尸胺

A strong base that attracts carbon dioxide; A skin irritant and possible sensitizer; [Merck Index] Causes burns; [HSDB] Causes burns; Inhalation may cause corrosive injuries to upper respiratory tract and lungs; [Alfa Aesar MSDS] Search for (462-94-2[EC/RN Number]) AND (sensitizer OR sensitization OR allergic OR dermatitis): no papers confirming skin sensitization; [PubMed] See 1,6-Diaminohexane.

Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide. Wear self contained breathing apparatus for fire fighting if necessary.

Materials to avoid Acid chlorides, Acid anhydrides, acids, Strong oxidizing agents, Carbon dioxide (CO2)

IDENTIFICATION AND USE: Cadaverine is a syrupy, colorless liquid with a distinctive odor of urine and semen. It is soluble in water, ethanol; slightly soluble in ethyl ether, and miscible in water. It is used in the production of high polymers, as a chemical intermediate, and in biological research. HUMAN EXPOSURE AND TOXICITY: It is a foul-smelling diamine formed by bacterial decarboxylation of lysine. It is poisonous and irritating to the skin. Harmful if ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. It can cause burns and is very destructive of mucous membranes. Occupational exposure to cadaverine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where it is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to cadaverine by ingestion of certain meats. ANIMAL STUDIES: In In rats, cadaverine had a low oral toxicity. Cadaverine caused a dose-related decrease in blood pressure after intravenous administration in rats. The subacute toxicity of this chemical was examined in rats. Cadaverine was administered in the diet to groups of 10 male and 10 female rats. Adverse effects were observed in the high dose group and decreased body weights associated with diminished food intake were observed. Slight increases in packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, and thrombocytes occurred with chemical exposure.

Histamine poisoning can result from the ingestion of food containing unusually high levels of histamine. ... Histamine poisoning is characterized by a short incubation period, a short duration, and symptoms resembling those associated with allergic reactions. The evidence supporting the role of histamine as the causative agent is compelling. ... Histamine ingested with spoiled fish appears to be much more toxic than histamine ingested in an aqueous solution. The presence of potentiators of histamine toxicity in the spoiled fish may account for this difference in toxicity. Several potentiators including other putrefactive amines such as putrescine and cadaverine have been identified. Pharmacologic potentiators may also exist; aminoguanidine and isoniazid are examples. The mechanism of action of these potentiators appears to be the inhibition of intestinal histamine-metabolizing enzymes. This enzyme inhibition causes a decrease in histamine detoxification in the intestinal mucosa and results in increased intestinal uptake and urinary excretion of unmetabolized histamine.

/SRP:/ Immediate first aid: Ensure that adequate decontamination has been carried out. If patient is not breathing, start artificial respiration, preferably with a demand valve resuscitator, bag-valve-mask device, or pocket mask, as trained. Perform CPR if necessary. Immediately flush contaminated eyes with gently flowing water. Do not induce vomiting. If vomiting occurs, lean patient forward or place on the left side (head-down position, if possible) to maintain an open airway and prevent aspiration. Keep patient quiet and maintain normal body temperature. Obtain medical attention. /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Basic treatment: Establish a patent airway (oropharyngeal or nasopharyngeal airway, if needed). Suction if necessary. Watch for signs of respiratory insufficiency and assist ventilations if needed. Administer oxygen by nonrebreather mask at 10 to 15 L/min. Monitor for pulmonary edema and treat if necessary ... . Monitor for shock and treat if necessary ... . Anticipate seizures and treat if necessary ... . For eye contamination, flush eyes immediately with water. Irrigate each eye continuously with 0.9% saline (NS) during transport ... . Do not use emetics. For ingestion, rinse mouth and administer 5 mL/kg up to 200 mL of water for dilution if the patient can swallow, has a strong gag reflex, and does not drool ... . Cover skin burns with dry sterile dressings after decontamination ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SRP:/ Advanced treatment: Consider orotracheal or nasotracheal intubation for airway control in the patient who is unconscious, has severe pulmonary edema, or is in severe respiratory distress. Positive-pressure ventilation techniques with a bag valve mask device may be beneficial. Consider drug therapy for pulmonary edema ... . Consider administering a beta agonist such as albuterol for severe bronchospasm ... . Monitor cardiac rhythm and treat arrhythmias as necessary ... . Start IV administration of D5W /SRP: "To keep open", minimal flow rate/. Use 0.9% saline (NS) or lactated Ringer's if signs of hypovolemia are present. For hypotension with signs of hypovolemia, administer fluid cautiously. Watch for signs of fluid overload ... . Treat seizures with diazepam or lorazepam ... . Use proparacaine hydrochloride to assist eye irrigation ... . /Poisons A and B/

/SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS/ Cadaverine ... a foul-smelling diamine formed by bacterial decarboxylation of lysine. It is poisonous and irritating to the skin.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ The acute ... toxicity of ... cadaverine /was/ examined in Wistar rats. ... Cadaverine had a low acute oral toxicity of more than 2000 mg/kg body weight. /Cadaverine/ ... caused a dose-related decrease in blood pressure after intravenous administration ...

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ ... This study was designed to determine if biogenic amines, at the concentrations found in animal by-product meals, would reduce performance in broilers or cause lesions. Twelve treatments were used in a 2 x 6 factorial arrangement with the main effects being either a corn-soybean meal diet or a corn-soybean meal diet with 10% animal by-products added and either no amines added or added levels of phenylethylamine (4.8 mg/kg), putrescine (49 mg/kg), cadaverine (107 mg/kg), histamine (131 mg/kg), or a combination of all these amines. Levels of biogenic amines used in this study simulated those found in areas with reported problems attributed to biogenic amines. Broilers were monitored for performance, gross lesions, and histologic evidence of lesions at 2, 4, and 6 wk. No consistent effects were observed on performance, and by the conclusion of the trial, no statistical differences were noted in the performance of any of the treatments. No gross lesions were observed on a consistent basis in any of the treatments. Histopathology was likewise unremarkable. On the basis of this study, it would appear that these four biogenic amines, at levels detected in the United States, do not pose a serious health concern for the broiler industry.

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ The ... subacute toxicity of ... cadaverine /was/ examined in Wistar rats. ... In 6-wk studies ... /cadaverine was/ administered in the diet to groups of 10 male and 10 female rats ... at levels of 0, 200, 2000 or 5000 ppm ... in the first study and at levels of 0 or 10,000 ppm in a second study. ... Adverse effects were ... observed in the top dose group ... Decreased body weights associated with diminished food intake were ... seen. Slight increases in packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration and thrombocytes occurred with cadaverine. ... The no-observed-adverse-effect level was 2000 ppm (180 mg/kg body weight/day) for ... cadaverine ...

/ALTERNATIVE and IN VITRO TESTS/ Effects of polyamines (0.05-1.2 mM) on the mechanical and electrical activities in the circular muscles of pre-(day 20 of pregnancy) and post-partum (10-15 hr after delivery) rat myometria were studied. In the prepartum preparations, spermine and spermidine, added to the Mg-free Krebs solution, depressed contractions in a dose-dependent manner, whereas cadaverine and putrescine potentiated them. The latter agents depressed contractions when preparations were treated with indomethacin. Plateau potentials were spontaneously generated in the Mg-free solution in the prepartum circular muscle. The duration of the plateau became shorter, and spike potentials supermounted on the plateau potential were depressed when spermine or spermidine was applied. In the postpartum preparations, spike activity was depressed by spermine and spermidine. In both pre- and post-partum preparations, the membrane activity was little affected by cadaverine and putrescine. In view of the above findings, it was hypothesized that polyamines in general took the place of divalent cations in causing membrane stabilization. Cadaverine and putrescine probably caused a potentiation of contraction by stimulating the synthesis of endogenous prostaglandins.

/OTHER TOXICITY INFORMATION/ In the testosterone-induced hypertrophic and antifolate (N10-propargyl,5,6-dideazafolic acid, CB 3717)-induced hyperplastic mouse kidney models, a marked increase of two diamine levels--putrescine and cadaverine--occurred which paralleled induced ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity. Under these conditions the augmentation of spermidine levels was much smaller, while spermine levels were affected differentially--increased by testosterone and decreased by CB 3717; this resulted in an increase of spermidine/spermine ratio in hyperplastic, but not hypertrophic kidney ...

Cadaverine's production and use as a chemical intermediate and in biological research may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams. It is formed in the decay of animal proteins after death and also produced in small quantities by living beings. If released to air, an estimated vapor pressure of 1.0 mm Hg at 25 °C indicates cadaverine will exist solely as a vapor in the atmosphere. Vapor-phase cadaverine will be degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals; the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 hours. Cadaverine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm, and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight. If released to soil, cadaverine is expected to have high mobility based upon an estimated Koc of 90. However, the pKa values of cadaverine are 9.13 and 10.25, indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts. Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as a cation and cations do not volatilize. Volatilization from moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.4X10-9 atm-cu m/mole. Biodegradation data were not available. If released into water, cadaverine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment based upon the estimated Koc. The pKa values indicate cadaverine will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. An estimated BCF of 3 suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low. Hydrolysis is expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound contains functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions. Occupational exposure to cadaverine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where cadaverine is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to cadaverine via ingestion of certain meats. (SRC)

Cadaverine is a ptomaine formed in the decay of animal proteins after death(1). It is also produced in small quantities by living beings and is partially responsible for the distinctive smell of urine and semen(2). It is related to putrescine. Both are produced by the breakdown of amino acids in living and dead organisms(3).

Cadaverine's production and use as a chemical intermediate and in biological research(1) may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC).

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 90(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that cadaverine is expected to have high mobility in soil(SRC). However, the pKa values of cadaverine are 9.13 and 10.25(3), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4). Volatilization from moist soil is not expected because the compound exists as a cation and cations do not volatilize. Cadaverine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.0 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Biodegradation data in soil were not available(SRC, 2010).

AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 90(SRC), determined from a structure estimation method(2), indicates that cadaverine is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). The pKa values of 9.13 and 10.25(3) indicate cadaverine will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. According to a classification scheme(4), an estimated BCF of 3(SRC), from an estimated log Kow of -0.15(5) and a regression-derived equation(6), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC). Biodegradation data in water were not available(SRC, 2010).

ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), cadaverine, which has a /an estimated vapor pressure of 1.0 mm Hg at 25 °C(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase cadaverine is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 6 hours(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 6.8X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Cadaverine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(4), and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

The rate constant for the vapor-phase reaction of cadaverine with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals has been estimated as 6.8X10-11 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 °C(SRC) using a structure estimation method(1). This corresponds to an atmospheric half-life of about 6 hours at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm(1). Cadaverine may be expected to undergo hydrolysis in the environment due to the presence of functional groups that hydrolyze under environmental conditions(2). Cadaverine does not contain chromophores that absorb at wavelengths >290 nm(2), and therefore is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis by sunlight(SRC).

An estimated BCF of 3 was calculated in fish for cadaverine(SRC), using an estimated log Kow of -0.15(1) and a regression-derived equation(2). According to a classification scheme(3), this BCF suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is low(SRC).

Using a structure estimation method based on molecular connectivity indices(1), the Koc of cadaverine can be estimated to be 90(SRC). According to a classification scheme(2), this estimated Koc value suggests that cadaverine is expected to have high mobility in soil. However, the pKa values of cadaverine are 9.13 and 10.25(3), indicating that this compound will exist almost entirely in the cation form in the environment and cations generally adsorb more strongly to soils containing organic carbon and clay than their neutral counterparts(4).

The pKa values of 9.13 and 10.25(3) indicate cadaverine will exist almost entirely in the cation form at pH values of 5 to 9 and therefore volatilization from water and moist soil surfaces is not expected to be an important fate process. Cadaverine is expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 1.0 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2).

Cadaverine was tested for but not detected in gasoline nor diesel exhaust(1).

Cadaverine levels in fresh pork and beef meat were not detected to 0.7 mg/kg and not detected, respectively. Levels in cooked ham and mortadella were not detected to 0.9 mg/kg and not detected to 7.9 mg/kg, respectively. The cadaverine content in ripened meat products ranged from 3.9 to 34.9 mg/kg chorizo and 2.1 to 68.5 mg/kg in salchichon(1).

Cadaverine was detected, not quantified in unspecified freshwater and marine algae(1).

Occupational exposure to cadaverine may occur through inhalation and dermal contact with this compound at workplaces where cadaverine is produced or used. Monitoring data indicate that the general population may be exposed to cadaverine via ingestion of certain meats. (SRC)