A acetylene a gas (formula ${\mathrm{C}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_2$${\mathrm{C}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_2$C_(2)H_(2)\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{2} ) used as a fuel, for example in the oxy-acetylene torch acid rain rain that is acidic because gases such as sulfur dioxide are dissolved in it (from burning fossil fuels)
乙炔是一种气体（化学式为 ${\mathrm{C}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_2$${\mathrm{C}}_2{\mathrm{H}}_2$C_(2)H_(2)\mathrm{C}_{2} \mathrm{H}_{2} ），用作燃料，例如在氧乙炔焊炬中使用。酸雨是由于二氧化硫等气体（来自燃烧化石燃料）溶解在雨水中而呈酸性的雨水
acidic solution has a pH less than 7; an acidic solution contains ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$H^(+)\mathrm{H}^{+}ions
酸性溶液的 pH 值小于 7；酸性溶液含有 ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$H^(+)\mathrm{H}^{+} 离子
acid fermentation the process in which bacteria convert ethanol to ethanoic acid
酸发酵是细菌将乙醇转化为乙酸的过程
addition reaction where a molecule adds onto an alkene, and the $\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{C}$$\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{C}$C=C\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{C} double bond of the alkene changes to a single bond
加成反应，其中一个分子加到烯烃上，烯烃的 $\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{C}$$\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{C}$C=C\mathrm{C}=\mathrm{C} 双键变成单键
addition polymerisation where small molecules join to form a very large molecule, by adding on at double bonds
加成聚合反应，小分子通过在双键处不断加成，形成非常大的分子
alcohols a family of organic compounds, similar to the alkanes but with the OH functional group; ethanol is an example
醇类，一类有机化合物，类似于烷烃，但含有羟基（OH）功能团；乙醇是一个例子
alkali a soluble base; for example sodium hydroxide
碱性物质，一种可溶性碱；例如氢氧化钠
alkali metals the Group I elements of the Periodic Table
碱金属，元素周期表中的第 I 族元素
alkaline earth metals the Group II elements of the Periodic Table
碱土金属，元素周期表中的第 II 族元素
alkaline solution has a pH above 7; alkaline solutions contain ${\mathrm{OH}}^{-}$${\mathrm{OH}}^{-}$OH^(-)\mathrm{OH}^{-}ions
碱性溶液的 pH 值高于 7；碱性溶液含有 ${\mathrm{OH}}^{-}$${\mathrm{OH}}^{-}$OH^(-)\mathrm{OH}^{-} 离子
alkanes a family of saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula ${\mathrm{C}}_n{\mathrm{H}}_{2n+2}$${\mathrm{C}}_n{\mathrm{H}}_{2n+2}$C_(n)H_(2n+2)\mathrm{C}_{n} \mathrm{H}_{2 n+2};
烷烃，一类通式为 ${\mathrm{C}}_n{\mathrm{H}}_{2n+2}$${\mathrm{C}}_n{\mathrm{H}}_{2n+2}$C_(n)H_(2n+2)\mathrm{C}_{n} \mathrm{H}_{2 n+2} 的饱和烃；
‘saturated’ means they have only single $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C}$$\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C}$C-C\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C} bonds
“饱和”意味着它们只有单一的 $\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C}$$\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C}$C-C\mathrm{C}-\mathrm{C} 键
alkenes a family of unsaturated hydrocarbons with the general formula ${\mathrm{C}}_n{\mathrm{H}}_{2n}$${\mathrm{C}}_n{\mathrm{H}}_{2n}$C_(n)H_(2n)\mathrm{C}_{n} \mathrm{H}_{2 n}; their molecules contain a carbon $=$$=$== carbon double bond
烯烃是一类不饱和碳氢化合物，通式为 ${\mathrm{C}}_n{\mathrm{H}}_{2n}$${\mathrm{C}}_n{\mathrm{H}}_{2n}$C_(n)H_(2n)\mathrm{C}_{n} \mathrm{H}_{2 n} ；它们的分子中含有碳-碳双键 $=$$=$==
allotropes different forms of an element; diamond and graphite are allotropes of carbon
同素异形体是元素的不同形态；金刚石和石墨是碳的同素异形体
alloy a mixture where at least one other substance is added to a metal, to improve its properties; the other substance is often a metal too (but not always)
合金是一种混合物，至少向金属中加入一种其他物质以改善其性能；其他物质通常也是金属（但不总是）
amphoteric can be both acidic and basic in its reactions; for example aluminium oxide is an amphoteric oxide
两性物质在反应中既能表现出酸性也能表现出碱性；例如氧化铝是一种两性氧化物
anion another name for a negative ion anode the positive electrode of a cell aquifer underground rocks holding a large volume of water; it can be pumped out to give a water supply
阴离子 负离子的另一种名称 阳极 电池的正极 含水层 地下岩石中储存大量水的层；可以抽取水源
atmosphere the layer of gases around the Earth; here at the Earth’s surface, we call it air
大气层 围绕地球的气体层；在地球表面，我们称之为空气
atoms elements are made up of atoms, which contain protons, neutrons, and electrons
原子 元素由原子组成，原子包含质子、中子和电子
Avogadro constant the number of particles in one mole of an element or compound; it is $6.02\times {10}^{23}$$6.02\times {10}^{23}$6.02 xx10^(23)6.02 \times 10^{23}
阿伏伽德罗常数 一摩尔元素或化合物中粒子的数量；其值为 $6.02\times {10}^{23}$$6.02\times {10}^{23}$6.02 xx10^(23)6.02 \times 10^{23}

back reaction the reaction in which the product breaks down again, in a reversible reaction
逆反应 在可逆反应中，产物再次分解的反应
bacteria tiny organisms, some of which can cause disease; others break down dead plant and animal material
细菌 微小的生物体，有些会引起疾病；其他则分解死去的动植物材料
balanced equation a chemical equation in which the number of each type of atom is the same on both sides of the arrow
配平方程式 一种化学方程式，箭头两边每种原子的数量相同
base a metal oxide or hydroxide; a base will neutralise an acid, to form a salt and water
碱 金属氧化物或氢氧化物；碱能中和酸，生成盐和水
battery a portable electrical cell; for example a torch battery
电池 一种便携式电池；例如手电筒电池
biodegradable will decay naturally in the soil, with the help of bacteria
可生物降解的 在土壤中会自然分解，借助细菌的作用
biopolymer a polymer made by bacteria
生物聚合物 由细菌制造的聚合物
blast furnace the chemical plant in which iron is extracted from its ore, iron(III) oxide
高炉 提取铁矿石中铁（III）氧化物的化工厂
boiling the change from a liquid to a gas, which takes place at the boiling point
沸腾 液体变成气体的过程，发生在沸点时
boiling point the temperature at which a substance boils
沸点 物质沸腾时的温度
bond energy the energy needed to break a bond, or released when the bond is formed; it is given in kilojoules ( kJ ) per mole
键能 断开一个键所需的能量，或形成该键时释放的能量；以千焦（kJ）每摩尔为单位表示
bonding how the atoms are held together in an element or compound; there are three types of bonds: ionic, covalent, and metallic
键合 原子在元素或化合物中如何结合在一起；键有三种类型：离子键、共价键和金属键
brittle breaks up easily when struck
脆的，易碎的，受击时容易断裂
brine the industrial name for a concentrated solution of sodium chloride in water; it can be made by dissolving rock salt
盐水，工业上指浓盐水溶液；可通过溶解岩盐制成
burette a piece of laboratory equipment for delivering a measured volume of liquid
滴定管，一种用于输送定量液体的实验室器具
burning an exothermic chemical reaction in which the reactant combines with oxygen to form an oxide; also called combustion
燃烧，一种放热的化学反应，反应物与氧气结合形成氧化物；也称为燃烧反应

C
carbon cycle the way carbon moves nonstop between the atmosphere, living things, the land, and the ocean; it moves in the form of carbon dioxide
碳循环 碳在大气、生命体、陆地和海洋之间不断移动的方式；它以二氧化碳的形式移动
carboxylic acids a family of organic acids, which have the COOH functional group; ethanoic acid is an example
羧酸 一类有机酸，具有 COOH 官能团；乙酸是一个例子
cast iron iron from the blast furnace that is run into molds to harden; it contains a high % of carbon, which makes it brittle
铸铁 从高炉中流入模具硬化的铁；含有较高百分比的碳，使其变脆
catalyst a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction, without itself being used up in the process
催化剂 一种加速化学反应的物质，在过程中自身不被消耗
catalytic converter a device in a car exhaust, in which catalysts are used to convert harmful gases to harmless ones
催化转换器 一种安装在汽车排气管中的装置，利用催化剂将有害气体转化为无害气体
catalytic cracking where large molecules of hydrocarbons are split up into smaller ones, with the help of a catalyst
催化裂化 在催化剂的帮助下，将大型烃分子分解成较小分子的过程
cathode the negative electrode of an electrolysis cell
阴极 电解池中的负极
cation another name for a positive ion cell (biological) the building blocks for animals and plants
阳离子 正离子的另一种称呼 细胞（生物学） 动物和植物的基本构成单位
cell (electrical) a device that converts chemical energy to electrical energy
电池（电气）一种将化学能转化为电能的装置
cement a substance used in building, made from limestone and clay
水泥 一种用于建筑的物质，由石灰石和粘土制成
ceramic a hard, ureactive material that can withstand high temperatures, made by baking clay in a kiln; ceramics are nonconductors
陶瓷 一种坚硬、不活泼的材料，能耐高温，由在窑中烧制的粘土制成；陶瓷是不导电的
chalk a rock made of calcium carbonate
粉笔 一种由碳酸钙组成的岩石
change of state a change in the physical state of a substance - for example from solid to liquid, or liquid to gas
状态变化 物质物理状态的变化——例如从固态变为液态，或从液态变为气态
chemical change a change in which a new chemical substance forms
化学变化 形成一种新的化学物质的变化
chemical equation uses chemical symbols to describe a chemical reaction in a short way
化学方程式 使用化学符号简洁地描述化学反应
chemical reaction a process in which chemical change takes place
化学反应 发生化学变化的过程
chromatogram the paper showing the separated coloured substances, after paper chromatography has been carried out
色谱图 进行纸层析后显示分离出的有色物质的纸张
climate change how climates around the Earth are changing, because of the rise in average air temperatures
气候变化 由于平均气温上升，地球各地气候发生的变化
coagulant a substance that will make small particles stick together; coagulants are used in cleaning up water, ready for piping to homes
凝聚剂 一种使小颗粒聚集在一起的物质；凝聚剂用于净化水质，准备输送到家庭管道
coke a form of carbon made by heating coal
焦炭 通过加热煤炭制成的一种碳形式
combination where two or more substances react to form a single substance combustible can catch fire and burn very easily
组合，指两个或多个物质反应生成单一物质 可燃的，能很容易着火和燃烧
combustion another name for burning compound fertiliser it provides nitrogen, potassium, and phosphorus for plants
燃烧，燃烧的另一种说法 化合肥，为植物提供氮、钾和磷
compound ion an ion containing more than one element; for example the nitrate ion ${\mathrm{NO}}_3{}^{-}$${\mathrm{NO}}_3{}^{-}$NO_(3)^(-)\mathrm{NO}_{3}{ }^{-}
复合离子，含有两个或多个元素的离子；例如硝酸根离子 ${\mathrm{NO}}_3{}^{-}$${\mathrm{NO}}_3{}^{-}$NO_(3)^(-)\mathrm{NO}_{3}{ }^{-}
compound a substance in which two or more elements are chemically combined concentration tells you how much of one substance is dissolved in another; usually given as grams or moles per ${\mathrm{dm}}^3$${\mathrm{dm}}^3$dm^(3)\mathrm{dm}^{3}
化合物，由两种或多种元素化学结合而成的物质 浓度，表示一种物质溶解在另一种物质中的多少；通常以克或摩尔每 ${\mathrm{dm}}^3$${\mathrm{dm}}^3$dm^(3)\mathrm{dm}^{3} 表示
condensation the physical change in which a gas turns into a liquid on cooling
冷凝 指气体冷却后变成液体的物理变化
condensation polymerisation where molecules join to make very large molecules, by eliminating small molecules (such as water molecules)
缩聚 聚合 通过消除小分子（如水分子），分子连接形成非常大的分子
condenser a piece of laboratory equipment used to cool a gas rapidly, and turn it into a liquid
冷凝器 一种实验室设备，用于快速冷却气体并将其转变为液体
conductor a substance that allows heat or electricity to pass through it easily
导体 一种能让热量或电流轻易通过的物质
Contact process the industrial process for making sulfuric acid
接触法 制造硫酸的工业工艺
corrosion where a substance is attacked by air or water, from the surface inwards; the corrosion of iron is called rusting
腐蚀 指物质从表面向内被空气或水侵蚀；铁的腐蚀称为生锈
covalent bond the chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons
共价键 两个原子通过共享电子形成的化学键
covalent compound a compound made of atoms joined by covalent bonds
共价化合物 由原子通过共价键连接而成的化合物
cracking reactions in which long-chain hydrocarbon molecules are broken down to shorter, more useful molecules
裂解反应，长链烃分子被分解成更短、更有用的分子
cross-linking the chemical bonds between the long-chain molecules in some polymers, that hold the chains together
交联，某些聚合物中长链分子之间的化学键相互连接，使链条结合在一起
crude oil the fossil fuel formed over millions of years from the remains of tiny sea plants and animals; it is also called petroleum
原油，经过数百万年由微小海洋植物和动物遗骸形成的化石燃料；也称为石油
crystallisation the process in which crystals form, as a saturated solution cools
结晶，饱和溶液冷却时晶体形成的过程

D
decomposition reaction where a substance breaks down to give two or more products
分解反应是指一种物质分解生成两个或更多产物的反应
denature to destroy the structure of an enzyme by heat, or a change in pH
变性是指通过加热或改变 pH 值破坏酶的结构
degradeable will break down naturally (for example through the action of bacteria)
可降解的物质会自然分解（例如通过细菌的作用）
density tells you how ‘heavy’ something is; the density of a substance is its mass per unit volume; for water it is $1\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{cm}}^3$$1\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{cm}}^3$1g//cm^(3)1 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}
密度告诉你某物有多“重”；物质的密度是其单位体积的质量；水的密度是 $1\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{cm}}^3$$1\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{cm}}^3$1g//cm^(3)1 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}
diatomic a substance is called diatomic if its molecules contain two atoms joined by a covalent bond
双原子物质 如果一种物质的分子由两个通过共价键连接的原子组成，则称该物质为双原子物质
diffusion the process in which particles mix by colliding randomly with each other, and bouncing off in all directions
扩散 颗粒通过相互随机碰撞并向各个方向弹开而混合的过程
displacement reaction a reaction in which a more reactive element takes the place of a less reactive one, in a compound
置换反应 一种反应，其中更活泼的元素取代化合物中较不活泼的元素
dissolving the process in which a soluble substance forms a solution
溶解 可溶物质形成溶液的过程
distillation separating a liquid from a mixture by boiling it off, then condensing it
蒸馏 通过将液体加热至沸腾后蒸发，再冷凝，从混合物中分离液体
double bond a covalent bond in which two atoms share two pairs of electrons
双键 两个原子共享两对电子的共价键
ductile can be drawn out into a wire; for example copper is ductile
延展性 能被拉成细线；例如铜具有延展性
dynamic equilibrium where forward and back reactions take place at the same rate, so there is no overall change
动态平衡 正向反应和逆向反应以相同速率进行，因此整体没有变化

E
electrodes the conductors used to carry current into and out of an electrolyte; they could be graphite rods, for example
电极 用于将电流导入和导出电解质的导体；例如，它们可以是石墨棒
electrolysis the process of breaking down a compound by passing a current through it
电解 通过通过电流分解化合物的过程
electrolyte the liquid through which the current is passed, in electrolysis; the current is carried by ions in the electrolyte
电解质 在电解过程中电流通过的液体；电流由电解质中的离子携带
electron distribution how the electrons in an atom are arranged in shells $(2+8+\dots )$$(2+8+\dots )$(2+8+dots)(2+8+\ldots)
电子分布 原子中电子在电子层中的排列方式 $(2+8+\dots )$$(2+8+\dots )$(2+8+dots)(2+8+\ldots)
electron shells the different energy levels which electrons occupy, around the nucleus
电子壳层 电子围绕原子核占据的不同能级
electronic configuration another term for electron distribution
电子排布 电子分布的另一种说法
electrons the particles with a charge of 1and almost no mass, in an atom
电子 原子中带有 1 个电荷且几乎没有质量的粒子
electroplating coating one metal with another, using electrolysis
电镀 利用电解将一种金属覆盖在另一种金属表面
element a substance that cannot be split into anything simpler, in a chemical reaction
元素 在化学反应中不能被分解成更简单物质的物质
empirical found by experiment
经验的 通过实验发现的
empirical formula shows the simplest ratio in which the atoms in a compound are combined
经验式 显示化合物中原子结合的最简比例
endothermic takes in energy from the surroundings
吸热的 从周围环境吸收能量的
enzymes proteins made by living cells, that act as biological catalysts
酶是由活细胞制造的蛋白质，作为生物催化剂发挥作用
equation it uses symbols to describe a chemical reaction (but a word equation uses just words)
方程式使用符号来描述化学反应（但文字方程式仅使用文字）
equilibrium the state where the forward and back reactions are taking place at the same rate, in a reversible reaction; so there is no overall change
平衡是在可逆反应中正反应和逆反应以相同速率进行的状态；因此没有整体变化
ester a compound formed when an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid; esters often smell of fruit or flowers
酯是醇与羧酸反应形成的化合物；酯通常具有水果或花朵的香味
evaporation the physical change where a
蒸发是液体在低于其沸点的温度下变成气体的物理变化
liquid turns to a gas at a temperature below its boiling point
液体在低于其沸点的温度下变成气体的物理变化
exothermic gives out energy
放出能量的过程
extract to remove a metal from its ore
提取，从矿石中去除金属
F
fermentation the process in which the enzymes in yeast break down sugars, to form ethanol and carbon dioxide
发酵 是酵母中的酶分解糖类，形成乙醇和二氧化碳的过程
fertilisers substances added to soil to help crops grow well
肥料 加入土壤中以帮助作物良好生长的物质
filtering separating solids from liquids by pouring the mixture through filter paper
过滤 通过将混合物倒入滤纸中，将固体与液体分离的过程
filtrate the liquid obtained from filtration (after the solid has been removed)
滤液 过滤后获得的液体（固体被去除后）
flammable burns easily  易燃的，容易燃烧的
flue gas desulfurisation the removal of sulfur dioxide from the waste gases at power stations, to stop it getting into the atmosphere
烟气脱硫 在发电厂废气中去除二氧化硫，以防止其进入大气
formula uses symbols and numbers to tell you what elements are in a compound, and the ratio in which they are combined
化学式 用符号和数字表示化合物中所含元素及其结合比例
forward reaction the reaction in which the product is made, in a reversible reaction
正向反应 在可逆反应中生成产物的反应
fossil fuels petroleum (crude oil), natural gas, and coal; they are called the fossil fuels because they were formed from the remains of living things, millions of years ago
化石燃料 石油（原油）、天然气和煤；它们被称为化石燃料是因为它们是由数百万年前生物遗骸形成的
fractional distillation a method used to separate two or more liquids that have different boiling points
分馏 一种用于分离沸点不同的两种或多种液体的方法
fractions the different groups of compounds that a mixture is separated into, by fractional distillation; fractions are collected one by one
馏分 通过分馏将混合物分离成的不同化合物组；馏分是逐一收集的
freezing the change from liquid to solid, that occurs at the freezing point (= melting point)
凝固 液态变为固态的变化，发生在凝固点（=熔点）
fuel a substance we use to provide energy; most fuels are burned to release their energy (but nuclear fuels are not)
燃料 我们用来提供能量的物质；大多数燃料通过燃烧释放能量（但核燃料除外）
fuel cell a cell in which a chemical reaction provides electricity (to light homes and so on)
燃料电池 一种通过化学反应产生电能的电池（用于照明家庭等）
functional group the part of the molecule of an organic compound, that largely dictates how it reacts; for example the OH group in molecules of the alcohol family
官能团 有机化合物分子中决定其反应性质的部分；例如酒精类分子中的 OH 基团

G
galvanising coating iron with zinc, to prevent the iron from rusting
镀锌 用锌涂覆铁，以防止铁生锈
giant structure where a very large number of atoms or ions are held in a lattice by strong bonds; metals, diamond and ionic solids such as sodium chloride are all giant structures
巨型结构是指大量原子或离子通过强键结合在晶格中；金属、钻石和离子固体如氯化钠都是巨型结构
global warming the rise in average temperatures taking place around the world; many scientists believe that carbon dioxide (from burning fossil fuels) is the main cause
全球变暖是指全球范围内平均气温的上升；许多科学家认为二氧化碳（来自燃烧化石燃料）是主要原因
greenhouse gas a gas in the atmosphere that traps heat, preventing its escape into space; carbon dioxide and methane are examples
温室气体是大气中能够捕获热量、阻止其逃逸到太空的气体；二氧化碳和甲烷是例子
group a column of the Periodic Table; elements in a group have similar properties
族是元素周期表中的一列；同一族的元素具有相似的性质

H
Haber process the process for making ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, in industry
哈伯法 工业上用氮气和氢气制造氨的过程
half-equation an equation that shows the reaction taking place at an electrode
半反应方程式 显示在电极上发生反应的方程式
halogens the Group VII elements of the Periodic Table
卤素 元素周期表中的第七族元素
heating curve a graph showing how the temperature of a substance changes on heating, while it goes from solid to liquid to gas
加热曲线 显示物质在加热过程中温度变化的图表，表现其从固态变为液态再变为气态的过程
homologous series a family of organic compounds, that share the same general formula and have similar properties
同系物系列 一类有机化合物，具有相同的通式并且具有相似的性质
hydrated has water molecules built into its crystal structure; for example copper(II) sulfate: ${\mathrm{CuSO}}_4\cdot 5{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}$${\mathrm{CuSO}}_4\cdot 5{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}$CuSO_(4)*5H_(2)O\mathrm{CuSO}_{4} \cdot 5 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}
水合物 在其晶体结构中含有水分子；例如硫酸铜(II)： ${\mathrm{CuSO}}_4\cdot 5{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}$${\mathrm{CuSO}}_4\cdot 5{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}$CuSO_(4)*5H_(2)O\mathrm{CuSO}_{4} \cdot 5 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}
hydrocarbon a compound containing only carbon and hydrogen
烃 只含碳和氢的化合物
hydrogenation adding hydrogen
加氢 添加氢气
hydrogen fuel cell it uses the reaction between hydrogen (from a tank), and oxygen (from the air), to give an electric current
氢燃料电池利用氢气（来自储罐）和氧气（来自空气）之间的反应产生电流
hydrolysis the breaking down of a compound by reaction with water
水解是指化合物通过与水反应而分解
hypothesis a statement you can test by doing an experiment and taking measurements
假设是一个可以通过实验和测量来验证的陈述
I
incomplete combustion the burning of fuels in a limited supply of oxygen; it gives carbon monoxide instead of carbon dioxide
不完全燃烧是在氧气供应有限的情况下燃烧燃料；它产生一氧化碳而不是二氧化碳
indicator a chemical that shows by its colour whether a substance is acidic or alkaline
指示剂 一种通过颜色显示物质是酸性还是碱性的化学物质
inert does not react (except under extreme conditions)
惰性 不反应（除非在极端条件下）
inert electrode is not changed during electrolysis; all it does is conduct the current in excess more than is needed for a reaction; some will be left at the end
惰性电极 在电解过程中不发生变化；它所做的只是导电，导电量超过反应所需；最终会有多余的电流
insoluble does not dissolve in a solvent
不溶的 不溶解于溶剂
insulator a poor conductor of heat or electricity
绝缘体 是热或电的差导体
intermolecular forces forces between molecules
分子间作用力 分子之间的作用力
ion a charged atom or group of atoms formed by the gain or loss of electrons
离子 通过获得或失去电子形成的带电原子或原子团
ionic bond the bond formed between ions of opposite charge
离子键 由相反电荷的离子之间形成的键
ionic compound a compound made up of ions, joined by ionic bonds
离子化合物 由离子组成，通过离子键结合的化合物
ionic equation shows only the ions that actually take part in a reaction, and ignores any other ions present; the other ions are called spectator ions
离子方程式 只显示实际参与反应的离子，忽略其他存在的离子；其他离子称为旁观离子
isomers compounds that have the same formula, but a different arrangement of atoms
异构体 具有相同分子式但原子排列不同的化合物
isotopes atoms of the same element, that have a different numbers of neutrons
同位素 同一元素的原子，具有不同数量的中子

L
lattice a regular arrangement of particles
晶格 颗粒的规则排列
lime the common name for calcium oxide
石灰 氧化钙的通用名称
limewater a solution of the slightly soluble compound calcium hydroxide, which is used to test for carbon dioxide
石灰水 一种稍微溶解的化合物氢氧化钙的溶液，用于检测二氧化碳
locating agent used to show up colourless substances, in chromatography; it reacts with them to give coloured substances
显色剂 用于显现无色物质的试剂，在色谱法中使用；它与无色物质反应生成有色物质
M
macromolecule a very large molecule; for example a molecule in a polymer
大分子 非常大的分子；例如聚合物中的分子
malleable can be bent or hammered into shape
可锻的 可以弯曲或锤打成形
mass spectrometer an instrument used to find the masses of atoms and molecules
质谱仪 用于测定原子和分子质量的仪器
melting point the temperature at which a solid substance melts
熔点 固体物质熔化的温度
melting the physical change from a solid to a liquid
熔化 从固态变为液态的物理变化
metal an element that shows metallic properties (for example conducts electricity, and forms positive ions)
金属 一种表现出金属性质的元素（例如导电，形成正离子）
metallic bond the bond that holds the atoms together in a metal
金属键 连接金属原子的键
metalloid an element that has properties of both a metal and a non-metal
类金属 具有金属和非金属双重性质的元素
microbe a microscopic (very tiny) living organism, such as a bacterium or virus
微生物 指显微镜下可见的（非常微小的）生物体，如细菌或病毒
minerals compounds that occur naturally in the Earth; rocks contain different minerals
矿物 指自然存在于地球上的化合物；岩石包含不同的矿物
mixture contains two or more substances that are not chemically combined
混合物 包含两种或多种未发生化学结合的物质
molar solution contains one mole of a substance in $1{\mathrm{dm}}^3$$1{\mathrm{dm}}^3$1dm^(3)1 \mathrm{dm}^{3} (1 litre) of water
摩尔溶液 指在 $1{\mathrm{dm}}^3$$1{\mathrm{dm}}^3$1dm^(3)1 \mathrm{dm}^{3} （1 升）水中含有一摩尔某物质的溶液
mole the amount of a substance that contains the same number of elementary units as the number of carbon atoms in 12 g of carbon-12; you obtain it by weighing out the $A_{\mathrm{r}}$$A_{\mathrm{r}}$A_(r)A_{\mathrm{r}} or $M_{\mathrm{r}}$$M_{\mathrm{r}}$M_(r)M_{\mathrm{r}} of the substance, in grams
摩尔：一种物质的量，含有与 12 克碳-12 中碳原子数相同的基本单位数；通过称取该物质的 $A_{\mathrm{r}}$$A_{\mathrm{r}}$A_(r)A_{\mathrm{r}} 或 $M_{\mathrm{r}}$$M_{\mathrm{r}}$M_(r)M_{\mathrm{r}} 克数来获得
molecular made up of molecules molecule a unit of two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
分子：由分子组成 分子：由两个或多个通过共价键结合的原子组成的单位
monatomic made up of single atoms; for example neon is a monatomic element
单原子：由单个原子组成；例如氖是一种单原子元素
monomers small molecules that join together to form polymers
单体：连接在一起形成聚合物的小分子

N
native describes a metal that is found in the Earth as the element
本征金属 指在地球中以元素形式存在的金属
negative electrode another name for the cathode, in an electrolysis cell
负极 电解池中阴极的另一名称
negative ion an ion with a negative charge neutral (electrical) has no charge neutral (oxide) is neither acidic nor basic; carbon monoxide is a neutral oxide
负离子 带负电荷的离子 中性（电性） 无电荷 中性（氧化物） 既不酸性也不碱性；一氧化碳是一种中性氧化物
neutral (solutions) neither acidic nor alkaline; neutral solutions have a pH of 7
中性（溶液） 既不酸性也不碱性；中性溶液的 pH 值为 7
neutralisation the chemical reaction between an acid and a base or a carbonate, giving a salt and water
中和作用 指酸与碱或碳酸盐之间的化学反应，生成盐和水
neutron a particle with no charge and a mass of 1 unit, found in the nucleus of an atom
中子 一种不带电荷、质量为 1 单位的粒子，存在于原子核中
nitrogenous fertiliser it provides nitrogen for plants, in the form of nitrate ions or ammonium ions
含氮肥料 以硝酸根离子或铵离子的形式为植物提供氮元素的肥料
noble gases the Group 0 elements of the Periodic Table; they are called ‘noble’ because they are so unreactive
惰性气体 元素周期表中的第 0 族元素；它们被称为“惰性”是因为它们极不活泼
non-metal an element that does not show metallic properties: the non-metals lie to the right of the zig-zag line in the Periodic Table, (except for hydrogen, which sits alone)
非金属 指不表现出金属性质的元素：非金属位于元素周期表中锯齿线右侧，（氢除外，氢单独存在）
non-renewable resource a resource such as petroleum that we are using up, and which will run out one day
不可再生资源 指我们正在消耗且终将耗尽的资源，如石油
non-toxic not harmful health
无毒 对健康无害
nucleon number the number of protons plus neutrons in an atom of an element
核子数 指元素原子中质子数与中子数之和
nuclear fuel contains radioisotopes such as uranium-235; these are forced to break down, giving out energy
核燃料含有放射性同位素，如铀-235；这些同位素被迫分解，释放出能量
nucleus the centre part of the atom, made up of protons and neutrons
原子核 原子的中心部分，由质子和中子组成

0 ore rock containing a metal, or metal compounds, from which the metal is extracted
矿石 含有金属或金属化合物的岩石，从中提取金属
organic chemistry the study of organic compounds (there are millions of them!)
有机化学 研究有机化合物的学科（有机化合物有数百万种！）
organic compound a compound containing carbon, and usually hydrogen; petroleum is a mixture of many organic compounds
有机化合物 含碳的化合物，通常还含有氢；石油是许多有机化合物的混合物
oxidation a chemical reaction in which a substance gains oxygen, or loses electrons oxidation state every atom in a formula can be given a number that describes its oxidation state; for example in NaCl , the oxidation states are +I for sodium, and -I for chlorine
氧化 一种化学反应，其中物质获得氧或失去电子 氧化态 在化学式中，每个原子都可以赋予一个描述其氧化态的数字；例如在 NaCl 中，钠的氧化态为+I，氯的氧化态为-I
oxide a compound formed between oxygen and an other element
氧化物 由氧和另一种元素形成的化合物
oxidising agent a substance that brings about the oxidation of another substance
氧化剂 促使另一种物质发生氧化反应的物质
ozone a gas with the formula ${\mathrm{O}}_3$${\mathrm{O}}_3$O_(3)\mathrm{O}_{3}
臭氧，一种化学式为 O₃的气体
ozone layer the layer of ozone up in the atmosphere, which protects us from harmful UV radiation from the sun
臭氧层，大气中的臭氧层，保护我们免受太阳有害紫外线的伤害

P
paper chromatography a way to separate the substances in a mixture, using a solvent and special paper; the substances separate because they travel over the paper at different speeds
纸层析，一种利用溶剂和专用纸张分离混合物中物质的方法；物质因在纸上移动速度不同而分离
percentage composition it tells you which elements are in a compound, and what % of each is present by mass
百分比组成，告诉你化合物中含有哪些元素，以及每种元素按质量占的百分比
period a horizontal row of the Periodic Table; its number tells you how many electron shells there are
周期 表示元素周期表中的一行；其数字告诉你有多少个电子层
periodicity the pattern of repeating properties that shows up when elements are arranged in order of proton number; you can see it in the groups in the Periodic Table
周期性 指当元素按质子数顺序排列时出现的重复性质的模式；你可以在元素周期表的族中看到它
Periodic Table the table showing the elements in order of increasing proton number; similar elements are arranged in columns called groups
元素周期表 显示元素按质子数递增顺序排列的表格；相似的元素排列在称为族的列中
petroleum a fossil fuel formed over millions of years from the remains of tiny sea plants and animals; it is also called crude oil
石油 一种化石燃料，由数百万年前微小海洋植物和动物的遗骸形成；也称为原油
pH scale a scale that tells you how acidic or alkaline a solution is; it is numbered 0 to 14
pH 值尺度 一个用来表示溶液酸碱性的尺度；数值范围为 0 到 14
photochemical reaction a reaction that depends on light energy; photosynthesis is an example
光化学反应 一种依赖光能的反应；光合作用就是一个例子
photodegradeable can be broken down by light
光降解性 能被光分解的
photosynthesis the process in which plants convert carbon dioxide and water to glucose and oxygen
光合作用 植物将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的过程
physical change a change in which no new chemical substance forms; melting and boiling are physical changes
物理变化 指没有形成新的化学物质的变化；熔化和沸腾都是物理变化
physical properties properties such as density and melting point (that are not about chemical behaviour)
物理性质 指密度和熔点等性质（与化学行为无关）
pipette a piece of laboratory equipment used to deliver a known volume of liquid, accurately
移液管 一种实验室器具，用于准确输送已知体积的液体
plastics a term used for synthetic polymers (made in factories, rather than in nature)
塑料 指合成聚合物的统称（在工厂制造，而非自然形成）
pollutant a substance that causes harm if it gets into the air or water
污染物 指如果进入空气或水中会造成伤害的物质
pollution when harmful substances are released into the environment
污染 当有害物质被释放到环境中时
polymer a compound containing very large molecules, formed by polymerisation
聚合物 一种含有非常大分子的化合物，由聚合反应形成
polymerisation a chemical reaction in which many small molecules join to form very large molecules; the product is called a polymer
聚合反应 一种化学反应，许多小分子结合形成非常大的分子；产物称为聚合物
positive ion an ion with a positive charge
阳离子 带正电荷的离子
precipitate an insoluble chemical produced during a chemical reaction
沉淀物 在化学反应中生成的不溶性化学物质
precipitation reaction a reaction in which a precipitate forms
沉淀反应 形成沉淀物的反应
product a chemical made in a chemical reaction
产物 在化学反应中生成的化学物质
protein a polymer made up of many different amino acid units joined together
蛋白质 由许多不同的氨基酸单元连接而成的聚合物
proton number the number of protons in the atoms of an element; it is sometimes called the atomic number
质子数 元素原子中质子的数量；有时称为原子序数
proton a particle with a charge of $1+$$1+$1+1+ and a mass of 1 unit, found in the nucleus of an atom
质子 带有+1 电荷、质量为 1 单位的粒子，存在于原子核中
pure there is only one substance in it
纯净 其中只有一种物质
Q
quicklime another name for calcium oxide
生石灰，钙氧化物的另一名称
R radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes) unstable atoms that break down, giving out radiation
放射性同位素（放射性核素）不稳定的原子，会分解并释放辐射
random motion the zig-zag path a particle follows as it collides with other particles and bounces away again
随机运动，粒子在与其他粒子碰撞后反弹，所走的曲折路径
rate of reaction how fast a reaction is
反应速率，反应进行的快慢
reactant a starting chemical for a chemical reaction
反应物 化学反应的起始化学物质
reactive tends to react easily
活泼的 倾向于容易发生反应
reactivity how readily a substance reacts
反应性 物质反应的容易程度
reactivity series the metals listed in order of their reactivity
反应性系列 按反应性顺序排列的金属列表
recycling reusing resources such as scrap metal, glass, paper and plastics
回收 利用废金属、玻璃、纸张和塑料等资源
redox reaction any reaction in which electrons are transferred; one substance is oxidised (it loses electrons) and another is reduced (it gains electrons)
氧化还原反应 任何电子转移的反应；一种物质被氧化（失去电子），另一种物质被还原（获得电子）
reducing agent a substance which brings about the reduction of another substance
还原剂 促使另一种物质还原的物质
reduction when a substance loses oxygen, or gains electrons
还原 当一种物质失去氧，或获得电子时
refining (petroleum) the process of separating petroleum (crude oil) into groups of compounds with molecules fairly close in size; it is carried out by fractional distillation
精炼（石油） 将石油（原油）分离成分子大小相近的化合物组的过程；通过分馏进行
refining (metals) the process of purifying a metal; copper is refined using electrolysis
精炼（金属） 纯化金属的过程；铜通过电解精炼
relative atomic mass ( ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathbf{r}}$${\mathit{A}}_{\mathbf{r}}$A_(r)\boldsymbol{A}_{\mathbf{r}} ) the average mass of the atoms of an element, relative to the mass of an atom of carbon-12
相对原子质量（ ${\mathit{A}}_{\mathbf{r}}$${\mathit{A}}_{\mathbf{r}}$A_(r)\boldsymbol{A}_{\mathbf{r}} ） 元素原子的平均质量，相对于碳-12 原子的质量
relative formula mass ( ${\mathit{M}}_{\mathbf{r}}$${\mathit{M}}_{\mathbf{r}}$M_(r)\boldsymbol{M}_{\mathbf{r}} ) the mass of one formula unit of an ionic compound; you find it by adding together the relative atomic masses of the atoms in the formula
相对式量（ ${\mathit{M}}_{\mathbf{r}}$${\mathit{M}}_{\mathbf{r}}$M_(r)\boldsymbol{M}_{\mathbf{r}} ） 离子化合物一个式量单位的质量；通过将式中各原子的相对原子质量相加得到
relative molecular mass the mass of a molecule; you find it by adding the relative atomic masses of the atoms in it
相对分子质量 分子的质量；通过将分子中各原子的相对原子质量相加得到
renewable resource a resource that will not run out; for example water, air, sunlight
可再生资源 不会枯竭的资源；例如水、空气、阳光
residue the solid you obtain when you separate a solid from a liquid by filtering
残渣 通过过滤将固体与液体分离后得到的固体
respiration the reaction between glucose and oxygen that takes place in the cells of all living things (including you) to provide energy
呼吸 发生在所有生物（包括你）细胞内的葡萄糖与氧气之间的反应，用以提供能量
reversible reaction a reaction that can go both ways: a product can form, then break down again; the symbol $\rightleftharpoons$$\rightleftharpoons$⇌\rightleftharpoons is used to show a reversible reaction
可逆反应 一种可以双向进行的反应：产物可以形成，然后再次分解；符号 $\rightleftharpoons$$\rightleftharpoons$⇌\rightleftharpoons 用于表示可逆反应
rusting the name given to the corrosion of iron; oxygen and water attack the iron, and rust forms
生锈 铁腐蚀的名称；氧气和水攻击铁，形成铁锈
S
sacrificial protection allowing one metal to corrode, in order to protect another metal salt an ionic compound formed when an acid reacts with a metal, a base, or a carbonate
牺牲保护 允许一种金属腐蚀，以保护另一种金属 盐 当酸与金属、碱或碳酸盐反应时形成的离子化合物
saturated compound an organic compound in which all the bonds between carbon atoms are single covalent bonds
饱和化合物 一种有机化合物，其中所有碳原子之间的键都是单键共价键
saturated solution no more of the solute will dissolve in it, at that temperature
饱和溶液 在该温度下，溶液中不再有更多的溶质溶解
single bond the bond formed when two atoms share just one pair of electrons
单键 两个原子共享一对电子时形成的键
slaked lime another name for calcium hydroxide
熟石灰 氢氧化钙的另一种名称
solubility the amount of solute that will dissolve in 100 grams of a solvent, at a given temperature
溶解度 在特定温度下，100 克溶剂中能溶解的溶质量
soluble will dissolve in a solvent
可溶的物质会溶解在溶剂中
solute the substance you dissolve in the solvent, to make a solution
溶质 指溶解在溶剂中以形成溶液的物质
solution a mixture obtained when a solute is dissolved in a solvent
溶液 指溶质溶解在溶剂中所得到的混合物
solvent the liquid in which a solute is dissolved, to make a solution
溶剂 指溶解溶质以形成溶液的液体
sonorous makes a ringing noise when struck
响亮的声音在敲击时发出响铃声
spectator ions ions that are present in a reaction mixture, but do not actually take part in the reaction
旁观离子 指存在于反应混合物中，但实际上不参与反应的离子
stable unreactive  稳定的 不反应的
state symbols these are added to an equation to show the physical states of the reactants and products ( $g=$$g=$g=g= gas, $l=$$l=$l=l= liquid, $s=$$s=$s=s= solid, $aq=$$aq=$aq=a q= aqueous)
状态符号 这些符号添加到方程式中以显示反应物和产物的物理状态（ $g=$$g=$g=g= 气体， $l=$$l=$l=l= 液体， $s=$$s=$s=s= 固体， $aq=$$aq=$aq=a q= 水溶液）
structural formula the formula of a compound displayed to show the bonds between the atoms as lines; we often show organic compounds this way
结构式 一种显示化合物中原子之间键的化学式，通常用线条表示；我们经常用这种方式表示有机化合物

T
thermal decomposition the breaking down of a compound by heating it
热分解 通过加热使化合物分解的过程
thermite process the redox reaction between iron oxide and aluminium, which produces molten iron
铝热法 铁氧化物与铝之间的氧化还原反应，产生熔融铁
titration a laboratory technique for finding the exact volume of an acid solution that will react with a given volume of alkaline solution, or vice versa
滴定 一种实验室技术，用于测定与一定体积碱性溶液反应所需的酸溶液的准确体积，反之亦然
toxic poisonous  有毒的
transition elements the elements in the wide middle block of the Periodic Table; they are all metals and include iron, tin, copper, and gold
过渡元素 指元素周期表中间宽广区块的元素；它们都是金属，包括铁、锡、铜和金
trend a gradual change; the groups within the Periodic Table show trends in their properties; for example as you go down Group I, reactivity increases
趋势 逐渐变化；元素周期表中的族显示出性质的趋势；例如，沿着第一族向下，活性增加
triple bond the bond formed when two atoms share three pairs of electrons; a nitrogen molecule has a triple bond
三键 当两个原子共享三对电子时形成的键；氮分子具有三键

U
universal indicator a paper or liquid you can use to find the pH of a solution; it changes colour across the whole range of pH
通用指示剂 一种试纸或液体，可用于测定溶液的 pH 值；它在整个 pH 范围内变色
unreactive does not react easily
惰性 不易反应
unsaturated compound an organic compound with at least one double bond between carbon atoms
不饱和化合物 一种有机化合物，含有至少一个碳原子之间的双键

V
valency a number that tells you how many electrons an atom gains, loses or shares, in forming a compound
价态 一个数字，表示原子在形成化合物时获得、失去或共享的电子数
valency electrons the electrons in the outer shell of an atom
价电子 指原子最外层的电子
variable valency an element shows variable valency if its atoms can lose different numbers of electrons, in forming compounds; for example copper forms $\mathrm{Cu}+$$\mathrm{Cu}+$Cu+\mathrm{Cu}+ and ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$Cu^(2+)\mathrm{Cu}^{2+} ions
变价 如果元素的原子在形成化合物时能失去不同数量的电子，则该元素表现出变价；例如铜形成 $\mathrm{Cu}+$$\mathrm{Cu}+$Cu+\mathrm{Cu}+ 和 ${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$${\mathrm{Cu}}^{2+}$Cu^(2+)\mathrm{Cu}^{2+} 价离子
viscosity a measure of how runny a liquid is; the more runny it is, the lower its viscosity
粘度 衡量液体流动性的指标；流动性越强，粘度越低
viscous thick and sticky
粘稠的 又厚又粘
volatile evaporates easily, to form a vapour
易挥发的，容易蒸发形成蒸气
W
water of crystallisation water molecules built into the crystal structure of a compound; for example in copper(II) sulfate, ${\mathrm{CuSO}}_4\cdot 5{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}$${\mathrm{CuSO}}_4\cdot 5{\mathrm{H}}_2\mathrm{O}$CuSO_(4)*5H_(2)O\mathrm{CuSO}_{4} \cdot 5 \mathrm{H}_{2} \mathrm{O}
结晶水 指构成化合物晶体结构中的水分子；例如在硫酸铜(II)中
weak acids acids in which only some of the molecules are dissociated, to form ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$H^(+)\mathrm{H}^{+}ions; ethanoic acid is a weak acid
弱酸 指只有部分分子解离形成 ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$H^(+)\mathrm{H}^{+} 离子的酸；乙酸是一种弱酸

Y
yield the actual amount of a product obtained in a reaction; it is often given as a % of the theoretical yield (which you can work out from the equation)
产率 指反应中实际获得的产物量；通常以理论产率的百分比表示（理论产率可根据方程式计算）