滕西娅的演说。罗马，公元前 42 年

200. Caenis, not just a secretary. Rome, ad 71-75
Dio Cassius, History of Rome 65.14.1-5. G
200. 凯尼斯，不仅仅是一位秘书。罗马，公元 71-75 年。卡西乌斯·狄奥，《罗马史》65.14.1-5。G

202. Women advocates  202. 女性倡导者

203. Electioneering. Pompeii, 1st cent. AD
203. 竞选活动。庞贝，公元 1 世纪

During the year ad 214-215
在公元 214-215 年期间

WOMEN'S ORGANISATIONS   妇女组织

206. A women's club. Alexandria, 1st cent. AD
JEA 4 [1917] 253f. G
206. 一个女性俱乐部。亚历山大，公元 1 世纪 JEA 4 [1917] 253f. G

207. A grateful mother. Corfinium, near L'Aquila CIL IX.3171. L
207. 一位感恩的母亲。位于拉奎拉附近的科尔菲尼乌姆 CIL IX.3171. L

212. Fundraising. Rome, 3rd cent. bc
     筹款。罗马，公元前 3 世纪

213. A meeting of married women. Rome, 1st cent. AD
Suetonius, Life of Galba 5.1. L
213. 已婚妇女的集会。罗马，公元 1 世纪。苏埃托尼乌斯，《伽尔巴传》5.1。L

214. A women's 'senate'. 3rd cent. AD
Hist. Aug. Elag. 4.3-4, 4th cent. Ad. L
214. 女子"元老院"。公元 3 世纪。《奥古斯都史·埃拉加巴卢斯》4.3-4，公元 4 世纪。《拉丁文选》

215. A plan to restore the 'senate'. Rome, ad 270-5
215. 恢复"元老院"的计划。罗马，公元 270-5 年

INSCRIPTIONS HONOURING BENEFACTRESSES AND PHILANTHROPISTS
铭文颂扬女恩主与慈善家

217. The chaste Asë. Lycia, ad 100
Pleket 15. G
217. 贞洁的阿塞。吕基亚，公元 100 年 普莱克特 15. G

218. Aufria, woman of letters. Delphi, 2nd cent. ad
Ecole française d'Athènes, Fouilles de Delphes (Paris, 1902-), 4, 79. G
218. 奥夫里亚，女文人。德尔斐，公元 2 世纪。雅典法国学校，《德尔斐发掘》（巴黎，1902 年-），第 4 卷，79 页。G

219. Lalla of Arneae (gymnasiarch). ${}^{54}$${}^{54}$^(54){ }^{54} Lycia, c. ad 100
219. 阿尔尼亚的拉拉（体育馆馆长）。 ${}^{54}$${}^{54}$^(54){ }^{54} 吕基亚，约公元 100 年

220. Phile, a benefactress. Priene, 1st cent. BC ${}^{55}$${}^{55}$^(55){ }^{55}
220. 菲勒，一位女恩人。普里恩，公元前 1 世纪 ${}^{55}$${}^{55}$^(55){ }^{55}

221. Food for children. Tarracina, 2nd cent. AD
CIL X. 6328 = ILS 6278. Tr. J. C. Fant. L
221. 儿童食物。塔拉奇纳，公元 2 世纪 CIL X. 6328 = ILS 6278. Tr. J. C. Fant. L

223. A lesser patroness. Aesernia, in Samnium, Roman period CIL IX.2687. L
223. 一位次要的女庇护人。萨姆尼乌姆地区的埃塞尔尼亚，罗马时期 CIL IX.2687. L

224. Honours from the Seviri Augusti. ${}^{59}$${}^{59}$^(59){ }^{59} Corfinium, imperial period CIL IX.3182, 3180. L
224. 来自塞维里·奥古斯都的荣誉。 ${}^{59}$${}^{59}$^(59){ }^{59} 科菲尼乌姆，帝国时期 CIL IX.3182, 3180. L

225. Junia Theodora. Corinth, c. AD 43
Pleket 8, excerpts. G
225. 朱尼亚·西奥多拉。科林斯，约公元 43 年 普莱克特 8，节选。G

226. Flavia Publicia Nicomachis. Phocaea, Asia Minor, 2nd cent. ad
Pleket 19. G
226. 弗拉维娅·普布利基亚·尼科马基斯。小亚细亚福西亚，公元 2 世纪。普莱克特 19。G

227. Modia Quintia. Africa Proconsularis, 2nd/3rd cent. ad
CIL VIII.23888. L
227. 莫迪娅·昆提娅。阿非利加行省，公元 2/3 世纪 CIL VIII.23888. L

228. Aurelia Leite. Paros, c. ad 300
228. 奥蕾莉娅·莱特。帕罗斯岛，约公元 300 年

Pleket 31. G

229. Scholasticia. Ephesus, late 4th cent. AD SGO 03/02/32. G
229. 学者。以弗所，公元 4 世纪末 SGO 03/02/32. G

230. Restoration of a theatre. Nemi, 1st cent. AD
230. 剧院的修复。内米，公元 1 世纪

231. Helvidia Priscilla. Chieti (Abruzzo), imperial period
231. 赫尔维迪娅·普里西拉。基耶蒂（阿布鲁佐），帝国时期

232. An aqueduct restored. Chieti (Abruzzo), 2nd half of the 1st cent. ad CIL IX.3018. L
232. 一条水道得到修复。基耶蒂（阿布鲁佐），公元 1 世纪下半叶 CIL IX.3018. L

VICTORS  胜利者

'With my swift-running horses'
"我那飞驰的骏马"

239. Women victors. Delphi, c. ad 45
239. 女性胜利者。德尔斐，约公元 45 年

Pleket 9. G

240. Melosa. Athens, 5th cent. bc
FH 177m. G
240. 梅洛萨。雅典，公元前 5 世纪 FH 177m. G

241. Prizes for beauty, chastity, and household management
Athenaeus 13.609e-610b. G
241. 美丽、贞洁和家务管理的奖品 雅典娜乌斯 13.609e-610b. G

VII. Private Life   七、私人生活

• Proper conduct and practical advice
  得体行为与实用建议
• Education and intellectual achievements
  教育与智力成就
• Women’s conversations, real and imaginary
  女性的对话，真实的与想象的
• Interactions with men, good and bad
  与男性的互动，好坏兼有
• Mothers, nurses, and infants
  母亲、保姆和婴儿
• Parents and children  父母与子女
• Household management  家务管理
• Celebrations  庆祝活动
• Commemorations  纪念活动

CORRECT BEHAVIOUR  正确行为

Letters Attributed to Women Followers of Pythagoras
归于毕达哥拉斯女性追随者的信件

1. (Stobaeus, Anthologium 4.23.53) When Theano the Pythagorean philosopher was asked after how soon a woman would be pure after intercourse with a man, she replied, ‘with her own husband, immediately; with another man, never’. ${}^3$${}^3$^(3){ }^{3}
   (斯托拜乌斯，《选集》4.23.53) 当毕达哥拉斯学派的女哲学家西阿诺被问及，女性在与男性性交后多久才能变得纯洁时，她回答说："与自己的丈夫，立即；与其他男人，永远不"。 ${}^3$${}^3$^(3){ }^{3}
2. (D. L. 8.43) She advised a woman who was about to have intercourse with her husband to take off her modesty along with her clothes, and when she left his bed to put it back on again. When she was asked what to put on, she said ‘what allows me to be called a wife’. ${}^4$${}^4$^(4){ }^{4}
   她建议一位即将与丈夫同房的女子，在脱去衣服的同时也脱去她的羞耻心，而在离开丈夫的床时再重新穿上。当被问及应该穿什么时，她说："能让我被称为妻子的东西。" ${}^4$${}^4$^(4){ }^{4}
3. (Stobaeus, Anthologium 4.23.55) When Theano was asked what a woman ought to do, she replied, ‘please her own husband’.
   (斯托拜乌斯，《选集》4.23.55) 当提亚诺被问及一个女人应该做什么时，她回答道，'取悦自己的丈夫'。
4. (Stobaeus, Anthologium) When Theano the Pythagorean was asked how she would be well regarded, she answered ‘by working the loom and sharing my bed’. ${}^5$${}^5$^(5){ }^{5}
   当毕达哥拉斯学派的塞阿诺被问及如何才能获得良好声誉时，她回答说："通过织布和分享我的床"。 ${}^5$${}^5$^(5){ }^{5}
5. (Stobaeus, Anthologium 4.23.49a) When Theano was wrapping her cloak around herself, she showed her bare arm. When someone said ‘you have a beautiful arm’, she replied ‘but it’s not for public use’. And it is not only a chaste woman’s forearm but also her speech that should not be made public, and she should be ashamed of her speech as if she were revealing herself to those who wanted to strip her naked, and protect it from outsiders. Because when she speaks her passion and character and disposition are visible to others.
   (斯托拜乌斯，《文选》4.23.49a) 当塞阿诺裹上斗篷时，她露出了裸露的手臂。当有人说"你的手臂很美"时，她回答说"但这不是供公众使用的"。不仅贞洁女性的前臂不应公开，她的言语也不应公开，她应当为自己的言语感到羞耻，就像她正在向那些想要剥光她衣服的人展示自己一样，并保护它免受外人窥探。因为当她说话时，她的热情、性格和性情都会被他人所察觉。
6. (Clement, Stromata 4.19.121 after relating a shorter version of the cloak story [no. 5], adds: Another saying of hers shows her profundity: when she was asked whether a woman should go to the Thesmophoria after being with a man, she said immediately, if with her own husband, and never if with someone else.
   （克莱门特，《杂记》4.19.121，在讲述了一个较短版本的外套故事[第 5 则]后补充道：她的另一句话显示了她的深刻：当被问及一个女人在与男子同房后是否应该参加塞斯莫福里亚节时，她立即回答说，如果是与自己的丈夫，就应该去；如果是与其他人，就永远不要去。
7. (Florilegium Monacense 268) Theano said: A man is better off trusting himself to a horse without a bridle than to a woman who does not use reason.
   (慕尼黑选集 268) 西阿诺说：男人将自己托付给一匹没有缰绳的马，比托付给一个不运用理性的女人更为安全。
8. (Clement, Stromata 4.7.44) For Theano the Pythagorean writes: 'So in truth life would be a party for bad people who have done evil things. If the soul were not immortal, when they die, death would bring them good fortune. ${}^6$${}^6$^(6){ }^{6}
   （克莱门特，《杂记》4.7.44）毕达哥拉斯学派的塞阿诺写道："如果灵魂不是不朽的，那么对于那些作恶多端的坏人来说，死亡会给他们带来好运。当他们死去时，死亡将赐予他们好运。 ${}^6$${}^6$^(6){ }^{6}
9. (Florilegium Monacense 269) Theano said: It is wrong to keep silent about what one ought to say, but best to be silent about what it is shameful to say.
   （慕尼黑选集 269）西阿诺说：对应当说的事情保持沉默是错误的，但对可耻的事情保持沉默则是最好的。
10. (Florilegium Monacense 269) When Theano was asked to define passion, she said ‘what happens to an idle soul’.
    （慕尼黑选集 269）当塞阿诺被要求定义激情时，她说'那是发生在闲散灵魂上的事情'。
11. (Stobaeus, Anthologium 1.10.13). From Theano’s On Piety: I have heard that many Greeks believe that Pythagoras said that all things come from a number. That statement makes no sense, because how can something that does not exist have consciousness and reproduce? Pythagoras did not say that everything came from a number; he said that everything comes into being in a numbered sequence, because the primary ordering is in a number, and in conjunction with that whatever is first and second and so on is arranged sequentially among what is numbered.
    (斯托拜乌斯，《文选》1.10.13)。摘自塞阿诺的《论虔诚》：我听说许多希腊人相信毕达哥拉斯说过万物皆源于数。这种说法毫无意义，因为不存在的东西怎么可能具有意识并繁衍后代？毕达哥拉斯并没有说万物都源于数；他说的是万物都是按数的顺序产生的，因为首要的秩序存在于数中，与此相关，第一和第二等等在数的序列中被依次排列。

243. The Syriac Sayings of Theano. Northern Mesopotamia, 3rd cent. ad
243. 西亚诺的叙利亚格言。北美索不达米亚，公元 3 世纪。

1. In general a woman must be good and orderly-and this no one can become without virtue (aretē). The virtue appropriate to each thing makes everything receptive to it excellent. The virtue appropriate to the eyes makes the eyes excellent, that appropriate to hearing makes hearing excellent, that appropriate to a horse makes the horse excellent, that of a man makes the man excellent, that of a woman makes the woman excellent. A woman’s greatest virtue is chastity. Because of this quality she is able to honour and to cherish her own particular husband.
   一般来说，一个女人必须是善良且守规矩的——没有美德（aretē），没有人能够做到这一点。每件事物所对应的美德使它能够接纳卓越。眼睛所对应的美德使眼睛卓越，耳朵所对应的美德使听觉卓越，马所对应的美德使马卓越，男人的美德使男人卓越，女人的美德使女人卓越。女人最大的美德是贞洁。因为这种品质，她才能够尊重并珍惜她自己的丈夫。

245. Advice about coping with a husband who is consorting with a hetaera Thesleff, pp. 198-200. G
245. 关于如何应对丈夫与交际花交往的建议 Thesleff, 第 198-200 页. G

246. Greek and Roman customs compared. Rome, 1st cent. bc Cornelius Nepos, Lives praef. 6. L
246. 希腊与罗马习俗之比较。罗马，公元前 1 世纪。科尼利厄斯·尼波斯，《名人传》前言 6。L

247. Imperial upbringing. Rome, 1st cent. AD
Suetonius, Life of Augustus 64.4-5. L
247. 皇室教育。罗马，公元 1 世纪。苏维托尼乌斯，《奥古斯都传》64.4-5。L

248. Seating for gladiatorial shows. Rome 27 bc-ad 14
Suetonius, Life of Augustus 44.5-7. L
248. 角斗士表演的座位安排。罗马 公元前 27 年-公元 14 年 苏埃托尼乌斯，《奥古斯都传》44.5-7. L

EDUCATION OF FEMALES  女性教育

252. The need for educated parents. Rome, 1st cent. ad
252. 对受过教育的父母的需求。罗马，公元 1 世纪

253. Heraidous, a girl who is learning to read. Egypt, 2nd cent. AD
253. 赫拉伊多斯，一个正在学习阅读的女孩。埃及，公元 2 世纪

INTELLECTUAL LIFE  知识生活

Advice about matchmaking
关于媒妁之言的建议

Characterisation of a good wife
贤妻的特点

255. Plato's female pupils. Athens, 4th cent. BC
255. 柏拉图的女学生。雅典，公元前 4 世纪

Diogenes names seventeen of Plato's many male pupils
第欧根尼列出了柏拉图众多男学生中的十七位

256. A female philosopher. ${}^{28}$${}^{28}$^(28){ }^{28} Athens, 3rd cent. bc
256. 一位女哲学家。 ${}^{28}$${}^{28}$^(28){ }^{28} 雅典，公元前 3 世纪

257. Epigram on Hipparchia. 3rd cent. bc
Antipater of Thessalonica, Anth.Pal. VII.413. G
257. 关于希帕尔基亚的警句。公元前 3 世纪，塞萨洛尼基的安提帕特，《希腊诗选》第七卷 413 首。G

258. Hestiaea of Alexandria, author of a book on Homer. Pre-2nd cent. bc Strabo 13.1.36. G
亚历山大的赫斯提娅，《荷马》一书的作者。公元前 2 世纪前。斯特拉波 13.1.36。G

259. A learned woman. 1st cent. AD
Suda Pi $139.{}^{34}$$139.{}^{34}$139.^(34)139 .{ }^{34} G
259. 一位博学的女性。公元 1 世纪 苏达词典 Pi $139.{}^{34}$$139.{}^{34}$139.^(34)139 .{ }^{34} G

260. Agrippina's memoirs. Rome, 1st cent. AD
Tacitus, Annals 4.53. L
260. 阿格里皮娜的回忆录。罗马，公元 1 世纪。塔西佗，《编年史》4.53。L

261. The empress Plotina, an Epicurean. Rome, 2nd cent. AD ILS 7784, L; IG II ${}^2.1099$${}^2.1099$^(2).1099{ }^{2} .1099 G. (Tr. R. van Bremen) ${}^{38}$${}^{38}$^(38){ }^{38}
261. 皇后普洛提娜，一位伊壁鸠鲁学派信徒。罗马，公元 2 世纪 ILS 7784, L; IG II ${}^2.1099$${}^2.1099$^(2).1099{ }^{2} .1099 G.（R. van Bremen 译） ${}^{38}$${}^{38}$^(38){ }^{38}

1. (In Latin) In the consulship of [M. Annius Verus for the second time and of Cn.] Arrius Augur.
   （拉丁文）在[马库斯·安尼乌斯·维鲁斯第二次和格奈乌斯·阿里乌斯·奥古尔]担任执政官期间。

262. A philosopher. Apollonia, Mysia, 2nd/3rd cent. AD
262. 一位哲学家。阿波罗尼亚，米西亚，公元 2/3 世纪

Pleket 30. G

264. A Platonist patroness. Nicaea, Bithynia (?), 3rd cent. AD
264. 一位柏拉图主义的女赞助人。尼西亚，比提尼亚（？），公元 3 世纪

265. Women's eloquence. Rome, 46 bc
265. 女性的雄辩。罗马，公元前 46 年

266. Sulpicia. Rome, late 1st cent. AD
266. 苏尔皮西娅。罗马，公元 1 世纪晚期

WOMEN AND WOMEN  女性与女性

274. A letter from a soldier's wife complaining about the behaviour of another soldier's daughters. Egypt, 4th cent. AD PGrenf. I.53. G
274. 一封士兵妻子的信，抱怨另一位士兵女儿的行为。埃及，公元 4 世纪。PGrenf. I.53. G

WOMEN AND MEN  女性与男性

278. The courtesan Aspasia, mistress of Pericles. ${}^{62}$${}^{62}$^(62){ }^{62} Athens, 5th cent. bc Plutarch, Life of Pericles 24. 1-6, 32. 1-2, 2nd cent. ad. G
278. 名妓阿斯帕西娅，伯利克里的情妇。 ${}^{62}$${}^{62}$^(62){ }^{62} 雅典，公元前 5 世纪 普鲁塔克，《伯利克里传》24. 1-6, 32. 1-2，公元 2 世纪。G

279. Disadvantages of a liberal education. Athens, 4th cent. bc
Xenophon, Memorabilia 2.7. G
279. 自由教育的弊端。雅典，公元前 4 世纪。色诺芬，《回忆录》2.7. G

(On the left)  （在左侧）

(On the right)  （在右侧）

284. Graffito on a tomb. Porta Nuceria cemetery, Pompeii, 1st cent. AD CIL IV.10231. L
284. 墓上的涂鸦。庞贝努塞里亚门墓地，公元 1 世纪 CIL IV.10231. L

285. Women unfavourably compared with boy lovers. Egypt, 2nd cent. ad
Achilles Tatius, Leucippe and Clitophon 2.37.5-9, 38.1-3. G
285. 女人被 unfavorably 与男童恋人相比。埃及，公元 2 世纪。阿喀琉斯·塔提乌斯，《琉基佩与克利托丰》2.37.5-9, 38.1-3. G

286. Advice on marriage. Boeotia, 2nd cent. ad
Plutarch, Moralia 138a-146a, excerpts. Tr. R. Warner. G
286. 关于婚姻的建议。波奥提亚，公元 2 世纪。普鲁塔克，《道德论丛》138a-146a，节选。R.沃纳译。G

1. Solon advised the bride to eat a quince before getting into bed with her husband, and by this, I think, he meant that from the very beginning the pleasures coming from the lips and the voice should be harmonious and delightful.
   梭伦建议新娘在与丈夫同床前吃一个榅桲，我认为，他的意思是，从一开始，来自嘴唇和声音的愉悦就应该是和谐而令人愉快的。
2. In Boeotia after they have veiled the bride they put a garland of asparagus on her head, this being a plant with very rough spines and yet with an extremely pleasant taste. So the bride will make gentle and sweet her partnership with her husband if he does not shrink from her and get angry with her when in the early stages she is difficult and disagreeable. The people who cannot put up with girlish tantrums at the beginning are just like those who because unripe grapes are sour leave the bunches of ripe grapes for others to eat. Many newly married women, too, who get angry with their husbands in the first days find themselves in the position of people who put up with being stung by the bees, but never reach out for the honey comb.
   在维奥蒂亚，人们为新娘蒙上头纱后，会在她头上戴上一顶芦笋花冠。这是一种带有非常粗糙的刺但却有着极其美妙味道的植物。因此，如果丈夫在新婚初期不退缩、不生气，新娘就能使她与丈夫的伴侣关系变得温柔而甜蜜，即使她那时可能难以相处且令人不快。那些一开始就忍受不了少女脾气的人，就像那些因为未成熟的葡萄是酸的，而把成串的熟葡萄留给别人吃的人一样。许多新婚女性在头几天对丈夫发脾气，她们就像那些忍受被蜜蜂蜇刺，却从未伸手去拿蜂巢中蜂蜜的人。
3. When the moon is a long way from the sun, she looks large and bright to us; but when she comes near she fades away and hides. With a good wife it is just the
   当月亮远离太阳时，她看起来又大又亮；但当她靠近时，她逐渐暗淡并隐藏起来。对于一位贤妻来说，情况恰恰
   opposite; she ought to be most conspicuous when she is with her husband, and to stay at home and hide herself when he is not there.
   相反；她与丈夫在一起时应该最为引人注目，而当丈夫不在家时，她应该待在家里，不露面。
4. When music is played in two parts, it is the bass part which carries the melody. So in a good and wise household, while every activity is carried on by husband and wife in agreement with each other, it will still be evident that it is the husband who leads and makes the final choice.
   当音乐以两个声部演奏时，是低音部分承载着旋律。同样，在一个良好而明智的家庭中，虽然丈夫和妻子相互协调地共同进行每一项活动，但仍然能明显看出是丈夫在主导并做出最终决定。
5. A young Spartan girl was once asked whether she had yet started making advances to her husband. She replied: ‘I don’t to him; he does to me.’ This, I think, is how a married woman ought to behave-not to shrink away or object when her husband starts to make love, but not herself to be the one to start either. In the one case she is being over-eager like a prostitute, in the other she is being cold and lacking in affection.
   一位年轻的斯巴达女孩曾被问及是否已经开始向她的丈夫示好。她回答说："我没有向他示好；是他向我示好。"我认为，已婚女性就应当如此——当丈夫开始示爱时，既不退缩也不反对，但自己也不应是主动的一方。在前一种情况下，她表现得像妓女一样过于急切；在后一种情况下，她又显得冷漠而缺乏感情。
6. A wife ought not to make friends of her own, but to enjoy her husband’s friends together with him. And the first and best friends are the gods in whom her husband believes and to shut her door to all magic ceremonies and foreign superstitions. For no god can be pleased by stealthy and surreptitious rites performed by a woman.
   妻子不应结交自己的朋友，而应与丈夫一同享受他的朋友。首要和最好的朋友是她丈夫所信仰的神，她应当对所有魔法仪式和外来迷信紧闭大门。因为没有任何神会喜欢女人私下偷偷进行的仪式。
7. Man and woman are joined together physically so that the woman may take and blend together elements derived from each and so give birth to a child which is common to them both, so that neither of the two can tell or distinguish what in particular is his or hers. It is very right too that married people should have the same kind of partnership in property. They should put everything they have into a common fund; neither of the two should think of one part as belonging to him and the other as not belonging; instead each should think of it all as his own, and none of it as not belonging to him.
   男女在身体上结合在一起，使女性能够接受并融合来自双方的元素，从而生育一个属于他们共同的孩子，以至于两人都无法分辨或辨别哪一部分特别属于自己或对方。已婚人士在财产上也应该有同样的伙伴关系，这是非常正确的。他们应该把所拥有的一切都投入到一个共同基金中；两人都不应该认为一部分属于自己而另一部分不属于自己；相反，每个人都应该把全部财产视为自己的，而不认为有任何一部分不属于自己。
8. The economical woman ought not to neglect cleanliness and the wife who is devoted to her husband should also show a cheerful disposition; for economy ceases to please when it is combined with dirt, as does the most proper behaviour in a wife when combined with an austere manner.
   节俭的女性不应忽视整洁，而忠贞于丈夫的妻子也应展现出愉快的性情；因为当节俭与肮脏相伴时，它便不再令人愉悦，正如妻子最得体的行为若与严厉的态度相结合，也会失去其魅力。
9. It should be the same with married people-a mutual blending of bodies, property, friends, and relations. Indeed what the Roman lawgiver had in mind, when he prohibited an exchange of gifts between man and wife, was not to deprive them of anything, but to make them feel that everything belonged to both of them together.
   对于已婚人士也应当如此——身体、财产、朋友和关系的相互融合。事实上，罗马立法者禁止夫妻之间交换礼物，其目的并非要剥夺他们任何东西，而是要让他们感觉到一切都属于他们共同所有。
10. In the African city of Leptis there is an old custom that on the day after her marriage the bride sends to her husband’s mother and asks her for a pot. She does not give it and says that she hasn’t got one, the idea being that the bride should recognise from the beginning a step-motherly attitude in her mother-in-law and, if something worse happens later on, should not be angry or resentful. A wife ought to realise what the position is and try to do her best about it. Her mother-in-law is jealous of her because her son loves her. And the only way of dealing with this is for her to win her husband’s affection for herself and at the same time not to detract from or lessen his affection for his mother.
    在非洲的莱普提斯城，有一个古老的习俗：新娘在婚后第二天会派人去丈夫的母亲那里索要一个罐子。婆婆不会给她，并说自己没有，目的是让新娘从一开始就认识到婆婆的继母般的态度，如果以后发生更糟糕的事情，她也不会生气或怨恨。妻子应该明白自己的处境，并尽力应对。婆婆因为儿子爱她而嫉妒她。应对这种情况的唯一方法是，她既要赢得丈夫对自己的爱，同时又不削弱或减少丈夫对他母亲的爱。
11. At all times and in all places wives and husbands should try to avoid quarrelling with each other, but they ought to be especially careful of this when they are together in bed. There was a woman in labour who, when the pains were on her, kept saying to those who were trying to get her to bed ‘What’s the good of going to bed? It was by going to bed that I got this.’ But it is not easy to escape the disagreements, harsh words and anger that may arise in bed except just then and there.
    在任何时候和任何地方，妻子和丈夫都应该尽量避免彼此争吵，但当他们同床共枕时，尤其应该注意这一点。有一位正在分娩的妇女，当阵痛袭来时，她不断对那些试图让她上床的人说："上床有什么好处？正是因为上床，我才落得这个下场。"但除了在那个特定的时刻和地点之外，要避免在床上可能产生的分歧、刻薄言语和愤怒并不容易。
12. But it is a finer thing still for a man to hear his wife say ‘My dear husband, “but to me you are” ${}^{73}$${}^{73}$^(73){ }^{73} guide, philosopher and teacher in all that is most beautiful and most divine.’ In the first place these studies will take away a woman’s appetite for stupid and irrational pursuits. A woman who is studying geometry will be ashamed to go dancing and one who is charmed by the words of Plato or Xenophon is not going to pay any attention to magic incantations. For if they do not receive the seed of a good education and do not develop this education in company with their husbands they will, left to themselves, conceive a lot of ridiculous ideas and unworthy aims and emotions.
    但对一个男人来说，听到妻子说"我亲爱的丈夫，你是我所有最美好和最神圣事物的向导、哲学家和老师"，这更是一件美妙的事情。首先，这些研究将消除女性对愚蠢和非理性追求的兴趣。一个学习几何学的女性会羞于去跳舞，一个被柏拉图或色诺芬的言辞所吸引的女性不会在意魔咒。因为如果她们不接受良好教育的种子，不与丈夫一同培养这种教育，那么在她们独处时，就会产生许多荒谬的想法和不值得的目标与情感。

287. To Calpurnia Hispulla. Rome, ad 104-108
Pliny the Younger, Letters 4.19. L
287. 致卡尔普尔尼亚·希斯普拉。罗马，公元 104-108 年 小普林尼，《书信集》4.19. L

To Calpurnia Hispulla.  致卡尔普尔尼亚·希斯普拉。

288. To his wife Calpurnia. Rome, ad 104-108
288. 致他的妻子卡尔普尔尼亚。罗马，公元 104-108 年

289. To Calpurnia. Rome, ad 104-108
289. 致卡尔普尔尼亚。罗马，公元 104-108 年

290. To Calpurnia. Rome, ad 104-108
290. 致卡尔普尔尼亚。罗马，公元 104-108 年

291. To Calpurnius Fabatus, his wife's grandfather
291. 致卡尔普尔尼乌斯·法巴图斯，他妻子的祖父

To Calpurnius Fabatus.  致卡尔普尔尼乌斯·法巴图斯。

292. From a husband who misses his wife and wants her to come back. Oxyrhynchus, Egypt, 2nd cent. ad РОху. 528. G
292. 来自一位思念妻子并希望她回来的丈夫。埃及，奥克西林库斯，公元 2 世纪 РОху. 528. G

294. A brother-in-law's cruelty. Milan, 4th-5th cent. AD
CIL V. 6214
294. 姐夫的残忍。米兰，公元 4-5 世纪 CIL V. 6214

BABIES  婴儿

298. Graxia who nursed her own children. Rome, 2nd-3rd cent. ad CIL VI.19128. L
298. 格拉西亚，亲自哺育自己的孩子。罗马，公元 2-3 世纪 CIL VI.19128. L

| Inscription on a marble sarcophagus
| 大理石石棺上的铭文

300. The philosopher Favorinus on breast-feeding
300. 哲学家法沃里努斯论母乳喂养

301. A devoted wet-nurse. Rome, imperial period CIL VI.25728. L
301. 一位忠实的乳母。罗马，帝国时期 CIL VI.25728. L

PARENTS AND CHILDREN  父母与子女

310. Seneca to his mother. Corsica, ad 41-49
310. 塞内加致他的母亲。科西嘉，公元 41-49 年

311. The death of the Helvidiae. Rome, ad $104/105$$104/105$104//105104 / 105
311. 赫尔维迪亚姐妹之死。罗马，公元 $104/105$$104/105$104//105104 / 105 年

312. Epitaph for a woman who died in childbirth. 3rd cent. bc
Leonidas of Tarentum, Anth.Pal. VII. 163. G
312. 为死于分娩的妇女所作的墓志铭。公元前 3 世纪，塔兰托的莱昂尼达斯，《希腊诗选》第七卷 163 首。G

313. Epitaph for four sisters who died in childbirth. 3rd cent. bc
Leonidas of Tarentum, Anth.Pal. VII 463. G
313. 为死于分娩的四姐妹所立的墓志铭。公元前 3 世纪 塔兰托的莱昂尼达斯，《希腊诗选》第七卷 463 首。G

314. Epitaph for Matrona, wife of Aurelius Marcianus, also known as Orestes. Lycia, Imperial period SGO 14/05/01. G
314. 为奥勒留·马尔西安（又称奥雷斯特斯）之妻玛特罗娜所立的墓志铭。吕基亚，帝国时期 SGO 14/05/01. G

315. The death of Minicia Marcella. Rome, ad $105/106$$105/106$105//106105 / 106
315. 米尼奇娅·玛尔塞拉之死。罗马，公元 $105/106$$105/106$105//106105 / 106 年

To Aefulanus Marcellinus.
致阿富拉努斯·马塞利努斯。

316. Epitaph of Minicia Marcella. ad 105
316. 米尼奇娅·玛尔切拉的墓志铭。公元 105 年

317. Julia, daughter of Augustus. Rome, 1st cent. AD
Seneca, On Benefits 6.32.1. L
317. 尤利娅，奥古斯都的女儿。罗马，公元 1 世纪。塞内卡，《论恩惠》6.32.1。L

318. Julia's wit. Rome, 1st cent. bc
318. 茱莉亚的机智。罗马，公元前 1 世纪

THE HOME  家庭

319. How to train a wife. Athens, 4th cent. bc
319. 如何训练妻子。雅典，公元前 4 世纪

320. Letter from a woman about domestic matters. Oxyrhynchus, Egypt. 3rd cent. AD
PSI 1080. G
320. 一封关于家庭事务的女性书信。埃及，奥克西林库斯。公元 3 世纪。PSI 1080。G

321. Letter from a woman managing an estate. Oxyrhynchus, Egypt, 2nd cent. AD PHamb. 86. G
321. 一位管理庄园的女子的信。埃及，奥克西林库斯，公元 2 世纪 PHamb. 86. G

CELEBRATIONS  庆典

323. A wedding invitation. Oxyrhynchus, Egypt 3rd cent. AD
323. 一份婚礼邀请。埃及，奥克西林库斯，公元 3 世纪

324. A birthday party. Vindolanda, England, 2nd cent. ad
Tab. Vindol. Inv. No. 85/87. L
324. 一场生日派对。英格兰，文多兰达，公元 2 世纪。文多兰达 tablets 馆藏编号 85/87。L

EPITAPHS  墓志铭

325. Phrasicleia. Athens, c. 540 bс
325. 弗拉西克莱亚。雅典，约公元前 540 年

336. Epitaph with curse. Lambaesis, Algeria CIL VIII.2756. L
336. 带有诅咒的墓志铭。阿尔及利亚，兰贝西斯 CIL VIII.2756. L

337. A devoted couple. Africa, imperial period
337. 一对恩爱夫妇。非洲，帝国时期

338. From the second husband. Monferrato (Piedmont), imperial period
338. 来自第二任丈夫。蒙费拉托（皮埃蒙特），帝国时期

339. From a father. Rome, 1st cent. AD
339. 来自一位父亲。罗马，公元 1 世纪

340. From a mother. Rome, imperial period CIL VI.38605. L
340. 来自一位母亲。罗马，帝国时期 CIL VI.38605. L

341. Domitilla, a young girl abducted by bandits. Caesarea/Hadrianopolis in Paphlagonia. 3rd cent. AD SGO 10/02/12. G
341. 多米提拉，一个被强盗绑架的年轻女孩。来自帕夫拉戈尼亚地区的凯撒里亚/哈德良堡。公元 3 世纪。SGO 10/02/12。G

342. From a father. Bologna, 1st-2nd cent. AD AE 1976, 202. L
342. 来自一位父亲。博洛尼亚，公元 1-2 世纪 AE 1976, 202. L

343. Loss of a baby daughter. Ariminum (Rimini), early 3rd cent. AD
CIL XI. 466 = CLE 505. L
343. 失去一个女婴。阿里米努姆（里米尼），公元 3 世纪初 CIL XI. 466 = CLE 505. L

344. Arete, ${}^{118}$${}^{118}$^(118){ }^{118} who lived to be 100. Mysia, 2nd/3rd cent. AD
SGO 08/08/05. G
344. 阿瑞特， ${}^{118}$${}^{118}$^(118){ }^{118} 享年 100 岁。米西亚，公元 2/3 世纪 SGO 08/08/05. G

VIII. Occupations   八、职业

'I worked with my hands'
我用手劳动

• Workers, managers, businesswomen
  工人、管理者、女商人
• Courtesans and prostitutes
  交际花和妓女
• Female gladiators  女角斗士
• Actresses and entertainers
  女演员和艺人
• Skilled artisans and unskilled labourers
  技术工匠和非技术劳动者
• Menial jobs  仆役工作

APPRENTICESHIP  学徒制

'To learn the weaver's trade'
学习纺织手艺

345. An apprenticeship agreement. Oxyrhynchus, 2nd cent. ad
345. 一份学徒协议。奥克西林库斯，公元 2 世纪

SELF-EMPLOYMENT AND ENTREPRENEURSHIP
自营与创业

'Owner of a farm'
农场主

346. An incentive to female enterprise
     女性创业的动力

350. Property owners. Rome, imperial period
     财产所有者。罗马，帝国时期

PROSTITUTION  娼妓

354. Tricks of the trade. Athens, 4th cent. bc Alexis, Fr. 103 PCG. G
354. 行业诀窍。雅典，公元前 4 世纪。亚历克西斯，残篇 103 PCG。G

355. A public brothel in Athens
Philemon, Fr. 3 PCG, 4th-3rd cent. bc. G
355. 雅典的一家公共妓院 菲莱蒙，残篇 3 PCG，公元前 4-3 世纪。G

356. Prostitutes in action. Athens, 4th cent. bc Xenarchus, Fr. 4. 3-20 PCG. G
356. 妓女在工作。雅典，公元前 4 世纪。克塞纳尔库斯，残篇 4. 3-20 PCG。G

358. Some famous courtesans. Greece, 5th-4th cent. BC
Suda E 3266 Adler. G
358. 一些著名的交际花。希腊，公元前 5-4 世纪。苏达辞书 E 3266 Adler。G

359. Inscription on a monument for Doricha. Naucratis, 3rd cent. bc
359. 为多里卡建造的纪念碑上的铭文。诺克拉提斯，公元前 3 世纪

361. Lais as an old woman
Epicrates, Anti-Lais Fr. 3.1-3, 11-21 PCG. G
361. 年老的拉伊斯 埃皮克拉特斯，《反拉伊斯》残篇 3.1-3, 11-21 PCG. G

362. The palace brothel. Rome, 1st cent. AD
Suetonius, Life of Gaius 40-1, excerpts. L
362. 宫廷妓院。罗马，公元 1 世纪。苏维托尼乌斯，《盖乌斯传》40-41 节，摘录。L

363. Writers of pornography. 3rd-2nd cent. bc?
Suda A 4261. G
363. 色情文学作家。公元前 3-2 世纪？苏达辞典 A 4261。G

364. Fragments of Philaenis' treatise on love. 3rd cent. bc?
POxy. 2891. G
364. 菲莱尼斯的爱情论著残篇。公元前 3 世纪？POxy. 2891. G

365. The senate vs. Vistilia. Rome, ad 19
Tacitus, Annals 2.85. L
365. 元老院诉维斯提利亚案。罗马，公元 19 年。塔西佗，《编年史》2.85。L

366. Justinian ${}^{35}$${}^{35}$^(35){ }^{35} on pimps. Rome, 6th cent. AD
Justinian, Novellae 14 pr.-1. Tr. S. P. Scott, revised. L
366. 查士丁尼 ${}^{35}$${}^{35}$^(35){ }^{35} 论皮条客。罗马，公元 6 世纪。查士丁尼，《新法》14 前言-1。S. P. Scott 译，修订版。L

367. Vibia Calybenis, the procuress. Beneventum, imperial period CIL IX. 2029 = ILS 8287. L
367. 维比亚·卡利贝尼斯，女鸨。贝内文图姆，帝国时期 CIL IX. 2029 = ILS 8287. L

368. Graffiti. Pompeii, 1st cent. AD
CIL IV.2175, 2224, 2265, 8356, 10233, 10241. L
368. 涂鸦。庞贝，公元 1 世纪 CIL IV.2175, 2224, 2265, 8356, 10233, 10241. L

WOMEN GLADIATORS  女角斗士

377. Septimius Severus calls a halt. Rome, ad 193-211
Dio Cassius, History of Rome 76.16.1, early 3rd cent. Ad. G
377. 塞普蒂米乌斯·塞维鲁下令停止。罗马，公元 193-211 年 卡西乌斯·狄奥，《罗马史》76.16.1，公元 3 世纪初。G

THE ARTS AND ENTERTAINMENT
艺术与娱乐

'A woman who played the trumpet'
一位吹喇叭的女性

378. An exceptional tumbler. Athens, 4th cent. bc
Xenophon, Symposium 2.9. G
378. 一位非凡的杂技演员。雅典，公元前 4 世纪。色诺芬，《会饮》2.9. G

384. A troupe of castanet-dancers. Philadelphia, Egypt, AD 206
384. 一支响板舞者队伍。埃及费城，公元 206 年

388. Twin singers. Rome, outside the Porta Salaria
     双胞胎歌手。罗马，萨 alaria 门外

SKILLED LABOUR  技术劳动力

'By her handiwork and skill'
"凭她的手艺和技巧"

397. Handiwork. Athens, after 350 bc
     手工制作。雅典，公元前 350 年后

SALES AND SERVICES  销售与服务

AGRICULTURE  农业

408. Valeria Maxima, owner of a farm. Cantalupo di Bardello (near Tibur), 1st cent. BC
     瓦莱里娅·马克西玛，农场主。坎塔卢波·迪巴尔德洛（靠近提布尔），公元前 1 世纪
     CIL XIV. 3482 = ILS 7459. L

OTHER RECORDS OF WOMEN'S EMPLOYMENT
关于女性就业的其他记录

'Shepherdess. Scribe. Fuller.'
牧羊女。抄写员。漂洗工。

Papyri  莎草纸

411. Egypt, Roman imperial period
411. 埃及，罗马帝国时期

Inscriptions  铭文

412. Occupations of freedwomen. Athens, 4th cent. bc
412. 获释女性的职业。雅典，公元前 4 世纪

413. Occupations of freedwomen. Athens, 4th cent. bc
413. 获释女性的职业。雅典，公元前 4 世纪

(49.4-5) Elpis, ${}^{60}$${}^{60}$^(60){ }^{60} aulos-player . . . (50.34) Habrosyne, perfume vendor ${}^{61}$${}^{61}$^(61){ }^{61}
(49.4-5) 埃尔皮斯， ${}^{60}$${}^{60}$^(60){ }^{60} 阿夫洛斯管演奏者……(50.34) 哈布罗辛，香水商贩 ${}^{61}$${}^{61}$^(61){ }^{61}

414. Occupations of freedwomen. Athens, 4th cent. bc
414. 获释女性的职业。雅典，公元前 4 世纪

415. A baker. Reate (Rieti), imperial period CIL IX.4721/1. L
415. 一位面包师。雷阿特（列蒂），帝国时期 CIL IX.4721/1. L

417. A storeroom attendant. Cape Zoster, near Athens, $56/55$$56/55$56//5556 / 55 bc
417. 一名储藏室管理员。雅典附近的佐斯特角，公元前 $56/55$$56/55$56//5556 / 55 年

418. Women in the service of the imperial household. ${}^{67}$${}^{67}$^(67){ }^{67} Rome, 1st cent. ad
418. 在皇室家庭中服务的女性。 ${}^{67}$${}^{67}$^(67){ }^{67} 罗马，公元 1 世纪

419. Occupations of slaves and freedwomen in Italy. ${}^{74}$${}^{74}$^(74){ }^{74} Rome and Puteoli, 1st cent. BC-2nd cent. AD
CIL VI.9754, 6331, 9758, 33892 [= ILS 7760], 9523 [= ILS 7397], 9496, 9497, 9498, 6350, 9884 [= ILS 7567], 6357 [= ILS 7435b], 9980 [= ILS 7428], 9727 [= ILS 7420], 9730 [= ILS 7419], 9732 [= ILS 7420a], 9801 [= ILS 7500], 9683 [= ILS 7488], 6326, 6336, 6395, 6362 [= ILS 7432b], 6342 [= ILS 7432c], 6346 [= ILS 7432d]. L
419. 意大利女奴隶和获释妇女的职业。 ${}^{74}$${}^{74}$^(74){ }^{74} 罗马和普提奥利，公元前 1 世纪-公元 2 世纪 CIL VI.9754, 6331, 9758, 33892 [= ILS 7760], 9523 [= ILS 7397], 9496, 9497, 9498, 6350, 9884 [= ILS 7567], 6357 [= ILS 7435b], 9980 [= ILS 7428], 9727 [= ILS 7420], 9730 [= ILS 7419], 9732 [= ILS 7420a], 9801 [= ILS 7500], 9683 [= ILS 7488], 6326, 6336, 6395, 6362 [= ILS 7432b], 6342 [= ILS 7432c], 6346 [= ILS 7432d]. L

IX. Medicine and Anatomy
IX. 医学与解剖学

• Theories of women’s diseases
  女性疾病理论
• Medicine and treatment  医学与治疗
• Doctors and patients  医生和患者
• Hysteria, childbirth, breast cancer, clitoridectomy
  歇斯底里症，分娩，乳腺癌，阴蒂切除术
• Case histories  病例记录
• Women doctors, midwives, wet-nurses
  女医生、助产士、奶妈

PHILOSOPHERS OBSERVE NATURE
哲学家观察自然

'A woman is an infertile male'
女人是不育的男性

423. Origins of the desire for procreation. Athens, 4th cent. bc
     生育欲望的起源。雅典，公元前 4 世纪

Male and female defined
男性与女性的定义

Male and female secretions
男性与女性的分泌物

The role of heat
热的作用

WRITINGS OF PRACTISING PHYSICIANS
执业医师的著作

427. Intercourse, conception, and pregnancy. Cos, 4th cent. BC
     性交、受孕与怀孕。科斯岛，公元前 4 世纪

Male and female sperm
男性与女性精液

A spontaneous abortion  自然流产

Diseases of pregnant women
孕妇的疾病

430. Displacement of the womb. Cos, 4th cent. bc
Hippocrates, Places in Human Anatomy $47=$$47=$47=47= V 344-6 Littré. G
430. 子宫移位。科斯岛，公元前 4 世纪。希波克拉底，《人体解剖学中的位置》 $47=$$47=$47=47= V 344-6 利特雷。G

431. Hysterical suffocation. Cos, 4th cent. BC
Hippocrates, Diseases of Women 2.126, 123 = VIII 271-3, 266 Littré. G
431. 歇斯底里性窒息。科斯岛，公元前 4 世纪。希波克拉底，《妇女疾病》2.126, 123 = VIII 271-3, 266 利特雷。G

432. Dislocation of the womb. Cos, 4th cent. bc
432. 子宫脱位。科斯，公元前 4 世纪

433. Dropsy in the womb. Cos, 4th cent. BC
Hippocrates, Nature of Women 2 = VII 312-4 Littré. G
433. 子宫水肿。科斯岛，公元前 4 世纪。希波克拉底，《论女性本性》2 = VII 312-4 Littré. G

434. The dangerous first and sixth 40 -day periods during pregnancy. Cos, 4th cent. BC
Hippocrates, On the Seventh-Month Child 3-4 = VII 438-42 Littré. G
434. 怀孕期间危险的第一个和第六个 40 天时期。科斯岛，公元前 4 世纪。希波克拉底，《论七月胎儿》3-4 = VII 438-42 Littré。G

435. Hysteria in virgins. Cos, 4th cent. BC
Hippocrates, On Virgins = VIII.466-70 Littré. G
435. 处女的歇斯底里症。科斯岛，公元前 4 世纪。希波克拉底，《论处女》= VIII.466-70 利特雷。G

436. Case histories. Cos, 4th cent. BC
436. 病例记录。科斯岛，公元前 4 世纪

Galen  盖伦

438. Comparison of male and female anatomy. Pergamum, 2nd cent. ad
     男性与女性解剖结构比较。帕加马，公元 2 世纪

439. Psychological origins of hysteria. Pergamum, 2nd cent. ad
Galen, On Prognosis 6. Tr. A. J. Brock. G
439. 歇斯底里的心理起源。帕加马，公元 2 世纪。盖伦，《论预后》6。A. J. 布罗克译。G

Aretaeus of Cappadocia  卡帕多西亚的阿雷塔乌斯

440. The wandering womb. Cappadocia, 2nd cent. ad
     游走的子宫。卡帕多西亚，公元 2 世纪

441. Inflammation of the womb. Cappadocia, 2nd cent. AD
Aretaeus, Therapeutics of Acute Diseases 2.11, excerpts. Tr. F. Adams. G
441. 子宫炎症。卡帕多西亚，公元 2 世纪。阿雷泰乌斯，《急性疾病治疗学》2.11 节，节选。F.亚当斯译。G

Soranus  索拉努斯

442. Menstruation, conception, contraception, and abortion. Rome, 1st cent. AD Soranus, Gynaecology 1.24, 26, 34, 36, 39, 40, 60, 61, 64. Tr. O. Temkin. G
442. 月经、受孕、避孕和堕胎。罗马，公元 1 世纪。索拉努斯，《妇科学》1.24, 26, 34, 36, 39, 40, 60, 61, 64。O. Temkin 译。G

Menstruation  月经

Conception  受孕

Contraception  避孕

Abortion  堕胎

443. Childbirth: instructions for the midwife. Rome, 1st cent. ad Soranus, Gynaecology 1.67-9, excerpts. L
443. 分娩：助产士指南。罗马，公元 1 世纪。索拉努斯，《妇科学》1.67-9，节选。L

444. Treatment for hysterical suffocation. Cappadocia, 2nd cent. ad
444. 歇斯底里窒息症的治疗。卡帕多西亚，公元 2 世纪

445. Surgery for breast cancer. Alexandria, c. AD 100
445. 乳腺癌手术。亚历山大港，约公元 100 年

446. Surgery for cancer of the breast and uterus. 7th cent. ad
446. 乳腺癌和子宫癌的手术。公元 7 世纪

WRITINGS ON MEDICAL MATTERS BY LAYMEN
外行撰写的医学著作

447. The women of Miletus (a traditional story)
Plutarch, The Bravery of Women 11, Moralia 249b-d, 2nd cent. Ad. G
447. 米利都的妇女（一个传统故事） 普鲁塔克，《论妇女的勇敢》11，《道德论丛》249b-d，公元 2 世纪。G

448. Pregnancy. Rome, 1st cent. AD
448. 怀孕。罗马，公元 1 世纪

449. Treatments for diseases of the womb. Rome, 1st cent. ad Celsus, On Medicine 4.27; 5.21. L
449. 子宫疾病的治疗方法。罗马，公元 1 世纪。塞尔苏斯，《论医学》4.27；5.21。L

450. The dangers of sharing a bath with women Plutarch, Fr. 97, 2nd cent. Ad. G
450. 与女性共浴的危险 普鲁塔克，残篇 97，公元 2 世纪

451. Side effects of menstruation. Rome, 1st cent. ad
Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.23, excerpts. L
451. 月经的副作用。罗马，公元 1 世纪。老普林尼，《自然史》28.23 节，节选。L

A sampling of the phenomena recorded by Pliny caused by menstrual fluid and menstruating women.
普林尼所记录的由经血和月经期女性引起的现象样本。

452. A death in childbirth. Asia Minor, 3rd cent. bc
Posidippus of Pella, AB 56. G
452. 死于分娩。小亚细亚，公元前 3 世纪。佩拉的波西迪普斯，AB 56。G

453. Clitoridectomy. Roman Egypt, 6th cent. AD
453. 阴蒂切除术。罗马埃及，公元 6 世纪

CASE HISTORIES FROM EPITAPHS
墓志铭中的案例历史

456. Martha. Rhenea near Delos, late 2nd cent. bc GVI 662. G
456. 玛莎。提洛岛附近的瑞尼亚岛，公元前 2 世纪晚期 GVI 662. G

457. Epitaph of a pregnant woman. Delos, 2nd-1st cent. BC
457. 一位孕妇的墓志铭。提洛岛，公元前 2-1 世纪

458. Malpractice. Rome  458. 医疗事故。罗马

459. Death in childbirth. Tusculum, 1st cent. bc?
459. 死于分娩。图斯库卢姆，公元前 1 世纪？

To Sulpicia Rhanis, freedwoman, ${}^{64}$${}^{64}$^(64){ }^{64} favourite.
致苏尔皮基娅·拉尼斯，女奴， ${}^{64}$${}^{64}$^(64){ }^{64} 宠儿。

460. Death in childbirth. Ain Kebira, Mauretania
460. 死于分娩。 Ain Kebira，毛里塔尼亚

461. Death in childbirth. Roman Carthage, imperial period
461. 死于分娩。罗马迦太基，帝国时期

462. Socratea. Paros, 2nd cent. AD
462. 苏格拉底亚。帕罗斯岛，公元 2 世纪

FEMALE MEDICAL PRACTITIONERS
女性医疗从业者

Physicians  医生

463. Antiochis. Tlos, Lycia, 1st cent. AD
     安条基斯。托洛斯，吕基亚，公元 1 世纪

465. Julia Saturnina. Emerita Augusta (Mérida), Lusitania, 1st cent. AD CIL II.497. L
465. 尤利娅·萨图尼娜。来自埃梅里塔·奥古斯塔（梅里达），卢西塔尼亚，公元 1 世纪。CIL II.497. L

466. Terentia Prima. Rome, 1st/2nd cent. AD CIL VI.9619. L
466. 特伦提娅·普里玛。罗马，公元 1/2 世纪 CIL VI.9619. L

467. Four doctors. Rome, 1st/2nd cent. AD CIL VI.9614, 9615, 9617, 6851. L
467. 四位医生。罗马，公元 1/2 世纪 CIL VI.9614, 9615, 9617, 6851. L

468. Panthia. Pergamum, 2nd cent. AD
468. 潘西亚。帕加马，公元 2 世纪

Midwives  助产士

470. Qualities and training. Rome, 2nd cent. AD
     品质与训练。罗马，公元 2 世纪

474. Epitaph of a midwife. Puteoli (modern Pozzuoli), 2nd cent. ad CIL X.1933. L
474. 一位助产士的墓志铭。普泰奥利（今波佐利），公元 2 世纪。CIL X.1933. L

Wet-nurses  乳母

479. Receipt of wages for nursing. Oxyrhynchus, ad 187
479. 护理工资收据。奥克西林库斯，公元 187 年

480. Epitaph of a wet-nurse. Rome, imperial period
480. 一位乳母的墓志铭。罗马，帝国时期

481. A slave wet-nurse. Rome, imperial period CIL VI.12023. L
481. 一位奴隶奶妈。罗马，帝国时期 CIL VI.12023. L

NOTES  注释

1. As in no. 319, it is presumed that women are naturally more fearful than men.
   正如在第 319 号中所述，人们认为女性天生比男性更加胆小。
2. The Greek words metrai (‘matrix’) and hysterai (‘womb’) almost always appear in the plural; until the Hellenistic age, when dissection was practised, it was generally believed that humans had a bicornuate uterus like larger mammals. See A. Guttmacher’s note in T. H. Ellinger, Hippocrates on Intercourse and Pregnancy (New York, H. Schuman, 1952), 113-17.
   希腊语词汇 metrai（"子宫"）和 hysterai（"子宫"）几乎总是以复数形式出现；直到希腊化时代，当解剖学实践开始时，人们普遍认为人类拥有像大型哺乳动物一样的双角子宫。参见 T. H. Ellinger 所著《希波克拉底论性行为与妊娠》（纽约，H. Schuman 出版社，1952 年）中 A. Guttmacher 的注释，113-17 页。
3. Cf. Apollo’s argument in Aeschylus, Eumenides 658-61, which helps win the case for Orestes: ‘She who is called the child’s mother is not its begetter, but the nurse of the newly sown conception. The begetter is the male, and she as a stranger for a stranger preserves the offspring, if no god blights its birth’ (tr. H. Lloyd-Jones).
   参考埃斯库罗斯在《欧墨尼得斯》658-661 行中阿波罗的论点，这有助于俄瑞斯忒斯赢得官司："所谓孩子的母亲并非其孕育者，而只是新播种胚胎的保姆。孕育者是男性，她作为陌生人替陌生人保存后代，如果没有神祇诅咒其降生的话"（H. Lloyd-Jones 译）。
4. Animals that give birth to live offspring, as opposed to those that lay eggs.
   胎生动物，相对于卵生动物而言。
5. In the Hippocratic Corpus (On the Nature of the Child 20), baldness is also attributed to excess fluid.
   在希波克拉底文集（《论儿童的本质》20）中，秃头也被归因于过多的体液。
6. Cf. Pliny the Elder, Natural History 28.23.82: this effect can be counteracted if the woman looks at the back of the mirror or carries a red mullet. For other effects of menstruation, see no. 451.
   参见老普林尼，《自然史》28.23.82：如果女性看向镜子的背面或携带一条红鲻鱼，这种影响就可以被抵消。关于月经的其他影响，参见第 451 条。
7. The flute-girl’s gymnastics would not have aborted a healthy pregnancy, but they helped eject more quickly an early defective embryon (or ‘blood mole’) that would soon have been miscarried in the normal course of events. The embryon was of course much older than six days. See A. Guttmacher’s note in Ellinger 1952, 113-17.
   笛女的体操并不会中止健康的妊娠，但它们有助于更快地排出早期有缺陷的胚胎（或"血块"），而这种胚胎在正常情况下很快就会流产。当然，这个胚胎的年龄远超过六天。参见埃林格 1952 年著作第 113-117 页中古特马克的注释。
8. The idea is to induce a substitute pregnancy by using the Egyptian beans the Pythagoreans would not eat because they believed that they could house human souls.
   这个想法是通过使用埃及豆来诱导替代性怀孕，毕达哥拉斯学派的人不吃这种豆子，因为他们相信这些豆子能容纳人类的灵魂。
9. On the medicinal use of excrement, cf. H. von Staden, Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1989), 18-19.
   关于粪便的药用用途，参见 H. von Staden，《希罗菲卢斯：早期亚历山大时期的医学艺术》（剑桥，剑桥大学出版社，1989 年），18-19 页。
10. Womb here translates the plural in Greek. Since human dissection was not practised, doctors inferred that the human uterus was similar to the bicornuate uterus of domestic animals. See A. Guttmacher’s note in Ellinger 1952, 113-17.
    这里的"子宫"翻译了希腊语中的复数形式。由于当时不进行人体解剖，医生推断人类的子宫与家畜的双角子宫相似。参见埃林格 1952 年版第 113-117 页中古特马赫的注释。
11. I.e. wasting away or atrophy.
    即消瘦或萎缩。
12. In recent times women’s backaches, pains, and depression were sometimes attributed to a ‘tipped’ uterus, though now these symptoms can usually be traced to other causes. Pessaries and/or surgical suspension are now used to alleviate symptoms traceable to a malpositioned uterus.
    近年来，女性的背痛、疼痛和抑郁有时被归因于"倾斜"的子宫，尽管现在这些症状通常可以追溯到其他原因。目前，子宫托和/或手术悬吊被用于缓解可追溯到子宫位置不正的症状。
13. According to Pliny, Natural History 29.95, ground-up cantharid beetles were used to induce menstruation (and presumably also abortion), and also as a diuretic. This dangerous medicine, known as ‘Spanish fly’, has been used in small quantities as an
    根据普林尼《自然史》29.95 的记载，研磨的斑蝥甲虫被用来引发月经（大概也用于堕胎），同时也用作利尿剂。这种被称为"西班牙苍蝇"的危险药物，在少量情况下被用作

X. Religion   十、宗教

'Maenadic rites and noble customs'
'酒神祭仪与高贵习俗'

• Women’s role in various pagan cults
  女性在多种异教崇拜中的角色
• Witches and alchemists  女巫与炼金术士
• Women priestesses  女祭司
• Women’s role in christian cult
  女性在基督教崇拜中的角色
• Christian virginity, service, monasticism
  基督教的贞洁、服务、修道主义
• Christian martyrs and saints
  基督教殉道者和圣徒
• Pagan women’s martyrdom and heroism
  异教女性的殉难与英雄主义

DIONYSUS/BACCHUS  狄俄尼索斯/巴克斯

'Initiation in all the orgies'
"在所有狂欢仪式中的入会"

485. Authorisation by the Delphic oracle to establish a temple in Ionian Magnesia. ${}^1$${}^1$^(1){ }^{1} Delphi, Hellenistic
I. Magn. 215 (a), 2440. Tr. A. Henrichs, HSCP 82 (1978) 123-4. G
485. 德尔斐神谕授权在爱奥尼亚的玛格尼西亚建立一座神庙。 ${}^1$${}^1$^(1){ }^{1} 德尔斐，希腊化时期 I. Magn. 215 (a), 2440. 译者：A. Henrichs, HSCP 82 (1978) 123-4. G

With a Good Omen.
吉兆。

489. The festival of Agrionia
489. 阿格瑞俄尼亚节

HERA  赫拉

491. The cult of Hera. Olympia, 1st cent. ad
491. 赫拉崇拜。奥林匹亚，公元 1 世纪

DEMETER/CERES  得墨忒耳/刻瑞斯

'With their hearts in agreement they cheered their souls'
他们心意相通，愉悦了彼此的心灵

492. The story of Persephone. 7th cent. bc?
492. 珀耳塞福涅的故事。公元前 7 世纪？

493. Thesmophoria. Alexandria, 3rd cent. bc Callimachus, Hymn 6.119-33. G
493. 塞斯莫福里亚节。亚历山大，公元前 3 世纪。卡利马科斯，《颂歌》6.119-33。G

ATHENA  雅典娜

500. Lysimache, priestess of Athena Polias. Athens, early 4th cent. bc $I{G}^2.3453.\mathrm{G}$$I{G}^2.3453.\mathrm{G}$IG^(2).3453.GI G^{2} .3453 . \mathrm{G}
500. 吕西马刻，雅典娜·波利亚斯的祭司。雅典，公元前 4 世纪初 $I{G}^2.3453.\mathrm{G}$$I{G}^2.3453.\mathrm{G}$IG^(2).3453.GI G^{2} .3453 . \mathrm{G}

501. A procession. Delphi, 2nd cent. bc
501. 一场游行。德尔斐，公元前 2 世纪

ARTEMIS  阿尔忒弥斯

503. Excerpts from records of offerings to Artemis at Brauron. Brauron, Attica, 4th cent. BC
IG II ${}^2$${}^2$^(2){ }^{2}.1514. G
503. 布劳隆献给阿尔忒弥斯的祭品记录摘录。布劳隆，阿提卡，公元前 4 世纪 IG II ${}^2$${}^2$^(2){ }^{2} .1514. G

504. Records of dedications to Artemis Brauronia. Athens, early 4th cent. bc $IGI{I}^2.1388.78-80,82-3$$IGI{I}^2.1388.78-80,82-3$IGII^(2).1388.78-80,82-3I G I I^{2} .1388 .78-80,82-3; IG II ${}^2$${}^2$^(2){ }^{2}.1400. 41-2, 46, 47. G
504. 献给布劳罗尼亚的阿尔忒弥斯的奉献记录。雅典，公元前 4 世纪初 $IGI{I}^2.1388.78-80,82-3$$IGI{I}^2.1388.78-80,82-3$IGII^(2).1388.78-80,82-3I G I I^{2} .1388 .78-80,82-3 ；IG II ${}^2$${}^2$^(2){ }^{2} .1400. 41-2, 46, 47. G

505. Ritual procedures. Cyrene, 4th cent BC SEG IX.72.13-16. G
505. 仪式程序。昔兰尼，公元前 4 世纪 SEG IX.72.13-16. G

506. The priestess of Artemis Hymnia. Arcadia, Greece, 7th cent. bc (?) Pausanias, Guide to Greece 8.5.11-12, 2nd cent. Ad. G
506. 阿尔忒弥斯·许姆尼亚的女祭司。希腊阿卡迪亚，公元前 7 世纪（？）保萨尼亚斯，《希腊指南》8.5.11-12，公元 2 世纪。G

507. Vera, Priestess of Artemis. Patmos, 4th cent. ad SGO 01/21/01. G
507. 维拉，阿尔忒弥斯的女祭司。帕特莫斯，公元 4 世纪。SGO 01/21/01。G

APHRODITE  阿佛洛狄忒

'The goddess Cypris'  女神塞浦路斯

508. Dedication of statues of women. Corinth, 5th cent. bc
     女性雕像的奉献。科林斯，公元前 5 世纪

ASCLEPIUS  阿斯克勒庇俄斯

'Cleo was pregnant for five years'
克莉奥怀孕了五年

509. Cures of women’s diseases, from the shrine of Asclepius in Epidaurus.
     女性疾病的治疗方法，来自埃皮达鲁斯的阿斯克勒庇俄斯神殿。

SERAPIS  塞拉皮斯

VESTA  维斯塔

512. Vestal Virgins. Rome
Aulus Gellius, Attic Nights 1.12, 2nd cent. Ad. L
512. 维斯塔贞女。罗马 奥卢斯·盖利乌斯，《阿提卡之夜》1.12，公元 2 世纪。L

513. Augustus and the Vestal Virgins. Rome 27 bc-ad 14
Suetonius, Life of Augustus 31.4. L
513. 奥古斯都与维斯塔贞女。罗马 公元前 27 年-公元 14 年 苏埃托尼乌斯，《奥古斯都传》31.4. L

516. Tax exemptions for Vestal Virgins. Rome, imperial period
516. 维斯塔贞女的税收豁免。罗马，帝国时期

BONA DEA  博娜女神

‘The goddess whom the Romans call “Good”’
"罗马人称之为'善'的女神"

517. A divine portent. Rome, 63 bc
Plutarch, Life of Cicero 19.3, 20.1-2, 2nd cent. AD. G
517. 一个神迹。罗马，公元前 63 年。普鲁塔克，《西塞罗传》19.3, 20.1-2，公元 2 世纪。G

518. Desecration of the rites of the Bona Dea. Rome, 62 bc
Plutarch, Life of Caesar 9-10, 2nd cent. Ad. G
518. 亵渎波娜女神仪式。 罗马，公元前 62 年。 普鲁塔克，《凯撒传》9-10 节，公元 2 世纪。 G

519. Two inscriptions from southern France
519. 来自法国南方的两篇铭文

ISIS

521. A devotee of the goddess Isis. Ascoli Piceno, 1st cent. ad
     女神伊西斯的信徒。阿斯科利皮切诺，公元 1 世纪

WITCHCRAFT  巫术

522. Medea  522. 美狄亚

523. A love potion. Alexandria, 3rd cent. BC
523. 一剂爱情魔药。亚历山大，公元前 3 世纪

532. Magic recipe for a male contraceptive. Egypt, 100 bc-AD 400 PGM XXXVI 321-32. G
532. 男性避孕的魔法配方。埃及，公元前 100 年-公元 400 年 PGM XXXVI 321-32. G

533. A spell to ensure a woman's fidelity. Egypt, 100 bc-ad 400 PGM XXXVI 283-94. G
533. 确保女性忠诚的咒语。埃及，公元前 100 年至公元 400 年 PGM XXXVI 283-94. G

534. A magic spell. Egypt, 3rd-4th cent. AD PGM LXII.76-106. tr. John Scarborough. G
534. 一道魔法咒语。埃及，公元 3-4 世纪。PGM LXII.76-106。John Scarborough 译。G

[Magic words laid out in a heart shape]
[以心形排列的魔法咒语]

535. Women alchemists, Mary the Jewess and Cleopatra. Egypt, 2nd cent. ad? Berthelot, Coll. II 102
535. 女性炼金术士，犹太人玛丽和克娄巴特拉。埃及，公元 2 世纪？贝特洛，文集 II 102