In short: Thomas R. Schreiner consistently argues that the Holy Spirit did not universally and permanently indwell individual believers under the old covenant.简而言之： 托马斯·R·施莱纳始终认为，圣灵并没有普遍且永久地居住在旧约下的个别信徒心中。
 Old‑covenant saints were certainly regenerated and occasionally empowered by the Spirit, but the gift of the Spirit as an internal, abiding presence was reserved for—and is the distinguishing blessing of—the new covenant inaugurated by Jesus, poured out at Pentecost, and enjoyed by every Christian today.旧约的圣徒确实得到了重生，有时还被圣灵赋予了力量，但圣灵的恩赐作为一种内在的、持久的存在，是为耶稣所开创的新约保留的，也是新约的独特祝福，新约在五旬节倾注，并被当今的每个基督徒所享有。
 Below is a roadmap to his main publications, the biblical‑theological reasons he gives, and the pastoral implications he draws.以下是他的主要出版物的路线图、他给出的圣经神学理由以及他得出的牧师启示。

1  Where Schreiner addresses the question1 施莱纳在回答这个问题时

2  Schreiner’s core thesis2 施莱纳的核心论点

2.1 Selective empowerment before Christ2.1 在基督面前选择性赋权

In the Old Testament the Spirit comes upon particular leaders—prophets, judges, kings, craftsmen—for specific tasks, not to indwell the community at large. Schreiner summarises: “The old covenants saw God’s Spirit poured out only on prophets, kings, and some leaders” academia.edu.在旧约中， 圣灵降临在特定的领袖身上 ——先知、士师、君王、工匠——是为了完成特定的任务 ，而不是为了居住在整个群体中。施莱纳总结道：“ 旧约中，神的灵只倾注在先知、君王和一些领袖身上。 ” academia.edu 。

2.2 Universal indwelling after Christ2.2 基督之后的普遍内住

By contrast, the new covenant is marked by the Spirit’s permanent, internal presence in every member. Schreiner notes that “the Spirit regenerates and indwells every new‑covenant member; their obedience … is supernatural, though not yet perfect” raisinglaz.com.相比之下， 新约的标志是圣灵永久地、内在地存在于每个成员之中 。施莱纳指出：“ 圣灵使每一位新约成员重生并内住在他们里面；他们的顺服……是超自然的，尽管尚不完美 。” raisinglaz.com

He appeals to:他呼吁：

• John 7:39 / 14:17 – the Spirit was “not yet received … he will be in you” cf.sbts.edu.约翰福音 7:39 / 14:17 – 圣灵“尚未被领受 ……他将在你们里面 ” cf.sbts.edu 。

• Acts 2 – Pentecost signals Joel 2:28’s fulfilment stage-learn.ligonier.org.使徒行传 2 – 五旬节标志着约珥书 2:28 的实现 stage-learn.ligonier.org 。

• Heb 10:15‑18 – the Spirit testifies that Jeremiah 31 (law written on the heart) is now in force cf.sbts.edu.希伯来书 10:15-18 – 圣灵见证耶利米书第 31 章（写在心上的律法）现已生效 cf.sbts.edu 。

3  Exegetical and theological logic3 释经和神学逻辑

1. Promise–fulfilment timeline – OT texts (Jer 31; Ezek 36; Joel 2) predict a future era when all God’s people receive a new heart and Spirit obinfonet.ro.承诺—实现时间表 ——《旧约》文本（耶利米书 31 章；以西结书 36 章；约珥书 2 章）预言了未来一个时代，届时上帝的所有子民都将获得一颗新的心和精神 obinfonet.ro 。

2. Jesus’ glorification as watershed – John frames Pentecost as the point when the Spirit moves from with believers to in believers.耶稣的荣耀是分水岭 ——约翰将五旬节定义为圣灵从与信徒同在到在信徒心中的分水岭。

3. Covenant structure – The mixed Mosaic community (believers + unbelievers) contrasts with the regenerate‑only new‑covenant church; indwelling guarantees perseverance thegospelcoalition.org.圣约结构 —— 混合的摩西社区（信徒 + 非信徒）与 ​​仅有重生的新约教会形成对比；内在保证了毅力 thegospelcoalition.org 。

4. Temple typology – Before Pentecost, God “dwelt among his people” in the tabernacle/temple; after Pentecost, he dwells in his people individually and corporately (echoes in 1 Cor 3:16; 6:19). Hamilton’s historical survey underscores that OT texts never speak of ordinary Israelites being continually indwelt jimhamilton.info.圣殿预表 ——五旬节之前，上帝在圣殿/会幕中“住在祂的百姓中间 ”；五旬节之后，祂居住在祂子民的个体和群体中 （与哥林多前书 3:16；6:19 呼应）。汉密尔顿的历史考察强调，旧约经文从未提及普通以色列人持续地被神居住 。jimhamilton.info

4  Implications Schreiner draws施莱纳得出的 4 个推论

4.1 Believer’s baptism & church membership4.1 信徒的洗礼和教会成员资格

Because every new‑covenant participant is Spirit‑indwelt, the church should be composed of regenerate members only; this is the backbone of Schreiner’s case for believer’s baptism thegospelcoalition.org.因为每一个新约参与者都是圣灵内住的，所以教会应该只由重生的成员组成；这是施莱纳 (Schreiner) 信徒洗礼论证的支柱 thegospelcoalition.org 。

4.2 Assurance and perseverance4.2 信心与毅力

The indwelling Spirit is the divine seal that guarantees believers will never break the new covenant—a security OT saints lacked in the same measure thegospelcoalition.org.内住的圣灵是神圣的印记，保证信徒永远不会违背新约——旧约圣徒同样缺乏这种安全感 thegospelcoalition.org 。

4.3 Continuity and discontinuity4.3 连续性和不连续性

Continuity: the Spirit has always given life (Ps 51:10‑12), so OT believers were truly saved.连续性 ：圣灵总是赋予生命（诗篇 51：10-12），因此旧约信徒确实得救了。
Discontinuity: the scope (universal), intensity (internal vs. external), and permanence of the Spirit’s presence are new in the age of Christ.不连续性 ：圣灵存在的范围 （普遍）、 强度 （内部与外部）和持久性在基督时代都是新的 。

5  How Schreiner fits on the scholarly map5 施莱纳在学术版图上的位置

Schreiner therefore occupies a “partial‑continuity” position: the Spirit was active salvifically under the law, yet the dwelling promised in the prophets awaited the cross, resurrection, and Pentecost.因此，施莱纳持 “部分连续性”的立场：圣灵在律法之下发挥救赎作用，但先知所应许的居所却要等待十字架、复活和五旬节。

Bottom line底线

For Thomas R. Schreiner, the story of the Spirit across Scripture is one of movement from selective, empowering presence to universal, indwelling presence. Only after the redemptive work of Christ does God make his home in every believer. Old‑covenant saints looked forward to that privilege; new‑covenant Christians live in it daily.对托马斯·施莱纳来说，圣灵在圣经中的故事，是一个从选择性、赋权的临在 ，到普遍性、内住的临在的转变过程。 唯有在基督完成救赎之工之后，神才得以住在每一位信徒心中。旧约的圣徒期盼着这份特权；新约的基督徒则每日活在其中。