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Trewartha climate classification
特鲁沃斯气候分类

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
来自维基百科,自由的百科全书
Trewartha climate types for the world (1967)
1967 年世界特鲁沃斯气候类型
  •   Ar: Tropical Wet  Ar:热带湿润
  •   Aw: Tropical Wet-And-Dry
    Aw:热带湿润-干旱
  •   Bw: Desert or Arid
    Bw:沙漠或干旱
  •   Bs: Steppe or Semiarid
    Bs:草原或半干旱
  •   Cs: Subtropical Dry Summer
    Cs:亚热带干夏
  •   Cf: Subtropical Humid  Cf:亚热带湿润
  •   Do: Temperate Oceanic  Do:温带海洋性
  •   Dc: Temperate Continental
    Dc:温带大陆性气候
  •   E: Boreal  E:北方针叶林气候
  •   Ft: Tundra  Ft:苔原气候
  •   Fi: Ice Cap  Fi:冰盖气候
  •   H: Highland  H:高地气候
Trewartha climate types for the contiguous United States
美国本土的特鲁沃斯气候类型

The Trewartha climate classification (TCC), or the Köppen–Trewartha climate classification (KTC), is a climate classification system first published by American geographer Glenn Thomas Trewartha in 1966. It is a modified version of the Köppen–Geiger system, created to answer some of its deficiencies.[1] The Trewartha system attempts to redefine the middle latitudes to be closer to vegetation zoning and genetic climate systems.[2]
特鲁沃斯气候分类(TCC),或称柯本-特鲁沃斯气候分类(KTC),是由美国地理学家格伦·托马斯·特鲁沃斯于 1966 年首次发布的一种气候分类系统。它是柯本-盖格系统的修改版本,旨在解决该系统的一些不足。 [1] 特鲁沃斯系统试图重新定义中纬度地区,使其更接近植被分区和气候遗传系统。 [2]

Scheme  方案

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Trewartha's modifications to the 1884 Köppen climate system sought to reclass the middle latitudes into three groups, according to how many months have a mean temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or higher:
特鲁沃莎对 1884 年柯本气候系统的修改,试图根据平均气温达到 10°C(50°F)或更高的月份数,将中纬度地区重新分类为三组:

  • C (subtropical)—8 or more months;
    C(亚热带)—8 个月或以上;
  • D (temperate)—4 to 7 months;
    D(温带)—4 至 7 个月;
  • E (boreal climate)—1 to 3 months.
    E(寒带气候)—1 至 3 个月。

The tropical climates and polar climates remained the same as in the original Köppen climate classification.
热带气候和极地气候与原始的柯本气候分类保持不变。

The "highland" climate is ambiguously defined. Newer users of KTC generally omit this option.[3]
“高地”气候定义含糊不清。较新的 Trewartha 气候分类用户通常省略此选项。 [3]

Group A: Tropical climates
A 组:热带气候

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This is the tropical climate realm, defined the same as in Köppen's scheme (i.e., all 12 months average 18 °C (64.4 °F) or above). The A climates are the realm of the winterless frost-free zone.
这是热带气候区,与柯本方案中的定义相同(即全年 12 个月平均气温均在 18°C(64.4°F)或以上)。A 类气候属于无冬无霜区。

  • Climates with no more than two dry months (defined as having less than 60 mm (2.4 inches) average precipitation, same as per Köppen) are classified Ar.
    干旱月数不超过两个月(定义为平均降水量少于 60 毫米(2.4 英寸),与柯本气候分类相同)的气候被归类为 Ar。
  • Others are classified Aw if the dry season is at the time of low-sun/short days or As if the dry season is at the time of high-sun/long days.
    如果干旱季节发生在太阳高度低/白天短的时期,则归类为 Aw;如果干旱季节发生在太阳高度高/白天长的时期,则归类为 As。

There was no specific monsoon climate identifier in the original scheme, but Am was added later, with the same parameters as Köppen's (except that at least three months, rather than one, must have less than 60 mm average precipitation).
原始方案中没有专门的季风气候标识,但后来增加了 Am,其参数与柯本的相同(不同之处在于至少有三个月而非一个月的平均降水量少于 60 毫米)。

Group B: Dry (arid and semi-arid) climates
B 组:干旱(干旱和半干旱)气候

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BW and BS mean the same as in the Köppen scheme. However, a different formula is used to quantify the aridity threshold: 10(T − 10) + 3P, with T equaling the mean annual temperature in degrees Celsius, and P denoting the percentage of total precipitation received in the six high-sun months (April through September in the Northern Hemisphere, October through March in the Southern).[4]
BW 和 BS 的含义与柯本气候分类法相同。然而,用于量化干旱阈值的公式不同:10(T − 10) + 3P,其中 T 表示年平均气温(摄氏度),P 表示六个月高太阳辐射期(北半球为四月至九月,南半球为十月至次年三月)内总降水量的百分比。 [4]

  • If the precipitation for a given location is less than the above formula — that is, if P < 10(T − 10) + 3P — the climate is said to be that of a desert (BW).
    如果某地的降水量低于上述公式计算值——即 P < 10(T − 10) + 3P——则该地气候被认为是沙漠气候(BW)。
  • If it is equal to or greater than the formula but less than twice that amount, the climate is classified as steppe (BS).
    如果降水量等于或高于该公式计算值但低于其两倍,则该地气候被归类为草原气候(BS)。
  • If the precipitation is more than double the value of the formula, the climate is not in Group B.
    如果降水量超过该公式计算值的两倍,则该地气候不属于 B 组。

Unlike in Köppen's scheme, no thermal subsets exist within this group in Trewartha's, unless the Universal Thermal Scale (see below) is used.
与柯本气候分类法不同,除非使用通用热量尺度(见下文),特鲁沃斯气候分类法中该组内不存在热量子类。

Group C: Subtropical climates
C 组:亚热带气候

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In the Trewartha scheme the C climate group encompasses subtropical climates, which have 8 or more months with a mean temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or higher. There are only two types within the C or subtropical climate group:
在特鲁沃斯气候分类法中,C 组气候包括亚热带气候,其特点是有 8 个月或以上的平均气温达到 10°C(50°F)或更高。C 组或亚热带气候组内只有两种类型:

  • Cs, which is a dry-summer or Mediterranean climate;
    Cs,即干夏气候或地中海气候;
  • Cf, or humid subtropical climate. Cw types occur within the Cf group and refer to subtropical monsoon climates (like much of east Asia).
    Cf,或称湿润亚热带气候。Cw 类型属于 Cf 组,指的是亚热带季风气候(如东亚大部地区)。

Group D: Temperate and continental climates
D 组:温带和大陆性气候

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In the Trewartha scheme the D climate group encompasses temperate climates that have 4 to 7 months with a mean temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or higher. D climate groups have two types:
在 Trewartha 分类法中,D 气候组包括平均气温在 10°C(50°F)或以上的月份数为 4 至 7 个月的温带气候。D 气候组有两种类型:

  • Oceanic (Do), where the coldest month has a mean temperature 0 °C (32 °F) or higher
    海洋性气候(Do),最冷月的平均气温为 0°C(32°F)或以上
  • Continental (Dc), where the coldest monthly mean temperature reaches below 0 °C, as in some interior landmasses in North America and Asia. For the continental climates (Dc), sometimes a third letter (a or b) is added to denote a hot or cold summer. Dca is used where the warmest month has a mean temperature of 22.2 °C (72.0 °F) or higher, and Dcb is used for cool-summer temperate climates, where the warmest month has a mean temperature below 22.2 °C.
    大陆性气候(Dc),指最冷月的平均气温低于 0°C,如北美和亚洲内陆的一些地区。对于大陆性气候(Dc),有时会加上第三个字母(a 或 b)来表示炎热或凉爽的夏季。Dca 用于最暖月平均气温达到或超过 22.2°C(72.0°F)的地区,Dcb 用于凉爽夏季的温带气候,最暖月平均气温低于 22.2°C。

Most of Europe north of the 44th parallel exhibits a Do or Dc climate type.
欧洲大部分位于北纬 44 度以北的地区呈现 Do 或 Dc 气候类型。

Group E: Boreal climates  E 组:北方气候

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This represents subarctic and subpolar oceanic climate realms, defined the same as in Köppen's scheme, where 1 to 3 months have an average temperature of 10 °C (50 °F) or above. In this climate zone there is only a short period (normally 50 to 90 days) that is frost free. In the original scheme, this group was not further divided; later, the designations Eo and Ec were created:
这代表亚北极和亚极地海洋性气候区,定义与柯本气候分类法相同,即有 1 至 3 个月的平均气温达到或超过 10°C(50°F)。在该气候区,只有短暂的无霜期(通常为 50 至 90 天)。在原始分类中,该组未进一步细分;后来,创建了 Eo 和 Ec 的分类:

  • Eo (maritime subarctic) signifies that the coldest month averages above −10 °C (14 °F).
    Eo(海洋亚寒带)表示最冷月的平均气温高于−10°C(14°F)。
  • Ec (continental subarctic or "boreal") means that at least one month has an average temperature of −10 °C or below.
    Ec(大陆亚寒带或“北方针叶林”)意味着至少有一个月的平均气温为−10°C 或以下。

As in Group D, a third letter can be added to indicate seasonality of precipitation. There are no separate counterparts to the Köppen Dfd, Dwd, and Dsd climate types in Trewartha's scheme, but a letter can optionally be added to the end of the symbol to indicate the temperature of the coldest month (see below).
与 D 组一样,可以添加第三个字母来表示降水的季节性。Trewartha 的分类中没有与 Köppen 的 Dfd、Dwd 和 Dsd 气候类型对应的单独类别,但可以选择在符号末尾添加一个字母以表示最冷月的温度(见下文)。

Group F: Polar climates  F 组:极地气候

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This is the polar climate group, where all months have a monthly mean air temperature below 10 °C (50 °F). Polar climates have two subtypes, Ft (tundra) and Fi (ice cap):
这是极地气候组,所有月份的月平均气温均低于 10°C(50°F)。极地气候有两个亚型,Ft(苔原)和 Fi(冰盖):

  • In the Ft climate type, at least one month has an average temperature above 0 °C (32 °F) (but not above 10 °C (50 °F)), so that there is a brief time when the surface might be free of snow or ice and a scrub or tundra vegetation cover is possible.
    在 Ft 气候类型中,至少有一个月的平均气温高于 0°C(32°F)(但不超过 10°C(50°F)),因此有一段时间地表可能无雪无冰,且可能有灌木或苔原植被覆盖。
  • In the Fi climate type, all months have an average temperature below 0 °C (32 °F). This is the region of the vast deserts of perpetually frozen ocean in the North Pole, and the permanent ice plateaus of Antarctica and Greenland.
    在 Fi 气候类型中,所有月份的平均气温均低于 0°C(32°F)。这是北极永久冰冻海洋的广阔荒漠地区,以及南极和格陵兰的永久冰原地区。

Group H: Highland climates
H 组:高地气候

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Highland climates are those in which altitude plays a role in determining climate classification.[5] Specifically, this would apply if correcting the average temperature of each month to a sea-level value—using the formula of adding 5.6 °C (10.1 °F)[citation needed] for each 1,000 meters (3,281 ft) of elevation—would cause the climate to fit into a different thermal group from that into which the actual monthly temperatures place it.
高地气候是指海拔高度在气候分类中起作用的气候类型。 [5] 具体来说,如果将每个月的平均气温校正为海平面温度——使用每升高 1000 米(3281 英尺)加 5.6°C(10.1°F)的公式 [citation needed] ——导致气候归入的热量组别与实际月平均气温归入的组别不同,则适用此分类。

Sometimes G is used instead of H if the above is true and the altitude is between 500 and 2,500 meters (1,640 and 8,202 ft), but the G or H is placed in front of the applicable thermal letter rather than replacing it. The second letter used reflects the corrected monthly temperatures, not the actual monthly temperatures.
如果上述情况成立且海拔高度在 500 至 2500 米(1640 至 8202 英尺)之间,有时会用 G 代替 H,但 G 或 H 会放在适用的热量字母前面,而不是替代它。第二个字母反映的是校正后的月平均气温,而非实际月平均气温。

Universal Thermal Scale  通用热量等级

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An option exists to include information on both the warmest and coldest months for every climate by adding a third and fourth letter respectively. The letters, denoting mean monthly temperature, conform to the following scale:[6]
可以通过分别添加第三个和第四个字母来包含每种气候最暖和和最寒冷月份的信息。这些字母表示平均月温,符合以下等级: [6]

Code   代码 Description   描述 Temperature range   温度范围
i Severely hot   极度炎热 35 °C (95 °F) or higher   35°C(95°F)或更高
h Very hot   非常热 28 to 34.9 °C (82.4 to 94.8 °F)
28 至 34.9°C(82.4 至 94.8°F)
a Hot    22.2 to 27.9 °C (72.0 to 82.2 °F)
22.2 至 27.9°C(72.0 至 82.2°F)
b Warm   温暖 18 to 22.1 °C (64.4 to 71.8 °F)
18 至 22.1°C(64.4 至 71.8°F)
l Mild   温和 10 to 17.9 °C (50.0 to 64.2 °F)
10 至 17.9°C(50.0 至 64.2°F)
k Cool   凉爽 0.1 to 9.9 °C (32.2 to 49.8 °F)
0.1 到 9.9 °C(32.2 到 49.8 °F)
o Cold   寒冷 −9.9 to 0 °C (14.2 to 32.0 °F)
−9.9 到 0 °C(14.2 到 32.0 °F)
c Very cold   非常寒冷 −24.9 to −10 °C (−12.8 to 14.0 °F)
−24.9 至 −10 °C(−12.8 至 14.0 °F)
d Severely cold   极度寒冷 −39.9 to −25 °C (−39.8 to −13.0 °F)
−39.9 至 −25 °C(−39.8 至 −13.0 °F)
e Excessively cold   极度寒冷 −40 °C (−40 °F) or below   −40 °C(−40 °F)或更低

Examples  示例

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  • Arhh for Funafuti, Tuvalu
    图瓦卢富纳富提的 Arhh
  • Arha for Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia or Colombo, Sri Lanka
    Arha 代表马来西亚吉隆坡或斯里兰卡科伦坡
  • Arhb for Fort Lauderdale, Florida, United States or Ishigaki, Japan
    Arhb 代表美国佛罗里达州劳德代尔堡或日本石垣市
  • Araa for Suva, Fiji or Quibdó, Colombia
    Araa 代表斐济苏瓦或哥伦比亚基布多
  • Arab for Kampala, Uganda or Innisfail, Australia
    Arab 代表乌干达坎帕拉或澳大利亚伊尼斯费尔
  • Arbb for Mamasa Regency, Indonesia
    Arbb 代表印度尼西亚马马萨县
  • Amha for Manila, Philippines or Jakarta, Indonesia
    Amha 代表菲律宾马尼拉或印度尼西亚雅加达
  • Amhb for Miami, Florida, United States or Wanning, China
    Amhb 代表美国佛罗里达州迈阿密或中国万宁
  • Amaa for Monrovia, Liberia or Cali, Colombia
    Amaa 代表利比里亚蒙罗维亚或哥伦比亚卡利
  • Amab for Cairns, Australia
    Amab 代表澳大利亚凯恩斯
  • Ambb for Mérida, Venezuela or Baguio, Philippines
    Ambb 代表委内瑞拉梅里达或菲律宾碧瑶
  • Awha for Cuiabá, Brazil or Mumbai, India or Surabaya, Indonesia
    Awha 代表巴西库亚巴或印度孟买或印度尼西亚泗水
  • Awhb for Dhaka, Bangladesh or Naples, Florida, United States
    Awhb 代表孟加拉国达卡或美国佛罗里达州那不勒斯
  • Awaa for Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo or Goiânia, Brazil
    Awaa 代表刚果共和国布拉柴维尔或巴西戈亚尼亚
  • Awab for Maputo, Mozambique
    Awab 代表莫桑比克马普托
  • Awbb for Guatemala City, Guatemala or Malanje, Angola
    Awbb 代表危地马拉危地马拉市或安哥拉马兰热
  • Asha for Chennai, India or Mombasa, Kenya
    Asha 代表印度钦奈或肯尼亚蒙巴萨
  • Asaa for Fortaleza, Brazil or Kapalua, Hawaii, United States
    Asaa 代表巴西福塔雷萨或美国夏威夷卡帕卢阿
  • Asab for Lanai City, Hawaii, United States
    Asab 代表美国夏威夷拉奈市
  • BWih for Dallol, Ethiopia
    BWih 代表埃塞俄比亚达洛尔
  • BWia for Khartoum, Sudan  BWia 代表苏丹喀土穆
  • BWib for Tessalit, Mali or Dubai, United Arab Emirates
    BWib 适用于马里特萨利或阿拉伯联合酋长国迪拜
  • BWil for Riyadh, Saudi Arabia or Phoenix, Arizona, United States
    BWil 代表沙特阿拉伯利雅得或美国亚利桑那州菲尼克斯
  • BWik for Tikrit, Iraq  BWik 代表伊拉克提克里特
  • BWha for Punto Fijo, Venezuela
    BWha 代表委内瑞拉蓬托菲霍
  • BWhb/BShb for Karachi, Pakistan
    BWhb/BShb 代表巴基斯坦卡拉奇
  • BWhl for Alice Springs, Australia or Cairo, Egypt
    澳大利亚爱丽斯泉或埃及开罗的 BWhl
  • BWhk for Las Vegas, Nevada, United States or Qom, Iran
    美国内华达州拉斯维加斯或伊朗库姆的 BWhk
  • BWho for Turpan, China or Nukus, Uzbekistan
    中国吐鲁番或乌兹别克斯坦努库斯的 BWho
  • BWal for Lima, Peru or Iquique, Chile
    秘鲁利马或智利伊基克的 BWal
  • BWak for Neuquén, Argentina
    BWak,阿根廷内乌肯
  • BWao for Leh, India or Yinchuan, China
    BWao 适用于印度的列城或中国的银川
  • BWac for Aral, Kazakhstan or Karamay, China
    阿拉尔,哈萨克斯坦或中国克拉玛依的 BWac
  • BWbl for Antofagasta, Chile or Sanaa, Yemen
    智利安托法加斯塔或也门萨那的 BWbl
  • BWbo for Bamyan, Afghanistan
    阿富汗巴米扬的 BWbo
  • BWbc for Khovd, Mongolia  蒙古科布德的 BWbc
  • BWll for Walvis Bay, Namibia or Arequipa, Peru
    纳米比亚瓦尔维斯湾或秘鲁阿雷基帕的 BWll
  • BWlc for Ölgii, Mongolia  蒙古奥尔吉的 BWlc
  • BSil for Dezful, Iran  BSil,伊朗德兹富尔
  • BSha for Accra, Ghana  BSha 代表加纳阿克拉的气候类型
  • BShb for Luanda, Angola or Ahmedabad, India
    安哥拉罗安达或印度艾哈迈达巴德的 BShb
  • BShl for Piraeus, Greece  希腊比雷埃夫斯的 BShl
  • BShk for Mashhad, Iran  伊朗马什哈德的 BShk
  • BSaa for Barquisimeto, Venezuela or Honolulu, Hawaii, United States
    委内瑞拉巴基西梅托或美国夏威夷檀香山的 BSaa
  • BSab for Toliara, Madagascar
    马达加斯加托利亚的 BSab
  • BSal for Murcia, Spain or Tripoli, Libya
    西班牙穆尔西亚或利比亚的的黎波里的 BSal
  • BSak for Baku, Azerbaijan
    阿塞拜疆巴库的 BSak
  • BSak for Boise, Idaho, United States
    美国爱达荷州博伊西的 BSak
  • BSao for Denver, Colorado, United States or Yerevan, Armenia
    BSao 代表美国科罗拉多州丹佛或亚美尼亚埃里温
  • BSbl for Cochabamba, Bolivia
    BSbl 代表玻利维亚科恰班巴
  • BSbk for Alexandra, New Zealand
    BSbk 代表新西兰亚历山德拉
  • BSbo for Kamloops, Canada
    BSbo 代表加拿大坎卢普斯
  • BSbc for Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
    蒙古乌兰巴托的 BSbc 气候类型
  • BSbd for Kyzyl, Russia  俄罗斯克孜勒的 BSbd
  • BSll for Asmara, Eritrea  厄立特里亚阿斯马拉的 BSll
  • BSlk for Río Gallegos, Argentina or Lhasa, Tibet, China
    阿根廷里奥加耶戈斯或中国西藏拉萨的 BSlk
  • Cfhl for Houston, Texas, United States or Orlando, Florida, United States
    美国德克萨斯州休斯顿或美国佛罗里达州奥兰多的 Cfhl 气候类型
  • Cfhk for Hangzhou, China or Dallas, Texas, United States
    中国杭州或美国得克萨斯州达拉斯的 Cfhk
  • Cfal for Buenos Aires, Argentina or Sydney, Australia
    阿根廷布宜诺斯艾利斯或澳大利亚悉尼的 Cfal
  • Cfak for Nashville, Tennessee, United States or Tokyo, Japan
    美国田纳西州纳什维尔或日本东京的 Cfak
  • Cfbl for Auckland, New Zealand or Curitiba, Brazil
    新西兰奥克兰或巴西库里提巴的 Cfbl
  • Cfbk for Bilbao, Spain or Melbourne, Australia
    Cfbk 代表西班牙毕尔巴鄂或澳大利亚墨尔本
  • Cfll for Bogotá, Colombia or Quito, Ecuador
    Cfll 代表哥伦比亚波哥大或厄瓜多尔基多
  • Cflk for São Joaquim, Brazil or Hobart, Australia, Isles of Scilly, United Kingdom or Wellington, New Zealand
    Cflk 代表巴西圣若阿金或澳大利亚霍巴特、英国锡利群岛或新西兰惠灵顿
  • Cwhl for Islamabad, Pakistan or Hanoi, Vietnam
    Cwhl 代表巴基斯坦伊斯兰堡或越南河内
  • Cwhk for Chongqing, China
    Cwhk 代表中国重庆
  • Cwal for São Paulo, Brazil or Córdoba, Argentina or Guadalajara, Mexico
    Cwal 代表巴西圣保罗或阿根廷科尔多瓦或墨西哥瓜达拉哈拉
  • Cwak for Chengdu, China or Changwon, South Korea
    Cwak 代表中国成都或韩国昌原
  • Cwbl for Mexico City, Mexico or Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
    Cwbl 代表墨西哥墨西哥城或埃塞俄比亚亚的斯亚贝巴
  • Cwbk for Kunming, China or Gangtok, India
    中国昆明或印度甘托克的 Cwbk 气候类型
  • Cwll for Cusco, Peru or Sucre, Bolivia
    Cwll 代表秘鲁库斯科或玻利维亚苏克雷
  • Cwlk for La Paz, Bolivia or Campos do Jordão, Brazil
    Cwlk 代表玻利维亚拉巴斯或巴西若昂坎普斯
  • Cshl for Seville, Spain or Patras, Greece
    Cshl 代表西班牙塞维利亚或希腊帕特雷
  • Cshk for Tashkent, Uzbekistan or Urfa, Turkey
    Cshk 代表乌兹别克斯坦塔什干或土耳其乌尔法
  • Csal for Faro, Portugal or Funchal, Portugal
    Csal 适用于葡萄牙法鲁或葡萄牙丰沙尔
  • Csak for Marseille, France or Rome, Italy or Madrid, Spain
    Csak 适用于法国马赛或意大利罗马或西班牙马德里
  • Csbl for Cape Town, South Africa or Los Angeles, California, United States
    Csbl 适用于南非开普敦或美国加利福尼亚洛杉矶
  • Csbk for Sintra, Portugal or Santiago, Chile
    Csbk 适用于葡萄牙辛特拉或智利圣地亚哥
  • Csll for San Francisco, California, United States or Oakland, California, United States
    Csll 代表美国加利福尼亚州旧金山或美国加利福尼亚州奥克兰
  • Cslk for Concepción, Chile
    Cslk 代表智利康塞普西翁
  • Dohk for Diyarbakır, Turkey or Kermanshah, Iran
    Dohk 代表土耳其迪亚巴克尔或伊朗克尔曼沙赫
  • Doak for New York City, New York, United States or Milan, Italy
    Doak 代表美国纽约州纽约市或意大利米兰
  • Dobk for London, United Kingdom or Vancouver, Canada
    伦敦,英国或温哥华,加拿大的 Dobk
  • Dolk for Bergen, Norway or Stavanger, Norway or Puerto Montt, Chile
    Dolk 代表挪威卑尔根或挪威斯塔万格或智利普埃尔托蒙特
  • Dcho for Arak, Iran  Dcho 代表伊朗阿拉克
  • Dcao for Seoul, South Korea or Chicago, Illinois, United States
    Dcao 代表韩国首尔或美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥
  • Dcac for Harbin, China or Orenburg, Russia
    Dcac 代表中国哈尔滨或俄罗斯奥伦堡
  • Dcbo for Klagenfurt, Austria or Helsinki, Finland
    Klagerfurt,奥地利或赫尔辛基,芬兰的 Dcbo
  • Dcbc for Missoula, Montana, United States
    蒙大拿州米苏拉的 Dcbc 气候
  • Dcbc for Quebec City, Canada or Novosibirsk, Russia
    加拿大魁北克市或俄罗斯新西伯利亚的 Dcbc 气候
  • Dcbd for Hulunbuir, China or Chegdomyn, Russia
    中国呼伦贝尔或俄罗斯切格多明的 Dcbd 气候
  • Dclo for Cortina d'Ampezzo, Italy or Juneau, Alaska, United States
    意大利科尔蒂纳丹佩佐或美国阿拉斯加朱诺的 Dclo 气候
  • Dclc for Fairbanks, Alaska, United States or Ardahan, Turkey
    Dclc 代表美国阿拉斯加费尔班克斯或土耳其阿尔达罕
  • Dcld for Baruunturuun, Mongolia
    Dcld 代表蒙古巴伦图伦
  • Eolk for Punta Arenas, Chile or Reykjavík, Iceland or El Alto, Bolivia
    Eolk 适用于智利蓬塔阿雷纳斯、冰岛雷克雅未克或玻利维亚埃尔阿尔托
  • Eolo for Tromsø, Norway or Anchorage, Alaska, United States
    Eolo 适用于挪威特罗姆瑟或美国阿拉斯加安克雷奇
  • Ecbc for Surgut, Russia  Ecbc 适用于俄罗斯苏尔古特
  • Ecbd for Vilyuysk, Russia or Mohe City, China
    Ecbd 适用于俄罗斯维柳伊斯克或中国漠河市
  • Ecbe (historically) for Yakutsk, Russia[7]
    Ecbe(历史上)适用于俄罗斯雅库茨克 [7]
  • Eclc for Karasjok, Norway or Whitehorse, Canada
    Eclc 代表挪威卡拉斯约克或加拿大怀特霍斯的气候类型
  • Ecld for Yellowknife, Canada or Norilsk, Russia
    Ecld 代表加拿大耶洛奈夫或俄罗斯诺里尔斯克的气候类型
  • Ecle for Verkhoyansk, Russia or Oymyakon, Russia
    Ecle 代表俄罗斯韦尔霍扬斯克或俄罗斯奥伊米亚康的气候类型
  • Ftkk for Ushuaia, Argentina or Puerto Williams, Chile
    Ftkk 代表阿根廷乌斯怀亚或智利威廉斯港的气候类型
  • Ftko for Nuuk, Greenland, Denmark or Finse, Norway
    Ftko 用于格陵兰努克、丹麦或挪威芬塞
  • Ftkc for Provideniya, Russia or Ittoqqortoormiit, Greenland
    Ftkc 适用于俄罗斯普里维登尼亚或格陵兰伊托科托尔米特
  • Ftkd for Pevek, Russia or Iqaluit, Canada
    Ftkd 适用于俄罗斯佩韦克或加拿大伊魁特
  • Ftke historically for Eureka, Canada[8]
    历史上加拿大尤里卡的 Ftke [8]
  • Fioo for Puncak Jaya, Indonesia
    Puncak Jaya,印度尼西亚的 Fioo
  • Fioc for Showa Station, Antarctica
    南极昭和站的 Fioc
  • Fiod for Ushakov Island, Russia or McMurdo Station, Antarctica
    乌沙科夫岛,俄罗斯或麦克默多站,南极的 Fiod
  • Ficd for Mount Everest, China/Nepal
    珠穆朗玛峰,中国/尼泊尔的 Ficd
  • Fice for Summit Camp, Greenland
    格陵兰峰会营地的 Fice
  • Fide for Vostok Station, Antarctica, Russia
    南极俄罗斯沃斯托克站的 Fide

See also  参见

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References  参考文献

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  1. ^ Peel MC, Finlayson BL, McMahon TA (2007) Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification. Hydrol Earth Syst Sci 11: 1633–1644
    Peel MC, Finlayson BL, McMahon TA (2007) 更新的柯本-盖格气候分类世界地图。水文地球系统科学 11: 1633–1644
  2. ^ Bailey RG (2009) Ecosystem geography: from ecoregions to sites, 2nd edn. Springer, New York, NY
    Bailey RG (2009) 生态系统地理学:从生态区到地点,第 2 版。施普林格,纽约,纽约州
  3. ^ Belda, M; Holtanová, E; Halenka, T; Kalvová, J (4 February 2014). "Climate classification revisited: from Köppen to Trewartha" (PDF). Climate Research. 59 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:2014ClRes..59....1B. doi:10.3354/cr01204. (additional material, including more recent KTC maps)
    Belda, M; Holtanová, E; Halenka, T; Kalvová, J (2014 年 2 月 4 日)。“气候分类再探:从柯本到特鲁沃斯”(PDF)。气候研究。59 (1): 0–13。Bibcode: 2014ClRes..59....1B。doi: 10.3354/cr01204。(附加材料,包括更新的 KTC 地图)
  4. ^ Patton CP (1962) "A note on the classification of dry climate in the Köppen system". California Geographer 3: 105–112
    Patton CP (1962) “关于柯本系统中干旱气候分类的说明”。加利福尼亚地理学家 3: 105–112
  5. ^ McKnight, 237–40  McKnight,第 237–240 页
  6. ^ Ikonen, Ari T.K. "Working Report 2007-86 Meteorological Data and Update of Climate Statistics of Olkiluoto 2005 – 2006" (PDF). Posiva Oy iaea.org. p. 72.
    Ikonen, Ari T.K. “工作报告 2007-86 奥尔基卢奥托 2005–2006 年气象数据及气候统计更新”(PDF)。Posiva Oy iaea.org。第 72 页。
  7. ^ "КЛИМАТ Якутска" [Climate of Yakutsk] (PDF) (in Russian). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-06-19.
    “Якут斯气候”(俄文)(PDF)。已于 2018-06-19 从原始文件(PDF)存档。
  8. ^ "Canadian Climate Normals 1971-2000 Station Data - Climate - Environment and Climate Change Canada". climate.weather.gc.ca. Retrieved 2025-07-04.
    “加拿大气候常年值 1971-2000 站点数据 - 气候 - 加拿大环境与气候变化部”。climate.weather.gc.ca。检索于 2025-07-04
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