As prepared for delivery.
如演讲稿所示。
Introduction 引言
Thank you for that kind introduction. It’s an honor to be here.
感谢您的热情介绍。很荣幸能来到这里。
In the final months of World War II, Western leaders convened the greatest economic minds of their generation. Their task? To build a new financial system.
在第二次世界大战的最后几个月里，西方领导人召集了当时最杰出的经济智囊。他们的使命？构建一个新的金融体系。
At a quiet resort high up in the mountains of New Hampshire, they laid the foundation for Pax Americana.
在新罕布什尔州高山上的一处僻静度假地，他们为"美国治下的和平"奠定了基础。
The architects of Bretton Woods recognized that a global economy required global coordination. To encourage that coordination, they created the IMF and the World Bank.
布雷顿森林体系的缔造者们认识到，全球经济需要全球协调。为促进这种协调，他们创建了国际货币基金组织和世界银行。
These twin institutions were born after a period of intense geopolitical and economic volatility. The purpose of the IMF and the World Bank was to better align national interests with international order, thereby bringing stability to an unstable world.
这对姊妹机构诞生于地缘政治与经济剧烈波动的时期。国际货币基金组织和世界银行的使命，正是要将国家利益与国际秩序更好地协调一致，从而为动荡的世界带来稳定。
In short, their purpose was to restore and preserve balance.
简而言之，它们的宗旨就是恢复并维系平衡。
This remains the purpose of the Bretton Woods institutions. Yet everywhere we look across the international economic system today, we see imbalance.
这仍是布雷顿森林机构的根本使命。然而环顾当今国际经济体系，失衡现象却随处可见。
The good news: it doesn’t have to be this way. My goal this morning is to outline a blueprint to restore equilibrium to the global financial system and the institutions designed to uphold it.
好消息是：现状并非不可改变。今天上午我的目标是提出一份蓝图，旨在恢复全球金融体系及其维护机构的平衡。
I have spent the bulk of my career from the outside looking in on financial policy circles. Now I am on the inside looking out. And I am eager to work with each of you to restore order to the international system. To achieve this, however, we must first reconnect the IMF and World Bank with their founding missions.
我职业生涯的大部分时间都在金融政策圈外观察。如今我身处其中向外展望。我热切期待与在座各位合作，重建国际秩序。但要做到这一点，我们首先必须让国际货币基金组织和世界银行重新回归其创立宗旨。
The IMF and World Bank have enduring value. But mission creep has knocked these institutions off course. We must enact key reforms to ensure the Bretton Woods institutions are serving their stakeholders—not the other way around.
国际货币基金组织和世界银行具有持久价值。但使命偏离已使这些机构迷失方向。我们必须实施关键改革，确保布雷顿森林体系机构服务于利益相关方——而不是本末倒置。
Bringing balance back to global finance will require clear-eyed leadership from the IMF and World Bank. This morning, I will explain how they can provide that leadership to build safer, stronger, and more prosperous economies all around the world. I wish to invite my international counterparts to join us in working toward these goals.
恢复全球金融平衡需要国际货币基金组织和世界银行展现清醒的领导力。今天上午，我将阐述它们如何通过这种领导力，为世界各国构建更安全、更强大、更繁荣的经济体。我谨邀请各国同行与我们携手实现这些目标。
On this point, I wish to be clear: America First does not mean America alone. To the contrary, it is a call for deeper collaboration and mutual respect among trade partners.
在这一点上，我需要明确表示："美国优先"并不意味着美国独行。恰恰相反，这是对贸易伙伴间深化合作与相互尊重的呼吁。
Far from stepping back, America First seeks to expand U.S. leadership in international institutions like the IMF and World Bank. By embracing a stronger leadership role, America First seeks to restore fairness to the international economic system.
"美国优先"绝非退守，而是寻求扩大美国在 IMF 和世界银行等国际机构中的领导力。通过承担更强大的领导角色，"美国优先"旨在恢复国际经济体系的公平性。
Global Imbalances and Trade
全球失衡与贸易
Nowhere is the imbalance I mentioned earlier more obvious than in the world of trade. That’s why the United States is taking action now to rebalance global commerce.
我先前提及的失衡现象，在贸易领域表现得最为显著。这正是美国当前采取行动重新平衡全球贸易格局的原因。
For decades, successive administrations relied on faulty assumptions that our trading partners would implement policies that would drive a balanced global economy. Instead, we face the stark reality of large and persistent U.S. deficits as a result of an unfair trading system.
数十年来，历届政府都错误地假设我们的贸易伙伴会实施推动全球经济平衡的政策。然而，面对不公平的贸易体系，我们不得不正视美国长期巨额赤字的严峻现实。
Intentional policy choices by other countries have hollowed out America’s manufacturing sector and undermined our critical supply chains, putting our national and economic security at risk. President Trump has taken strong action to address these imbalances and the negative impacts they have on Americans.
其他国家蓄意的政策选择掏空了美国的制造业基础，破坏了我们的关键供应链，使国家与经济安全岌岌可危。特朗普总统已采取强力措施纠正这些失衡及其对美国民众的负面影响。
This status quo of large and persistent imbalances is not sustainable. It is not sustainable for the United States, and ultimately, it is not sustainable for other economies.
这种长期巨额失衡的现状是不可持续的。无论对美国还是最终对其他经济体而言，都是如此。
Now I know “sustainability” is a popular term around here. But I’m not talking about climate change or carbon footprints. I’m talking about economic and financial sustainability—the kind of sustainability that raises standards of living and keeps markets afloat. International financial institutions must be singularly focused on upholding this kind of sustainability if they are to succeed in their missions.
我知道"可持续性"在这里是个时髦词汇。但我指的不是气候变化或碳足迹，而是经济与金融的可持续性——那种能提高生活水平、维持市场稳定的可持续性。国际金融机构若要完成使命，就必须坚定不移地维护这种可持续性。
In response to President Trump’s tariff announcements, more than 100 countries have approached us wanting to help rebalance global trade. These countries have responded openly and positively to the President’s actions to create a more balanced international system. We are engaged in meaningful discussions and look forward to talking with others.
针对特朗普总统的关税公告，已有超过 100 个国家主动与我们接洽，希望共同推动全球贸易再平衡。这些国家对总统为构建更均衡国际体系所采取的行动作出了公开且积极的回应。我们正进行实质性磋商，并期待与更多国家展开对话。
China, in particular, is in need of a rebalancing. Recent data shows the Chinese economy tilting even further away from consumption toward manufacturing. China’s economic system, with growth driven by manufacturing exports, will continue to create even more serious imbalances with its trading partners if the status quo is allowed to continue.
中国尤其需要进行经济结构调整。最新数据显示，中国经济正进一步从消费驱动向制造业倾斜。若维持现状，中国以制造业出口为主导的增长模式将继续加剧与贸易伙伴间的失衡局面。
China’s current economic model is built on exporting its way out of its economic troubles. It’s an unsustainable model that is not only harming China but the entire world.
中国当前的经济模式建立在通过出口摆脱经济困境的基础上。这种不可持续的模式不仅损害中国自身，更危害全球经济。
China needs to change. The country knows it needs to change. Everyone knows it needs to change. And we want to help it change—because we need rebalancing too.
中国必须变革。这个国家深知改革的必要性，世人皆明此理。我们愿助力其转型——因为我们也需要实现再平衡。
China can start by moving its economy away from export overcapacity, and toward supporting its own consumers and domestic demand. Such a shift would help with the global rebalancing that the world desperately needs.
中国可以从减少经济对出口产能过剩的依赖入手，转向支持本国消费者和扩大内需。这种转变将有助于实现全球迫切需要的经济再平衡。
Of course, trade is not the only factor in broader global economic imbalances. The persistent over-reliance on the United States for demand is resulting in an evermore unbalanced global economy.
Some countries’ policies encourage excess saving, which holds back private sector-led growth. Others keep wages artificially depressed, which also suppresses growth. These practices contribute to global dependence on U.S. demand to spur growth. They also lead to a global economy that is weaker and more vulnerable than it should be.
In Europe, former ECB President Mario Draghi has identified several sources of stagnation—and he has outlined several recommendations to get the economy back on the right track. European countries would do well to take his recommendations to heart.
Europe has already taken some long overdue initial steps that I applaud. These steps create a new source of global demand, and also involve Europe stepping up on the security front. I believe global economic relationships should come to reflect security partnerships.
Security partners are more likely to have compatible economies structured for mutually beneficial trade. If the United States continues offering security guarantees and open markets, then our allies must step up with stronger commitments to shared defense. The initial actions from Europe on increased fiscal and defense spending are proof that the Trump Administration’s policies are working.
U.S. Leadership at the IMF and World Bank
The Trump Administration and U.S. Treasury are committed to maintaining and expanding U.S. economic leadership in the world. This is especially true at the international financial institutions.
The IMF and World Bank serve critical roles in the international system. And the Trump Administration is eager to work with them—so long as they can stay true to their missions.
But under the status quo, they are falling short.
The Bretton Woods institutions must step back from their sprawling and unfocused agendas, which have stifled their ability to deliver on their core mandates.
Going forward, the Trump Administration will leverage U.S. leadership and influence at these institutions and push them to accomplish their important mandates. The United States will also demand that the management and staff of these institutions be accountable for demonstrating real progress. I invite all of you to join us in working to refocus these institutions on their core missions. It is in our collective interest to do so.
IMF
First, we must make the IMF the IMF again.
The IMF’s mission is to promote international monetary cooperation, facilitate the balanced growth of international trade, encourage economic growth, and discourage harmful policies like competitive exchange rate depreciation. These are crucially important functions to support the U.S. and global economies.
Instead, the IMF has suffered from mission creep. The IMF was once unwavering in its mission of promoting global monetary cooperation and financial stability. Now it devotes disproportionate time and resources to work on climate change, gender, and social issues.
These issues are not the IMF’s mission. And the IMF’s focus in these areas is crowding out its work on critical macroeconomic issues.
The IMF must be a brutal truth-teller, and not just to some members. Instead, today’s IMF has been whistling past the graveyard. Its 2024 External Sector Report was entitled “Imbalances Receding.” This pollyannish outlook is symptomatic of an institution more dedicated to preserving the status quo than asking the hard questions.
Here in the United States, we know we need to get our fiscal house in order. The last administration ran up the largest peacetime deficit in our nation’s history. The current administration is committed to fixing this. We are open to critique. But we will not abide the IMF failing to critique the countries that need it most—principally, surplus countries.
In line with its core mandate, the IMF needs to call out countries like China that have pursued globally distortive policies and opaque currency practices for many decades.
I also expect the IMF to call out unsustainable lending practices by certain creditor countries. The IMF should more proactively push official bilateral lenders to come to the table early to work with borrower countries to minimize periods of debt distress.
The IMF must refocus its lending on addressing balance of payments problems. And its lending should be temporary.
When done responsibly, IMF lending is at the very core of its contribution to the global economy: when markets fail, the IMF steps in and makes resources available. In exchange, countries implement economic reforms to resolve their balance of payments issues and support economic growth. The reforms undertaken during these programs are some of the IMF’s most important contributions to a strong, sustainable, and balanced global economy.
Argentina is a fitting example. I was in Argentina earlier this month to demonstrate the United States’ support for the IMF’s efforts to help the country reset financially. Argentina deserves the IMF’s support because the country is making real progress toward meeting financial benchmarks.
But not every country is so deserving. The IMF must hold countries accountable for implementing economic reforms. And sometimes, the IMF needs to say No. The organization has no obligation to lend to countries that fail to implement reforms. Economic stability and growth should be the markers of the IMF’s success—not how much money the institution lends out.
World Bank
Like the IMF, the World Bank must be made fit for purpose again.
The World Bank Group helps developing countries grow their economies, reduce poverty, increase private investment, support private-sector job creation, and reduce dependence on foreign aid. It offers transparent and affordable long-term financing for countries to invest in their own development priorities.
The Bank, along with the Fund, provides extensive technical support to promote debt sustainability among low-income countries, which empowers those countries to stand up to coercive and opaque lending terms from creditors. These core functions of the World Bank complement the Trump Administration’s efforts to foster safer, stronger, and more prosperous economies in the United States and the world.
But the Bank, like the IMF, has strayed in certain respects from its initial mission.
The Bank should no longer expect blank checks for vapid, buzzword-centric marketing accompanied by half-hearted commitments to reform. As the Bank returns to its core mission, it must use its resources as efficiently and effectively as possible. And it must do so in ways that demonstrate tangible value for all member countries.
The Bank can use its resources more efficiently now by focusing on increasing energy access. Business leaders the world over identify unreliable power supply as one of the primary impediments to investment. The World Bank and African Development Bank’s joint “Mission 300” initiative to expand energy access to 300 million more people in Africa is a welcome effort. But the World Bank must respond to countries’ energy priorities and needs and focus on dependable technologies that can sustain economic growth rather than seek to meet distortionary climate finance targets.
We applaud the recent announcement that the World Bank will seek to remove prohibitions on support for nuclear energy, which could revolutionize energy supply for many emerging markets. We encourage the Bank to go further in giving countries access to all technologies that can provide affordable baseload generation.
The World Bank must be tech neutral and prioritize affordability in energy investment. In most cases, this means investing in gas and other fossil fuel-based energy production. In other cases, this may mean investing in renewable energy coupled with systems to help manage the intermittency of wind and solar.
The history of humanity teaches a simple lesson: Energy abundance sparks economic abundance. That’s why the Bank should encourage an all-of-the-above approach to energy development. Such an approach will make World Bank financing more effective. And it will reconnect the Bank to its core mission of economic growth and poverty alleviation.
In addition to increasing energy access, the World Bank can use its resources more effectively by starting to apply its graduation policy. This would allow the Bank to focus on lending to poorer, less-creditworthy countries. This is where World Bank support makes the biggest difference for poverty and growth.
Instead, the World Bank continues to lend every year to countries that have met the criteria to graduate from World Bank borrowing. There is no justification for this continued lending. It siphons off resources from higher priorities and crowds out the development of private markets. It also disincentivizes countries’ efforts to move away from dependency on the World Bank and toward job-rich, private sector-led growth.
Going forward, the Bank must set firm graduation timelines for countries that have long since met the graduation criteria. Treating China—the second-largest economy in the world—as a “developing country” is absurd.
While it has been at the expense of many Western markets, China’s rise has been rapid and impressive. But if China wants to play a role in the global economy commensurate with its actual importance, then the country needs to graduate up.
The World Bank should also implement transparent procurement policies based on best value. It must help countries move away from procurement approaches that prioritize only the lowest-cost bids.
Such procurement policies reward distortive and subsidized industrial policies that undermine development. They also stifle the private sector, incentivize corruption and collusion, and result in greater long-term costs. Procurement policies based on best value are better from both an efficiency and development perspective, and their robust implementation will benefit the Bank and its shareholders.
Related to this subject, I wish to send a strong message about procurement policies as regards Ukraine: No one who financed or supplied the Russian war machine will be eligible for funds earmarked for Ukraine’s reconstruction.
Conclusion
To conclude, I invite our allies to work with us as we rebalance the international financial system and refocus the IMF and World Bank on their founding charters. America First means we are doubling down on our engagement with the international economic system, including at the IMF and the World Bank.
A more sustainable international economic system will be one that better serves the interests of the United States and all other participants in the system. And we look forward to working with you in this endeavor. Thank you.
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