YEAPNNG
叶恩

FOD

YESTERDAy
昨天

△ SOCIOLOG oFNOSAIGIA

Fred Davis
弗雷德 ·戴维斯

4

THEFREE PRESS C
自由新闻 C

A Division of Macmillan Publishing Co.,Inc
麦克米伦出版有限公司的一个部门.

NEW YORK
纽约

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Copyright d1979by The Free Press
版权所有 d1979byTheFreePress

A Division of Macmillan Publishing Co.,Inc.
麦克米伦出版有限公司的一个部门

All rights reserved.No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any
版权所有 。 本书的任何部分不得在任何

form or by any means,electronic or mechanical,including photocopying,
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in writing from the Publisher.
出版商的书面形式。

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新闻自由

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麦克米伦出版有限公司的一个部门.

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Library of Congress Catalog Card Number:78-19838 Printed in the United States of America
美国国会图书馆目录卡号 ：78-19838 在美国美国泰特斯州印刷

printing number
打印编号

12345678910

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publieation Data
美国国会图书馆出版物数据编目

Davis,Fred
戴维斯，弗雷德

Yearning for yesterday.
向往昨天 。

Includes index.
包括索引。

1.Nostalgia, 2.Personality. 3.Arts--Psychologi- cal aspects.4.United States--Popular culture.
1.怀旧，2.Pe 共鸣。3.艺术--心理学方面。4.美国--大众文化。

I. Title.
一、 标题。

BF575.N6D38 1979 ISBN 0-02-906950-5
BF575。N6D381979 国际标准书号 0-02-906950-5

301.1

78-19838

The portion of “Penny Lane”(John Lennon and Paul McCartney)on page xiv is
第十四页的 “便士巷”（约翰·列侬和 保罗 · 麦卡特尼） 的部分是

Copyright e1967 by Northern Songs Limited.All rights for the U.S.A.,Canada
版权所有 e1967 Northern Songs Limited。 美国的所有权利加拿大

and Mexico are controlled by Maclen Music,Inc.,c/o ATV Music Corp.
墨西哥由 MaclenMusic，Inc. 控制，c/oATVMusicCorp.

Used by permission.All rights reserved.
经许可使用 。所有权利已归属 。

Robert Nathan's “The World That Now"on page 65 is Copyright e 1978 by
罗伯特·内森 （Robert Nathan） 第 65 页的 “现在的世界 ” 版权所有 e 1978by

Robert Nathan and appears by his permission.All rights reserved
罗伯特·内森 （Robert Nathan） 并经他许可出现版权所有.

The Jules Feiffer cartoon on page 120 is reproduced from the Los Angeles Times Calendar Section of Sunday,February 19,1978.Copyrighte1978 by Jules Feiffer.
第 120 页的 JulesFeiffer 漫画转载自 1978 年 2 月 19 日星期日的洛杉矶 《 泰晤士报》 日历版块。版权所有 1978 年，JulesFeiffer。

Used by permission.
经许可使用 。

J

TABLE
桌子

OF
之

CONTENTS
内容

Preface
前言

Acknowledgments xi
致谢习

Chapter 1: The Nostalgic Experience:
第 1 章 ： 怀旧体验：

Words and Meanings 1
词语和含义 1

Chapter 2: Nostalgia and Identity 31
第二章： 怀旧与身份认同 31

Chapter 3: Nostalgia and the Life Cycle 52
第三章： 怀旧 与生命周期 52

Chapter 4: Nostalgia and Art 73
第四章： 怀旧与艺术 73

Chapter 5: Nostalgia and Society 97
第五章： 怀旧与社会 97

Chapter 6: Contemporary Nostalgia 118
第六章： 当代怀旧 a 118

Index 143
索引 143

C

DPEFACE
DPEFACE 的

That someone other than a poet or psychologist should write of nostalgia may seem presumptous as well as surpris- ing.Consider,however,that nostalgia,despite its private, sometimes intensely felt personal character,is a deeply social emotion as well.By this I mean that,like many other feelings and thoughts we experience,nostalgia derives from and has continuing implications for our lives as social actors.It leads us to search among remembrances of persons and places of our past in an effort to bestow meaning upon persons and places of our present(and to some degree our future).A sociology of nostalgia,therefore,is concerned with tracking down the sources of nostalgic experience in group life and determining what general relevance and meaning nostalgia has for our present life and,somewhat more abstractly,what consequences it has for society as a whole.This sociology is in some part what I try to accomplish in this book,although as you will perhaps too readily become aware,the omis-
诗人或心理学家以外的人应该写怀旧之情，这似乎既自以为是，又令人惊讶 。然而，想想看，怀旧之情，尽管 它是私人的， 有时是强烈的，但也是一种深刻的社会情感。我的意思是，就像我们经历的许多其他感受和想法一样 ，怀旧源于我们作为社会行为者的生活， 并持续影响着我们的生活。它引导我们在对过去的人和地方的记忆中寻找 ， 努力为我们现在（以及我们的未来）的人和地方赋予最好的意义 。 因此，怀旧社会学关注的是追踪群体生活中怀旧体验的来源 ，并确定怀旧与我们现在的生活有什么普遍 的相关性和意义 ，以及更抽象地说， 它会产生什么后果整个社会 。这种社会学在某种程度上是 我试图在这本书中完成 ， 尽管正如你可能很容易意识到的那样 ，om 是——

sions are staggering and some of the questions raised are more complex than the few simple ones for which I propose answers.
问题令人震惊 ， 提出的一些问题 比我提出答案的几个简单问题更复杂 。

This is a book not about nostalgias-specific fashions, crazes,and fads that seem endlessly to crop up-but about a
这本书不是关于怀旧特定的时尚、 热潮和似乎无休止地出现的时尚 ——而是关于

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对昨天的向往

general phenomenon.I think it important to state this be- cause in gathering materials for this study I would almost invariably be asked to give reasons for the resurgence of interest in the romantic comedy movies of the thirties;the rediscovered attachment to swing bands and ocean cruises, which obviously harks back to the period immediately before the Second World War;the revival of literary interest in F. Scott Fitzgerald (and the loss of interest in his rival,Ernest Hemingway);the nostalgic Beatlemania of the late seventies, barely half a decade after the foursome dominated the world’s popular music scene;and so forth.The way these requests usually were framed seemed to imply that something inherent in those phenomona made them candidates for a nostalgic revival at this particular time("The M.G.M.thirties' comedies were so witty and charming,whereas nowadays there's so little wit and charm in what we see on TV or at the movies”).This viewpoint is fundamentally a faulty for- mulation of nostalgia's causal chain.It is incorrect to suppose that qualities associated with some slice of the past“cause” the nostalgia we feel today.
一般现象。我认为在为这个种马收集材料时说明这一点很重要， 我几乎总是被要求给出对浪漫喜剧重新产生兴趣的原因三十年代的电影 ; 重新发现对摇摆乐队和远洋游轮的依恋 ， 这显然可以追溯到第二次世界大战前的 period; F. 斯科特·菲茨杰拉德（以及对他的作品失去兴趣 ， 欧内斯特 ·海明威）;七十年代怀旧的披头士狂热 ， 距离四人组主宰世界流行音乐界仅五年 ; 等等 。 这些请求通常被框定的方式似乎暗示着这些现象中固有的某种东西使它们成为在这个特定时期怀旧复兴的候选者 （“M.通用汽车三十年代喜剧 是如此诙谐和迷人，而现在我们在电视或电影中看到的东西很少有智慧和魅力 “）。这种观点从根本上说是对怀旧因果链的错误模仿 ， 假设与某些部分相关的品质是不正确的过去的“ 原因 ”， 我们今天感受到的怀旧之情 。

Even were the implicit formulation not in error-although the nature of the error itself is revealing of some facets of nostalgia—it still would be virtually impossible to give specific reasons for specific nostalgias other than that "it"(in the vernacular)“caught on”whereas some other“it”from the past,which might equally have served as a fit object for nostalgia,may not even have surfaced-possibly because those with an interest in promoting nostalgic revivals never got around to thinking of the other“it.”As with so many phenomena in the realm of popular taste,the vagaries of nos- talgic success,survival,and revival are of awesome dimension.  Almost anything from our past can emerge as an object of nostalgia,provided that we can somehow view it in a pleasant light.(This effectively eliminates from nostalgia's universe such grotesque possibilities as a “nostalgia”for the ovens at Auschwitz or for the bomb at Hiroshima.)What is important
即使隐含的表述没有错误——尽管错误本身的性质揭示了怀旧的某些方面 ——实际上仍然不可能给出具体的特定 怀旧的原因除了 “它”（在白话中）“流行起来”，而过去的其他一些 “它”，可能同样被认为是怀旧的合适对象 ，甚至可能没有浮出水面——可能是因为那些有兴趣促进怀旧复兴的人从来没有时间去想另一个“它”。与大众品味领域的许多现象一样 ， 无障碍的成功、生存和复兴是令人敬畏的。 我们过去的几乎任何东西都可以成为怀旧的对象 ，只要我们能以某种方式以愉快的眼光看待它 。这有效地从怀旧的宇宙中消除了诸如对奥斯威辛集中营烤箱的“怀旧” 或 广岛原子弹爆炸 。 什么是重要的

viii
八

Preface
前言

for us therefore,and what this book aims to develop,is an understanding of the general conditions and circumstances that evoke nostalgic feeling,not the largely adventitious occurrences associated with the success of one or another specific nostalgic manifestation.(The latter interest falls more properly in the domain of study dealing with promo- tion,publicity,and propaganda in modern society:mass- communications analysis.As such,it is in its essential features hardly distinguishable from any reasoned inquiry seeking,for example,to account for the market success of a popular song,a household product,or a political candidate.)
因此，对我们来说，以及本书旨在发展的是对唤起怀旧感的一般条件和环境的理解 ，而不是与 OnE 或其他成功相关的主要高级实体事件具体的怀旧表现。后一种兴趣更恰当地体现在现代社会中涉及宣传、宣传和宣传的研究：大众传播分析。因此， 它的本质特征与任何理性的调查几乎没有区别 ， 例如，解释流行歌曲、家庭产品或政治候选人的市场成功。

In the course of gathering material for this study I inter- viewed,with the help of an open-ended interview guide of my own design,some twelve persons in the hope of learning from them what their nostalgic experiences were like and what,in general,nostalgia meant to them.For essentially similar purposes I also administered a brief,much more topically circumscribed questionnaire,also of my own design, to students in several of my university classes.Hence,here and there in the book I speak of "the respondent,"of“my informants,"or of"those I interviewed."Lest false infer- ences be drawn from the use of these terms,let me state that I in no way wish anyone to presume that what follows is an empirical study in the conventional social-survey(or,for that matter,ethnographic)sense.My resort to a small number of almost casually selected interviewees and questionnaire respondents was designed solely to jog my thoughts and fuel my ruminations on the topic of nostalgia and,in one or two instances,to establish or negate some rather unrefined prop- osition-for example,does everyone associate nostalgia with homesickness?Is the experience of nostalgia ever so painful that persons seek actively to avoid it?But none of what I learned from these survey-like forays into the area can be taken as establishing representativeness in even a remote sense of that word.I clearly intend this book to be an essay-
在为这项研究收集材料的过程中 ，我借助我自己设计的开放式访谈指南 ，对大约十二个人进行了交流， 希望从他们那里学到他们的怀旧的经历就像一般来说，怀旧对他们意味着什么。出于基本类似的目的 ，我还向我几个大学课程的学生制作了一份简短的、 更针对主题的问卷 ，也是我自己设计的。因此， 在书中 ，我到处都谈到了“ 受访者”、“我的线人”或 “ 我采访过的人”。为了避免从这些术语中得出错误的推论 ，让我声明 ， 我绝不希望任何人假设以下内容是实证研究传统的 社会调查（或者， 就此而言 ， 民族志 ） 意义我求助于少数几乎随意 选择的受访者和问卷受访者 ，只是为了激发我的想法并激发我对怀旧话题的沉思 ，在一两个例子中， 建立或否定一些相当不完善的主张 ——例如， 每个人都会联想到吗怀旧与思乡之情？ 怀旧的经历是否曾经如此痛苦 ， 以至于人们积极地寻求避免它？但是 ，我从这些类似调查的涉足该领域学到的任何东西都不能被视为建立代表性 ， 即使是这个词的遥远意义 。我显然打算把这本书写成一篇散文——

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对昨天的向往

istic inquiry into the subject of nostalgia rather than a report of empirical findings pertaining to it.
对 怀旧主题的 istic 调查 ，而不是与之相关的实证发现的报告 。

Nostalgia is much in vogue these days,so much so that hundreds of curio shops bear its name and many a person has begun to move beyond simply indulging it to musing openly on what the vogue is about.Befitting its prominence as a kind of disposition of contemporary collective life,the French actress Simone Signoret has even chosen to name her book of reminiscences after the(probably anonymous)wry vintage observation that nostalgia is no longer what it used to be.Whether it is or isn't,and what accounts for ours being so nostalgic an era are central concerns of this book.Without giving all of the plot away this soon in the story,as it were, suffice it say that the current nostalgia boom must be under- stood in terms of its close relationship to the era of social upheaval that preceded it.It,too,then can be expected to pass,although before it expires in history I would hope that studies such as this might help us to understand nostalgia for the quintessentially human thing it is and to neither revile it,as do many on the left,nor succumb abjectly to it, as do many on the right.
如今 ， 怀旧非常流行 ， 以至于数百家古玩店都以它的名字命名 ， 许多人已经开始超越简单的沉迷于它，而是公开思考时尚是关于的。 法国女演员西蒙娜·西尼奥雷 （Simone Signoret） 甚至选择以 （可能是匿名的）讽刺的复古观察来命名她的回忆录，即怀旧不再是它所用的是 。 是否如此 ，以及是什么解释了我们这个如此怀旧的时代，是这个 b ook 的核心关注点 。在不透露故事中所有情节的情况下 ， 可以这么说， 就足以说 ，必须从与之前的社会动荡时代的密切关系来理解当前的怀旧热潮。 它，也是，那么可以预期通过，尽管之前 它在历史上消逝我希望这样的研究可以帮助我们理解对人类本质事物的怀旧之情 ，并且不要像许多人那样诋毁它左派，也不会像许多右翼人士那样卑鄙地屈服于它 。

Simone Signoret,Nostalgia Isn't What It Used to Be(New York: Harper &Row,1978).
西蒙娜 ·西诺雷，《怀旧不再是过去的样子 》（纽约：Harper&Row，1978）。

X

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
确认

I welcome the opportunity given me to acknowledge the many(for the most part unreciprocated)debts which the pursuit and consummation of such a work entail.Among those who were good enough to offer me their thoughts and insights on the topic,including those who commented on earlier chapter drafts,I wish especially to thank my wife, Marcella;Murray Davis;Joseph Gusfield;Chandra Mukerji; Virginia Olesen;and Anselm Strauss.I owe a special debt to Gladys Topkis of The Free Press for her consistently sage and exquisitely informed editorial advice.Most of all there are two persons,unknown to each other,who bear so special a relationship to what follows that I trust they will think well enough of it to associate themselves with it as much as I would like them to.One is my old and very dear friend from graduate student days at the University of Chicago,Gerald Handel.Through the force of his sociological intelligence and insight,not only did he encourage me to persevere when my enthusiasms (and ideas)flagged,but from across a continent he supplied me with a constant stream of nostalgia-rich clip- pings from that newspaper not quite like any other,the New York Times.The other is my friend and former secre- tary,Vicki Peguillan,who through her sheer enthusiasm for
我很高兴有机会承认追求和完成这样一项工作所带来的许多 （ 大部分是未得到回报的 ） 债务 。在那些足够好地向我提供他们对这个主题的想法和见解的人中 ，包括那些对前几章草稿发表评论的人 ，我特别希望感谢我的妻子玛塞拉;默里·戴维斯;约瑟夫·古斯菲尔德;钱德拉·穆克吉; 弗吉尼亚· 奥莱森;和安塞姆· 施特劳斯 。我特别感谢 《自由新闻》 的格拉迪斯·托普基斯 （Gladys Topkis），感谢她始终如一的睿智和详尽的编辑建议。最重要的是 ，有两个人 ，彼此不认识 ，他们与接下来的事情有着如此特殊的关系 ， 我相信他们会考虑得足够好 ，从而将自己与 它联系起来如 正如我希望他们这样做的那样 。一个是我在芝加哥大学读研究生时代的老朋友杰拉尔德 ·亨德尔，通过他的社会学智慧和洞察力，不仅做到了当我的热情（和想法）下降时 ， 他鼓励我坚持下去 ，但来自整个大陆的他为我提供了源源不断的充满怀旧之情的剪辑报纸与其他报纸 《 纽约时报 》 不太一样 。 另一个是我的朋友 ， 也是前保密员维基·佩吉兰（Vicki Peguillan），她通过她对《 纽约时报 》的纯粹热情

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对昨天的向往

the topic and her extraordinary ability to articulate and reflect upon her own nostalgic experiences made it,in some broader human sense,all seem very worthwhile.
这个话题以及她表达和反思自己没有僵持的经历的超凡脱俗的能力 ，使它 ，在某种更广泛的人类意义上，似乎都非常值得。

xii
十二

YEAPNNG
叶恩

FOR
为

YESTEPDAy
耶斯特普迪

In Penny Lane the barber shaves another customer, We see the banker sitting waiting for a trim,
在 PennyLane， 理发师正在剃另一个定制者， 我们看到银行家坐着等待修剪，

And then the fireman rushes in
然后消防员冲了进来

From the pouring rain, Very strange.
从倾盆大雨中 很奇怪。

Penny Lane is in my ears and in my eyes, There beneath the blue suburban skies
PennyLane 在我的耳朵里 ， 在我的眼睛里 ， 在蓝色的郊区天空下

I sit.And meanwhile back....
我坐下来 ， 同时又回来了......

The Beatles,"Penny Lane," from the Album Magical
披头士乐队，专辑《Magical》 中的 “Penny Lane”

Mystery Tour,Capitol EMI Records #2835
神秘之旅，国会大厦 EMI 唱片 #2835

THENOSTAIGIC 上XDERIENCE:
THENOSTAIGIC 上 XDERIENCE：

WORDS AND MEANINGS
词语和含义

WE WISH FIRST TO CONSIDER the experience,its shapes and attitudes.But because it is a named thing,and because with such things the name itself is so much a part of the experience,we must begin with the word
我们希望首先考虑体验、它的形状和态度。但是，因为它是一个被命名的事物，而且因为对于这些事物，名字本身是体验的一部分，我们必须从这个词开始.

¹Johannes Hofer,"Medical Dissertation on Nostalgia,"first published in 1688 in Latin and translated into English by Carolyn K.Anspach, Bulletin of the History of Medicine 2(1934):376-391.
¹Johannes Hofer，“ 怀旧医学论文”， 于 1688 年首次以拉丁文发表，并由 Carolyn K.Anspach 翻译成英文，医学史公报 2（1934）：376-391。

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YEARNING FOR YESTERDAY
对昨天的向往

profound bouts of weeping,anorexia,a generalized "wasting away,"and,not infrequently,attempts at suicide.It is of interest to note in passing that to the medical mind of the early Enlightment such humble,straightforward terms as the German heimweh,the English homesickness and the French maladie du pays were somehow found wanting;a disease had to be invented to replace what up until that time had,we can assume,been regarded as an unfortunate though familiar vicissitude of life.And no sooner did the condition receive benefit of a diagnostic category than numerous physicians, particularly ones with military affiliations,undertook the search to discover the nature and site of the organic lesion associated with the disease,as either cause or effect thereof, and in numerous eighteenth-and nineteenth-century medical tracts on the subject somewhat indistinguishably as both.² Hofer himself,for example,speculated that a principal cause of the disease was "the quite continuous vibration of animal spirits through those fibers of the middle brain in which impressed traces of ideas of the Fatherland still cling.”3
严重的哭泣性厌食症是一种普遍的 “ 消瘦 ”，并且并不少见地企图自杀。 顺便说一句 ，值得注意的是， 对于早期启蒙运动的医学头脑来说 ，诸如德国的 heimweh、英国式的思乡之情和法国的 maladiedupays 等谦逊、直截了当的 t erms 以某种方式被发现希望; 必须发明一种疾病来取代在那之前 ， 我们可以假设， 被认为是一种不幸但熟悉的沧桑。 当这种情况 获得诊断类别的好处时， 许多美国医生， 尤其是那些与军人有联系的医生，就开始寻找与该疾病相关的器质性病变的性质和部位 ，作为其原因或结果， 并且许多 18 世纪和 19 世纪的医学书籍与两者有点不分。例如 ，霍弗本人推测这种疾病的主要原因是 “ 动物的持续振动 精神通过中脑的那些纤维 ，给祖国思想的痕迹留下深刻的印象， 至今仍然存在 。3、

Some years later,in 1731,another German-Swiss physician, J.J.Scheuchzer,suggested the disease-that it was a"dis- ease”seemed no longer open to question-was due to the sufferer's having experienced a sharp differential in atmo- spheric pressure causing excessive body pressurization,which in turn drove blood from the heart to the brain,thereby producing the observed affliction of sentiment.⁴How else to
几年后，在 1731 年，另一位德国-瑞士医生 J.J.Scheuchzer 提出 ， 这种 疾病—— 它是一种“ 疾病”似乎不再有问题——是由于患者经历了尖锐的大气球压差导致身体过度加压离子，这在将血液从心脏驱赶到大脑，从而产生观察到的情绪痛苦 。

²For an excellent and very comprehensive summary of learned thought and writing on the topic of nostalgia from Hofer to the mid- twentieth century,see Charles A.A.Zwingmann“'Heimweh’or Nostalgic Reaction':A Conceptual Analysis and Interpretation of a Medico-Psychological Phenomenon,"unpublished Ph.D.disserta- tion,School of Education,Stanford University,1959.
²有关从霍弗到二十世纪中叶关于怀旧主题的学术思想和著作的优秀且非常全面的总结 ，请参阅 Charles A.A.Zwingmann“'Heimweh'orNostalgicReaction'： 医学心理学的概念分析和解释现象 ，“ 未发表的博士 。 斯坦福大学教育学院 ，1959 年。

³Hofer,"Medical Dissertation on Nostalgia,"p.384.
³霍弗，“ 怀旧医学论文 ”，第 384 页。

⁴Zwingmann,“'Heimweh'or 'Nostalgic Reaction',”pp.20-21,It is fascinating to observe how,despite the almost charming implausi- bility of Scheuchzer's theory,nearly all theories of nostalgia,from the most mechanistic and physiological to the most existential and psychological,draw on some notion of sudden alteration,sharp transition,or marked discontinuity in life experience to explain the
⁴茨温曼，“'海姆韦'或'怀旧反应'”，第 20-21 页， 令人着迷的是 ，尽管舒伊策的理论几乎令人难以置信 ，但几乎所有的怀旧理论，从最机械和生理的理论到最存在的理论和心理理论 ，都借鉴了一些突然改变、 急剧转变或生活经验明显不连续的概念来解释

2

The Nostalgic Experience:Words and Meanings
怀旧体验：词语与含义

account for the fact that the disease seemed to be so pecu-
解释这种疾病似乎是 sopecu-

liarly an affliction of Swiss soldiers?Were they not alone
骗子是瑞士士兵的痛苦？难道他们不是孤单吗

among European soldiers in experiencing the precipitous
在欧洲士兵中经历了陡峭的

descent from high Alpine climes to the plains of France,
从高山气候下降到法国平原，

Saxony,Prussia,and the Low Countries?Of course,with the
萨克森州、普鲁士和低地国家？当然，使用

development of mass armies and the introduction of universal
发展大规模军队和引入普遍

conscription by European states in the late eighteenth and
18 世纪末欧盟国家征兵

nineteenth centuries it was soon“discovered”that soldiers
十九世纪很快就“发现” 士兵

of other countries on military duty far from home were
远离家乡执行军事任务的其他国家是

equally subject to the disease.But up to the time roughly of
同样受到疾病的影响 。但直到大约

the Napoleonic wars the view persisted that the Swiss alone
拿破仑战争的观点坚持认为只有瑞士人

were specially vulnerable to the disease.Some military
特别容易感染这种 疾病。一些军人

physicians even went so far as to suggest that it might be
医生甚至暗示我可能是

induced by neurological damage to eardrum and brain cell
由鼓膜和脑细胞的神经损伤诱发

caused by exposure to the incessant clanging of cowbells in
由于暴露在牛铃的不停叮当声中引起

the rarefied Alpine atmosphere.5
稀薄的阿尔卑斯山大气层 5。

phenomenon.Without further distracting the reader with such matters here,they are nonetheless forewarned that in this book I, too,intend with some modifications to work this vein,albeit from a sociological angle.
现象。在这里 ，在不进一步分散读者的注意力的情况下，尽管如此， 他们还是预先警告说， 在本书中 ， 我也打算进行一些修改来处理这条脉络，尽管是从社会学的角度来看的。

5Ibid.,pp.19-20.
5同上，第19-20页。

⁶Indeed,according to the evidence provided by Zwingmann,ibid., pp.1-179,during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the medical interest in the“disease”nostalgia was confined almost exclusively to doctors in the military or those closely associated with it.As a sort of footnote to both the sociology of knowledge and the sociology of medicine,it is perhaps not amiss to speculate that the“disease”was discovered(more like invented)at the time it was because of the problematic and costly social character of the condition to which it referred.After all,nostalgia in the context of military service can mean lowered troop morale,malingering, desertion,defeat in battle,and,ultimately,loss of national wealth and prestige.In civilian life it is perceived as affecting individuals alone,who,unlike soldiers or sailors,are rarely so situated as to be highly“contagious”to others.In any event,even if it could be shown that the social costs of homesickness in civil society were ultimately as great as those of nostalgia in the armed forces,the negative consequences of the latter are clearly more vivid,im-
⁶事实上，根据茨温曼提供的证据，同上， 第 1-179 页，在 19 世纪和 19 世纪 ，医学上对 “疾病”怀旧的兴趣几乎完全局限于军队中的医生或与之密切相关的人 。作为知识社会学和医学社会学的一种脚注 ，推测 “疾病”是在当时发现的（更像是发明的） 也许没有错是因为它所指的条件存在问题且代价高昂的社会特征毕竟， 服兵役背景下的怀旧可能意味着部队士气的下降恶意逃兵，战败，最终丧失国家财富和威望。在平民生活中，它被认为是单独影响个人的，与士兵或水手不同，他们是 很少处于对他人高度“传染” 的位置 。 无论如何 ，即使可以证明民间社会思乡的社会成本最终与武装人员的怀旧一样大力量， 后者的负面后果显然更为鲜明，im-

3

YEARNING FOR YESTERDAY
对昨天的向往

strong semantic bond between the disease category nostalgia and some commonsensical notion of homesickness remained largely intact.It was only with the word's unmooring from  its pathological base,with its demilitarization and demed-  icalization,as it were,that it began to acquire many of the connotations it has today.Judging from Zwingmann's careful review and from the entries in the Oxford English Dictionary,this could not have happened much before the  turn of the present century,for it is only then,and most notably in America,that one begins to find scholarly reports of a medical or psychological sort that neither treat the condition as a "disease"in the conventional medical sense nor limit its incidence to persons in the military.(But once  introduced into popular parlance,the process of semantic drift has proved so pronounced that nowadays only a minor-  ity of speakers,as Zwingmann's and my own informal surveys of college students attest,are likely to associate nostalgia with homesickness per se⁷,while almost no one  thinks of it as a "disease."On the contrary,most students are amused when told it was once regarded as such
疾病类别怀旧和一些常识性的思乡概念之间的强烈语义纽带基本保持不变。只有随着这个词从它的病态基础中解脱出来，随着它的非军事化和非医学化，它才开始获得它今天的许多内涵。从茨温曼的仔细审查和《牛津英语词典》中的条目来看，这在本世纪之交之前不可能发生太多，因为只有这样，尤其是在美国，人们才开始发现医学或心理学类型的学术报告，这些报告既不将这种疾病视为传统医学意义上的“疾病”，也不将其发病率限制在军人身上。（但一旦被引入流行术语，语义漂移的过程就被证明是如此明显，以至于如今只有少数说话者，正如茨温曼和我自己对大学生的非正式调查所证明的那样，很可能将怀旧与思乡之情本身联系起来⁷，而几乎没有人认为它是一种“疾病”。相反，当被告知它曾经被认为是这样时，大多数学生都会感到好笑.

Not only does the word nostalgia appear to have been fully
怀旧这个词不仅看起来已经完全被

roughly the nineteen-fifties,8 it appears to be undergoing a
大约在九五十年代，8 它似乎正在经历一个

mediate,and possibly even more calculable in gross terms of retreat and defeat.Hence,the military's need to construct a disease cate- gory which in accord with the Enlightenment philosophy of the time would simultaneously remove the condition from the applica- tion of ineffective punitive sanctions while ostensibly rendering it amenable to scientific diagnosis,treatment,and cure.Cf.Thomas S. Szasz,The Myth of Mental Ilness(New York:Harper,1961), Part I,and Eliot Freidson,Profession of Medicine(New York:
调解，甚至可能更易于计算 ，从撤退和失败的总体角度来看 。因此， 军方需要构建一种符合当时启蒙运动哲学的疾病类别 ， 同时将该条件从无效的惩罚性制裁的适用中剔除表面上使它易于科学诊断、治疗和治愈。参见 ThomasS.Szasz TheMythof Mental Illness（ 纽约哈珀 ，1961 年）， 第一部分 ，和 EliotFreidson，Professionof Medicine（纽约 k：

⁷,

warm,old times,childhood,and yearning with the term “nostalgia” much more frequently than they did homesickness,the latter being selected by only about half of them from a long checklist of possible associations.
温暖的旧时光童年和向往 “怀旧 ” 这个词比 “乡愁 ” 的频率要高得多 ， 后者只有大约一半的人从长期中选择可能关联的清单 。

8 My sense is that until well into the nineteen-fifties nostalgia was regarded as a"fancy word."Easy and unself-conscious use of it was
我的感觉是 ， 直到 19 世纪 50 年代 ， 怀旧才被视为一个“花哨的词”。 简单而无自觉地使用它

4

The Nostalgic Experience:Words and Meanings
怀旧体验：词语与含义

process of“depsychologization”as well.By this I mean that
“ 脱心理化 ” 的过程也是如此我的意思是

whatever residual connotations of aberrance or mental mal-
无论 AB 错误或精神不良的残余含义

function—even of a minor or transitory character-may have
功能——即使是次要或 transitory 角色——也可能具有

clung to the word following its habitation of two centuries
紧紧抓住这个词 ，因为它居住了两个世纪

in the realm of psychiatry,these too are rapidly being dis-
在精神病学领域 ， 这些也正在迅速被消除

sipated through positively tinged popular and commercial
消散在带有积极色彩的民众 R 和商业中

usage.So easily and “naturally”does the word come to our
用法。这个词是如此容易和“自然” 地出现在我们面前

tongues nowadays that it is much more likely to be classed
现在的舌头更有可能被分类

with such familiar emotions as love,jealousy,and fear than with such“conditions”as melancholia,obsessive compulsion, or claustrophobia.
与爱 、 嫉妒和恐惧等熟悉的情绪相比 ，与忧郁症、强迫症或幽闭恐惧症等“条件” 相比 。

Thus,in seeking to understand the nature of the experience from an examination of the etymology of the word,we are confronted with a compound sociolinguistic paradox,to wit:
因此，在试图从对词源的检查来理解经验的本质时 ，我们面临着一个复合的社会语言学悖论， 即：

It is almost as if,once lifted from its original context,the word sought of its own accord that murky and inchoate amalgam of sentiments to which so homely a word as home- sickness could no longer render symbolic justice
这几乎就好像，一旦从最初的上下文中解脱出来，这个词就会自行寻求一种阴暗而幼稚的情感混合体，而像思乡这样家常的词就不能再提供象征性的正义了.

But,before exploring the new realm of meaning,we may ask how it came to pass that the demedicalized word in the course of the twentieth century acquired such astonishing evocativeness and prominence while gradually shedding that core referent—homesickness-which once distinguished it? Short of the difficult,extensive,and tedious historical survey of the word's usages that would be necessary to answer the question fully,one can only speculate on some of the in- fluences at play.In some small part,perhaps,the sheer phonetic symbolism of the word,its easy association with such like-sounding words as nocturnal and nosegay along with the“-algia”suggestion of malaise and mild affliction,
但在探索意义的新领域之前 ， 我们可能会问 ， 这个去医学化的词是如何在二十世纪过程中获得如此惊人的令人回味的和突出 ，同时逐渐摆脱了曾经使它与众不同的核心指称——思乡之情？ 除了对这个词的用法进行困难 、广泛和乏味的历史调查来充分回答这个问题之外 ，人们只能对一些影响进行阐明在玩。在某些小部分，也许 ，这个词的纯粹语音象征意义很容易与诸如夜间和鼻子同性恋等发音相似的词联系在一起 ，以及 “-algia”暗示不适和轻度痛苦 ，