ANIMAL FARM
动物庄园

Summary: Chapter I
摘要：第一章

As the novella opens, Mr. Jones, the proprietor and overseer of the Manor Farm, has just stumbled drunkenly to bed after forgetting to secure his farm buildings properly. As soon as his bedroom light goes out, all of the farm animals except Moses, Mr. Jones’s tame raven, convene in the big barn to hear a speech by Old Major, a prize boar and pillar of the animal community. Sensing that his long life is about to come to an end, Major wishes to impart to the rest of the farm animals a distillation of the wisdom that he has acquired during his lifetime.
小说开篇， 庄园农场的主人兼监工琼斯先生， 因为忘记妥善保管农场建筑，刚刚醉醺醺地倒头就寝。卧室的灯一灭，除了琼斯先生驯服的渡鸦摩西之外，农场里的所有动物都聚集在大谷仓里，聆听老梅杰—— 一头获奖野猪，也是动物界的栋梁——的演讲。梅杰预感到自己漫长的人生即将走到尽头，他希望将自己毕生积累的智慧精华传授给农场里的其他动物。

As the animals listen raptly, Old Major delivers up the fruits of his years of quiet contemplation in his stall. The plain truth, he says, is that the lives of his fellow animals are “miserable, laborious, and short.” Animals are born into the world as slaves, worked incessantly from the time they can walk, fed only enough to keep breath in their bodies, and then slaughtered mercilessly when they are no longer useful. He notes that the land upon which the animals live possesses enough resources to support many times the present population in luxury; there is no natural reason for the animals’ poverty and misery. Major blames the animals’ suffering solely on their human oppressors. Mr. Jones and his ilk have been exploiting animals for ages, Major says, taking all of the products of their labor—eggs, milk, dung, foals—for themselves and producing nothing of value to offer the animals in return.
动物们全神贯注地聆听着，老梅杰分享了他多年来在畜栏里静思冥想的成果。他说，一个显而易见的事实是，他的动物同伴们的生活“悲惨、劳累、短暂”。动物们生来就是奴隶，从学会走路开始就不停地劳作，只得到勉强维持呼吸的食物，当它们不再有用时，就会被无情地宰杀。他指出，动物们赖以生存的土地拥有足够的资源，足以养活比现在多得多的人口；动物们的贫困和痛苦并非自然原因造成的。梅杰将动物们的苦难完全归咎于压迫它们的人类。梅杰说，琼斯先生之流多年来一直在剥削动物，他们掠夺动物们所有的劳动成果——鸡蛋、牛奶、粪便、马驹——却没有生产出任何有价值的东西来回报动物。

Old Major relates a dream that he had the previous night, of a world in which animals live without the tyranny of men: they are free, happy, well fed, and treated with dignity. He urges the animals to do everything they can to make this dream a reality and exhorts them to overthrow the humans who purport to own them. The animals can succeed in their rebellion only if they first achieve a complete solidarity or “perfect comradeship” of all of the animals against the humans, and if they resist the false notion spread by humans that animals and humans share common interests. A brief conversation arises in which the animals debate the status of rats as comrades.
老少校讲述了他前一天晚上做的一个梦，梦见动物们生活在一个没有人类暴政的世界里：它们自由、快乐、食物充足、受到尊重。他敦促动物们竭尽所能实现这个梦想，并劝说它们推翻那些声称拥有它们的人类。动物们要想成功反抗，就必须首先实现所有动物的完全团结，或者说建立起“完美的同志情谊”，共同对抗人类，并且抵制人类散布的“动物与人类拥有共同利益”的错误观念。动物们进行了一场简短的对话，争论老鼠作为同志的地位。

Major then provides a precept that will allow the animals to determine who their comrades are: creatures that walk on two legs are enemies; those with four legs or with wings are allies. He reminds his audience that the ways of man are completely corrupt: once the humans have been defeated, the animals must never adopt any of their habits; they must not live in a house, sleep in a bed, wear clothes, drink alcohol, smoke tobacco, touch money, engage in trade, or tyrannize another animal. He teaches the animals a song called“Beasts of England,”which paints a dramatic picture of the utopian, or ideal, animal community of Major’s dream. The animals sing several inspired choruses of “Beasts of England” with one voice—until Mr. Jones, thinking that the commotion bespeaks the entry of a fox into the yard, fires a shot into the side of the barn. The animals go to sleep, and the Manor Farm again sinks into quietude.
梅杰随后给出了一条箴言，让动物们能够分辨谁是自己的同伴：两条腿走路的生物是敌人；四条腿或长着翅膀的生物是盟友。他提醒听众，人类的本性已经彻底败坏：一旦人类被击败，动物们就绝不能接受他们的任何习性；它们不能住在房子里，睡在床上，穿衣服，喝酒，抽烟，接触金钱，从事贸易，也不能欺压其他动物。他教动物们唱一首名为 《英格兰的野兽》的歌， 这首歌生动地描绘了梅杰梦想中的乌托邦式或理想的动物群体。动物们齐声唱了几段《英格兰的野兽》的副歌——直到琼斯先生以为骚动预示着狐狸闯入了院子，便朝谷仓的侧面开了一枪。动物们都睡着了，庄园农场再次陷入了宁静。

Analysis: Chapter I
分析：第一章

Although Orwell aims his satire at totalitarianism in all of its guises—communist, fascist, and capitalist—Animal Farm owes its structure largely to the events of the Russian Revolution as they unfolded between 1917 and 1944, when Orwell was writing the novella. Much of what happens in the novella symbolically parallels specific developments in the history of Russian communism, and several of the animal characters are based on either real participants in the Russian Revolution or amalgamations thereof. Due to the universal relevance of the novella’s themes, we don’t need to possess an encyclopedic knowledge of Marxist Leninism or Russian history in order to appreciate Orwell’s satire of them. An acquaintance with certain facts from Russia’s past, however, can help us recognize the particularly biting quality of Orwell’s criticism (see Historical Context).
尽管奥威尔讽刺的是各种形式的极权主义——共产主义、法西斯主义和资本主义——但 《动物庄园》 的结构很大程度上受到 1917 年至 1944 年俄国革命事件的影响，奥威尔当时正处于创作这部中篇小说的时期。小说中发生的许多事情象征性地与俄国共产主义历史的具体发展相对应，几个动物角色要么是基于俄国革命的真实参与者，要么是他们经历的结合。由于这部中篇小说的主题具有普遍的现实意义，我们不需要具备马列主义或俄国历史的百科全书式知识，就能欣赏奥威尔对它们的讽刺。然而，了解俄国过去的某些事实可以帮助我们认识到奥威尔批评中特别尖锐的品质（见历史背景 ）。

Because of Animal Farm’s parallels with the Russian Revolution, many readers have assumed that the novella’s central importance lies in its exposure and critique of a particular political philosophy and practice, Stalinism. In fact, however, Orwell intended to critique Stalinism as merely one instance of the broader social phenomenon of totalitarianism, which he saw at work throughout the world: in fascist Germany (under Adolf Hitler) and Spain (under Francisco Franco), in capitalist America, and in his native England, as well as in the Soviet Union. The broader applicability of the story manifests itself in details such as the plot’s setting—England. Other details refer to political movements in other countries as well. The animals’ song “Beasts of England,” for example, parodies the “Internationale,” the communist anthem written by the Paris Commune of 1871.
由于 《动物庄园 》与俄国革命的相似之处，许多读者认为这部中篇小说的核心重要性在于它揭露和批判了一种特殊的政治哲学和实践——斯大林主义。但事实上，奥威尔批判斯大林主义仅仅是极权主义这一更广泛的社会现象的一个例子，他看到这种现象在世界各地蔓延：在法西斯德国（阿道夫·希特勒统治下）和西班牙（弗朗西斯科·佛朗哥统治下）、资本主义美国、他的祖国英国以及苏联。故事的广泛适用性体现在诸如情节背景——英国等细节中。其他细节也涉及其他国家的政治运动。例如，动物之歌“英格兰的野兽”戏仿了 1871 年巴黎公社创作的共产主义歌曲“国际歌”。

In order to lift his story out of the particularities of its Russian model and give it the universality befitting the importance of its message, Orwell turned to the two ancient and overlapping traditions of political fable and animal fable. Writers including Aesop (Fables), Jonathan Swift (especially in the Houyhnhnm section of Gulliver’s Travels), Bernard Mandeville (The Fable of the Bees), and Jean de La Fontaine (Fables) have long cloaked their analyses of contemporary society in such parables in order to portray the ills of society in more effective ways. Because of their indirect approach, fables have a strong tradition in societies that censor openly critical works: the writers of fables could often claim that their works were mere fantasies and thus attract audiences that they might not have reached otherwise.
为了使故事摆脱俄罗斯模式的特殊性，并赋予其与信息重要性相称的普遍性，奥威尔转向了政治寓言和动物寓言这两个古老而重叠的传统。伊索（ 寓言 ）、乔纳森·斯威夫特（尤其是 《格列佛游记 》 的慧骃部分 ）、伯纳德·曼德维尔（ 蜜蜂寓言 ）和让·德·拉·封丹（ 寓言 ）等作家长期以来都用这样的寓言来分析当代社会，以便更有效地描绘社会弊病。由于寓言采用间接方式，因此在公开审查批评作品的社会中，寓言有着很强的传统：寓言作者经常可以声称他们的作品仅仅是幻想，从而吸引了原本无法吸引的观众。

Moreover, by setting human problems in the animal kingdom, a writer can achieve the distance necessary to see the absurdity in much of human behavior—he or she can abstract a human situation into a clearly interpretable tale. By treating the development of totalitarian communism as a story taking place on a small scale, reducing the vast and complex history of the Russian Revolution to a short work describing talking animals on a single farm, Orwell is able to portray his subject in extremely simple symbolic terms, presenting the moral lessons of the story with maximum clarity, objectivity, concision, and force.
此外，通过将人类问题置于动物世界，作家能够保持必要的距离，从而洞察人类行为中诸多荒谬之处——他/她能够将人类的处境抽象成一个清晰易懂的故事。通过将极权共产主义的发展视为一个发生在小范围内的故事，将俄国革命浩瀚而复杂的历史简化为一篇描述单个农场里会说话的动物的短篇作品，奥威尔能够用极其简洁的象征性语言来描绘他的主题，并以最清晰、客观、简洁和有力的方式呈现故事中的道德教诲。

Old Major’s dream presents the animals with a vision of utopia, an ideal world. The “golden future time” that the song “Beasts of England” prophesies is one in which animals will no longer be subject to man’s cruel domination and will finally be able to enjoy the fruits of their labors. The optimism of such lyrics as “Tyrant Man shall be o’erthrown” and “Riches more than mind can picture” galvanizes the animals’ agitation, but unwavering belief in this lofty rhetoric, as soon becomes clear, prevents the common animals from realizing the gap between reality and their envisioned utopia.
老少校的梦想为动物们描绘了一幅乌托邦的景象，一个理想的世界。歌曲《英格兰的生灵》预言的“黄金未来”是动物们将不再遭受人类残酷统治，最终能够享受自身劳动成果的时代。“暴君人类终将被推翻”和“财富远超想象”等歌词所蕴含的乐观主义激发了动物们的躁动，但对这种崇高言辞的坚定信仰——这一点很快就会显现——却阻碍了普通动物们意识到现实与它们所设想的乌托邦之间的差距。

Summary: Chapter II
摘要：第二章

Three nights later, Old Major dies in his sleep, and for three months the animals make secret preparations to carry out the old pig’s dying wish of wresting control of the farm from Mr. Jones. The work of teaching and organizing falls to the pigs, the cleverest of the animals, and especially to two pigs named Napoleon and Snowball. Together with a silver-tongued pig named Squealer, they formulate the principles of a philosophy called Animalism, the fundamentals of which they spread among the other animals. The animals call one another “Comrade” and take their quandaries to the pigs, who answer their questions about the impending Rebellion.
三天后， 老少校在睡梦中去世。三个月来，动物们秘密准备实现老猪的遗愿：从琼斯先生手中夺取农场的控制权。教导和组织的工作落到了最聪明的动物们身上，尤其是两只名叫拿破仑和雪球的猪。他们和一只名叫斯奎拉的巧舌如簧的猪一起 ，制定了一种叫做动物主义的哲学原则，并将其基本原理传播给其他动物。动物们互称“同志”，并向猪们诉说他们的困惑，猪们则解答了他们关于即将发生的叛乱的问题。

At first, many of the animals find the principles of Animalism difficult to understand; they have grown up believing that Mr. Jones is their proper master. Mollie, a vain carriage horse, expresses particular concern over whether she will be able to continue to enjoy the little luxuries like eating sugar and wearing ribbons in the new utopia. Snowball sternly reminds her that ribbons symbolize slavery and that, in the animals’ utopia, they would have to be abolished. Mollie halfheartedly agrees.
起初，许多动物都难以理解动物主义的原则；它们从小就相信琼斯先生才是真正的主人。莫莉，一匹虚荣的马车马，尤其担心自己在新的乌托邦里是否还能继续享受吃糖、戴丝带之类的小奢侈。斯诺鲍严厉地提醒她，丝带象征着奴隶制，在动物们的乌托邦里，它们必须被废除。莫莉勉强同意了。

The pigs’ most troublesome opponent proves to be Moses, the raven, who flies about spreading tales of a place called Sugarcandy Mountain, where animals go when they die—a place of great pleasure and plenty, where sugar grows on the hedges. Even though many of the animals despise the talkative and idle Moses, they nevertheless find great appeal in the idea of Sugarcandy Mountain. The pigs work very hard to convince the other animals of the falsehood of Moses’s teachings. Thanks to the help of the slow-witted but loyal cart-horses, Boxer and Clover, the pigs eventually manage to prime the animals for revolution.
猪猪们最棘手的对手竟然是渡鸦摩西，它四处飞翔，散播着一个名叫“糖果山”的地方的传说。动物们死后都会去那里——那里生活着许多快乐而富足的动物，树篱上长着糖。尽管许多动物鄙视喋喋不休、懒惰的摩西，但他们仍然对“糖果山”的理念充满兴趣。猪猪们竭尽全力说服其他动物，让他们相信摩西的教义是错误的。多亏了反应迟钝但忠诚的拉车马博克瑟和克洛弗的帮助，猪猪们最终成功地为动物们发动革命做好了准备。

The Rebellion occurs much earlier than anyone expected and comes off with shocking ease. Mr. Jones has been driven to drink after losing money in a lawsuit, and he has let his men become lazy, dishonest, and neglectful. One day, Mr. Jones goes on a drinking binge and forgets to feed the animals. Unable to bear their hunger, the cows break into the store shed and the animals begin to eat. Mr. Jones and his men discover the transgression and begin to whip the cows. Spurred to anger, the animals turn on the men, attack them, and easily chase them from the farm. Astonished by their success, the animals hurry to destroy the last remaining evidence of their subservience: chains, bits, halters, whips, and other implements stored in the farm buildings.
这场叛乱发生得比任何人预想的都要早得多，而且进展得异常顺利。琼斯先生在一场官司中输了钱后，开始酗酒，他任由他的手下变得懒惰、不诚实、疏忽大意。有一天，琼斯先生酗酒过度，忘记了喂牲畜。牛群忍不住饥饿，冲进储藏棚，开始进食。琼斯先生和他的手下发现了这一违规行为，开始鞭打牛群。动物们被激怒，转而攻击他们，轻而易举地将他们赶出了农场。动物们对自己的成功感到震惊，急忙毁掉了他们仅存的奴役证据：锁链、嚼子、笼头、鞭子以及其他存放在农场建筑中的工具。

After obliterating all signs of Mr. Jones, the animals enjoy a double ration of corn and sing “Beasts of England” seven times through, until it is time to sleep. In the morning, they admire the farm from a high knoll before exploring the farmhouse, where they stare in stunned silence at the unbelievable luxuries within. Mollie tries to stay inside, where she can help herself to ribbons and gaze at herself in the mirror, but the rest of the animals reprimand her sharply for her foolishness. The group agrees to preserve the farmhouse as a museum, with the stipulation that no animal may ever live in it.
消灭了琼斯先生的所有踪迹后，动物们享用了双倍的玉米，并唱了七遍《英格兰生灵》，直到睡觉时间。清晨，他们从高高的山丘上欣赏农场，然后探索农舍，在那里，他们目瞪口呆地凝视着里面令人难以置信的奢华。莫莉试图待在里面，在那里她可以自己取丝带，照照镜子，但其他动物严厉地斥责了她的愚蠢。动物们同意将农舍保留为博物馆，但条件是任何动物都不得居住在里面。

The pigs reveal to the other animals that they have taught themselves how to read, and Snowball replaces the inscription “Manor Farm” on the front gate with the words “Animal Farm.” Snowball and Napoleon, having reduced the principles of Animalism to seven key commandments, paint these commandments on the side of the big barn. The animals go to gather the harvest, but the cows, who haven’t been milked in some time, begin lowing loudly. The pigs milk them, and the animals eye the five pails of milk desirously. Napoleon tells them not to worry about the milk; he says that it will be “attended to.” Snowball leads the animals to the fields to begin harvesting. Napoleon lags behind, and when the animals return that evening, the milk has disappeared.
小猪向其他动物透露，它们已经自学识字，雪球则将前门上的“庄园农场”字样换成了“动物庄园”。雪球和拿破仑将动物主义的原则精简为七条关键戒律，并将它们漆在大谷仓的侧面。动物们出去收割庄稼，但那些很久没有挤奶的奶牛开始大声哞哞叫。小猪给奶牛挤奶，动物们都渴望地盯着那五桶牛奶。拿破仑告诉他们不用担心牛奶，他说会有人“照看”的。雪球领着动物们到田里开始收割庄稼。拿破仑落在了后面，当动物们傍晚回来时，牛奶已经不见了。

Analysis: Chapter II
分析：第二章

By the end of the second chapter, the precise parallels between the Russian Revolution and the plot of Animal Farm have emerged more clearly. The Manor Farm represents Russia under the part-feudal, part-capitalist system of the tsars, with Mr. Jones standing in for the moping and negligent Tsar Nicholas II. Old Major serves both as Karl Marx, who first espoused the political philosophy behind communism, and as Vladimir Lenin, who effected this philosophy’s revolutionary expression. His speech to the other animals bears many similarities to Marx’s Communist Manifesto and to Lenin’s later writings in the same vein. The animals of the Manor Farm represent the workers and peasants of Russia, in whose name the Russian Revolution’s leaders first struggled. Boxer and Clover, in particular, embody the aspects of the working class that facilitate the participation of the working class in revolution: their capacity for hard work, loyalty to each other, and lack of clear philosophical direction opens them up to the more educated classes’ manipulation.
到第二章结尾，俄国革命与 《动物庄园》 情节之间的精准对应之处更加清晰。《动物庄园》展现了俄国沙皇统治下的半封建半资本主义制度，琼斯先生则代表了闷闷不乐、疏忽大意的沙皇尼古拉二世。老少校既是卡尔·马克思，他是共产主义政治哲学的先驱；也是弗拉基米尔·列宁，他促成了共产主义哲学的革命性表达。他对其他动物的讲话与马克思的《共产党宣言》以及列宁后期的同类型著作有许多相似之处。《动物庄园》中的动物代表了俄国的工人和农民，俄国革命的领导者最初正是以他们的名义进行斗争的。尤其是拳击手和克洛弗，他们体现了工人阶级中有利于参与革命的特质：他们勤劳的本领、彼此的忠诚，以及缺乏清晰的哲学方向，这让他们更容易受到受过良好教育的阶级的操纵。

The pigs play the role of the intelligentsia, who organized and controlled the Russian Revolution. Squealer creates propaganda similar to that spread by revolutionaries via official organs such as the Communist Party newspaper Pravda. Moses embodies the Russian Orthodox Church, weakening the peasants’ sense of revolutionary outrage by promising a utopia in the afterlife; the beer-soaked bread that Mr. Jones feeds him represents the bribes with which the Romanov dynasty (in which Nicholas II was the last tsar) manipulated the church elders. Mollie represents the self-centered bourgeoisie: she devotes herself to the most likely suppliers of luxuries and comfort.
猪扮演着知识分子的角色，他们组织并控制着俄国革命。斯奎拉制造的宣传与革命者通过共产党报纸《真理报》等官方机构传播的宣传类似。摩西象征着俄罗斯东正教，他承诺来世的乌托邦，以此削弱农民的革命义愤；琼斯先生喂给他的浸满啤酒的面包象征着罗曼诺夫王朝（尼古拉二世是该王朝的最后一位沙皇）用来操纵教会长老的贿赂。莫莉代表着以自我为中心的资产阶级：她将自己奉献给那些最有可能提供奢侈品和舒适生活的人。

The animals’ original vision for their society stems from noble ideals. Orwell was a socialist himself and supported the creation of a government in which moral dignity and social equality would take precedence over selfish individual interests. The Russian revolutionaries began with such ideals as well; Marx certainly touted notions like these in his writings. On Animal Farm, however, as was the case in the Russian Revolution, power is quickly consolidated in the hands of those who devise, maintain, and participate in the running of society—the intelligentsia.
动物们对社会最初的憧憬源于崇高的理想。奥威尔本人是一位社会主义者，他支持建立一个将道德尊严和社会平等置于个人私利之上的政府。俄国革命者也最初秉持着这样的理想；马克思在其著作中也曾大力宣扬类似的理念。然而，在《动物庄园》中，如同俄国革命一样，权力迅速集中在那些设计、维护和参与社会运作的人——知识分子——手中。

This class of Russians and their allies quickly turned the Communist Party toward totalitarianism, an event mirrored in Animal Farm by the gradual assumption of power by the pigs. After Lenin’s seizure of power, Communist Party leaders began jockeying for position and power, each hoping to seize control after Lenin’s death. Snowball and Napoleon, whose power struggle develops fully in the next chapters, are based on two real Communist Party leaders: Snowball shares traits with the fiery, intelligent leader Leon Trotsky, while the lurking, subversive Napoleon has much in common with the later dictator Joseph Stalin.
俄国的这批人及其盟友迅速将共产党推向极权主义，这一事件在 《动物庄园》 中也体现出来，猪逐渐掌权。列宁夺取政权后，共产党领导人开始争夺地位和权力，每个人都希望在列宁死后夺取政权。雪球和拿破仑的权力斗争在接下来的章节中得到了充分的展现，而这两个人物的原型是两位真实的共产党领导人：雪球与热情奔放、才华横溢的领导人列夫·托洛茨基有着共同的特质，而潜伏的、具有颠覆性的拿破仑则与后来的独裁者约瑟夫·斯大林有很多共同之处。

Orwell’s descriptions in this chapter of the pre-Rebellion misery of the farm animals serve his critique of social inequality and the mistreatment of workers. They also make a pointed statement about humans’ abuse of animals. Indeed, the same impulse that led Orwell to sympathize with poor and oppressed human beings made him lament the cruelty that many human beings show toward other species. He got the idea for Animal Farm while watching a young boy whipping a cart-horse. His pity for the exploited horse reminded him of his sympathy for the exploited working class.
奥威尔在本章中对起义前农场动物苦难的描述，旨在批判社会不平等和虐待工人的现象。这些描述也尖锐地批判了人类虐待动物的行为。事实上，正是这种冲动促使奥威尔同情贫困受压迫的人类，也让他哀叹许多人类对待其他物种的残忍。他创作《动物庄园》的灵感源于他看到一个小男孩鞭打拉车的马。他对这匹受剥削的马的怜悯，使他想起了自己对受剥削的工人阶级的同情。

Orwell creates a particularly moving scene in portraying the animals’ efforts to obliterate the painful reminders of their maltreatment: this episode stands out from much of the rest of the novella in its richness of detail. In the attention to “the bits, the nose-rings, the dog-chains, the cruel knives,” and a whole host of other instruments of physical discipline, we see Orwell’s profound empathy with the lowest of the low, as well as his intense hatred for physical suffering and its destruction of dignity.
奥威尔在描绘动物们努力抹去虐待痛苦记忆的场景时，创造了一个格外感人的场景：这一幕的细节之丰富，在小说的其他部分中脱颖而出。从对“嚼子、鼻环、狗链、残忍的刀子”以及其他一系列体罚工具的关注中，我们可以看到奥威尔对最底层人类的深切同情，以及他对肉体折磨及其对尊严的摧毁的强烈憎恨。

Summary: Chapter III
摘要：第三章

The animals spend a laborious summer harvesting in the fields. The clever pigs think of ways for the animals to use the humans’ tools, and every animal participates in the work, each according to his capacity. The resulting harvest exceeds any that the farm has ever known. Only Mollie and the cat shirk their duties. The powerful and hard-working Boxer does most of the heavy labor, adopting “I will work harder!” as a personal motto. The entire animal community reveres his dedication and strength. Of all of the animals, only Benjamin, the obstinate donkey, seems to recognize no change under the new leadership.
动物们在田野里辛勤地度过了一个夏天，收割庄稼。聪明的猪们想方设法让动物们使用人类的工具，每只动物都各尽所能地参与其中。最终的收成超过了农场以往的任何产量。只有莫莉和猫咪偷懒不干活。强壮勤劳的拳击手承担了大部分重活，并将“我会更加努力！”作为自己的座右铭。整个动物界都敬佩他的奉献精神和力量。在所有动物中，只有那头固执的驴子本杰明似乎对新领导下的任何改变都视而不见。

Every Sunday, the animals hold a flag-raising ceremony. The flag’s green background represents the fields of England, and its white hoof and horn symbolize the animals. The morning rituals also include a democratic meeting, at which the animals debate and establish new policies for the collective good. At the meetings, Snowball and Napoleon always voice the loudest opinions, though their views always clash.
每个星期天，动物们都会举行升旗仪式。国旗的绿色底色代表着英格兰的田野，白色的蹄子和角象征着动物们。早晨的仪式还包括一场民主会议，动物们在会上讨论并制定新的政策，以维护集体利益。在会议上， 雪球和拿破仑总是表达最强烈的意见，尽管他们的观点总是相互冲突。

Snowball establishes a number of committees with various goals, such as cleaning the cows’ tails and re-educating the rats and rabbits. Most of these committees fail to accomplish their aims, but the classes designed to teach all of the farm animals how to read and write meet with some success. By the end of the summer, all of the animals achieve some degree of literacy. The pigs become fluent in reading and writing, while some of the dogs are able to learn to read the Seven Commandments. Muriel the goat can read scraps of newspaper, while Clover knows the alphabet but cannot string the letters together. Poor Boxer never gets beyond the letter D. When it becomes apparent that many of the animals are unable to memorize the Seven Commandments, Snowball reduces the principles to one essential maxim, which he says contains the heart of Animalism: “Four legs good, two legs bad.” The birds take offense until Snowball hastily explains that wings count as legs. The other animals accept the maxim without argument, and the sheep begin to chant it at random times, mindlessly, as if it were a song.
雪球成立了多个委员会，目标各不相同，比如清理奶牛的尾巴，对老鼠和兔子进行再教育。大多数委员会都未能达成目标，但旨在教会所有农场动物读写的课程却取得了一些成功。到夏末，所有动物都掌握了一定程度的读写能力。猪能流利地读写，一些狗甚至能读懂《七诫》。山羊穆丽尔能读懂报纸碎片，而克洛弗认识字母表，但不会把字母串在一起。可怜的拳击手永远也记不住字母 D。 当发现许多动物都无法记住《七诫》时，雪球将这些原则简化为一条基本准则，他认为这条准则包含了动物主义的核心：“四条腿好，两条腿坏。”鸟儿们很生气，直到雪球急忙解释说，翅膀也算腿。其他动物毫无争议地接受了这句格言，而绵羊则开始不时地、漫不经心地吟诵这句格言，就像唱一首歌一样。

Napoleon takes no interest in Snowball’s committees. When the dogs Jessie and Bluebell each give birth to puppies, he takes the puppies into his own care, saying that the training of the young should take priority over adult education. He raises the puppies in a loft above the harness room, out of sight of the rest of Animal Farm.
拿破仑对雪球的委员会不感兴趣。杰西和蓝铃每生下小狗，他都会亲自照顾，说幼犬的训练应该优先于成年教育。他把小狗养在马具室楼上的阁楼里，远离动物庄园其他人的视线。

Around this time, the animals discover, to their outrage, that the pigs have been taking all of the milk and apples for themselves. Squealer explains to them that pigs need milk and apples in order to think well, and since the pigs’ work is brain work, it is in everyone’s best interest for the pigs to eat the apples and drink the milk. Should the pigs’ brains fail because of a lack of apples and milk, Squealer hints, Mr. Jones might come back to take over the farm. This prospect frightens the other animals, and they agree to forgo milk and apples in the interest of the collective good.
大约在这个时候，动物们愤怒地发现，牛奶和苹果都被猪们占为己有。 斯奎拉向他们解释说，猪需要牛奶和苹果才能更好地思考，而猪的工作是脑力劳动，所以让它们吃苹果、喝牛奶对每个人都有利。斯奎拉暗示，如果猪们因为缺少苹果和牛奶而导致脑力衰竭，琼斯先生可能会回来接管农场。这种前景吓坏了其他动物，他们为了集体利益，同意放弃牛奶和苹果。

Analysis: Chapter III
分析：第三章

Boxer’s motto, in response to the increased labors on Animal Farm, of “I will work harder” is an exact echo of the immigrant Jurgis Rudkus’s motto, in response to financial problems, in Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle. Whereas Boxer exerts himself for the common good, as his socialist society dictates he must, Jurgis exerts himself for his own good, as his capitalist society dictates he must. Both possess a blind faith that the key to happiness lies in conforming to the existing political-economic system. Committed to socialism, Orwell would almost certainly have read The Jungle, which, published in its entirety in 1906, was a searing indictment of capitalism and galvanized the American socialist movement. His appropriation of Jurgis’s motto for Boxer implicitly links the oppression of capitalism with that of totalitarian communism, as, in each case, the state wholly ignores the suffering of those who strive to be virtuous and work within the system.
面对动物庄园日益繁重的劳动，博克瑟说出了“我要更加努力”的座右铭，这与厄普顿·辛克莱的小说《丛林》 中移民尤吉斯·鲁德克斯面对经济困境时所说的座右铭如出一辙 。 博克瑟为公共利益而奋斗，这是他的社会主义社会要求他必须这样做的；而尤吉斯则为自身利益而奋斗，这是他的资本主义社会要求他必须这样做的。两人都盲目地相信，幸福的关键在于遵守现有的政治经济制度。奥威尔是一位社会主义者，他几乎肯定会读过 《丛林》， 这部于 1906 年完整出版的作品是对资本主义的严厉控诉，激发了美国社会主义运动。他借用尤吉斯的义和团座右铭，含蓄地将资本主义的压迫与极权共产主义的压迫联系在一起，因为在每种情况下，国家都完全忽视了那些努力追求美德并在体制内工作的人们所遭受的苦难。

The varying degrees of literacy among the animals suggest the necessity of sharing information in order for freedom to be maintained. To the pigs’ credit, they do try to teach the other animals the basics of reading and writing, but the other animals prove unable or unwilling. The result is a dangerous imbalance in knowledge, as the pigs become the sole guardians and interpreters of Animal Farm’s guiding principles.
动物们的识字水平参差不齐，这说明为了维护自由，信息共享至关重要。值得称赞的是，猪们确实尝试教其他动物基本的读写能力，但其他动物却无力或不愿这样做。结果导致了危险的知识失衡，因为猪们成了《动物庄园》指导原则的唯一守护者和诠释者。

The discrepancy among the animals’ capacity for abstract thought leads the pigs to condense the Seven Commandments into one supreme slogan:“Four legs good, two legs bad.”The birds’ objection to the slogan points immediately to the phrase’s excessive simplicity. Whereas the Seven Commandments that the pigs formulate are a detailed mix of antihuman directives (“No animal shall wear clothes”), moral value judgments (“No animal shall kill another animal”), and utopian ideals (“All animals are equal”), the new, reductive slogan contains none of these elements; it merely establishes a bold dichotomy that masks the pigs’ treachery. The motto has undergone such generalization that it has become propaganda, a rallying cry that will keep the common animals focused on the pigs’ rhetoric so that they will ignore their own unhappiness.
动物们抽象思维能力的差异，使得猪们将七诫浓缩成一句至高无上的口号： “四条腿好，两条腿坏”。 鸟儿们对这句口号的反对，直接指向了它过于简化的表述。猪们制定的七诫，其实是反人类指令（“任何动物不得穿衣服”）、道德价值判断（“任何动物不得杀害其他动物”）和乌托邦理想（“所有动物一律平等”）的详细混合，而这句简化的新口号却不包含任何这些元素；它仅仅建立了一种大胆的二分法，用来掩盖猪的背叛。这句口号被如此泛化，以至于它变成了一种宣传，一种战斗口号，让普通动物们专注于猪的花言巧语，从而忽略自身的不幸。

In its simplicity, this new, brief slogan is all too easy to understand and becomes ingrained in even the most dull-witted of minds, minds that cannot think critically about how the slogan, while seeming to galvanize the animals’ crusade for freedom, actually enables the pigs to institute their own oppressive regime. The animals themselves may be partially responsible for this power imbalance: on the whole, they show little true initiative to learn—the dogs have no interest in reading anything but the Seven Commandments, and Benjamin decides not to put his ample reading skills to use.
这句简洁的新口号浅显易懂，甚至连最愚钝的人都会铭记在心。这些人无法批判性地思考，这句口号看似鼓舞了动物们争取自由的征程，实则却助长了猪们建立自己的压迫政权。动物们自身或许也要为这种权力失衡负部分责任：总的来说，它们几乎没有表现出真正的学习主动性——除了《七诫》，狗们对其他任何东西都不感兴趣，而本杰明决定不把他丰富的阅读能力派上用场。

Though the birds don’t understand Snowball’s long-winded explanation of why wings count as legs, they accept it nonetheless, trusting in their leader. It would be unfair, however, to fault the common animals for their failure to realize that the pigs mean to oppress them. Their fervor in singing “Beasts of England” and willingness to follow the pigs’ instructions demonstrate their virtuous desire to make life better for one another. The common animals cannot be blamed for their lesser intelligence. The pigs, however, mix their intelligence with ruthless guile and take advantage of the other animals’ apathy. Their machinations are reprehensible.
虽然鸟儿们不明白雪球冗长地解释为什么翅膀算腿，但它们还是接受了，相信它们的领袖。然而，指责普通动物没有意识到猪的意图是压迫它们，这未免不公平。它们热情地唱着《英格兰的生灵》，并愿意听从猪的指示，展现了它们希望彼此改善生活品质的美德。普通动物智力低下，这本身无可厚非。然而，猪却将自己的智慧与残酷的诡计混为一谈，利用了其他动物的冷漠。它们的阴谋诡计应受谴责。

Squealer figures crucially in the novel, as his proficiency in spreading lie-filled propaganda allows the pigs to conceal their acts of greed beneath a veneer of common good. His statements and behaviors exemplify the linguistic and psychological methods that the pigs use to control the other animals while convincing them that this strict regime is essential if the animals want to avoid becoming subject to human cruelty again.
斯奎拉在小说中扮演着至关重要的角色，他擅长散布谎言宣传，让猪们得以在“共同利益”的幌子下掩盖贪婪的真面目。他的言行体现了猪们用来控制其他动物的语言和心理手段，同时也让它们相信，如果动物们不想再次遭受人类的残酷对待，这种严格的制度至关重要。

In the opinion of Orwell, the socialist goals of the Russian Revolution quickly became meaningless rhetorical tools used by the communists to control the people: the intelligentsia began to interpret the “good of the state” to mean the good of itself as a class, and anyone who opposed it was branded an “enemy of the people.” On Animal Farm, Squealer makes himself useful to the other pigs by pretending to side with the oppressed animals and falsely aligning the common good with the good of the pigs.
在奥威尔看来，俄国革命的社会主义目标很快就沦为共产党人用来控制人民的毫无意义的修辞工具：知识分子开始将“国家利益”解读为阶级自身的利益，任何反对它的人都被打上“人民的敌人”的标签。在《动物庄园》中，斯奎拉假装站在受压迫动物一边，错误地将公共利益与猪的利益联系起来，以此让自己对其他猪有利。

Summary: Chapter IV
摘要：第四章

By late summer, news of Animal Farm has spread across half the county. Mr. Jones lives ignominiously in Willingdon, drinking and complaining about his misfortune.Mr. Pilkingtonand Mr. Frederick, who own the adjoining farms, fear that disenchantment will spread among their own animals. Their rivalry with each other, however, prevents them from working together against Animal Farm. They merely spread rumors about the farm’s inefficiency and moral reprehensibility. Meanwhile, animals everywhere begin singing“Beasts of England,”which they have learned from flocks of pigeons sent by Snowball, and many begin to behave rebelliously.
夏末时分，动物庄园的消息传遍了半个郡。琼斯先生在威灵顿过着不光彩的生活，酗酒抱怨着自己的不幸。 毗邻农场的主人皮尔金顿先生和弗雷德里克先生担心，这种失望情绪会在他们自己的动物中蔓延。然而，他们之间的竞争使他们无法联手对抗动物庄园。他们只是散布谣言，说农场效率低下、道德败坏。与此同时，各地的动物开始唱起 《英格兰生灵》， 这首歌是他们从雪球送来的鸽群那里学来的 ，许多动物开始叛逆。

At last, in early October, a flight of pigeons alerts Animal Farm that Mr. Jones has begun marching on the farm with some of Pilkington’s and Frederick’s men. Snowball, who has studied books about the battle campaigns of the renowned Roman general Julius Caesar, prepares a defense and leads the animals in an ambush on the men. Boxer fights courageously, as does Snowball, and the humans suffer a quick defeat. The animals’ losses amount only to a single sheep, whom they give a hero’s burial.
终于，十月初，一群鸽子飞来，通知动物庄园，琼斯先生正带着皮尔金顿和弗雷德里克的士兵向庄园进军。雪球曾研读过罗马名将尤利乌斯·凯撒的战书，他做好了防御准备，率领动物们伏击了这些人。 拳击手和雪球英勇奋战，人类很快便被击败。动物们只损失了一只羊，他们为它举行了英雄般的葬礼。

Boxer, who believes that he has unintentionally killed a stable boy in the chaos, expresses his regret at taking a life, even though it is a human one. Snowball tells him not to feel guilty, asserting that “the only good human being is a dead one.” Mollie, as is her custom, has avoided any risk to herself by hiding during the battle. Snowball and Boxer each receive medals with the inscription “Animal Hero, First Class.” The animals discover Mr. Jones’s gun where he dropped it in the mud. They place it at the base of the flagstaff, agreeing to fire it twice a year: on October 12th, the anniversary of the Battle of the Cowshed—as they have dubbed their victory—and on Midsummer’s Day, the anniversary of the Rebellion.
鲍克瑟认为自己在混乱中无意中杀死了一个马夫，他对自己夺取生命表示悔恨，即便那人是人。雪球告诉他不必内疚，坚称“唯一的好人就是死人”。莫莉一如既往地在战斗中躲藏，避免了任何危险。雪球和鲍克瑟各自获得了刻有“一级动物英雄”字样的勋章。动物们在琼斯先生掉落的泥地里发现了他的枪。他们把它放在旗杆底部，约定每年鸣枪两次：10月12日，牛棚之战（他们称之为胜利）的周年纪念日；以及仲夏节，起义的周年纪念日。

Analysis: Chapter IV
分析：第四章

This chapter extends the allegory of the Russian Revolution to Russia’s interwar period. The spread of Animalism to surrounding farms evokes the attempts by Leon Trotsky to establish communism as an international movement. Trotsky believed, as did Karl Marx, that communism could only achieve its goals if implemented on a global scale, and he devoted much of his formidable intelligence and eloquence to setting off what Western leaders later called the “Domino Effect.” The Domino Effect, or Domino Theory, posited that the conversion or “fall” of a noncommunist state to communism would precipitate the fall of other noncommunist governments in nearby states.
本章将俄国革命的寓言延伸至两次世界大战之间的俄国。动物主义运动蔓延至周边农场，令人联想到列夫·托洛茨基试图将共产主义确立为一场国际运动。托洛茨基与卡尔·马克思一样，认为共产主义只有在全球范围内推行才能实现其目标，并以其卓越的智慧和雄辩的口才，引发了西方领导人后来称之为“多米诺骨牌效应”的现象。多米诺骨牌效应，或多米诺骨牌理论，认为一个非共产主义国家转变为或“垮台”为共产主义国家，将导致邻近国家其他非共产主义政府的垮台。

Presidents Truman, Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Johnson used this theory to justify their military involvement in Greece, Turkey, and Vietnam—countries they hoped to “save” from the spread of communism. In Animal Farm, the proprietors of the neighboring farms fear a similar contagion, which we might term the “Snowball Effect.” Just as the West tried to discredit Russian communism, so do Mr. Pilkington and Mr. Frederick spread disparaging rumors about Animal Farm. Just as diplomatic skirmishes between the West and Russia ended up bolstering Trotsky and his allies, the armed skirmish between humans and animals ends up strengthening the animals’ hold on the farm.
杜鲁门、艾森豪威尔、肯尼迪和约翰逊总统都曾用这一理论来证明他们在希腊、土耳其和越南的军事介入是正当的——他们希望将这些国家从共产主义的蔓延中“拯救”出来。在 《动物庄园》 中 ，邻近农场的主人担心类似的危机蔓延，我们或许可以称之为“滚雪球效应”。正如西方试图抹黑俄罗斯共产主义一样，皮尔金顿先生和弗雷德里克先生也散布了关于动物庄园的诽谤谣言。正如西方与俄罗斯之间的外交冲突最终增强了托洛茨基及其盟友的力量一样，人与动物之间的武装冲突最终也加强了动物对农场的控制。

In this chapter, Orwell makes masterful use of irony, an important component of satirical writing, to illustrate the gap between what the animals are fighting for and what they believe they are fighting for. All of the animals—except Mollie—fight their hardest in the Battle of the Cowshed, but as Chapter III demonstrates, they do not fully understand the ideals for which they fight, the principles that they defend. In putting all of their energies toward expelling the humans, the animals believe that they are protecting themselves from oppression. In reality, however, they are simply and unwittingly consolidating the pigs’ power by muting the primary threat to the pigs’ regime—the human menace. Moreover, though the animals are prepared to give their lives in defense of Animal Farm, they appear unprepared to deal with the consequences of their fight: Boxer is horrified when he thinks that he has killed the stable boy.
在本章中，奥威尔巧妙地运用了反讽——讽刺写作的重要组成部分——来展现动物们为之奋斗的目标与它们自认为奋斗的目标之间的差距。除了莫莉之外，所有动物都在牛棚之战中奋力拼搏，但正如第三章所展现的，它们并不完全理解自己为之奋斗的理想和捍卫的原则。动物们将所有精力都投入到驱逐人类的行动中，以为这样就能保护自己免受压迫。然而，实际上，它们只是在无意中巩固了猪的权力，因为它们淡化了对猪政权的主要威胁——人类的威胁。此外，尽管动物们准备为保卫动物庄园献出生命，但它们似乎并未准备好应对战斗的后果：当鲍克瑟想到自己杀死了马厩男孩时，他惊恐万分。

Snowball’s emphatic declaration after the battle of the need for all animals “to be ready to die for Animal Farm” sets up Orwell’s scrutiny of the motivations behind mass violence and manipulative leadership. Many readers have assumed that Animal Farm, in its critique of totalitarian communism, advocates the Western capitalist way of life as an alternative. Yet a closer reading suggests that Orwell may take a more complicated stance. For if the animals represent the Russian communists and the farmers represent noncommunist leaders, we see that Orwell denounces the communists, but also portrays the noncommunists in a very harsh light. Mr. Jones proves an irresponsible and neglectful farm owner, and neither Mr. Pilkington nor Mr. Frederick hesitates to quash violently any animal uprisings that threaten his own supremacy. There is nothing noble in the men’s unprovoked attack on Animal Farm—they undertake this crusade merely out of self-interest.
战斗结束后，斯诺鲍强调所有动物都必须“准备为动物庄园献身”，这让奥威尔开始审视大规模暴力和操纵性领导背后的动机。许多读者认为，《 动物庄园》 在批判极权共产主义时，主张将西方资本主义生活方式作为一种替代方案。然而，仔细阅读就会发现，奥威尔的立场可能更为复杂。因为如果动物代表俄罗斯共产党人，而农民代表非共产党领导人，那么我们看到奥威尔在谴责共产党人的同时，也对非共产党人进行了非常严厉的描绘。琼斯先生是一个不负责任、疏忽大意的农场主，皮尔金顿先生和弗雷德里克先生都会毫不犹豫地暴力镇压任何威胁到他自己至高无上的动物起义。这些人无缘无故地攻击动物庄园，没有什么高尚之处——他们进行这场讨伐仅仅是出于私利。

Summary: Chapter V
摘要：第五章

Mollie becomes an increasing burden on Animal Farm: she arrives late for work, accepts treats from men associated with nearby farms, and generally behaves contrary to the tenets of Animalism. Eventually she disappears, lured away by a fat, red-faced man who stroked her coat and fed her sugar; now she pulls his carriage. None of the other animals ever mentions her name again.
莫莉成了动物庄园日益沉重的负担：她上班迟到，接受附近农场男人的款待，行为举止也总是违背动物主义的原则。最终，她消失了，被一个胖胖的红脸男人引诱走。他抚摸着她的皮毛，喂她糖；现在，她成了他的马车夫。其他动物再也没有提起过她的名字。

During the cold winter months, the animals hold their meetings in the big barn, and Snowball and Napoleon’s constant disagreements continue to dominate the proceedings. Snowball proves a better speaker and debater, but Napoleon can better canvass for support in between meetings. Snowball brims with ideas for improving the farm: he studies Mr. Jones’s books and eventually concocts a scheme to build a windmill, with which the animals could generate electricity and automate many farming tasks, bringing new comforts to the animals’ lives. But building the windmill would entail much hard work and difficulty, and Napoleon contends that the animals should attend to their current needs rather than plan for a distant future. The question deeply divides the animals. Napoleon surveys Snowball’s plans and expresses his contempt by urinating on them.
在寒冷的冬季，动物们在大谷仓里开会，而雪球和拿破仑的持续争吵继续主导着会议的进程。雪球证明自己是一个更好的演说家和辩论家，但拿破仑更擅长在会议间隙争取支持。雪球充满了改善农场的想法：他研究了琼斯先生的书，最终想出了一个建造风车的计划，动物们可以用风车发电并使许多农业任务自动化，为动物们的生活带来新的舒适。但是建造风车需要付出很多艰苦的努力和困难，拿破仑认为动物们应该关注当前的需求而不是为遥远的未来做计划。这个问题使动物们产生了深深的分歧。拿破仑审视了雪球的计划，并通过在上面撒尿来表达他的蔑视。

When Snowball has finally completed his plans, all assemble for a great meeting to decide whether to undertake the windmill project. Snowball gives a passionate speech, to which Napoleon responds with a pathetically unaffecting and brief retort. Snowball speaks further, inspiring the animals with his descriptions of the wonders of electricity. Just as the animals prepare to vote, however, Napoleon gives a strange whimper, andnine enormous dogs wearing brass-studded collarscharge into the barn, attack Snowball, and chase him off the farm. They return to Napoleon’s side, and, with the dogs growling menacingly, Napoleon announces that from now on meetings will be held only for ceremonial purposes. He states that all important decisions will fall to the pigs alone.
当雪球最终完成他的计划时，大家聚集在一起开会，决定是否进行风车项目。雪球发表了热情洋溢的演讲，拿破仑的回应却乏善可陈，简短而乏味。雪球继续发言，用他对电的奇妙的描述激励着动物们。然而，就在动物们准备投票时，拿破仑发出一声奇怪的呜咽， 九条戴着黄铜项圈的巨犬冲进谷仓，袭击了雪球，把他赶出了农场。它们回到拿破仑身边，在狗的咆哮声中，拿破仑宣布，从现在起，会议将只用于礼仪目的。他声明，所有重要的决定都将由猪们独自做出。

Afterward, many of the animals feel confused and disturbed. Squealer explains to them that Napoleon is making a great sacrifice in taking the leadership responsibilities upon himself and that, as the cleverest animal, he serves the best interest of all by making the decisions. These statements placate the animals, though they still question the expulsion of Snowball. Squealer explains that Snowball was a traitor and a criminal. Eventually, the animals come to accept this version of events, and Boxer adds greatly to Napoleon’s prestige by adopting the maxims “I will work harder” and “Napoleon is always right.”
事后，许多动物感到困惑不安。 斯奎拉向他们解释说，拿破仑承担领导责任是巨大的牺牲，而且作为最聪明的动物，他做出的决定符合所有人的最佳利益。这些话安抚了动物们，尽管他们仍然质疑驱逐雪球。斯奎拉解释说，雪球是个叛徒，是个罪犯。最终，动物们接受了这个说法，而拳击手则通过“我会更加努力”和“拿破仑永远是对的”这两句格言，大大提升了拿破仑的威望。

These two maxims soon reinforce each other when, three weeks after the banishment of Snowball, the animals learn that Napoleon supports the windmill project. Squealer explains that their leader never really opposed the proposal; he simply used his apparent opposition as a maneuver to oust the wicked Snowball. These tactics, he claims, served to advance the collective best interest. Squealer’s words prove so appealing, and the growls of his three-dog entourage so threatening, that the animals accept his explanation without question.
雪球被放逐三周后，动物们得知拿破仑支持风车项目，这两条格言很快便互相印证。斯奎拉解释说，他们的领袖从未真正反对过这项提议；他只是利用自己表面上的反对，作为驱逐邪恶雪球的手段。他声称，这些策略是为了促进集体利益最大化。斯奎拉的话语如此动人，而他三条狗的咆哮声又如此具有威胁性，动物们毫不犹豫地接受了他的解释。

Analysis: Chapter V
分析：第五章

This chapter illuminates Napoleon’s corrupt and power-hungry motivations. He openly and unabashedly seizes power for himself, banishes Snowball with no justification, and shows a bald-faced willingness to rewrite history in order to further his own ends. Similarly, Stalin forced Trotsky from Russia and seized control of the country after Lenin’s death. Orwell’s experience in a persecuted Trotskyist political group in the late 1930s during the Spanish Civil War may have contributed to his comparatively positive portrayal of Snowball. Trotsky was eventually murdered in Mexico, but Stalin continued to evoke him as a phantom threat, the symbol of all enemy forces, when he began his bloody purges of the 1930s. These purges appear in allegorized form in the next chapters of Animal Farm.
本章揭示了拿破仑腐败且渴望权力的动机。他公开且毫无掩饰地攫取权力，毫无道理地放逐斯诺鲍，并为了达到自己的目的不惜篡改历史。同样地，斯大林也迫使托洛茨基离开俄国，并在列宁死后夺取了国家政权。奥威尔在20世纪30年代末西班牙内战期间加入一个受迫害的托洛茨基主义政治团体的经历，或许促使他对斯诺鲍的刻画较为正面。托洛茨基最终在墨西哥遇害，但斯大林在20世纪30年代开始血腥清洗时，仍将他描绘成一个幽灵般的威胁，一个所有敌对势力的象征。这些清洗在《动物庄园》的后续章节中以寓言的形式出现。

Lenin once famously remarked that communism was merely socialism plus the electrification of the countryside, a comment that reveals the importance of technological modernization to leaders in the young Soviet Union. The centrality of the electrification projects in the Soviet Union inspired the inclusion of the windmill in Animal Farm. Communist leaders considered such programs absolutely essential for their new nation, citing their need to upgrade an infrastructure neglected by the tsars and keep up with the relatively advanced and increasingly hostile West. Russia devoted a great deal of brain- and manpower to putting these programs in place. As suggested by the plot of Animal Farm, Stalin initially balked at the idea of a national emphasis on modern technology, only to embrace such plans wholeheartedly once he had secured his position as dictator.
列宁曾有句名言：共产主义不过是社会主义加上农村电气化。这句话揭示了技术现代化对年轻苏联领导人的重要性。苏联电气化项目的核心地位促使《 动物庄园》加入了风车元素。 共产党领导人认为这些项目对他们的新国家至关重要，他们认为需要升级被沙皇忽视的基础设施，以跟上相对先进且日益敌对的西方国家的步伐。苏联投入了大量的人力和脑力来实施这些项目。正如《 动物庄园》的情节所暗示的那样， 斯大林最初对国家重视现代技术的想法犹豫不决，但在巩固了独裁者的地位后，他才全心全意地接受了这些计划。

This chapter lies near the middle of Orwell’s narrative and, in many ways, represents the climax of the tension that has been building from the beginning. Since the animals’ initial victory over Mr. Jones, we have suspected the motives of the pig intelligentsia and Napoleon in particular: ever since the revelation in Chapter III that they have been stealing apples and milk for themselves, the pigs have appeared more interested in grabbing resources and power than in furthering the good of the farm. Now, when Napoleon sets his dogs on Snowball, he proves that his socialist rhetoric about the common good is quite empty. The specifics of Napoleon’s takeover bespeak a long period of careful plotting: Napoleon has been deliberating his seizure of power ever since he first took control of the dogs’ training, in Chapter III. Thus, the banishment of Snowball constitutes the culmination of long-held resentments and aspirations and climactically justifies our feelings of uneasiness about Napoleon.
这一章位于奥威尔叙事的中段，在很多方面都代表了从一开始就不断构建的紧张局势的高潮。自从动物们最初战胜琼斯先生以来，我们就开始怀疑猪知识分子，尤其是拿破仑的动机：自从第三章揭露他们一直在为自己偷窃苹果和牛奶以来，猪似乎对攫取资源和权力更感兴趣，而不是促进农场的利益。现在，当拿破仑放狗去咬雪球时，他证明了他关于公共利益的社会主义言论是空洞的。拿破仑夺权的具体细节表明了一段长期精心策划的计划：自从在第三章中第一次控制狗的训练以来，拿破仑一直在谋划夺取权力。因此，雪球的流放是长期以来怨恨和渴望的顶峰，并在高潮中证实了我们对拿破仑的不安感。

In his use of the dogs, Napoleon has monopolized the farm’s sources of defense and protection—the dogs could have guarded the farm and warded off predators—in order to create his own private secret police. The pigs claim a parallel monopoly on logic. Squealer linguistically transforms Napoleon’s self-serving act of banishing Snowball into a supreme example of self-sacrifice and manages to convince the animals that no contradiction underlies the leader’s abrupt about-face on the issue of the windmill. Each of Napoleon’s acts of physical violence thus gains acceptance and legitimacy via a corresponding exercise of verbal violence. Political subversion depends on a subversion of logic and language. The connection between these two forms of violence and subversion remained a central concern for Orwell throughout his life, and he examines it both in later chapters of Animal Farm and in his last major novel, 1984.
拿破仑利用狗垄断了农场的防御和保护资源——狗本可以守卫农场，抵御掠食者——以此来建立他自己的私人秘密警察。猪也同样垄断了逻辑。斯奎拉用语言将拿破仑放逐雪球的自私行为转化为自我牺牲的典范，并成功地让动物们相信，这位领袖在风车问题上突然转变立场并无矛盾。因此，拿破仑的每一项身体暴力都通过相应的言语暴力获得了认可和合法性。政治颠覆依赖于对逻辑和语言的颠覆。这两种暴力形式与颠覆之间的联系一直是奥威尔毕生关注的核心，他在《动物庄园》的后期章节和最后一部重要小说《1984》中都对此进行了探讨。

Summary: Chapter VI
摘要：第六章

For the rest of the year, the animals work at a backbreaking pace to farm enough food for themselves and to build the windmill. The leadership announces that working on Sundays is voluntary, but sneakily contradicts their own declaration by saying that any animal who refuses to do so will have their rations cut by half. But because they believe what the leadership tells them—that they are working for their own good now, not for Mr. Jones’s—they are eager to take on the extra labor. Boxer, in particular, commits himself to Animal Farm, doing the work of three horses but never complaining.
在一年中的其余时间，动物们辛勤劳作，为自己种植足够的食物并建造风车。领导层宣布周日工作是自愿的，但却暗中反驳他们自己的声明，声称任何拒绝工作的动物的口粮将被减半。但由于他们相信领导层的说法——他们现在是为了自己的利益，而不是为了琼斯先生——他们渴望承担额外的劳动。 尤其是拳击手 ，他全身心投入到动物庄园，做着相当于三匹马的工作，却从不抱怨。

Even though the farm possesses all of the necessary materials to build the windmill, the project presents a number of difficulties. The animals struggle over how to break the available stone into manageable sizes for building without picks and crowbars, which they are unable to use. They finally solve the problem by learning to raise and then drop big stones into the quarry, smashing them into usable chunks. By late summer, the animals have enough broken stone to begin construction.
尽管农场拥有建造风车所需的所有材料，但该项目仍面临诸多困难。动物们绞尽脑汁，想方设法将现有的石头打碎成合适的尺寸，以便在没有镐和撬棍的情况下建造风车。最终，他们学会了如何将大石头抬起来，然后扔进采石场，把它们砸成可用的块状，从而解决了这个问题。到了夏末，动物们已经收集到足够的碎石，可以开始建造了。

Although their work is strenuous, the animals suffer no more than they had under Mr. Jones. They have enough to eat and can maintain the farm grounds easily now that humans no longer come to cart off and sell the fruits of their labor. But the farm still needs a number of items that it cannot produce on its own, such as iron, nails, and paraffin oil. As existing supplies of these items begin to run low, Napoleon announces that he has hired a human solicitor, Mr. Whymper, to assist him in conducting trade on behalf of Animal Farm. The other animals are taken aback by the idea of engaging in trade with humans, but Squealer explains that the founding principles of Animal Farm never included any prohibition against trade and the use of money. He adds that if the animals think that they recall any such law, they have simply fallen victim to lies fabricated by the traitor Snowball.
尽管工作很辛苦，但动物们所遭受的痛苦并不比在琼斯先生手下时更多。现在，人类不再来运送和出售它们的劳动成果，它们有足够的食物，也可以轻松地维护农场。但农场仍然需要一些它自己无法生产的东西，比如铁、钉子和石蜡油。随着这些物品的现有供应开始减少， 拿破仑宣布他已经聘请了一位人类律师温珀先生，协助他代表动物庄园进行贸易。其他动物对与人类进行贸易的想法感到吃惊，但斯奎拉解释说，动物庄园的创立原则从未包括任何禁止贸易和使用货币的规定。他还补充说，如果动物们认为它们记得任何这样的法律，那么它们只不过是叛徒雪球编造的谎言的牺牲品 。

Mr. Whymper begins paying a visit to the farm every Monday, and Napoleon places orders with him for various supplies. The pigs begin living in the farmhouse, and rumor has it that they even sleep in beds, a violation of one of the Seven Commandments. But when Clover asks Muriel to read her the appropriate commandment, the two find that it now reads “No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets.” Squealer explains that Clover must have simply forgotten the last two words. All animals sleep in beds, he says—a pile of straw is a bed, after all. Sheets, however, as a human invention, constitute the true source of evil. He then shames the other animals into agreeing that the pigs need comfortable repose in order to think clearly and serve the greater good of the farm.
温普尔先生开始每周一到农场，拿破仑向他订购各种物资。猪开始住在农舍里，据说它们甚至睡在床上，这违反了七诫之一。但当克洛弗请穆丽尔念出相应的诫命时，两人发现现在的诫命是“任何动物都不得睡在铺着床单的床上”。斯奎拉解释说，克洛弗肯定只是忘记了最后两个词。他说，所有动物都睡在床上——毕竟，一堆稻草就是床。然而，作为人类的发明，床单才是真正的罪恶之源。然后，他羞辱了其他动物，让它们同意猪需要舒适的休息才能清晰地思考，并为农场的更大利益服务。

Around this time, a fearsome storm descends on Animal Farm, knocking down roof tiles, an elm tree, and even the flagstaff. When the animals go into the fields, they find, to their horror, that the windmill, on which they have worked so hard, has been toppled. Napoleon announces in appalled tones that the windmill has been sabotaged by Snowball, who, he says, will do anything to destroy Animal Farm. Napoleon passes a death sentence on Snowball, offering a bushel of apples to the traitor’s killer. He then gives a passionate speech in which he convinces the animals that they must rebuild the windmill, despite the backbreaking toil involved. “Long live the windmill!” he cries. “Long live Animal Farm!”
大约在这个时候，一场可怕的暴风雨降临动物庄园，刮倒了屋顶的瓦片、一棵榆树，甚至连旗杆都吹倒了。当动物们来到田野时，他们惊恐地发现，他们辛辛苦苦修建的风车已经被推翻了。拿破仑惊恐地宣布，风车被雪球破坏了，他说雪球会不择手段地摧毁动物庄园。拿破仑判处了雪球死刑，并给了杀死这个叛徒的人一蒲式耳苹果。然后，他发表了一场充满激情的演讲，说服动物们，尽管需要付出艰苦的劳动，他们也必须重建风车。“风车万岁！”他喊道。“动物庄园万岁！”

Analysis: Chapter VI
分析：第六章

Part of the greater importance of the novella owes to its treatment of Animal Farm not as an isolated entity but as part of a network of farms—an analogue to the international political arena. Orwell thus comments on Soviet Russia and the global circumstances in which it arose. But the tactics that we see the pigs utilizing here—the overworking of the laboring class, the justification of luxuries indulged in by the ruling class, the spreading of propaganda to cover up government failure or ineffectiveness—evoke strategies implemented not only by communist Russia but also by governments throughout the world needing to oppress their people in order to consolidate their power.
这部中篇小说之所以意义非凡，部分原因在于它并非将动物庄园视为一个孤立的实体，而是将其视为一个农场网络的一部分——一个类似于国际政治舞台的比喻。奥威尔以此评论了苏维埃俄国及其崛起的全球环境。然而，我们在这里看到的猪所使用的策略——劳动阶级的过度劳作、为统治阶级沉溺于奢侈生活辩护、为掩盖政府的失败或无能而散布宣传——不仅令人联想到共产主义俄国，也令人联想到世界各地那些需要压迫人民以巩固权力的政府所采用的策略。

Napoleon makes the outrageous claim that Snowball was responsible for the windmill’s destruction in order to shift the blame from his own shoulders. Governments throughout the world have long bolstered their standing among the populace by alluding to the horrors of an invisible, conspiratorial enemy, compared to which their own misdeeds or deficiencies seem acceptable. Stalin used this tactic in Russia by evoking a demonized notion of Trotsky, but the strategy has enjoyed popularity among many other administrations. Indeed, during much of the twentieth century, it was the communists who served as a convenient demon to governments in the West: both German and American governments used the threat of communism to excuse or cover up their own aggressive behaviors.
拿破仑为了推卸责任，竟然公然宣称斯诺鲍对风车的毁坏负有责任。长期以来，世界各国政府都通过影射一个看不见的阴谋敌人的恐怖来巩固其在民众中的声望，相比之下，他们自身的罪行或缺陷似乎可以接受。斯大林在俄国就曾使用过这种策略，他煽动人们对托洛茨基的妖魔化，但这一策略在其他许多政府中也颇为流行。事实上，在20世纪的大部分时间里，共产党人一直是西方各国政府方便利用的魔鬼：德国和美国政府都利用共产主义的威胁来为其侵略行为开脱或掩盖。

More broadly, the windmill represents the pigs’ continued manipulation of the common animals. They not only force the animals to break their backs to construct the windmill by threatening to withhold food; they also use the windmill’s collapse—the blame for which, though it is caused by a storm, rests with the pigs for not having the foresight to build thicker walls—to play on the animals’ general fear of being re-enslaved. By deflecting the blame from themselves onto Snowball, they prevent the common animals from realizing how greatly the pigs are exploiting them and harness the animals’ energy toward defeating this purported enemy.
更广泛地说，风车象征着猪群对普通动物的持续操纵。他们不仅以不给食物相威胁，迫使动物们拼命建造风车；他们还利用风车的倒塌——虽然是暴风雨造成的，但责任却落在了猪群身上，因为他们没有预见到建造更厚的墙——来利用动物们普遍害怕再次被奴役的恐惧。通过将责任从自身转移到雪球身上，他们阻止普通动物意识到猪群对它们的剥削有多么深远，并利用动物们的能量来击败这个所谓的敌人。

In this chapter, Orwell also comments on the cyclical nature of tyranny. As the pigs gain power, they become increasingly corrupt. Soon they embody the very iniquity that Animal Farm was created to overturn. As many political observers have noted, Stalin and his officials quickly entered into the decadent lifestyles that had characterized the tsars. The communists themselves had pointed to these lifestyles in maligning the old administration. Orwell parodies this phenomenon by sketching his pigs increasingly along the lines of very grotesque human beings. Throughout the novel, the pigs increasingly resemble humans, eventually flouting altogether Old Major’s strictures against adopting human characteristics. With the pigs’ move into the farmhouse to sleep in the farmer’s beds, Orwell remarks upon the way that supreme power corrupts all who possess it, transforming all dictators into ruthless, self-serving, and power-hungry entities that can subsist only by oppressing others.
在本章中，奥威尔还评论了暴政的周期性。随着猪的权力越来越大，它们也变得越来越腐败。很快，它们就体现了《动物庄园》创作初衷，旨在推翻的邪恶。正如许多政治观察家所指出的，斯大林及其官员们很快就过上了沙皇式的颓废生活。共产党人自己也曾以此为据，对旧政府进行诽谤。奥威尔戏仿了这一现象，将他的猪描绘成越来越像丑陋的人类。在整部小说中，猪越来越像人类，最终完全藐视了老少校禁止猪具有人类特征的戒律。随着猪搬进农舍，睡在农夫的床上，奥威尔评论了最高权力如何腐蚀所有拥有它的人，将所有独裁者变成冷酷无情、自私自利、渴望权力的实体，他们只有压迫他人才能生存。

Summary: Chapter VII
摘要：第七章

In the bitter cold of winter, the animals struggle to rebuild the windmill. In January, they fall short of food, a fact that they work to conceal from the human farmers around them, lest Animal Farm be perceived to be failing. The humans refuse to believe that Snowball caused the destruction of the windmill, saying that the windmill’s walls simply weren’t thick enough. The animals deem this explanation false, but they nevertheless decide to build the walls twice as thick this time. Squealer gives ennobling speeches on the glory of sacrifice, but the other animals acquire their real inspiration from the example of Boxer, who works harder than ever.
在凛冽的寒冬，动物们奋力重建风车。一月，他们食物短缺，为了避免动物庄园的衰败，他们努力向周围的人类农民隐瞒这一事实。人类拒绝相信雪球是风车毁灭的根源，声称风车的墙壁不够厚。动物们认为这个解释是错误的，但他们仍然决定这次把墙壁加厚一倍。 斯奎拉发表了高尚的演讲，颂扬牺牲的光荣，但其他动物真正受到的鼓舞来自拳击手的榜样 ，他比以往任何时候都更加努力。

In order to feed the animals, Napoleon contracts to sell four hundred eggs a week. The other animals react with shock—one of Old Major’s original complaints about humans focused on the cruelty of egg selling, or so they remember. The hens rebel, and Napoleon responds by cutting their rations entirely. Nine hens die before the others give in to Napoleon’s demands.
为了养活动物们， 拿破仑签订了每周出售四百枚鸡蛋的合同。其他动物们对此感到震惊—— 老少校最初对人类的抱怨之一，就在于贩卖鸡蛋的残忍，至少他们记得是这样。母鸡们反抗了，拿破仑的回应是彻底削减了它们的配给。九只母鸡死了，其他的母鸡才屈服于拿破仑的要求。

Soon afterward, the animals hear, to their extreme dismay, that Snowball has been visiting the farm at night, in secret, and sabotaging the animals’ efforts. Napoleon says that he can detect Snowball’s presence everywhere, and whenever something appears to go wrong by chance, Snowball receives the blame. One day, Squealer announces that Snowball has sold himself to Mr. Frederick’s farm, Pinchfield, and that the treacherous pig has been in league with Mr. Jones from the start. He recalls Snowball’s attempts at the Battle of the Cowshed to have the animals defeated.
不久之后，动物们惊恐万分地得知，雪球夜里偷偷潜入农场，破坏动物们的劳动成果。拿破仑说他能在任何地点察觉到雪球的踪迹，每当农场出现意外差错时，雪球都会被怪罪。一天，斯奎拉宣布雪球已经把自己卖给了弗雷德里克先生的平奇菲尔德农场，而这头奸诈的猪从一开始就与琼斯先生勾结。他回忆起雪球在牛棚之战中试图击败动物们的情景。

The animals hear these words in stupefied astonishment. They remember Snowball’s heroism and recall that he received a medal. Boxer, in particular, is completely baffled. But Napoleon and Squealer convince the others that Snowball’s apparent bravery simply constituted part of his treacherous plot. They also work to convince the animals of Napoleon’s superior bravery during that battle. So vividly does Squealer describe Napoleon’s alleged heroic actions that the animals are almost able to remember them.
动物们听了这些话，都惊呆了。他们想起了雪球的英勇事迹，还记得他还获得过勋章。尤其是拳击手，更是一头雾水。但拿破仑和斯奎拉让其他动物相信，雪球表面上的英勇只不过是他背叛阴谋的一部分。他们还努力让动物们相信拿破仑在那场战斗中展现出的非凡勇气。斯奎拉对拿破仑所谓的英勇事迹的描述如此生动，动物们几乎都记住了。

Four days later, Napoleon convenes all of the animals in the yard. With his nine huge dogs ringed about him and growling, he stages an inquisition and a purge: he forces certain animals to confess to their participation in a conspiracy with Snowball and then has the dogs tear out these supposed traitors’ throats. The dogs, apparently without orders, even attack Boxer, who effortlessly knocks them away with his huge hooves. But four pigs and numerous other animals meet their deaths, including the hens who rebelled at the proposal to sell their eggs.
四天后，拿破仑召集了院子里的所有动物。九条巨犬围着他咆哮，他组织了一场审讯和清洗：他强迫一些动物承认他们参与了与雪球的阴谋，然后让狗撕开这些所谓的叛徒的喉咙。这些狗似乎未经命令，甚至攻击了拳击手，拳击手毫不费力地用巨大的蹄子把它们踢开。但四头猪和许多其他动物都死了，包括那些反对出售鸡蛋的提议的母鸡。

The terrible bloodshed leaves the animals deeply shaken and confused. After Napoleon leaves, Boxer says that he would never have believed that such a thing could happen on Animal Farm. He adds that the tragedy must owe to some fault in the animals themselves; thus, he commits to working even harder. Clover looks out over the farm, wondering how such a glorious rebellion as theirs could have come to its current state.
这场可怕的血腥屠杀让动物们深感震惊和困惑。拿破仑离开后，博克瑟说他从未想过动物庄园会发生这样的事。他还补充说，这场悲剧一定是动物们自身的错误造成的；因此，他决心更加努力地工作。克洛弗望着农场，不禁纳闷，像他们这样光荣的反抗，怎么会落得如此下场。

Some of the animals begin to sing “Beasts of England,” but Squealer appears and explains that “Beasts of England” may no longer be sung. It applied only to the Rebellion, he says, and now there is no more need for rebellion. Squealer gives the animals a replacement song, written by Minimus, the poet pig. The new song expresses profound patriotism and glorifies Animal Farm, but it does not inspire the animals as “Beasts of England” once did.
一些动物开始唱《英格兰生灵》，但斯奎拉出现并解释说，《英格兰生灵》不能再唱了。他说，这首歌只适用于起义，现在起义已经没有必要了。斯奎拉给了动物们一首由诗人猪米尼姆斯创作的替代歌曲。这首新歌表达了深厚的爱国主义情怀，歌颂了《动物庄园》，但它不像《英格兰生灵》那样激励动物们。

Analysis: Chapter VII
分析：第七章

The humans react with relief when the windmill topples because its failure seems to justify their contempt for the animals and their belief in their own superiority. Similarly, Soviet Russia struggled against a largely justified reputation for industrial incompetence, famine, and poor management. Stalin’s vaunted Five-Year Plans for agriculture resulted in the starvation of millions of people, and industrial production lagged far behind the capitalist West. But the Soviets were determined to mask their problems and keep them from the eyes of the rest of the world.
风车倒塌时，人类如释重负，因为它的倒塌似乎证明了人类对动物的蔑视以及对自身优越性的自信。同样地，苏联也曾饱受工业低效、饥荒和管理不善的恶名，这在很大程度上是名副其实的。斯大林引以为豪的农业五年计划导致数百万人饿死，工业生产也远远落后于资本主义西方。但苏联人决心掩盖他们的问题，不让世界其他国家看到。

Correspondingly, the pigs of Animal Farm devise elaborate schemes to keep the human farmers from learning about their difficulties. The windmill becomes an important measure of the farm’s competence, and its collapse deals a major blow to the pigs’ prestige as equals in the community of farms—just as Soviet Russia’s industrial setbacks threatened its position as an equal to the leading nations of the world and as a viable model of communist revolution.
与此相应，《动物庄园》里的猪们精心策划，不让人类农民知晓他们的困境。风车成了衡量农场能力的重要指标，它的倒塌对猪在农场共同体中作为平等成员的威望造成了沉重打击——正如苏联的工业挫折威胁到其与世界领先国家平等的地位，以及作为共产主义革命可行典范的地位一样。

Chapter VII joins Chapter VI in focusing primarily on the violent tactics employed by oppressive governments—again explored through the behavior of the pigs—to maintain the docility and obedience of the populace even as their economic and political systems falter and grow corrupt. In Soviet Russia, these tactics led to a massive class division in a supposedly egalitarian society. Orwell suggests that as long as a leadership claims a monopoly on logic, it will be able to justify its monopoly on resources, while the common people suffer and grow hungry. Similarly, as life on Animal Farm grows leaner and leaner for most of the animals, the pigs live in increasing luxury.
第七章与第六章相辅相成，主要聚焦于压迫性政府所采用的暴力手段——同样通过猪的行为进行探讨——即使在经济和政治体系摇摇欲坠、腐败不堪之际，他们仍试图维持民众的温顺和服从。在苏联，这些手段在一个本应平等的社会中导致了巨大的阶级分化。奥威尔认为，只要领导层声称拥有逻辑垄断权，他们就能为其对资源的垄断找到正当理由，而普通民众则饱受苦难，忍饥挨饿。同样，在《动物庄园》中，大多数动物的生活越来越拮据，而猪的生活却越来越奢侈。

Napoleon’s transformation of the exiled Snowball into a despicable enemy to all who care about the good of Animal Farm mirrors Stalin’s abuse of the exiled Trotsky. Those animals who show even a glimmering of disapproval toward Napoleon, such as the hens who oppose the selling of their eggs, meet a swift death. Similarly, after forcing Trotsky’s exile from Russia, Stalin continued to claim the existence of Trotskyist plots throughout Soviet society.
拿破仑将流亡的雪球塑造成所有关心动物庄园利益之人的卑鄙敌人，这与斯大林对流亡托洛茨基的虐待如出一辙。那些对拿破仑哪怕稍有不满的动物，比如那些反对出售鸡蛋的母鸡，都会被迅速处死。同样，在强迫托洛茨基流亡出俄罗斯后，斯大林继续宣称整个苏联社会都存在托洛茨基主义阴谋。

During the 1930s, he staged a number of infamous “purges,” show trials during which Stalin and his allies essentially forced government members and citizens to “confess” their complicity with Trotskyist or other anti-Stalinist conspiracies. In many cases, the purge victims would admit to activities in which they had never engaged, simply to put a stop to their torture. But after confessing, the alleged conspirators were executed as “enemies of the people.” Stalin used his purges to eliminate any dissident elements in his government, provide his people with a common enemy to despise, and keep both the populace and his staff in a state of fear for their own safety, making them far less likely to disobey orders or challenge his rule in any way.
20世纪30年代，斯大林发动了一系列臭名昭著的“清洗”行动，这些行动是作秀式的公审，斯大林及其盟友实际上是在强迫政府成员和公民“供认”他们参与了托洛茨基主义或其他反斯大林主义阴谋。在许多情况下，清洗受害者会承认他们从未参与过的活动，只是为了停止对他们的酷刑。但坦白之后，这些所谓的阴谋家们却被当作“人民公敌”处决。斯大林利用清洗来清除政府中任何持不同政见的分子，为他的人民提供一个共同的敌人来鄙视，并使民众和他的幕僚都处于对自身安全的恐惧之中，使他们不太可能违抗命令或以任何方式挑战他的统治。

Just as the pigs rewrite history, they manipulate statistics in their favor, claiming that every important aspect of life on the farm has improved statistically since the Rebellion: animals live longer, eat more, have more offspring, work fewer hours, and so forth. In this way, the pigs produce a false vision of reality. Then, by ensuring that this reality is the only one to which the other animals have access and by establishing an effective death penalty for any animal who questions it, they render their dictatorship indestructible. Fear makes the animals inclined to believe the pigs’ propaganda, and by allowing themselves to believe in the comforting lies, the animals find what may be their only safe haven from violence and terror.
就像猪改写历史一样，它们操纵统计数据以利于自己，声称自起义以来，农场生活的各个重要方面都得到了统计上的改善：动物寿命更长、吃得更多、后代更多、工作时间更少等等。就这样，猪制造出了一种虚假的现实。然后，通过确保这种现实是其他动物唯一能够接触到的现实，并对任何质疑这种现实的动物处以死刑，它们使自己的独裁统治变得坚不可摧。恐惧使动物们倾向于相信猪的宣传，而通过让自己相信这些令人欣慰的谎言，动物们找到了或许是它们唯一远离暴力和恐怖的避风港。

Summary: Chapter VIII
摘要：第八章

A few days after the bloody executions, the animals discover that the commandment reading “No animal shall kill any other animal” now reads: “No animal shall kill any other animal without cause.” As with the previous revisions of commandments, the animals blame the apparent change on their faulty memories—they must have forgotten the final two words. The animals work even harder throughout the year to rebuild the windmill. Though they often suffer from hunger and the cold, Squealer reads continuously from a list of statistics proving that conditions remain far superior to anything the animals knew under Mr. Jones and that they only continue to improve.
血腥处决几天后，动物们发现，原本的“任何动物不得杀害其他动物”变成了“任何动物不得无故杀害其他动物”。如同之前的十诫修改一样，动物们将这明显的变化归咎于他们错误的记忆——他们一定是忘记了最后两个字。动物们一年到头更加卖力地重建风车。尽管他们经常忍饥挨饿、严寒难耐，但斯奎拉不停地念着一串统计数据，证明动物们的生活条件远比琼斯先生统治时期优越，而且只会继续改善。

Napoleon has now taken the title of “Leader” and has dozens of other complimentary titles as well. Minimus has written a poem in praise of the Napoleon and inscribed it on the barn wall. A pile of timber lies unused on the farm, left over from the days of Mr. Jones, and Napoleon engages in complicated negotiations for the sale of it to either Mr. Frederick or Mr. Pilkington. When negotiations favor Mr. Frederick, the pigs teach the animals to hate Mr. Pilkington. When Mr. Pilkington then appears ready to buy the timber, the pigs teach the animals to hate Mr. Frederick with equal ferocity.
拿破仑现在已经获得了“领袖”的称号，并且还有许多其他的赞美头衔。 Minimus 写了一首赞美拿破仑的诗并将其刻在谷仓的墙上。农场里有一堆闲置的木材，是琼斯先生时代留下的，拿破仑与弗雷德里克先生或皮尔金顿先生进行了复杂的谈判，将其卖给弗雷德里克先生或皮尔金顿先生 。当谈判有利于弗雷德里克先生时，猪们就教会动物们憎恨皮尔金顿先生。当皮尔金顿先生似乎准备购买木材时，猪们就教会动物们以同样的凶猛憎恨弗雷德里克先生。

Whichever farm is currently out of favor is said to be the hiding place of Snowball. Following a slew of propaganda against Mr. Frederick (during which Napoleon adopts the maxim “Death to Frederick!”), the animals are shocked to learn that Mr. Frederick eventually comes through as the buyer of the timber. The pigs talk endlessly about Napoleon’s cleverness, for, rather than accept a check for the timber, he insists on receiving cash. The five-pound notes are now in his possession.
据说，目前失宠的农场就是雪球的藏身之处 。在一系列针对弗雷德里克先生的宣传攻势（期间拿破仑还喊出了“弗雷德里克去死！”的口号）之后，动物们震惊地得知，弗雷德里克先生最终成了木材的买家。猪们滔滔不绝地谈论着拿破仑的聪明才智，因为他坚持要现金，而不是接受支票。现在，那五英镑的钞票就在他手里了。

Soon the animals complete the construction of the windmill. But before they can put it to use, Napoleon discovers to his great outrage that the money Mr. Frederick gave him for the timber is simply a stack of forgeries. He warns the animals to prepare for the worst, and, indeed, Mr. Frederick soon attacks Animal Farm with a large group of armed men. The animals cower as Mr. Frederick’s men plant dynamite at the base of the windmill and blow the whole structure up. Enraged, the animals attack the men, driving them away, but at a heavy cost: several of the animals are killed, and Boxer sustains a serious injury. The animals are disheartened, but a patriotic flag-raising ceremony cheers them up and restores their faith somewhat.
很快，动物们就完成了风车的建造。但还没等它们投入使用，拿破仑就怒不可遏地发现，弗雷德里克先生给他的木材钱不过是一堆伪造的。他警告动物们做好最坏的打算，结果弗雷德里克先生果然率领一大群武装人员攻占了动物庄园。弗雷德里克先生的人在风车底部安放炸药，炸毁了整座风车，动物们吓得瑟瑟发抖。愤怒的动物们攻击了那些人，把他们赶走了，但代价惨重：几只动物被炸死， 拳击手也身负重伤。动物们灰心丧气，但一场爱国升旗仪式让它们振作起来，并在一定程度上恢复了信心。

Not long afterward, the pigs discover a crate of whisky in the farmhouse basement. That night, the animals hear singing and revelry from within, followed by the sound of a terrible quarrel. The next morning the pigs look bleary-eyed and sick, and the animals hear whisperings that Comrade Napoleon may be dying. By evening, however, he has recovered. The next night, some of the animals find Squealer near the barn, holding a paintbrush; he has fallen from a ladder leaned up against the spot where the Seven Commandments are painted on the barn. The animals fail to put two and two together, however, and when they discover that the commandment that they recall as stating “No animal shall drink alcohol” actually reads “No animal shall drink alcohol to excess,” they once again blame their memories for being faulty.
不久之后，猪们在农舍地下室发现了一箱威士忌。那天晚上，动物们听到里面传来歌声和狂欢声，随后是一阵激烈的争吵声。第二天早上，猪们看起来睡眼惺忪，病恹恹的，还听到有人低声说拿破仑同志可能快要死了。然而，到了晚上，他已经康复了。第二天晚上，一些动物在谷仓附近发现了斯奎拉，他手里拿着画笔；他从梯子上摔了下来，斜倚在谷仓上画着七诫的地方。然而，动物们没能把这两者联系起来，当他们发现记忆中“动物不得饮酒”的诫命实际上是“动物不得过量饮酒”时，他们再次责怪自己的记忆有误。

Analysis: Chapter VIII
分析：第八章

By this point, Napoleon and Squealer have so systematically perverted the truth that the animals cannot recognize their leaders’ duplicity even when they witness it directly. Karl Marx had theorized the need for a “dictatorship of the proletariat” during the early years of his prescribed revolution, under which democratic freedoms would take second place to stamping out resistance in the bourgeoisie. In Soviet Russia, Stalin and his colleagues used Marx’s theories as a justification for their increasingly violent and tyrannical actions.
至此，拿破仑和斯奎拉已系统地歪曲事实，以至于动物们即使亲眼目睹，也无法识别其领导者的虚伪。卡尔·马克思在其“预定革命”的早期就提出了“无产阶级专政”的必要性，在这种专政下，民主自由将退居次要地位，而镇压资产阶级的反抗则至关重要。在苏联，斯大林及其同僚利用马克思的理论为其日益暴力和暴虐的行为辩护。

Moreover, they used this one Marxist principle to justify their neglect of the other principles. The Stalinist government, for example, quickly altered the noble ideals of equal work and equal compensation in order to favor the politically and militarily powerful. Even when the machinations of the government became clear to everyone in Russia—in the novella we see such a moment when the animals catch Squealer literally rewriting the law on the side of the barn—no significant popular revolt among the working classes ever occurred. Similarly, the animals show no signs of rebellion.
此外，他们还用这一条马克思主义原则来为忽视其他原则辩护。例如，斯大林政府迅速篡改了同工同酬的崇高理想，以偏袒政治和军事强权。即使当政府的阴谋在俄罗斯人人皆知时——在小说中，我们看到动物们抓住了斯奎拉在谷仓边上修改法律的场景——工人阶级中也没有发生过大规模的民众起义。同样，动物们也没有任何反抗的迹象。

Minimus’s poem provides compelling evidence for the animals’ largely uncritical attitude toward the regime that oppresses it. Though the poem is outrageously inflated and tastelessly sentimental, the animals don’t question it; instead, they allow it to speak for them. With the poem, Orwell creates a passage of great irony and a wonderful satire of patriotic rhetoric. Much of the poem’s humor arises from its combination of high and low language, exposing the ridiculousness of what it intends to celebrate. Thus, the poem praises Napoleon as “Fountain of happiness!” but also “Lord of the swill-bucket!” While it glorifies life under Napoleon, it emphasizes its simple triviality: “All that [his] creatures love” amounts to a “full belly” and “clean straw.”
米尼姆斯的诗有力地证明了动物们对压迫它们的政权几乎不加批判的态度。尽管这首诗夸张得令人发指，充满庸俗的感伤，但动物们并没有质疑它；相反，它们让诗句为它们代言。奥威尔在这首诗中创造了一段极具讽刺意味的文字，是对爱国主义修辞的精彩讽刺。这首诗的幽默很大程度上源于其高低语言的结合，揭示了它所颂扬的事物的荒谬性。因此，这首诗赞美拿破仑是“幸福的源泉！”，同时也称赞他是“泔水桶之王！”。在赞美拿破仑统治下的生活的同时，它也强调了其简单而琐碎的一面：“（他的）生物所爱的一切”不过是“饱腹”和“干净的稻草”。

This stylistic use of contrast helps render the poem’s tone of utter devotion (“Oh how my soul is on / Fire”) a mockery of itself. At the same time, of course, the poem parodies actual anthems and patriotic odes. Orwell aims to expose the inanity of such patriotic sentiment, and also its emptiness, if not its misdirection. He suggests that such rhetoric fails to examine the essence of that which it praises.
这种风格上的对比，使得诗歌中那种全然奉献的语气（“哦，我的灵魂燃烧着/燃烧着”）本身就是一种嘲讽。当然，与此同时，这首诗也戏仿了真实的国歌和爱国颂歌。奥威尔旨在揭露这种爱国情绪的空洞，以及它的空洞，甚至误导。他指出，这种修辞未能审视其所赞美之物的本质。

The description of Napoleon’s dealings with his neighbors, Mr. Pilkington and Mr. Frederick, elaborately parodies Stalin’s diplomatic tap dance with Germany and the Allies at the outset of World War II. Stalin, faced with an unpleasant choice between the capitalist Allies and the fascist Germans and reluctant to enter into another large war, stalled by alternately siding with one country and then the other, using propaganda to drag the populace along with his changing allegiances. At the last minute, and quite unexpectedly, he signed the Non-Aggression Pact (an agreement not to wage war on each other) with the German leader Adolf Hitler, much as Napoleon makes the surprise move of selling the timber to Mr. Frederick. Hitler almost immediately went back on his word—as is evoked by Mr. Frederick’s forged banknotes—and invaded Russia’s western frontier, eventually killing over twenty-five million Russians and demolishing much of the infrastructure that the Soviets had built since the Russian Revolution. In his depiction of the animals’ response to Mr. Frederick’s gratuitous destruction of the great windmill, Orwell aptly conveys the tremendous sense of betrayal and feelings of anger that Russians felt toward Germany during and after World War II.
书中对拿破仑与其邻居皮尔金顿先生和弗雷德里克先生交往的描述，巧妙地模仿了二战初期斯大林与德国及其盟国之间那套外交上的踢踏舞。斯大林面临着资本主义盟国和法西斯德国之间的艰难抉择，不愿卷入另一场大规模战争，于是他时而支持一个国家，时而支持另一个国家，并利用宣传手段引导民众接受自己不断变化的盟友关系。在最后一刻，他出人意料地与德国领导人阿道夫·希特勒签署了《互不侵犯条约》（一项互不发动战争的协议），这与拿破仑出人意料地将木材卖给弗雷德里克先生的举动如出一辙。希特勒几乎立刻就食言了——正如弗雷德里克先生伪造的钞票所暗示的那样——入侵了俄罗斯西部边境，最终导致超过两千五百万俄罗斯人丧生，并摧毁了苏联自俄国革命以来建造的大部分基础设施。奥威尔在描写动物们对弗雷德里克先生无端摧毁大风车的反应时，恰如其分地展现了二战期间及战后俄罗斯人对德国所怀有的巨大背叛感和愤怒情绪。

The pigs, echoing another tactic of the victorious governments after World War II, use the heroism of individuals from the lower classes to reinforce the patriotism of the demoralized survivors. Orwell crafts particularly keen descriptions of the patriotic celebrations and rituals after the animals’ war with Mr. Frederick’s men. He subtly implies that while such ceremonies have the apparent function of bestowing the glory of the state upon the individual, they truly serve the opposite goal: to transfer the nobility of individual sacrifices onto the state.
猪群呼应了二战后战胜国政府的另一种策略，利用底层民众的英雄事迹来强化士气低落的幸存者的爱国主义精神。奥威尔对动物们与弗雷德里克先生的士兵们交战后举行的爱国庆典和仪式进行了尤为细致的描写。他巧妙地暗示，虽然这些仪式表面上是为了将国家的荣耀赋予个人，但它们实际上服务于相反的目标：将个人牺牲的高贵性转移到国家身上。

There are several notable parallels between Animal Farm and Orwell’s final novel, 1984. One can argue that Animal Farm was even a sort of study for 1984, which applies many of Animal Farm’s themes and ideas to human society, rendering the horror of totalitarian government all the more real. One of the principal ideas that each work addresses is the ability of those in power to control and alter both attitudes and history, especially by subverting language. Just as Squealer offers a host of statistics to show that Animal Farm is in better shape than ever, despite the fact that the animals are hungry and cold, so too does the Ministry of Plenty, in 1984, crank out misleading reports about how greatly production has increased; indeed, the ministry reduces rations but convinces people that it is actually increasing them.
《动物庄园》 和奥威尔的最后一部小说 《1984》 有几处显著的相似之处 。有人可能会说， 《动物庄园》 甚至是对 《1984》 的一种研究 ，它将 《动物庄园 》的许多主题和思想运用到人类社会，更加真实地展现了极权政府的恐怖。这两部作品都探讨的一个主要观点是，当权者能够控制和改变态度和历史，尤其是通过颠覆语言。正如斯奎拉提供大量统计数据表明《动物庄园》的状况比以往任何时候都好，尽管动物们又饿又冷，《1984 》 中的富裕部也炮制出关于生产如何大幅增长的误导性报告；事实上，该部减少了配给，但却让人们相信实际上是在增加配给。

Similarly, Animal Farm’s ever-alternating alliance with Mr. Frederick and Mr. Pilkington and the leaders’ claim that the farm has always remained committed to the same farmer reaches the apex of absurdity in 1984. In the middle of a speech during Hate Week, the masses mindlessly accept the speaker’s assertion that their country, Oceania, which has indeed been at war with Eurasia, is actually not at war and never has been at war with Eurasia. He says the country is and always has been at war with Eastasia. The masses, carrying explicit anti-Eurasia signs, become embarrassed about their apparent mistake.
同样，动物庄园与弗雷德里克先生和皮尔金顿先生不断轮换的联盟，以及其领导人声称庄园始终效忠于同一个农场主，在 《1984》 中达到了荒谬的顶峰 。在仇恨周的一次演讲中，群众盲目地接受了演讲者的断言：他们的国家，大洋国，虽然确实与欧亚国交战过，但实际上并没有、也从未与欧亚国交战过。演讲者说，我们的国家现在和现在一直在与东亚国交战。群众举着明显的反欧亚国标语，对自己明显的错误感到尴尬。

Summary: Chapter IX
摘要：第九章

Wearily and weakly, the animals set about rebuilding the windmill. Though Boxer remains seriously injured, he shows no sign of being in pain and refuses to leave his work for even a day. Clover makes him a poultice for his hoof, and he eventually does seem to improve, but his coat doesn’t seem as shiny as before and his great strength seems slightly diminished. He says that his only goal is to see the windmill off to a good start before he retires. Though no animal has yet retired on Animal Farm, it had previously been agreed that all horses could do so at the age of twelve. Boxer now nears this age, and he looks forward to a comfortable life in the pasture as a reward for his immense labors.
动物们疲惫不堪，虚弱不堪，开始重建风车。虽然拳击手伤势严重，但他却毫无疼痛的迹象，一天也不愿离开工作。克洛弗给他的蹄子敷上了药膏，他的伤势最终似乎有所好转，但他的皮毛似乎不像以前那么光亮，他强大的力量也似乎略有减弱。他说，他唯一的目标就是在退休前看到风车顺利启动。虽然动物庄园里还没有动物退休，但之前已经约定，所有马匹在十二岁时都可以退休。拳击手如今也快到这个年龄了，他期待着在牧场上过上舒适的生活，作为对他辛勤劳动的回报。

Food grows ever more scarce, and all animals receive reduced rations, except for the pigs and the dogs.Squealercontinues to produce statistics proving that, even with this “readjustment,” the rations exceed those that they received under Mr. Jones. After all, Squealer says, when the pigs and dogs receive good nourishment, the whole community stands to benefit. When four sows give birth to Napoleon’s piglets, thirty-one in all,Napoleoncommands that a schoolhouse be built for their education, despite the farm’s dwindling funds. Napoleon begins ordering events called Spontaneous Demonstrations, at which the animals march around the farm, listen to speeches, and exult in the glory of Animal Farm. When other animals complain, the sheep, who love these Spontaneous Demonstrations, drown them out with chants of“Four legs good, two legs bad!”
食物越来越稀缺，除了猪和狗，所有动物的口粮都减少了。 斯奎拉继续提供统计数据，证明即使经过这种“重新调整”，口粮仍然超过了琼斯先生统治时期的水平。毕竟，斯奎拉说，当猪和狗得到良好的营养时，整个社区都会受益。当四头母猪生下拿破仑的小猪，总共三十一头时， 尽管农场的资金正在减少， 拿破仑还是下令建造一所校舍供它们教育。拿破仑开始下令举办名为“自发示威”的活动，动物们在农场周围游行，聆听演讲，并为动物庄园的荣耀而欢呼。当其他动物抱怨时，热爱这些自发示威的绵羊们会用 “四条腿好，两条腿坏！” 的口号盖过他们的抱怨。

In April, the government declares Animal Farm a republic, and Napoleon becomes president in a unanimous vote, having been the only candidate. The same day, the leadership reveals new discoveries about Snowball’s complicity with Jones at the Battle of the Cowshed. It now appears that Snowball actually fought openly on Jones’s side and cried “Long live Humanity!” at the outset of the fight.
四月，政府宣布动物庄园为共和国，拿破仑作为唯一候选人，以全票当选总统。同一天，领导层披露了雪球在牛棚之战中与琼斯合谋的新发现。现在看来，雪球实际上公开站在琼斯一边，并在战斗开始时高呼“人类万岁！”。

The battle took place so long ago, and seems so distant, that the animals placidly accept this new story. Around the same time, Moses the raven returns to the farm and once again begins spreading his stories about Sugarcandy Mountain. Though the pigs officially denounce these stories, as they did at the outset of their administration, they nonetheless allow Moses to live on the farm without requiring him to work.
这场战争发生的时间如此久远，仿佛遥远得仿佛就在眼前，动物们平静地接受了这个新故事。大约在同一时间，渡鸦摩西回到农场，再次开始传播他关于糖果山的故事。尽管猪们正式谴责了这些故事，就像它们在农场管理之初所做的那样，但它们仍然允许摩西继续在农场生活，并且不要求他工作。

One day, Boxer’s strength fails; he collapses while pulling stone for the windmill. The other animals rush to tell Squealer, while Benjamin and Clover stay near their friend. The pigs announce that they will arrange to bring Boxer to a human hospital to recuperate, but when the cart arrives, Benjamin reads the writing on the cart’s sideboards and announces that Boxer is being sent to a glue maker to be slaughtered. The animals panic and begin crying out to Boxer that he must escape. They hear him kicking feebly inside the cart, but he is unable to get out.
一天，拳击手体力不支，在为风车拉石头时晕倒了。其他动物赶紧去告诉斯奎拉， 本杰明和克洛弗则待在朋友身边。猪们宣布他们将安排把拳击手送到人类医院休养，但当马车到达时，本杰明看到了马车餐具柜上的字，宣布拳击手将被送往一家胶水厂宰杀。动物们惊慌失措，开始大声叫喊拳击手，让他赶紧逃走。他们听到拳击手在马车里无力地踢腿，但他却无法逃脱。

Soon Squealer announces that the doctors could not cure Boxer: he has died at the hospital. He claims to have been at the great horse’s side as he died and calls it the most moving sight he has ever seen—he says that Boxer died praising the glories of Animal Farm. Squealer denounces the false rumors that Boxer was taken to a glue factory, saying that the hospital had simply bought the cart from a glue maker and had failed to paint over the lettering. The animals heave a sigh of relief at this news, and when Napoleon gives a great speech in praise of Boxer, they feel completely soothed.
不久，斯奎拉宣布医生们无法治愈拳击手：他已在医院去世。他声称自己在拳击手去世时陪伴在它身边，并称这是他所见过的最感人的一幕——他说拳击手临终时还在赞美动物庄园的辉煌。斯奎拉驳斥了拳击手被送往胶水厂的谣言，称医院只是从胶水厂买来了这辆马车，只是没把上面的字涂掉。听到这个消息，动物们松了一口气。而当拿破仑发表一篇赞美拳击手的精彩演讲时，他们才感到彻底的平静。

Not long after the speech, the farmhouse receives a delivery from the grocer, and sounds of revelry erupt from within. The animals murmur among themselves that the pigs have found the money to buy another crate of whisky—though no one knows where they found the money.
演讲结束后不久，农舍收到了杂货商的送货，里面传来一阵欢呼声。动物们窃窃私语说，猪们又找到钱来买一箱威士忌了——虽然没人知道他们从哪儿找到的钱。

Analysis: Chapter IX
分析：第九章

As members of the revolutionary era in Russia began to expect to receive some compensation for all of the terrible sacrifices they had made in the revolution and in the war with Germany, they became painfully aware of the full extent of their betrayal at the hands of the Stalinist leadership. The quality of life for the average citizen continued to decline, even as the ruling class grew ever larger and consumed ever more luxuries. Orwell uses Boxer’s death as a searing indictment of such totalitarian rule, and his death points sadly and bitterly to the downfall of Animal Farm.
当俄国革命时代的人们开始期望获得一些补偿，以补偿他们在革命和与德国的战争中做出的惨痛牺牲时，他们痛苦地意识到斯大林主义领导层对他们的背叛有多么深重。即使统治阶级的规模不断扩大，奢侈品消费也日益增多，普通民众的生活质量却持续下降。奥威尔以博克瑟之死作为对这种极权统治的强烈控诉，他的死悲惨而痛苦地预示着《动物庄园》的垮台。

The great horse seems to have no bad qualities apart from his limited intellect, but, in the end, he falls victim to his own virtues—loyalty and the willingness to work. Thus, Boxer’s great mistake lies in his conflation of the ideal of Animal Farm with the character of Napoleon: never thinking for himself about how the society should best realize its founding ideals, Boxer simply follows Napoleon’s orders blindly, naïvely assuming that the pigs have the farm’s best interest at heart. It is sadly ironic that the system that he so loyally serves ultimately betrays him: he works for the good of all but is sold for the good of the few.
这匹骏马除了智力有限之外，似乎没有任何缺点，但最终却沦为自身美德的牺牲品——忠诚和勤奋。因此，博克瑟最大的错误在于他将动物庄园的理想与拿破仑的性格混为一谈：博克瑟从未独立思考过社会应该如何最好地实现其建国理想，而只是盲目地遵循拿破仑的命令，天真地以为猪会把庄园的最大利益放在心上。可悲的是，他如此忠诚地服务的体制最终背叛了他：他为所有人的利益而努力，却被少数人的利益所出卖。

The pig leadership’s treachery and hypocrisy becomes even more apparent in the specific manner of Boxer’s death: by selling Boxer for profit, the pigs reenact the very same cruelties against which the Rebellion first fights—the valuing of animals for their material worth rather than their dignity as living creatures. When a new crate of whisky arrives for the pigs, we can reasonably infer that the money for it has come from the sale of Boxer. Moreover, the intensely pathetic nature of Boxer’s fate—death in a glue factory—contrasts greatly with his noble character, and the contrast contributes to the dramatic effect of Boxer’s death, increasing the power of Orwell’s critique. Boxer’s life and death provide a microcosm for Orwell’s conception of the ways in which the Russian communist power apparatus treated the working class that it purported to serve: Orwell suggests that the administration exhausted the resources of the workers for its own benefit and then mercilessly discarded them.
猪群领导层的背叛和虚伪在拳击手的死法上更加明显：通过出卖拳击手牟利，猪群重演了起义最初反对的残酷行径——动物的价值取决于其物质价值，而非其作为生物的尊严。当一箱新的威士忌送到猪群手中时，我们可以合理地推断，这箱威士忌的钱来自拳击手的出卖。此外，拳击手的命运——死于胶水厂——极其悲惨，与他高尚的品格形成了鲜明对比，这种对比增强了拳击手之死的戏剧性效果，增强了奥威尔批判的力量。拳击手的生死为奥威尔提供了一个缩影，展现了他对俄国共产主义政权如何对待其声称服务的工人阶级的理解：奥威尔认为，政府为了自己的利益耗尽了工人的资源，然后又无情地将其丢弃。

In order to defuse potential outrage at his blatant cruelty, Napoleon brings Moses back and allows him to tell his tales of Sugarcandy Mountain, much as Stalin made a place for the once-taboo Russian Orthodox Church after World War II. Moses’s return signals the full return of oppression to the farm. While the pigs object early on to Moses’s teachings because they undermine the animals’ will to rebel, they now embrace the teachings for precisely the same reason.
为了平息因其残酷行径而可能引发的愤怒，拿破仑将摩西带回了农场，并允许他讲述糖果山的故事，就像二战后斯大林为曾经被视为禁忌的俄罗斯东正教争取到一席之地一样。摩西的回归标志着压迫在农场的全面回归。虽然猪们最初反对摩西的教义，因为它们会削弱动物们的反抗意志，但现在它们却出于同样的原因接受了这些教义。

Napoleon further hopes to appease his populace by means of his Spontaneous Demonstrations, which force the animals to go through the motions of loyalty, despite what they may actually feel. The name of the new ritual bears particular irony: these gatherings are anything but spontaneous and demonstrate very little beyond a fearful conformity. The irony of the title indicates the overriding hollowness of the event.
拿破仑进一步希望通过他的“自发示威”来安抚民众，迫使动物们假装效忠，无论它们的真实感受如何。新仪式的名称本身就颇具讽刺意味：这些集会绝非自发，除了令人恐惧的服从之外，几乎毫无表现。标题的讽刺意味正表明了这场活动压倒性的空洞。

Because the elite class controls the dissemination of information on Animal Farm, it is able to hide the terrible truth of its exploitation of the other animals. Fallible individual memories of Snowball’s bravery and Napoleon’s cowardice at the Battle of the Cowshed prove no match for the collective, officially sponsored memory that Squealer constructs, which paints a picture indicating completely the reverse. With no historical, political, or military resources at their command, the common animals have no choice but to go along with the charade.
由于精英阶层控制着《动物庄园》信息的传播，他们得以掩盖其剥削其他动物的可怕真相。雪球在牛棚之战中的英勇和拿破仑的懦弱，这些不可靠的个体记忆，最终都无法与斯奎拉构建的、官方支持的集体记忆相提并论，后者描绘了一幅截然相反的画面。由于缺乏历史、政治或军事资源，普通动物别无选择，只能接受这种伪装。

Summary: Chapter X
摘要：第十章

Years pass. Many animals age and die, and few recall the days before the Rebellion. The animals complete a new windmill, which is used not for generating electricity but for milling corn, a far more profitable endeavor. The farm seems to have grown richer, but only the many pigs and dogs live comfortable lives. Squealer explains that the pigs and dogs do very important work—filling out forms and such.
时光流逝。许多动物衰老死去，鲜有人记得起义前的日子。动物们完成了一座新的风车，它不再用于发电，而是用来磨玉米，这可是一项利润丰厚得多的事业。农场似乎变得更加富裕，但只有众多的猪和狗过着舒适的生活。 斯奎拉解释说，猪和狗做着非常重要的工作——填写表格之类的。

The other animals largely accept this explanation, and their lives go on very much as before. They never lose their sense of pride in Animal Farm or their feeling that they have differentiated themselves from animals on other farms. The inhabitants of Animal Farm still fervently believe in the goals of the Rebellion—a world free from humans, with equality for all animals.
其他动物大多接受了这个解释，它们的生活一如既往。它们从未失去对动物庄园的自豪感，也从未失去与其他农场动物的区别。动物庄园的居民们依然坚信起义的目标——一个没有人类、所有动物平等的世界。

One day, Squealer takes the sheep off to a remote spot to teach them a new chant. Not long afterward, the animals have just finished their day’s work when they hear the terrified neighing of a horse. It is Clover, and she summons the others hastily to the yard. There, the animals gaze in amazement at Squealer walking toward them on his hind legs. Napoleon soon appears as well, walking upright; worse, he carries a whip. Before the other animals have a chance to react to the change, the sheep begin to chant, as if on cue: “Four legs good, two legs better!”
一天，斯奎拉带着羊群到一个偏僻的地方，教它们新的吟唱。不久之后，动物们刚结束一天的工作，就听到一匹马惊恐的嘶鸣。那是克洛弗，她急忙把其他动物叫到院子里。在那里，动物们惊讶地看着斯奎拉用后腿向他们走来。 拿破仑很快也出现了，他直立行走；更糟糕的是，他手里拿着一根鞭子。在其他动物还没来得及对变化做出反应之前，羊群就开始吟唱，仿佛得到了暗示：“四条腿好，两条腿更好！”

Clover, whose eyes are failing in her old age, asks Benjamin to read the writing on the barn wall where the Seven Commandments were originally inscribed. Only the last commandment remains: “all animals are equal.” However, it now carries an addition: “but some animals are more equal than others.” In the days that follow, Napoleon openly begins smoking a pipe, and the other pigs subscribe to human magazines, listen to the radio, and begin to install a telephone, also wearing human clothes that they have salvaged from Mr. Jones’s wardrobe.
克洛弗年事已高，双眼日渐衰退，她请本杰明读一读谷仓墙上最初刻着七诫的字迹。只剩下最后一条：“所有动物一律平等”。然而，这条诫命现在又加了一句：“但有些动物比其他动物更平等。” 在接下来的日子里，拿破仑公开地开始抽烟斗，其他猪也订阅了人类杂志，听了收音机，还开始安装电话，还穿着从琼斯先生的衣柜里翻出来的人类衣服。

One day, the pigs invite neighboring human farmers over to inspect Animal Farm. The farmers praise the pigs and express, in diplomatic language, their regret for past “misunderstandings.” The other animals, led by Clover, watch through a window as Mr. Pilkington and Napoleon toast each other, and Mr. Pilkington declares that the farmers share a problem with the pigs: “If you have your lower animals to contend with,” he says, “we have our lower classes!”
一天，猪群邀请邻近的人类农夫来参观动物庄园。农夫们对猪群赞不绝口，并用外交辞令表达了对过去“误会”的悔意。克洛弗带领着其他动物，透过窗户看着皮尔金顿先生和拿破仑互相敬酒。皮尔金顿先生宣称，农夫们也和猪群一样，面临着同样的问题：“如果你们要对付低等动物，”他说，“那我们也要对付低等阶级！”

Mr. Pilkington notes with appreciation that the pigs have found ways to make Animal Farm’s animals work harder and on less food than any other group of farm animals in the county. He adds that he looks forward to introducing these advances on his own farm. Napoleon replies by reassuring his human guests that the pigs never wanted anything other than to conduct business peacefully with their human neighbors and that they have taken steps to further that goal.
皮尔金顿先生赞赏地注意到，猪们找到了让动物庄园的动物比县里任何其他农场动物更卖力、消耗更少食物的方法。他还补充道，他期待着将这些进步引入自己的农场。拿破仑向他的人类客人保证，猪们唯一的愿望就是与人类邻居和平共处，而且它们已经采取措施来实现这一目标。

Animals on Animal Farm will no longer address one another as “Comrade,” he says, or pay homage to Old Major; nor will they salute a flag with a horn and hoof upon it. All of these customs have been changed recently by decree, he assures the men. Napoleon even announces that Animal Farm will now be known as the Manor Farm, which is, he believes, its “correct and original name.”
他说，动物庄园里的动物们将不再以“同志”相称，也不再向老少校致敬 ；他们也不会向一面绘有角蹄图案的旗帜敬礼。他向人们保证，所有这些习俗最近都已通过法令改变。拿破仑甚至宣布，动物庄园将更名为“庄园农场”，他认为这才是它“正确而原始的名字”。

The pigs and farmers return to their amiable card game, and the other animals creep away from the window. Soon the sounds of a quarrel draw them back to listen. Napoleon and Pilkington have played the ace of spades simultaneously, and each accuses the other of cheating. The animals, watching through the window, realize with a start that, as they look around the room of the farmhouse, they can no longer distinguish which of the cardplayers are pigs and which are human beings.
猪和农夫们又回到他们友好的牌局里，其他动物则悄悄地从窗边溜走。很快，一阵争吵声把他们吸引回来听。拿破仑和皮尔金顿同时打出了黑桃 A，互相指责对方作弊。透过窗户观看的动物们惊恐地意识到，当他们环顾农舍的房间时，他们已经分不清哪些玩牌的人是猪，哪些是人了。

Analysis: Chapter X
分析：第十章

“If you have your lower animals to contend with,” he said, “we have our lower classes!”
他说：“如果你们要与低等动物斗争，那么我们要与下层阶级斗争！”

The last chapter of Animal Farm brings the novel to its logical, unavoidable, yet chilling conclusion. The pigs wholly consolidate their power and their totalitarian, communist dictatorship completely overwhelms the democratic-socialist ideal of Animal Farm. Napoleon and the other pigs have become identical to the human farmers, just as Stalin and the Russian communists eventually became indistinguishable from the aristocrats whom they had replaced and the Western capitalists whom they had denounced.
《动物庄园》 的最后一章， 将小说推向了合乎逻辑、无可避免却又令人毛骨悚然的结局。猪们彻底巩固了他们的权力，他们的极权主义、共产主义独裁统治彻底压倒了《动物庄园》的民主社会主义理想。拿破仑和其他猪已经变得与人类农民一模一样，正如斯大林和俄国共产党人最终变得与他们所取代的贵族以及他们所谴责的西方资本家毫无二致一样。

The significance of Napoleon’s name is now entirely clear: the historical Napoleon, who ruled France in the early nineteenth century and conquered much of Europe before being defeated at the Battle of Waterloo in 1814, originally appeared to be a great liberator, overthrowing Europe’s kings and monarchs and bringing freedom to its people. But he eventually crowned himself emperor of France, shattering the dreams of European liberalism. Rather than destroying the aristocracy, Napoleon simply remade it around himself. Similarly, the pig Napoleon figures as the champion of Animalism early on. Now, however, he protests to the humans that he wants nothing more than to be one of them—that is, an oppressor.
拿破仑名字的意义如今已清晰可见：历史上的拿破仑，在19世纪初统治法国，征服了欧洲大部分地区，直至1814年在滑铁卢战役中战败。他最初被描绘成一位伟大的解放者，推翻了欧洲的国王和君主，为人民带来了自由。但他最终加冕为法国皇帝，粉碎了欧洲自由主义的梦想。拿破仑并没有摧毁贵族统治，而是简单地在自己周围重塑了贵族统治。同样，猪拿破仑在早期也被视为动物主义的捍卫者。然而，现在他却向人类抗议，他只想成为他们中的一员——也就是说，成为一个压迫者。

Throughout the novella, Orwell has told his fable from the animals’ point of view. In this chapter, we see clearly the dramatic power achieved by this narrative strategy. The animals remain naïvely hopeful up until the very end. Although they realize that the republic foretold by Old Major has yet to come to fruition, they stalwartly insist that it will come “[s]ome day.” These assertions charge the final events of the story with an intense irony. For although Orwell has used foreshadowing and subtle hints to make us more suspicious than the animals of the pigs’ motives, these statements of ingenuous faith in Animal Farm on the part of the common animals occur just before the final scene.
奥威尔在整部小说中都从动物的视角讲述了他的寓言。在本章中，我们清晰地看到了这种叙事策略所取得的戏剧性力量。动物们直到故事的最后都保持着天真的希望。尽管它们意识到老少校预言的共和国尚未实现，但它们坚定地坚信，它“总有一天”会实现。这些断言使故事的最终情节充满了强烈的讽刺意味。尽管奥威尔运用伏笔和微妙的暗示，让我们比动物们更怀疑猪的动机，但普通动物们对《动物庄园》的真诚信任，却恰恰发生在最后一幕之前。

This gap between the animals’ optimism and the harsh reality of the pigs’ totalitarian rule creates a sense of dramatic contrast. Although the descent into tyranny has been gradual, Orwell provides us with a restatement of the original ideals only moments before the full revelation of their betrayal.
动物们的乐观主义与猪极权统治的残酷现实之间的落差，形成了戏剧性的对比。尽管暴政的堕落是渐进的，但奥威尔在它们背叛的真相彻底揭晓前，为我们重述了最初的理想。

Orwell uses emphatic one-line paragraphs to heighten the terror of this betrayal: the succinct conveyance of “It was a pig walking on his hind legs” and “He carried a whip in his trotter” drops this stunning information on us without warning, shocking us as much as it does the animals. Moreover, Orwell’s decision to tell the story from the animals’ point of view renders his final tableau all the more terrible.
奥威尔用强调性的单行段落来强调这种背叛的恐怖：“那是一头用后腿走路的猪”和“他的蹄子上挂着一根鞭子”这些简洁的表达，毫无预兆地将这一令人震惊的信息传达给我们，让我们和动物们一样震惊。此外，奥威尔选择从动物的角度讲述这个故事，使得他最后的画面更加恐怖。

The picture of the pigs and farmers, indistinguishable from one another, playing cards together is disturbing enough by itself. Orwell, however, enables us to view this scene from the animals’ perspective—from the outside looking in. By framing the scene in this way, Orwell points to the animals’ total loss of power and entitlement: Animal Farm has not created a society of equals but has simply established a new class of oppressors to dominate the same class of oppressed—a division embodied, as at the opening of the novella, by the farmhouse wall.
猪和农夫们彼此难以区分地一起玩牌的画面本身就足以令人不安。然而，奥威尔让我们从动物的视角——从局外人的角度来看待这一场景。通过这样的构想，奥威尔指出了动物们彻底丧失了权力和权利：《动物庄园》并没有创造一个平等的社会，而只是建立了一个新的压迫阶级来统治同一个被压迫阶级——这种分裂，正如小说开篇农舍的墙壁所体现的那样。

The final distillation of the Seven Commandments that appears on the barn—“all animals are equal, but some are more equal than others”—stands as the last great example of how those in power manipulate language as an instrument of control. At the beginning of the novella, the idea of “more equal” would not only have seemed contrary to the egalitarian socialist spirit of Animal Farm, it would have seemed logically impossible. But after years of violence, hunger, dishonesty, and fear, the spirit of Animal Farm seems lost to a distant past.
谷仓里出现的七诫的最终精髓——“所有动物一律平等，但有些动物比其他动物更平等”——是当权者如何操纵语言作为控制工具的最后一个伟大例证。在小说的开篇，“更平等”的概念不仅似乎与《动物庄园》的平等社会主义精神相悖，而且在逻辑上也显得不可能。但在经历了多年的暴力、饥饿、欺骗和恐惧之后，《动物庄园》的精神似乎已湮没于遥远的过去。

The concept of inherent equality has given way to notions of material entitlement: Animal Farm as an institution no longer values dignity and social justice; power alone renders a creature worthy of rights. By claiming to be “more equal”—an inherently nonsensical concept—than the other animals, the pigs have distorted the original ideals of the farm beyond recognition and have literally stepped into the shoes of their former tyrannical masters.
固有平等的概念已被物质权利的观念所取代：动物庄园作为一个机构，不再重视尊严和社会正义；唯有权力才能赋予一个生物应有的权利。猪声称自己比其他动物“更平等”——这本身就荒谬至极——这扭曲了农场最初的理念，使其面目全非，实际上已经取代了它们昔日暴虐主人的地位。

Animal Farm Full Book Summary
《动物庄园》全书摘要

Animal Farm Full Book Summary
《动物庄园》全书摘要

Old Major, a prize-winning boar, gathers the animals of the Manor Farm for a meeting in the big barn. He tells them of a dream he has had in which all animals live together with no human beings to oppress or control them. He tells the animals that they must work toward such a paradise and teaches them a song called “Beasts of England,” in which his dream vision is lyrically described. The animals greet Major’s vision with great enthusiasm. When he dies only three nights after the meeting, three younger pigs—Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer—formulate his main principles into a philosophy called Animalism. Late one night, the animals manage to defeat the farmer Mr. Jones in a battle, running him off the land. They rename the property Animal Farm and dedicate themselves to achieving Major’s dream. The cart-horse Boxer devotes himself to the cause with particular zeal, committing his great strength to the prosperity of the farm and adopting as a personal maxim the affirmation “I will work harder.”
老少校 ，一头获奖的野猪，召集了庄园农场的动物们，在大谷仓里开会。他告诉动物们一个梦，梦里所有的动物都生活在一起，没有人类压迫或控制它们。他告诉动物们，他们必须为这样的天堂而努力，并教他们一首名为 《英格兰的生灵》 的歌 ，歌中以抒情的方式描述了他梦中的景象。动物们对少校的愿景表示热烈的欢迎。会议结束后仅三天，老少校就去世了。三只年轻的小猪—— 雪球 、 拿破仑和斯奎拉 ——将他的主要原则提炼成一种名为“动物主义”的哲学。一天深夜，动物们在一场战斗中击败了农场主琼斯先生，将他赶出了农场。他们将庄园重新命名为“动物庄园”，并致力于实现少校的梦想。拉车的马博克瑟对这项事业尤其热忱，他为农场的繁荣贡献了自己的全部力量，并将“我会更加努力”作为自己的座右铭。

At first, Animal Farm prospers. Snowball works at teaching the animals to read, and Napoleon takes a group of young puppies to educate them in the principles of Animalism. When Mr. Jones reappears to take back his farm, the animals defeat him again, in what comes to be known as the Battle of the Cowshed, and take the farmer’s abandoned gun as a token of their victory. As time passes, however, Napoleon and Snowball increasingly quibble over the future of the farm, and they begin to struggle with each other for power and influence among the other animals. Snowball concocts a scheme to build an electricity-generating windmill, but Napoleon solidly opposes the plan. At the meeting to vote on whether to take up the project, Snowball gives a passionate speech. Although Napoleon gives only a brief retort, he then makes a strange noise, and nine attack dogs—the puppies that Napoleon had confiscated in order to “educate”—burst into the barn and chase Snowball from the farm. Napoleon assumes leadership of Animal Farm and declares that there will be no more meetings. From that point on, he asserts, the pigs alone will make all of the decisions—for the good of every animal.
起初，动物庄园生意兴隆。雪球努力教动物们识字，拿破仑则带着一群幼犬向它们灌输动物主义的原则。当琼斯先生再次出现并夺回他的农场时，动物们再次击败了他，这场战斗后来被称为“牛棚之战”，动物们夺走了农场主遗弃的枪作为胜利的象征。然而，随着时间的推移，拿破仑和雪球对农场的未来争论不休，他们开始在其他动物中争夺权力和影响力。雪球构思了一个建造风力发电车的计划，但拿破仑坚决反对。在投票表决是否启动该项目的会议上，雪球发表了充满激情的演讲。拿破仑只是简短地反驳了几句，随后发出一声怪叫，九只攻击犬——那些拿破仑为了“教育”而没收的小狗——冲进谷仓，把雪球赶出了农场。拿破仑接任动物庄园的领导，并宣布不再开会。他断言，从此以后，所有的决定都将由猪们自己做出——为了所有动物的利益。

Napoleon now quickly changes his mind about the windmill, and the animals, especially Boxer, devote their efforts to completing it. One day, after a storm, the animals find the windmill toppled. The human farmers in the area declare smugly that the animals made the walls too thin, but Napoleon claims that Snowball returned to the farm to sabotage the windmill. He stages a great purge, during which various animals who have allegedly participated in Snowball’s great conspiracy—meaning any animal who opposes Napoleon’s uncontested leadership—meet instant death at the teeth of the attack dogs. With his leadership unquestioned (Boxer has taken up a second maxim, “Napoleon is always right”), Napoleon begins expanding his powers, rewriting history to make Snowball a villain. Napoleon also begins to act more and more like a human being—sleeping in a bed, drinking whisky, and engaging in trade with neighboring farmers. The original Animalist principles strictly forbade such activities, but Squealer, Napoleon’s propagandist, justifies every action to the other animals, convincing them that Napoleon is a great leader and is making things better for everyone—despite the fact that the common animals are cold, hungry, and overworked.
拿破仑很快就改变了对风车的想法，动物们，尤其是博克瑟，开始努力完成风车。一天，一场暴风雨过后，动物们发现风车倒塌了。附近的人类农民得意洋洋地宣称是动物们把风车壁弄得太薄了，但拿破仑却声称是雪球回到农场破坏了风车。他发动了一场大清洗，所有涉嫌参与雪球大阴谋的动物——也就是任何反对拿破仑不容置疑的领导权的动物——都会被猎犬立即处死。由于他的领导地位毋庸置疑（博克瑟又说了一句格言：“拿破仑永远是对的”），拿破仑开始扩张自己的权力，改写历史，把雪球塑造成一个恶棍。拿破仑的行为也越来越像人类——睡在床上，喝着威士忌，和邻近的农民做生意。最初的动物主义原则严格禁止此类活动，但拿破仑的宣传者斯奎拉却向其他动物证明他的每一个行为都是正当的，让他们相信拿破仑是一位伟大的领袖，他正在让每个人的生活变得更好——尽管普通动物们又冷又饿，而且劳累过度。

Mr. Frederick, a neighboring farmer, cheats Napoleon in the purchase of some timber and then attacks the farm and dynamites the windmill, which had been rebuilt at great expense. After the demolition of the windmill, a pitched battle ensues, during which Boxer receives major wounds. The animals rout the farmers, but Boxer’s injuries weaken him. When he later falls while working on the windmill, he senses that his time has nearly come. One day, Boxer is nowhere to be found. According to Squealer, Boxer has died in peace after having been taken to the hospital, praising the Rebellion with his last breath. In actuality, Napoleon has sold his most loyal and long-suffering worker to a glue maker in order to get money for whisky.
邻近的农民弗雷德里克先生骗取拿破仑购买木材，随后袭击农场，炸毁了耗资巨资重建的风车。风车被炸毁后，一场激战爆发，拳击手身负重伤。动物们击溃了农民，但拳击手的伤势却让他更加虚弱。后来，他在修理风车时摔倒，意识到自己的大限将至。有一天，拳击手不知所踪。据斯奎拉所说，拳击手被送往医院后安详离世，用最后一口气赞美起义。事实上，拿破仑为了换取威士忌酒的钱，把他最忠诚、最坚韧的工人卖给了一个胶水制造商。

Years pass on Animal Farm, and the pigs become more and more like human beings—walking upright, carrying whips, and wearing clothes. Eventually, the seven principles of Animalism, known as the Seven Commandments and inscribed on the side of the barn, become reduced to a single principle reading “all animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.” Napoleon entertains a human farmer named Mr. Pilkington at a dinner and declares his intent to ally himself with the human farmers against the laboring classes of both the human and animal communities. He also changes the name of Animal Farm back to the Manor Farm, claiming that this title is the “correct” one. Looking in at the party of elites through the farmhouse window, the common animals can no longer tell which are the pigs and which are the human beings.
随着时间流逝，《动物庄园》里的猪越来越像人类——直立行走、手持鞭子、穿上衣服。最终，刻在谷仓侧面的动物主义七项原则，即“七诫”，精简为一条：“所有动物一律平等，但有些动物比其他动物更平等”。拿破仑宴请一位名叫皮尔金顿先生的人类农夫 ，并宣布他要与人类农夫结盟，共同对抗人类和动物社会中的劳动阶级。他还将《动物庄园》改回“庄园农场”，声称这个名字才是“正确”的。透过农舍的窗户，看着这群精英人士，普通动物们再也分不清谁是猪，谁是人了。

Full Book Analysis
完整的书籍分析

Full Book Analysis
完整的书籍分析

The central conflict of Animal Farm arises when the animals’ desire for freedom and equality is corrupted by the consolidation of political power amongst the pigs. The animals’ original goal is expressed in the first chapter, in Old Major’s teachings and especially in “Beasts of England,” the song that becomes the anthem of Animal Farm. At the beginning of the novella, political power is embodied by the farmer, Mr. Jones, who indulges himself while the animals starve. The animals win easily when they rebel against Mr. Jones, and as a result they make the mistake of thinking they have overcome political power itself. In reality they have only overcome one of the forms that political power can take. By the end of Chapter 2, when Napoleon steals the cows’ milk, the political power becomes embodied by the pigs.
《动物庄园》 的核心冲突源于动物们对自由和平等的渴望，却被猪群中政治权力的巩固所腐蚀。动物们最初的目标是在第一章中体现出来的，体现在老少校的教诲中，尤其是在后来成为《动物庄园》主题曲的《英格兰的野兽》中。在小说的开篇，政治权力体现在农场主琼斯先生身上，他纵情享乐，而动物们却在挨饿。动物们反抗琼斯先生，轻而易举地取得了胜利，结果误以为自己已经战胜了政治权力本身。实际上，他们只是战胜了政治权力的一种形式。在第二章的结尾，当拿破仑偷走牛奶时，政治权力的化身变成了猪。

Chapters 2 –7 trace the development of the pigs’ power, and the other animals’ growing awareness that they have not achieved their goal after all. The pigs—and Napoleon in particular—come to embody political power in three ways. First, they claim more and more of the farms’ resources for themselves. They start by stealing milk and apples, then eventually sell animal products to buy human luxuries like whisky. Second, the pigs become more violent, introducing the dog police force and ordering executions. Third, the pigs claim the power to determine what truth is. Squealer changes the Commandments of Animalism and the story of the Battle of the Cowshed. Meanwhile, the animals slowly come to realize that their lives are no better than they were before the Rebellion.
第二章至第七章追溯了猪的权力发展，以及其他动物逐渐意识到他们终究未能达成目标。猪——尤其是拿破仑——通过三种方式体现政治权力。首先，他们攫取了越来越多的农场资源。他们从偷牛奶和苹果开始，最终将动物制品出售，以购买威士忌等人类的奢侈品。其次，猪变得更加暴力，引入了警犬部队并下令处决。第三，猪声称拥有决定真相的权力。斯奎拉改变了《动物主义戒律》和牛棚之战的故事。与此同时，动物们逐渐意识到，他们的生活并不比起义前好。

The climax of the novella occurs in Chapter 7, when Napoleon decides to sell the hens’ eggs. The hens finally recognize that the pigs are their antagonists, and they rebel. Their rebellion is brutally crushed and the hens are executed. Now, Boxer is the only character still clinging to the hope that freedom can be achieved. He has worked tirelessly to achieve this goal set forth by Old Major, which for Boxer is represented by his hope of one day retiring to a special pasture. However, when the time comes for Boxer to retire, he is sold and killed. Boxer’s betrayal marks the moment in which political power—embodied in Napoleon and the pigs—completely defeats the animals. In Animal Farm’s final pages, the animals watch the pigs dining with human farmers, and find they are unable to tell the difference between humans and pigs. The pigs have become one with the human farmers because both groups are equally corrupted by the reality of political power.
小说的高潮出现在第七章，拿破仑决定出售母鸡的鸡蛋。母鸡们终于意识到猪是它们的敌人，于是它们反抗了。他们的反抗被残酷地镇压，母鸡们被处决。现在，拳击手是唯一一个仍然抱有自由希望的角色。他孜孜不倦地努力实现老少校设定的目标，对拳击手来说，这代表着他希望有一天能退休到一个特殊的牧场。然而，当拳击手退休的时候到了，他却被卖掉并杀害了。拳击手的背叛标志着政治权力——以拿破仑和猪为代表——彻底击败了动物们。在 《动物庄园 》的最后几页，动物们看到猪和人类农夫一起吃饭，发现自己分不清人和猪。猪已经和人类农夫融为一体，因为这两个群体都被政治权力的现实所腐蚀。

Key Facts
关键事实

Key Facts
关键事实

Full TitleAnimal Farm: A Fairy Story
完整标题《动物庄园：一个童话故事》

AuthorGeorge Orwell (pseudonym of Eric Arthur Blair)
作者乔治·奥威尔（埃里克·阿瑟·布莱尔的笔名）

Genre Dystopian animal fable; satire; allegory; political roman à clef (French for “novel with a key”—a thinly veiled exposé of factual persons or events)
类型： 反乌托邦动物寓言；讽刺；寓言；政治小说（法语意为“带钥匙的小说”——对真实人物或事件的隐晦揭露）

Time And Place Written1943–1944, in London
写作时间和地点： 1943 年至 1944 年，伦敦

Date Of First Publication1946
首次出版日期 1946 年

PublisherHarcourt Brace & Company
出版商： Harcourt Brace & Company

In-depth Facts:
深入事实：

NarratorAnimal Farm is the only work by Orwell in which the author does not appear conspicuously as a narrator or major character; it is the least overtly personal of all of his writings. The anonymous narrator of the story is almost a nonentity, notable for no individual idiosyncrasies or biases.
《 动物庄园》 是奥威尔唯一一部作者未以叙述者或主要人物身份露面的作品；它是奥威尔所有作品中个人色彩最不明显的一部。故事的匿名叙述者几乎是一个无名之辈，没有任何个人特质或偏见。

Point Of ViewThe story is told from the point of view of the common animals of Animal Farm, though it refers to them in the third person plural as “they.”
视角故事是从《动物庄园》中普通动物的视角讲述的，尽管故事以第三人称复数“它们”来指代它们。

ToneFor the most part, the tone of the novel is objective, stating external facts and rarely digressing into philosophical meditations. The mixture of this tone with the outrageous trajectory of the plot, however, steeps the story in an ever-mounting irony.
基调 ：小说的基调大多客观，侧重于陈述外部事实，很少偏离主题进行哲学思考。然而，这种基调与离奇的情节轨迹交织在一起，却使故事充满了讽刺意味。

Setting (Time)As is the case with most fables, Animal Farm is set in an unspecified time period and is largely free from historical references that would allow the reader to date the action precisely. It is fair to assume, however, that Orwell means the fable to be contemporaneous with the object of its satire, the Russian Revolution (1917–1945). It is important to remember that this period represented the recent past and present at the time of writing and that Orwell understands the significance of the story’s action to be immediate and ongoing rather than historical.
背景（时间） 与大多数寓言一样， 《动物庄园》的故事背景设定在一个未指定的时间段，并且几乎没有任何历史记载，读者无法准确推断故事发生的年代。然而，可以合理地假设，奥威尔的意图是将这则寓言设定在其讽刺对象——俄国革命（1917-1945）——的同时期。需要记住的是，这段时期代表了写作时的近期和现在，奥威尔理解故事情节的意义在于即时性和持续性，而非历史性。

Setting (Place)An imaginary farm in England
背景（地点） 英格兰的一个虚构农场

ProtagonistThere is no clear central character in the novel, but Napoleon, the dictatorial pig, is the figure who drives and ties together most of the action.
主角小说中没有明确的中心人物，但独裁猪拿破仑是推动和联系大部分情节的人物。

Major ConflictThere are a number of conflicts in Animal Farm—the animals versus Mr. Jones, Snowball versus Napoleon, the common animals versus the pigs, Animal Farm versus the neighboring humans—but all of them are expressions of the underlying tension between the exploited and exploiting classes and between the lofty ideals and harsh realities of socialism.
主要冲突 《动物庄园》 中存在许多冲突 ——动物与琼斯先生、雪球与拿破仑、普通动物与猪、动物庄园与邻近的人类——但所有这些冲突都体现了被剥削阶级与剥削阶级之间、社会主义的崇高理想与严酷现实之间的潜在紧张关系。

Rising ActionThe animals throw off their human oppressors and establish a socialist state called Animal Farm; the pigs, being the most intelligent animals in the group, take control of the planning and government of the farm; Snowball and Napoleon engage in ideological disputes and compete for power.
崛起行动动物们推翻了人类压迫者，建立了一个名为“动物庄园”的社会主义国家；猪是群体中最聪明的动物，控制了农场的规划和管理；雪球和拿破仑进行意识形态争论并争夺权力。

ClimaxIn Chapter V, Napoleon runs Snowball off the farm with his trained pack of dogs and declares that the power to make decisions for the farm will be exercised solely by the pigs.
高潮在第五章中，拿破仑带着一群训练有素的狗把雪球赶出了农场，并宣布农场的决策权将完全由猪来行使。

Falling ActionSquealer emerges to justify Napoleon’s actions with skillful but duplicitous reinterpretations of Animalist principles; Napoleon continues to consolidate his power, eliminating his enemies and reinforcing his status as supreme leader; the common animals continue to obey the pigs, hoping for a better future.
行动落幕斯奎拉出现，用巧妙但虚伪的方式重新诠释动物主义原则，为拿破仑的行为辩护；拿破仑继续巩固他的权力，消灭他的敌人，巩固他作为最高领袖的地位；普通动物继续服从猪，希望有一个更美好的未来。

ThemesThe corruption of socialist ideals in the Soviet Union; the societal tendency toward class stratification; the danger of a naïve working class; the abuse of language as instrumental to the abuse of power
主题： 苏联社会主义理想的腐化；社会阶级分化趋势；天真的工人阶级的危险；滥用语言作为滥用权力的工具

MotifsSongs; state ritual
主题歌曲；国家仪式

SymbolsAnimal Farm; the barn; the windmill
象征动物庄园；谷仓；风车

ForeshadowingThe pigs’ eventual abuse of power is foreshadowed at several points in the novel. At the end of Chapter II, immediately after the establishment of the supposedly egalitarian Animal Farm, the extra milk taken from the cows disappears, and the text implies that Napoleon has drunk it himself. Similarly, the dogs’ attack on Boxer during Napoleon’s purges, in Chapter VII, foreshadows the pigs’ eventual betrayal of the loyal cart-horse.
伏笔：小说中多处地方预示了猪最终会滥用权力。第二章结尾，在所谓的平等主义动物庄园建立后不久，从奶牛身上挤出来的多出来的牛奶消失了，文本暗示拿破仑自己喝了。同样，第七章中，拿破仑清洗期间，狗对拳击手的攻击也预示了猪最终背叛忠诚的拉车马。
 

Themes
主题

Themes
主题

Themes are the fundamental and often universal ideas explored in a literary work.
主题是文学作品中探讨的基本思想，通常是普遍的思想。

The Corruption of Socialist Ideals in the Soviet Union
苏联社会主义理想的腐化

Animal Farm is most famous in the West as a stinging critique of the history and rhetoric of the Russian Revolution. Retelling the story of the emergence and development of Soviet communism in the form of an animal fable, Animal Farm allegorizes the rise to power of the dictator Joseph Stalin. In the novella, the overthrow of the human oppressor Mr. Jones by a democratic coalition of animals quickly gives way to the consolidation of power among the pigs. Much like the Soviet intelligentsia, the pigs establish themselves as the ruling class in the new society.
《动物庄园》 在西方最为著名，因为它对俄国革命的历史和言论进行了尖锐的批判。 《动物庄园》 以动物寓言的形式重述了苏联共产主义的兴起和发展， 寓言化了独裁者约瑟夫·斯大林的崛起。在这部中篇小说中，动物的民主联盟推翻了人类压迫者琼斯先生，但很快便让位于猪的权力巩固。与苏联知识分子一样，猪在新社会中确立了自己作为统治阶级的地位。

The struggle for preeminence between Leon Trotsky and Stalin emerges in the rivalry between the pigs Snowball and Napoleon. In both the historical and fictional cases, the idealistic but politically less powerful figure (Trotsky and Snowball) is expelled from the revolutionary state by the malicious and violent usurper of power (Stalin and Napoleon). The purges and show trials with which Stalin eliminated his enemies and solidified his political base find expression in Animal Farm as the false confessions and executions of animals whom Napoleon distrusts following the collapse of the windmill. Stalin’s tyrannical rule and eventual abandonment of the founding principles of the Russian Revolution are represented by the pigs’ turn to violent government and the adoption of human traits and behaviors, the trappings of their original oppressors.
列夫·托洛茨基和斯大林之间的权力之争，体现在雪球和拿破仑两头猪之间的竞争中。无论在历史还是虚构的案例中，理想主义但政治上较弱的人物（托洛茨基和雪球）都被恶意暴力的篡夺权力者（斯大林和拿破仑）驱逐出革命国家。斯大林通过清洗和作秀式的公审来清除敌人，巩固其政治基础，在 《动物庄园》 中 ，风车倒塌后，拿破仑不信任的动物们的虚假供词和处决，体现了斯大林的暴政和最终放弃俄国革命基本原则的举动，而猪们则转向暴力统治，并模仿人类的特征和行为，即它们最初的压迫者的外衣。

Although Orwell believed strongly in socialist ideals, he felt that the Soviet Union realized these ideals in a terribly perverse form. His novella creates its most powerful ironies in the moments in which Orwell depicts the corruption of Animalist ideals by those in power. For Animal Farm serves not so much to condemn tyranny or despotism as to indict the horrifying hypocrisy of tyrannies that base themselves on, and owe their initial power to, ideologies of liberation and equality. The gradual disintegration and perversion of the Seven Commandments illustrates this hypocrisy with vivid force, as do Squealer’s elaborate philosophical justifications for the pigs’ blatantly unprincipled actions. Thus, the novella critiques the violence of the Stalinist regime against the human beings it ruled, and also points to Soviet communism’s violence against human logic, language, and ideals.
尽管奥威尔坚信社会主义理想，但他却认为苏联以一种极其反常的方式实现了这些理想。他的中篇小说在描绘当权者对动物主义理想的腐蚀时，创造了最强烈的讽刺。《 动物庄园》 与其说是谴责暴政或专制，不如说是控诉了那些建立在解放和平等意识形态之上、并将其最初的权力归功于这些意识形态的暴政的骇人听闻的虚伪。七诫的逐渐瓦解和被曲解，以及斯奎拉为猪群公然无原则的行为所做的精心哲学辩护，都生动地展现了这种虚伪。因此，这部中篇小说批判了斯大林政权对其统治下的人类的暴力，也指出了苏联共产主义对人类逻辑、语言和理想的暴力。

The Societal Tendency Toward Class Stratification
社会阶级分层趋势

Animal Farm offers commentary on the development of class tyranny and the human tendency to maintain and reestablish class structures even in societies that allegedly stand for total equality. The novella illustrates how classes that are initially unified in the face of a common enemy, as the animals are against the humans, may become internally divided when that enemy is eliminated. The expulsion of Mr. Jones creates a power vacuum, and it is only so long before the next oppressor assumes totalitarian control.
《动物庄园》 对阶级暴政的发展以及人类即使在号称主张完全平等的社会中也倾向于维持和重建阶级结构进行了评论。这部中篇小说展现了阶级如何在共同敌人面前团结一致，就像动物对抗人类一样，但当敌人被消灭时，内部却可能出现分裂。琼斯先生的驱逐造成了权力真空，而下一个压迫者即将掌握极权统治。

The natural division between intellectual and physical labor quickly comes to express itself as a new set of class divisions, with the “brainworkers” (as the pigs claim to be) using their superior intelligence to manipulate society to their own benefit. Orwell never clarifies in Animal Farm whether this negative state of affairs constitutes an inherent aspect of society or merely an outcome contingent on the integrity of a society’s intelligentsia. In either case, the novella points to the force of this tendency toward class stratification in many communities and the threat that it poses to democracy and freedom.
脑力劳动与体力劳动之间的自然分工很快便转化为新的阶级分化，猪自称是“脑力劳动者”，他们利用自身优越的智力操纵社会，为自身谋利。奥威尔在 《动物庄园》 中从未明确指出 ，这种负面状况究竟是社会固有的，还是仅仅是社会知识分子诚信的必然结果。无论如何，这部中篇小说都指出了这种阶级分化趋势在许多社会群体中的力量，以及它对民主和自由构成的威胁。

The Danger of a Naïve Working Class
天真的工人阶级的危险

One of the novella’s most impressive accomplishments is its portrayal not just of the figures in power but also of the oppressed people themselves. Animal Farm is not told from the perspective of any particular character, though occasionally it does slip into Clover’s consciousness. Rather, the story is told from the perspective of the common animals as a whole. Gullible, loyal, and hardworking, these animals give Orwell a chance to sketch how situations of oppression arise not only from the motives and tactics of the oppressors but also from the naïveté of the oppressed, who are not necessarily in a position to be better educated or informed. When presented with a dilemma, Boxer prefers not to puzzle out the implications of various possible actions but instead to repeat to himself, “Napoleon is always right.” Animal Farm demonstrates how the inability or unwillingness to question authority condemns the working class to suffer the full extent of the ruling class’s oppression.
这部中篇小说最令人印象深刻的成就之一，在于它不仅刻画了当权者，也刻画了被压迫的人民本身。 《动物庄园》 并非从任何特定角色的视角展开，尽管偶尔会进入克洛弗的意识。相反，故事是从普通动物的整体视角展开的。这些动物轻信、忠诚、勤劳，让奥威尔有机会描绘出压迫的局面，这不仅源于压迫者的动机和策略，也源于被压迫者的天真——他们未必能够接受更好的教育或了解情况。当面临困境时，博克瑟不愿去揣摩各种可能行动的后果，而是反复自言自语：“拿破仑永远是对的。” 《动物庄园》 展现了工人阶级如何因无力或不愿质疑权威而遭受统治阶级的全面压迫。

The Abuse of Language as Instrumental to the Abuse of Power
滥用语言是滥用权力的工具

One of Orwell’s central concerns, both in Animal Farm and in 1984, is the way in which language can be manipulated as an instrument of control. In Animal Farm, the pigs gradually twist and distort a rhetoric of socialist revolution to justify their behavior and to keep the other animals in the dark. The animals heartily embrace Major’s visionary ideal of socialism, but after Major dies, the pigs gradually twist the meaning of his words. As a result, the other animals seem unable to oppose the pigs without also opposing the ideals of the Rebellion.
奥威尔在 《动物庄园》 和 《1984 》 中的核心关注点之一， 就是语言如何被操纵，成为一种控制工具。在 《动物庄园》 中 ，猪们逐渐扭曲和歪曲社会主义革命的论调，以证明自身行为的合理性，并让其他动物蒙在鼓里。动物们衷心拥护梅杰的社会主义理想，但梅杰死后，猪们逐渐曲解了他的话的含义。结果，其他动物似乎无法在不反对起义理想的前提下反抗猪们。

By the end of the novella, after Squealer’s repeated reconfigurations of the Seven Commandments in order to decriminalize the pigs’ treacheries, the main principle of the farm can be openly stated as “all animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.” This outrageous abuse of the word “equal” and of the ideal of equality in general typifies the pigs’ method, which becomes increasingly audacious as the novel progresses. Orwell’s sophisticated exposure of this abuse of language remains one of the most compelling and enduring features of Animal Farm, worthy of close study even after we have decoded its allegorical characters and events.
小说结尾，斯奎拉为了将猪的背叛合法化，反复修改了《七诫》，如今庄园的核心原则可以公开表述为“所有动物一律平等，但有些动物比其他动物更平等”。这种对“平等”一词以及普遍意义上的平等理想的肆无忌惮的滥用，正是猪的典型作风，而且随着小说情节的推进，其作风也愈发大胆。奥威尔对这种语言滥用的巧妙揭露，至今仍是 《动物庄园》 最引人入胜、经久不衰的特色之一 ，即使在解读了其寓言式的人物和事件之后，仍然值得我们深入研究。

Corruption
腐败

Animal Farm demonstrates the idea that power always corrupts. The novella’s heavy use of foreshadowing, especially in the opening chapter, creates the sense that the events of the story are unavoidable. Not only is Napoleon’s rise to power inevitable, the novella strongly suggests that any other possible ruler would have been just as bad as Napoleon. Although Napoleon is more power-hungry than Snowball, plenty of evidence exists to suggest that Snowball would have been just as corrupt a ruler. Before his expulsion, Snowball goes along with the pigs’ theft of milk and apples, and the disastrous windmill is his idea. Even Old Major is not incorruptible. Despite his belief that “all animals are equal,” (Chapter 1) he lectures the other animals from a raised platform, suggesting he may actually view himself as above the other animals on the farm. In the novel’s final image the pigs become indistinguishable from human farmers, which hammers home the idea that power inevitably has the same effect on anyone who wields it.
《动物庄园》 展现了权力总是导致腐败的理念。小说大量使用伏笔，尤其是在开篇，营造出一种故事事件不可避免的氛围。拿破仑的崛起不仅是不可避免的，小说还强烈暗示，任何其他可能的统治者都和拿破仑一样糟糕。尽管拿破仑比雪球更渴望权力，但大量证据表明，雪球同样是一个腐败的统治者。在被驱逐之前，雪球曾与猪群一起偷牛奶和苹果，而灾难性的风车就是他设计的。即使是老少校也并非廉洁。尽管他信奉“所有动物都是平等的”（ 第一章 ），但他却站在高台上对其他动物进行说教，暗示他可能真的认为自己高于农场里的其他动物。在小说的最终画面中，猪变得与人类农民难以区分，这进一步强调了权力对任何拥有它的人都会产生同样的影响。

The Failure of Intellect
智力的失败

Animal Farm is deeply skeptical about the value of intellectual activity. The pigs are identified as the most intelligent animals, but their intelligence rarely produces anything of value. Instead, the pigs use their intelligence to manipulate and abuse the other animals. The novella identifies several other ways in which intelligence fails to be useful or good. Benjamin is literate, but he refuses to read, suggesting that intelligence is worthless without the moral sense to engage in politics and the courage to act. The dogs are nearly as literate as the pigs, but they are “not interested in reading anything except the Seven Commandments” (Chapter 3). The dogs’ use of their intelligence suggests that intellect is useless—even harmful—when it is combined with a personality that prefers to obey orders rather than question them.
《动物庄园》 对智力活动的价值深表怀疑。猪被认为是最聪明的动物，但它们的智力很少产生任何有价值的东西。相反，猪利用它们的智力来操纵和虐待其他动物。这部中篇小说还指出了智力未能发挥作用或发挥其善意的其他几种方式。本杰明识字，但他拒绝阅读，这表明，如果没有参与政治的道德感和采取行动的勇气，智力就毫无价值。狗的识字率几乎与猪一样高，但它们“除了《七诫》之外，对阅读任何东西都不感兴趣”（ 第三章 ）。狗对智力的运用表明，当智力与喜欢服从命令而不是质疑命令的个性结合在一起时，智力是无用的，甚至是有害的。

The Exploitation of Animals by Humans
人类对动物的剥削

As well as being an allegory of the ways human exploit and oppress one another, Animal Farm also makes a more literal argument: humans exploit and oppress animals. While the animals’ rebellion is mostly comic in tone, it ends on a serious and touching note, when the animals “wipe out the last traces of Jones’s hated reign. The harness-room at the end of the stables was broken open; the bits, the nose-rings, the dog-chains, the cruel knives with which Mr. Jones had been used to castrate the pigs and lambs, were all flung down the well” (Chapter 2).
《动物庄园》 不仅寓言了人类相互剥削和压迫的方式， 也提出了一个更直白的论点：人类剥削和压迫动物。动物们的反抗大多带有喜剧色彩，但最终却以严肃而感人的基调收场：动物们“彻底摧毁了琼斯那令人憎恶的统治的最后痕迹。马厩尽头的马具室被砸开；嚼子、鼻环、狗链，以及琼斯先生用来阉割猪和羊的残忍刀具，都被扔进了井里”（ 第二章 ）。

The novella also suggests that there is a real connection, as well as an allegorical one, between the exploitation of animals and the exploitation of human workers. Mr. Pilkington jokes to Napoleon: “If you have your lower animals to contend with […] we have our lower classes!” (Chapter 10). From the point of view of the ruling class, animals and workers are the same.
这部中篇小说还暗示了动物的剥削与人类工人的剥削之间存在着真实的联系，也是一种寓言式的联系。皮尔金顿先生曾对拿破仑开玩笑说：“如果你要与低等动物抗衡[…]，那我们也要与下层阶级抗衡！”（ 第十章 ）。从统治阶级的角度来看，动物和工人是相同的。

MOTIFS
原因

Motifs are recurring structures, contrasts, and literary devices that can help to develop and inform the text’s major themes.
主题是反复出现的结构、对比和文学手法，有助于发展和传达文本的主要主题。

Songs
歌曲

Animal Farm is filled with songs, poems, and slogans, including Major’s stirring “Beasts of England,” Minimus’s ode to Napoleon, the sheep’s chants, and Minimus’s revised anthem, “Animal Farm, Animal Farm.” All of these songs serve as propaganda, one of the major conduits of social control. By making the working-class animals speak the same words at the same time, the pigs evoke an atmosphere of grandeur and nobility associated with the recited text’s subject matter. The songs also erode the animals’ sense of individuality and keep them focused on the tasks by which they will purportedly achieve freedom.
《动物庄园》 充斥着歌曲、诗歌和口号，包括梅杰激动人心的《英格兰的野兽》、米尼姆斯的拿破仑颂歌、绵羊的吟唱，以及米尼姆斯修改后的国歌《动物庄园，动物庄园》。所有这些歌曲都充当着宣传工具，是社会控制的主要渠道之一。通过让工人阶级的动物们同时说出相同的歌词，猪们营造出一种与朗诵文本主题相关的宏伟高贵的氛围。这些歌曲也侵蚀了动物们的个体意识，使它们专注于那些它们所谓的获得自由的任务。

State Ritual
国礼

As Animal Farm shifts gears from its early revolutionary fervor to a phase of consolidation of power in the hands of the few, national rituals become an ever more common part of the farm’s social life. Military awards, large parades, and new songs all proliferate as the state attempts to reinforce the loyalty of the animals. The increasing frequency of the rituals bespeaks the extent to which the working class in the novella becomes ever more reliant on the ruling class to define their group identity and values.
随着 《动物庄园》 从早期的革命狂热转向权力集中在少数人手中的阶段，国家仪式成为农场社会生活中越来越常见的一部分。军事奖励、大型游行和新歌等形式层出不穷，国家试图强化动物们的忠诚。仪式的日益频繁表明，小说中的工人阶级在多大程度上越来越依赖统治阶级来定义其群体身份和价值观。

Food & Drink
餐饮

In Animal Farm, references to food often serve to represent the labor of the working class or the capital of the ruling class. Under the rule of the farmers, food is provided unequally amongst the different species of animals, often depending on how much labor they contribute. After the revolution takes place, Mollie is enticed back to working under human rule with the promise of treats like sugar cubes—a symbol for the trivial comforts that the ruling class provide to the working class to encourage their compliance. After taking over leadership of the farm, the pigs are found eating milk and apples, despite the understanding that no animal should receive special treatment, continuing the theme of unfair and unsustainable consumption of resources by the ruling class. Rather than being treated with respect in his old age, the loyal comrade Boxer is sent to a glue factory, where he will be killed. The money from his sale is spent on whiskey for the pigs, symbolizing how workers in a capitalist or authoritarian system are worked to death to sustain the lifestyles of the rich and powerful. In the final scene of Animal Farm, the pigs can be seen dining with the humans. The decadence of this feast exposes the immense gluttony of the ruling class at the expense of the vast majority of society.
在 《动物庄园》 中 ，食物常常被用来象征工人阶级的劳动或统治阶级的资本。在农民的统治下，不同种类的动物获得的食物并不均衡，通常取决于它们贡献的劳动量。革命爆发后，莫莉被引诱回到人类统治下工作，并承诺给予方糖之类的食物——这象征着统治阶级为鼓励工人阶级服从而提供的微不足道的慰藉。接管农场领导权后，猪们竟然吃着牛奶和苹果，尽管人们都明白任何动物都不应受到特殊对待，这延续了统治阶级对资源不公平且不可持续消耗的主题。忠诚的战友鲍克瑟在晚年非但没有得到尊重，反而被送往胶水厂，在那里被杀死。他卖酒的钱被用来给猪买威士忌，象征着资本主义或专制制度下的工人如何为了维持富人和权贵的生活方式而拼命工作。在 《动物庄园》 的最终场景中 ，猪与人类共进晚餐。这场盛宴的奢华程度，暴露了统治阶级以牺牲社会绝大多数民众利益为代价的极度贪婪。

Symbols are objects, characters, figures, and colors used to represent abstract ideas or concepts.
符号是用来表示抽象思想或概念的物体、字符、图形和颜色。

Animal Farm
动物庄园

Animal Farm, known at the beginning and the end of the novel as the Manor Farm, symbolizes Russia and the Soviet Union under Communist Party rule. But more generally, Animal Farm stands for any human society, be it capitalist, socialist, fascist, or communist. It possesses the internal structure of a nation, with a government (the pigs), a police force or army (the dogs), a working class (the other animals), and state holidays and rituals. Its location amid a number of hostile neighboring farms supports its symbolism as a political entity with diplomatic concerns.
《动物庄园》在小说的开头和结尾被称为“庄园农场”，象征着共产党统治下的俄罗斯和苏联。但更广泛地说，《动物庄园》代表着任何人类社会，无论是资本主义、社会主义、法西斯主义还是共产主义。它拥有一个国家的内部结构，包括政府（猪）、警察或军队（狗）、工人阶级（其他动物），以及国家节日和仪式。它位于许多敌对的邻近农场之间，这支持了它作为一个具有外交关切的政治实体的象征意义。

The Barn
谷仓

The barn at Animal Farm, on whose outside walls the pigs paint the Seven Commandments and, later, their revisions, represents the collective memory of a modern nation. The many scenes in which the ruling-class pigs alter the principles of Animalism and in which the working-class animals puzzle over but accept these changes represent the way an institution in power can revise a community’s concept of history to bolster its control. If the working class believes history to lie on the side of their oppressors, they are less likely to question oppressive practices. Moreover, the oppressors, by revising their nation’s conception of its origins and development, gain control of the nation’s very identity, and the oppressed soon come to depend upon the authorities for their communal sense of self.
《动物庄园》里的谷仓，猪在谷仓外墙上涂绘了七诫以及后来的修订版，代表着一个现代国家的集体记忆。在众多场景中，统治阶级的猪修改了动物主义的原则，而工人阶级的动物们则对这些变化感到困惑但最终接受了，这体现了一个掌权机构如何能够修改一个社群的历史观，以增强其控制力。如果工人阶级认为历史站在压迫者一边，他们就不太可能质疑压迫行为。此外，压迫者通过修改其国家对其起源和发展的认知，掌控了国家的身份认同，而被压迫者很快就会依赖当局来获得其共同的自我意识。

The Windmill
风车

The great windmill symbolizes the pigs’ manipulation of the other animals for their own gain. Despite the immediacy of the need for food and warmth, the pigs exploit Boxer and the other common animals by making them undertake backbreaking labor to build the windmill, which will ultimately earn the pigs more money and thus increase their power. The pigs’ declaration that Snowball is responsible for the windmill’s first collapse constitutes psychological manipulation, as it prevents the common animals from doubting the pigs’ abilities and unites them against a supposed enemy. The ultimate conversion of the windmill to commercial use is one more sign of the pigs’ betrayal of their fellow animals. From an allegorical point of view, the windmill represents the enormous modernization projects undertaken in Soviet Russia after the Russian Revolution.
巨大的风车象征着猪群操纵其他动物以谋取私利。尽管食物和温暖迫在眉睫，猪群还是利用拳击手和其他普通动物，迫使他们为建造风车付出繁重的劳动，最终为猪群赚取更多金钱，增强他们的势力。猪群宣称雪球是风车第一次倒塌的罪魁祸首，这构成了心理操纵，因为它使普通动物不再怀疑猪群的能力，并让他们团结起来对抗所谓的敌人。风车最终被改造成商业用途，这再次表明了猪群背叛了它们的动物同胞。从寓言的角度来看，风车象征着俄国革命后苏俄实施的大规模现代化项目。

Protagonist
主角

The animals, as a group, are the protagonists of Animal Farm. Their goal is to achieve the vision set out by Old Major: equality and freedom for all animals. This goal brings them into conflict with the reality of political power. First they must confront power by rebelling against Mr. Jones. Later they must confront power in a more subtle and dangerous form: the manipulation and deceit of the pigs. While the animals defeat Mr. Jones easily, they are completely fooled by the pigs. By the time the animals recognize that the pigs are stopping them achieving their goal, it is too late. The pigs are in a position to kill any animals who continue to fight for their goal. By the end of the novella, the animals cannot even sing “Beasts of England,” the song that expressed their dream of equality and freedom. In the story’s last moments, the animals finally realize what they have been up against. By defeating their human farmer, they have not defeated the reality of political power. They have only exchanged one set of rulers for another, identical set.
动物们，作为一个群体，是 《动物庄园》 的主角 。他们的目标是实现老少校设定的愿景：所有动物的平等和自由。这个目标使他们与现实的政治权力发生冲突。首先，他们必须通过反抗琼斯先生来对抗权力。之后，他们必须以更微妙和危险的形式对抗权力：猪的操纵和欺骗。虽然动物们很容易就打败了琼斯先生，但他们完全被猪愚弄了。当动物们意识到猪在阻止他们实现目标时，为时已晚。猪可以杀死任何继续为目标而战的动物。在中篇小说的结尾，动物们甚至不会唱《英格兰的野兽》，这首歌表达了他们对平等和自由的梦想。在故事的最后时刻，动物们终于意识到他们所对抗的是什么。通过打败他们的人类农夫，他们并没有打败现实的政治权力。他们只是用一套统治者换了另一套相同的统治者。

Antagonist
反派

The animals’ antagonist is the corrupting reality of political power. This abstract idea is embodied by the different characters who wield power at different times. At first, the corruption of political power is embodied in the cruel, lazy Mr. Jones. When Mr. Jones is defeated, the Farm’s new rulers, the pigs, gradually come to embody the reality of political power. Now it is the pigs who oppose the animals, in exactly the same way as Jones did, by exploiting and oppressing them. From the beginning of the novella, the animals’ defeat by the power embodied in the pigs is heavily foreshadowed. Much of the novella’s drama arises from the question of whether, and when, the animals will recognize that their true antagonist is not humans or pigs but power itself. The moment of reckoning comes in the novel’s final scene, when the animals see that the pigs and the humans are exactly alike, because they are equally corrupted by political power.
动物们的对手是政治权力腐朽的现实。这一抽象概念体现在不同时期掌权的不同人物身上。起初，政治权力的腐朽体现在残忍懒惰的琼斯先生身上。当琼斯先生被击败后，农场的新统治者——猪，逐渐成为政治权力的化身。现在，猪们以与琼斯一模一样的方式，通过剥削和压迫动物来反抗动物们。从小说的开篇开始，动物们被猪身上所体现的权力击败的情节就已预示。小说的大部分戏剧性情节都源于这样一个问题：动物们是否以及何时会意识到，它们真正的对手不是人类或猪，而是权力本身。清算的时刻出现在小说的最后一幕，动物们发现猪和人类完全一样，因为他们同样被政治权力所腐化。

Setting
环境

Literary Devices Setting
文学手法设置

The Manor Farm—later called Animal Farm—is a small, independent farm somewhere in the English countryside. The name “Manor Farm” tells us that it was once owned by a local aristocrat, the lord of the manor. However, the farm has since come into the hands of Mr. Jones, an unsuccessful, lazy, drunken farmer. Within the novella’s allegory, the Manor Farm represents Russia and also the countries of Europe more generally: places once ruled by aristocrats, now ruled by capitalists, and ripe for a Communist revolution. However, the Englishness of the Manor Farm is also important. Small, independent farms are a treasured part of the British national self-image, emblems of the coziness and tranquility of English political life. By imagining such a farm undergoing a revolution, Animal Farm suggests that the corruption and bloodshed of Stalinism is much closer to home than British readers may realize.
庄园农场（后来更名为动物庄园）是位于英国乡村的一座小型独立农场。“庄园农场”这个名字告诉我们，它曾为当地一位贵族所有，也就是庄园主。然而，农场后来落入了琼斯先生之手，他是一位事业有成、懒惰且嗜酒的农场主。在这部中篇小说的寓言中，庄园农场象征着俄罗斯，也更广泛地代表着欧洲国家：这些地方曾经由贵族统治，如今由资本家统治，并已准备好爆发共产主义革命。然而，庄园农场的英国特色也同样重要。小型独立农场是英国民族形象中不可或缺的一部分，是英国政治生活安逸与宁静的象征。通过想象这样一个农场正在经历一场革命， 《动物庄园》 暗示着斯大林主义的腐败和血腥屠杀比英国读者想象的要近得多。

Genre
类型

Genre
类型

Animal Farm is an animal fable—or beast fable—because it uses animal characters to make a concise, forceful argument about human morality and politics. Throughout European history, writers from Aesop to Jean de la Fontaine have used animal fables as a way of criticizing their own societies under the cover of a “harmless” story about animals. For example, Aesop’s Fables are simple stories about creatures such as mice, geese, and frogs. The stories end with clear moral lessons that are applicable to daily life.
《动物庄园》 是一则动物寓言——或者说是野兽寓言——因为它运用动物角色，对人类的道德和政治进行了简洁有力的论述。纵观欧洲历史，从伊索到让·德·拉·封丹，作家们都曾以动物寓言为幌子，批判自己的社会，并以“无伤大雅”的动物寓言为幌子。例如，《伊索寓言》 讲述了老鼠、鹅和青蛙等动物的简单故事。故事的结尾则以清晰的道德箴言结尾，这些箴言适用于日常生活。

By drawing on the animal fable’s tradition of social criticism, Animal Farm critiques Orwell’s own English society as well as Soviet totalitarianism. Traditionally, fables rarely include more than one human character, but Orwell subverts this convention. By including several human farmers in his fable, Orwell reminds his readers that the exploitation and oppression of animals is not just a literary metaphor for the exploitation and oppression of human beings. The exploitation of animals really happens and relies on the same process as the exploitation of humans.
《 动物庄园》 借鉴了动物寓言的社会批判传统， 批判了奥威尔笔下的英国社会以及苏联极权主义。传统上，寓言很少包含多个人类角色，但奥威尔颠覆了这一惯例。奥威尔在寓言中引入了几个人类农夫，以此提醒读者，对动物的剥削和压迫并非仅仅是对人类剥削和压迫的文学隐喻。对动物的剥削真实存在，并且与对人类的剥削有着相同的过程。

Character List
角色列表

Character List
角色列表

Napoleon
拿破仑

The pig who emerges as the leader of Animal Farm after the Rebellion. Based on Joseph Stalin, Napoleon uses military force (his nine loyal attack dogs) to intimidate the other animals and consolidate his power. In his supreme craftiness, Napoleon proves more treacherous than his counterpart, Snowball.
起义后成为动物庄园领袖的猪。拿破仑以约瑟夫·斯大林为原型，运用军事力量（他的九条忠诚的攻击犬）恐吓其他动物，巩固自己的权力。拿破仑极其狡猾，比他的对手雪球更加奸诈。

Snowball
雪球

The pig who challenges Napoleon for control of Animal Farm after the Rebellion. Based on Leon Trotsky, Snowball is intelligent, passionate, eloquent, and less subtle and devious than his counterpart, Napoleon. Snowball seems to win the loyalty of the other animals and cement his power.
起义后，这头猪向拿破仑挑战，争夺动物庄园的控制权。雪球以列夫·托洛茨基为原型，聪明、热情、雄辩，不像他的对手拿破仑那样狡猾狡猾。雪球似乎赢得了其他动物的忠诚，并巩固了他的权力。

Boxer
拳击手

The cart-horse whose incredible strength, dedication, and loyalty play a key role in the early prosperity of Animal Farm and the later completion of the windmill. Quick to help but rather slow-witted, Boxer shows much devotion to Animal Farm’s ideals but little ability to think about them independently. He naïvely trusts the pigs to make all his decisions for him. His two mottoes are “I will work harder” and “Napoleon is always right.”
这匹拉车的马拥有惊人的力量、奉献精神和忠诚，在动物庄园早期的繁荣以及后来风车的建成中发挥了关键作用。拳击手乐于助人，但反应迟钝。他非常热衷于动物庄园的理想，但却缺乏独立思考的能力。他天真地相信猪会替他做所有决定。他的两句座右铭是“我会更加努力”和“拿破仑永远是对的”。

Squealer
斯奎拉

The pig who spreads Napoleon’s propaganda among the other animals. Squealer justifies the pigs’ monopolization of resources and spreads false statistics pointing to the farm’s success. Orwell uses Squealer to explore the ways in which those in power often use rhetoric and language to twist the truth and gain and maintain social and political control.
猪在其他动物中传播拿破仑的宣传。斯奎拉为猪垄断资源的行为辩护，并散布虚假统计数据来证明农场的成功。奥威尔通过斯奎拉探索了当权者如何利用修辞和语言来扭曲事实，从而获得并维持社会和政治控制。

Old Major
老少校

The prize-winning boar whose vision of a socialist utopia serves as the inspiration for the Rebellion. Three days after describing the vision and teaching the animals the song “Beasts of England,” Major dies, leaving Snowball and Napoleon to struggle for control of his legacy. Orwell based Major on both the German political economist Karl Marx and the Russian revolutionary leader Vladimir Ilych Lenin.
这头获奖的野猪，其对社会主义乌托邦的憧憬，激发了起义。在描述了这一愿景并教动物们唱《英格兰的野兽》三天后，梅杰去世了，留下雪球和拿破仑争夺他的遗产。奥威尔以德国政治经济学家卡尔·马克思和俄国革命领袖弗拉基米尔·伊里奇·列宁为原型，塑造了梅杰这个人物。

Clover
三叶草

A good-hearted female cart-horse and Boxer’s close friend. Clover often suspects the pigs of violating one or another of the Seven Commandments, but she repeatedly blames herself for misremembering the commandments.
一匹心地善良的母拉车马，也是拳击手的密友。克洛弗经常怀疑猪违反了七诫中的某一条，但她却不断地责怪自己记错了诫命。

Moses
摩西

The tame raven who spreads stories of Sugarcandy Mountain, the paradise to which animals supposedly go when they die. Moses plays only a small role in Animal Farm, but Orwell uses him to explore how communism exploits religion as something with which to pacify the oppressed.
温顺的乌鸦传播着关于糖山的故事，据说动物死后会去那里的天堂。摩西在《 动物庄园》 中只扮演了一个小角色 ，但奥威尔借此探讨了共产主义如何利用宗教来安抚被压迫者。

Mollie
莫莉

The vain, flighty mare who pulls Mr. Jones’s carriage. Mollie craves the attention of human beings and loves being groomed and pampered. She has a difficult time with her new life on Animal Farm, as she misses wearing ribbons in her mane and eating sugar cubes. She represents the petit bourgeoisie that fled from Russia a few years after the Russian Revolution.
莫莉，那匹虚荣轻浮的母马，为琼斯先生拉着马车。她渴望人类的关注，喜欢被人打扮和宠爱。她在动物庄园的新生活并不顺利，因为她怀念在鬃毛上系丝带和吃方糖的日子。她代表了俄国革命几年后逃离俄国的小资产阶级。

Benjamin
本杰明

The long-lived donkey who refuses to feel inspired by the Rebellion. Benjamin firmly believes that life will remain unpleasant no matter who is in charge. Of all of the animals on the farm, he alone comprehends the changes that take place, but he seems either unwilling or unable to oppose the pigs.
这头长寿的驴子拒绝接受起义的鼓舞。本杰明坚信，无论谁掌权，生活都依然不愉快。农场里的所有动物中，只有他理解正在发生的变化，但他似乎不愿或无力反抗猪。

Muriel
穆里尔

The white goat who reads the Seven Commandments to Clover whenever Clover suspects the pigs of violating their prohibitions.
每当 Clover 怀疑猪违反禁令时，白山羊就会向 Clover 宣读七诫。

Mr. Jones
琼斯先生

The often drunk farmer who runs the Manor Farm before the animals stage their Rebellion and establish Animal Farm. Mr. Jones is an unkind master who indulges himself while his animals lack food; he thus represents Tsar Nicholas II, whom the Russian Revolution ousted.
在动物们发动叛乱并建立动物庄园之前，琼斯先生是一位经常酗酒的农场主，他经营着庄园农场。琼斯先生是一位不仁慈的主人，他纵情享乐，而他的动物们却缺乏食物；因此，他象征着被俄国革命推翻的沙皇尼古拉二世。

Mr. Frederick
弗雷德里克先生

The tough, shrewd operator of Pinchfield, a neighboring farm. Based on Adolf Hitler, the ruler of Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s, Mr. Frederick proves an untrustworthy neighbor.
弗雷德里克先生是邻近平奇菲尔德农场的经营者，他强悍精明，以20世纪30年代和40年代纳粹德国统治者阿道夫·希特勒为原型，证明自己是一位不值得信任的邻居。

Mr. Pilkington
皮尔金顿先生

The easygoing gentleman farmer who runs Foxwood, a neighboring farm. Mr. Frederick’s bitter enemy, Mr. Pilkington represents the capitalist governments of England and the United States.
皮尔金顿先生是一位随和的绅士农场主，经营着邻近的福克斯伍德农场。他是弗雷德里克先生的死对头，代表着英国和美国的资本主义政府。

Mr. Whymper
温珀先生

The human solicitor whom Napoleon hires to represent Animal Farm in human society. Mr. Whymper’s entry into the Animal Farm community initiates contact between Animal Farm and human society, alarming the common animals.
拿破仑聘请的代表动物庄园在人类社会中行事的人类律师。温普尔先生进入动物庄园社区，开启了动物庄园与人类社会的接触，令普通动物们感到震惊。

Jessie and Bluebell
杰西和蓝铃花

Two dogs, each of whom gives birth early in the novel. Napoleon takes the puppies in order to “educate” them.
小说开头，两只狗各自产下幼崽。拿破仑带走这些幼崽是为了“教育”它们。

Minimus
最小

The poet pig who writes verse about Napoleon and pens the banal patriotic song “Animal Farm, Animal Farm” to replace the earlier idealistic hymn “Beasts of England,” which Old Major passes on to the others.
这只诗人猪写了关于拿破仑的诗，并创作了平庸的爱国歌曲《动物庄园，动物庄园》，以取代老少校传给其他人的早期理想主义赞美诗《英格兰的野兽》。

Napoleon
拿破仑

Napoleon
拿破仑

From the very beginning of the novella, Napoleon emerges as an utterly corrupt opportunist. Though always present at the early meetings of the new state, Napoleon never makes a single contribution to the revolution—not to the formulation of its ideology, not to the bloody struggle that it necessitates, not to the new society’s initial attempts to establish itself. He never shows interest in the strength of Animal Farm itself, only in the strength of his power over it. Thus, the only project he undertakes with enthusiasm is the training of a litter of puppies. He doesn’t educate them for their own good or for the good of all, however, but rather for his own good: they become his own private army or secret police, a violent means by which he imposes his will on others.
从小说一开始，拿破仑就以一个彻头彻尾腐败的机会主义者的形象出现。尽管拿破仑始终出席新国家成立初期的会议，但他从未对革命做出任何贡献——无论是意识形态的形成，还是革命所需的血腥斗争，亦或是新社会最初的自我建立尝试。他从未对动物庄园本身的实力表现出兴趣，只在乎自己对它的掌控力。因此，他唯一热衷的项目就是训练一窝小狗。然而，他训练它们并非为了它们自身或所有人的利益，而是为了他自己：它们成为了他的私人军队或秘密警察，成为他将自己的意志强加于人的暴力手段。

Although he is most directly modeled on the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin, Napoleon represents, in a more general sense, the political tyrants that have emerged throughout human history and with particular frequency during the twentieth century. His namesake is not any communist leader but the early-nineteenth-century French general Napoleon, who betrayed the democratic principles on which he rode to power, arguably becoming as great a despot as the aristocrats whom he supplanted. It is a testament to Orwell’s acute political intelligence and to the universality of his fable that Napoleon can easily stand for any of the great dictators and political schemers in world history, even those who arose after Animal Farm was written. In the behavior of Napoleon and his henchmen, one can detect the lying and bullying tactics of totalitarian leaders such as Josip Tito, Mao Tse-tung, Pol Pot, Augusto Pinochet, and Slobodan Milosevic treated in sharply critical terms.
尽管拿破仑的原型最直接地模仿了苏联独裁者约瑟夫·斯大林，但从更普遍的意义上来说，他代表了人类历史上，尤其是在二十世纪频繁出现的政治暴君。他的名字并非某位共产主义领袖，而是十九世纪早期的法国将军拿破仑。拿破仑背叛了他赖以上台的民主原则，可以说他成为了与他所取代的贵族一样伟大的暴君。拿破仑可以轻易地代表世界历史上任何一位伟大的独裁者和政治阴谋家，即使是 《动物庄园》 出版后兴起的那些，这证明了奥威尔敏锐的政治智慧及其寓言的普遍性。在拿破仑及其追随者的行为中，人们可以发现约瑟普·铁托、毛泽东、波尔布特、奥古斯托·皮诺切特和斯洛博丹·米洛舍维奇等极权主义领导人的谎言和欺凌手段，这些都受到了奥威尔的尖锐批评。

Snowball
雪球

Snowball
雪球

Orwell’s stint in a Trotskyist battalion in the Spanish Civil War—during which he first began plans for a critique of totalitarian communism—influenced his relatively positive portrayal of Snowball. As a parallel for Leon Trotsky, Snowball emerges as a fervent ideologue who throws himself heart and soul into the attempt to spread Animalism worldwide and to improve Animal Farm’s infrastructure. His idealism, however, leads to his downfall. Relying only on the force of his own logic and rhetorical skill to gain his influence, he proves no match for Napoleon’s show of brute force.
奥威尔在西班牙内战期间服役于托洛茨基主义部队，并在此期间首次计划批判极权共产主义，这影响了他对雪球的正面刻画。与列夫·托洛茨基相似，雪球是一位狂热的理论家，他全身心投入到在世界范围内传播动物主义并改善动物庄园的基础设施的努力中。然而，他的理想主义最终导致了他的垮台。他仅仅依靠自身的逻辑和修辞技巧来获得影响力，最终证明自己无法与拿破仑的蛮力抗衡。

Although Orwell depicts Snowball in a relatively appealing light, he refrains from idealizing his character, making sure to endow him with certain moral flaws. For example, Snowball basically accepts the superiority of the pigs over the rest of the animals. Moreover, his fervent, single-minded enthusiasm for grand projects such as the windmill might have erupted into full-blown megalomaniac despotism had he not been chased from Animal Farm. Indeed, Orwell suggests that we cannot eliminate government corruption by electing principled individuals to roles of power; he reminds us throughout the novella that it is power itself that corrupts.
尽管奥威尔笔下的雪球形象相对讨喜，但他并未将其理想化，而是刻意赋予其某些道德缺陷。例如，雪球基本上接受了猪优于其他动物的理念。此外，如果他没有被《动物庄园》驱逐，他对风车等宏伟计划的狂热和执着或许会爆发成彻底的狂妄专制。事实上，奥威尔认为，我们无法通过选举有原则的人担任权力角色来消除政府腐败；他在整部小说中不断提醒我们，权力本身才是腐败的根源。

Boxer
拳击手

Characters Boxer
人物拳击手

The most sympathetically drawn character in the novel, Boxer epitomizes all of the best qualities of the exploited working classes: dedication, loyalty, and a huge capacity for labor. He also, however, suffers from what Orwell saw as the working class’s major weaknesses: a naïve trust in the good intentions of the intelligentsia and an inability to recognize even the most blatant forms of political corruption.
博克瑟是小说中最令人同情的人物，他集中体现了受剥削工人阶级的所有优秀品质：奉献、忠诚和巨大的劳动能力。然而，他也遭受了奥威尔所认为的工人阶级的主要弱点：天真地相信知识分子的善意，并且无法识别哪怕是最明显的政治腐败。

Exploited by the pigs as much or more than he had been by Mr. Jones, Boxer represents all of the invisible labor that undergirds the political drama being carried out by the elites. Boxer’s pitiful death at a glue factory dramatically illustrates the extent of the pigs’ betrayal. It may also, however, speak to the specific significance of Boxer himself: before being carted off, he serves as the force that holds Animal Farm together.
鲍克瑟受猪的剥削，其程度不亚于琼斯先生，甚至有过之而无不及。他代表了精英阶层政治剧作背后所有隐形的劳动。鲍克瑟在胶水厂的悲惨死亡，戏剧性地展现了猪背叛的程度。然而，这或许也体现了鲍克瑟自身的重要性：在被带走之前，他是维系动物庄园团结的力量。

Squealer
斯奎拉

Squealer
斯奎拉

Throughout his career, Orwell explored how politicians manipulate language in an age of mass media. In Animal Farm, the silver-tongued pig Squealer abuses language to justify Napoleon’s actions and policies to the proletariat by whatever means seem necessary.
奥威尔在其职业生涯中，探索了政客们如何在大众媒体时代操纵语言。在 《动物庄园》中， 巧舌如簧的猪斯奎拉不择手段地滥用语言，向无产阶级证明拿破仑的行为和政策的合理性。

By radically simplifying language—as when he teaches the sheep to bleat “Four legs good, two legs better!”—he limits the terms of debate. By complicating language unnecessarily, he confuses and intimidates the uneducated, as when he explains that pigs, who are the “brainworkers” of the farm, consume milk and apples not for pleasure, but for the good of their comrades. In this latter strategy, he also employs jargon (“tactics, tactics”) as well as a baffling vocabulary of false and impenetrable statistics, engendering in the other animals both self-doubt and a sense of hopelessness about ever accessing the truth without the pigs’ mediation.
通过彻底简化语言——例如他教羊咩咩叫“四条腿好，两条腿更好！”——他限制了辩论的范围。通过不必要地使语言复杂化，他让未受过教育的人感到困惑和恐惧，例如他解释说，猪是农场的“脑力劳动者”，它们吃牛奶和苹果不是为了享乐，而是为了同伴的利益。在后一种策略中，他还使用了行话（“战术，战术”）以及令人费解的虚假和晦涩统计数据词汇，使其他动物既自我怀疑，又对没有猪的介入就无法获得真相感到绝望。

Squealer’s lack of conscience and unwavering loyalty to his leader, alongside his rhetorical skills, make him the perfect propagandist for any tyranny. Squealer’s name also fits him well: squealing, of course, refers to a pig’s typical form of vocalization, and Squealer’s speech defines him. At the same time, to squeal also means to betray, aptly evoking Squealer’s behavior with regard to his fellow animals.
斯奎拉缺乏良知，对领袖忠贞不渝，再加上他雄辩的口才，使他成为任何暴政的完美宣传者。斯奎拉的名字也与他相得益彰：吱吱叫，当然是指猪的典型叫声，而斯奎拉的言语则定义了他。同时，“吱吱”也意味着背叛，这恰如其分地唤起了斯奎拉对待动物同伴的举动。

Old Major
老少校

Characters Old Major
人物 老少校

As a democratic socialist, Orwell had a great deal of respect for Karl Marx, the German political economist, and even for Vladimir Ilych Lenin, the Russian revolutionary leader. His critique of Animal Farm has little to do with the Marxist ideology underlying the Rebellion but rather with the perversion of that ideology by later leaders. Major, who represents both Marx and Lenin, serves as the source of the ideals that the animals continue to uphold even after their pig leaders have betrayed them.
作为一名民主社会主义者，奥威尔对德国政治经济学家卡尔·马克思，甚至对俄国革命领袖弗拉基米尔·伊里奇·列宁都怀有崇敬之情。他对《动物庄园》的批判，与其说是针对起义背后的马克思主义意识形态，不如说是针对后来的领袖对这一意识形态的曲解。梅杰既代表了马克思，也代表了列宁，正是这些理念的源泉，即使在猪的领袖背叛之后，动物们依然坚守着这些理念。

Though his portrayal of Old Major is largely positive, Orwell does include a few small ironies that allow the reader to question the venerable pig’s motives. For instance, in the midst of his long litany of complaints about how the animals have been treated by human beings, Old Major is forced to concede that his own life has been long, full, and free from the terrors he has vividly sketched for his rapt audience. He seems to have claimed a false brotherhood with the other animals in order to garner their support for his vision.
虽然奥威尔对老少校的刻画总体上是正面的，但他也包含了一些小小的讽刺，让读者不禁质疑这头可敬的猪的动机。例如，在他对人类如何对待动物的长篇大论的抱怨中，老少校被迫承认，他自己的生活漫长而充实，没有他为全神贯注的读者生动描绘的那些恐怖。他似乎声称与其他动物之间有着虚假的兄弟情谊，以便获得它们对他愿景的支持。

Mr. Pilkington
皮尔金顿先生

Characters Mr. Pilkington
人物 皮尔金顿先生

Mr. Pilkington is the owner of Foxwood, a farm near Animal Farm. He is introduced as “an easy-going gentleman farmer who spent most of his time in fishing or hunting according to the season” (Chapter 4). In other words, he is more interested in doing what he enjoys than in running his farm. As a result, Foxwood is “neglected, old-fashioned” (Chapter 4).
皮尔金顿先生是动物庄园附近狐狸林农场的主人。他被介绍为“一位随和的绅士农夫，大部分时间都根据季节变化钓鱼或打猎”（ 第四章 ）。换句话说，他更热衷于做自己喜欢的事情，而不是经营农场。因此，狐狸林农场“被忽视，显得过时”（ 第四章 ）。

Within Animal Farm’s allegory of Soviet Communism, Foxwood represents the United Kingdom, and Mr. Pilkington represents the British ruling class. Animal Farm therefore suggests that Britain is an old-fashioned country, badly run by self-serving aristocrats. This criticism of Britain’s rulers deepens when Mr. Pilkington eats dinner with the pigs in the novella’s final chapter. Mr. Pilkington congratulates Napoleon on his cruel efficiency. He jokes: “If you have your lower animals to contend with […] we have our lower classes!” (Chapter 10). This moment crystallizes the novella’s argument that Soviet totalitarianism and British capitalism are essentially the same: cruel and exploitative.
在 《动物庄园 》对苏联共产主义的寓言中 ，狐狸木庄园代表英国，皮尔金顿先生代表英国统治阶级。 因此， 《动物庄园》 暗示英国是一个老式的国家，被自私自利的贵族管理不善。在小说的最后一章，皮尔金顿先生与猪共进晚餐时，对英国统治者的批评更加深刻。皮尔金顿先生祝贺拿破仑的残酷高效。他开玩笑说：“如果你要与低等动物斗争[...]，那么我们要与下层阶级斗争！”（ 第十章 ）。这一刻巩固了小说的论点，即苏联极权主义和英国资本主义本质上是一样的：残酷和剥削。

Benjami
本杰明

Benjamin is Animal Farm’s donkey. He is intelligent and able to read, but he “never exercised his faculty. So far as he knew, he said, there was nothing worth reading” (Chapter 3). He is the only animal who never really believes in the rebellion, but he doesn’t oppose it, and he doesn’t oppose Napoleon’s rise to power either. When the animals ask him to help them by reading the Commandments which have been changed on Napoleon’s orders, Benjamin refuses “to meddle in such matters” (Chapter 8).
本杰明是动物庄园里的驴子。他聪明伶俐，识字，但“从未运用过他的才能。他说，就他所知，没有什么值得一读的东西”（ 第三章 ）。他是唯一一个从未真正相信过叛乱的动物，但他并不反对叛乱，也不反对拿破仑的崛起。当动物们请他帮忙宣读那些根据拿破仑的命令被修改的《十诫》时，本杰明拒绝“插手这些事”（ 第八章 ）。

Within the novella’s allegory of Soviet history, Benjamin represents the intellectuals who failed to oppose Stalin. More broadly, Benjamin represents all intellectuals who choose to ignore politics. Benjamin pays a high price for his refusal to engage with the Farm’s politics. When he finally tries to take action and save his best friend, Boxer, it is already too late.
在这部中篇小说对苏联历史的寓言中，本雅明代表了那些未能反抗斯大林的知识分子。更广泛地说，本雅明代表了所有选择忽视政治的知识分子。本雅明因拒绝参与农场政治而付出了高昂的代价。当他最终试图采取行动拯救他最好的朋友博克瑟时，已经太迟了。