This publication is issued in conjunction with the exhibition “The Academy of the Sword: Illustrated Fencing Books, 1500-1800,” held at The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, from June 9, 1998, to fall of 1999. 本书配合"剑术学院：1500-1800 年剑术图集展"出版，该展览于 1998 年 6 月 9 日至 1999 年秋末在纽约大都会艺术博物馆举行。
This publication is made possible by Joseph A. Suárez, Esq., The Armor and Arms Club of New York, and the Grancsay Fund. 本出版项目承蒙约瑟夫·A·苏亚雷斯先生、纽约甲胄兵器俱乐部及格兰克塞基金赞助得以实现。
Published by The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York 纽约大都会艺术博物馆出版
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. 保留所有权利。未经出版商书面许可，不得以任何形式或任何方式（包括电子或机械方式，如影印、录音或任何信息存储检索系统）复制或传播本出版物的任何部分。
Black-and-white photography by Susanne Cardone and Paul Lachenauer of The Photograph Studio, The Metropolitan Museum of Art 大都会艺术博物馆摄影工作室苏珊娜·卡尔多内与保罗·拉赫纳尔的黑白摄影作品
Printed and bound by Malloy Lithographing, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan 密歇根州安娜堡市马洛伊平版印刷公司承印装订
Cover illustration: Anthon Friedrich Kahn, Anfangsgründe der Fechtkunst . . . (see page 18) 封面插图：安东·弗里德里希·卡恩《剑术基础》（参见第 18 页）
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data LaRocca, DonaldJ. 国会图书馆编目出版数据 唐纳德·J·拉罗卡
The academy of the sword: illustrated fencing books 1500-1800 / Donald J. LaRocca. 《剑术学院：1500-1800 年间的带插图剑术书籍》/ 唐纳德·J·拉罗卡
p. quadcm\quad \mathrm{cm}.
Exhibition held June 1998 through the fall of 1999 at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. 展览于 1998 年 6 月至 1999 年秋季在大都会艺术博物馆举行。
ISBN 0-87099-894-3 (pbk.)
I. Fencing in art-Exhibitions. 2. Fencing-Textbooks-Illustrations-Exhibitions. 3. Illustrated books-New York (State)-New York-Exhibitions. 4. Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.). Arms and Armor Dept. I. Metropolitan Museum of Art (New York, N.Y.) II. Title. 一、艺术中的击剑——展览。二、击剑——教科书、插图——展览。三、插图本——纽约州-纽约——展览。四、大都会艺术博物馆（纽约州纽约市）武器和盔甲部。I. 大都会艺术博物馆（纽约州纽约市）II. 题名。
N8217.F4L37 1998
796.86 -dc2I 98-50294
Introduction 引言
The Academy of the Sword centers on an assemblage of rare illustrated books devoted to the subject of fencing and dueling, drawn (with one exception) from the library of the Arms and Armor Department of The Metropolitan Museum of Art. The title is taken from Girard Thibault’s Académie de l’Éspée (Leiden, 1628), the most lavish fencing book ever produced, which was kindly lent by the Museum’s Thomas J. Watson Library. Accompanying the books and giving vivid impact to their illustrations are a selection of swords, rapiers, parrying daggers, bucklers, and other accoutrements, which follow the chronology of, and changes in, fighting styles depicted in the books. These weapons were frequently treated not only as sidearms, but also as fashionable costume accessories. The decoration of hilts, scabbards, and belts often exemplifies the prevailing artistic styles of a given period, from Renaissance and Mannerism through Baroque and Rococo to Neoclassical. Hilts were designed by wellknown engravers such as Hans Sebald Beham and Virgil Solis, leading goldsmiths including Wenzel Jamnitzer and Luigi Valadier, and major artists from Hans Holbein and Giulio Romano to Jacques Louis David. 《剑术学院》一书荟萃了关于击剑与决斗主题的罕见插图典籍，除一件特例外均取材自大都会艺术博物馆武器与盔甲部的馆藏。书名源自杰拉德·蒂博所著《剑术学院》（莱顿，1628 年）——这部由博物馆托马斯·J·沃森图书馆惠借的典籍，堪称史上最华丽的剑术专著。与典籍相映成趣的是一系列刀剑、刺剑、格挡匕首、小圆盾及其他装备，这些武器生动诠释了书中描绘的战斗风格演变历程。它们不仅常被用作随身武器，更是风靡一时的服饰配件。从文艺复兴、矫饰主义到巴洛克、洛可可直至新古典主义时期，刀柄、剑鞘与腰带的装饰往往彰显着特定时代的艺术风潮。刀柄设计出自名家之手：既有汉斯·塞巴尔德·贝哈姆、维吉尔·索利斯等雕刻巨匠，也包括文策尔·雅姆尼策、路易吉·瓦拉迪尔等顶尖金匠，更有从汉斯·荷尔拜因、朱利奥·罗马诺到雅克·路易·大卫等艺术大师参与创作。
Today the term “fencing” calls to mind familiar images of a competitive sport, but in the past, rather than a sporting event, “fencing” referred to practical methods of self-defense. Early books on fencing, prior to about 1800, were concerned with the proper handling of weapons, which was an integral part of the education of European noblemen. Formalized training in the use of arms was also widely practiced by sons of the middle class-burghers, merchants, and craftsmen. This democratization of martial skills was due in part to the dissemination of illustrated fencing books, written by the foremost Masters of Arms-highly regarded professionals who were skilled in the use of weapons. 如今"击剑"一词令人联想到竞技运动的常见场景，但在过去，它并非体育赛事，而是指实用的自卫技艺。约 1800 年前的早期击剑著作，关注的是武器的正确使用方法——这曾是欧洲贵族教育的必修课。中产阶级子弟——市民、商人和工匠之子——同样广泛接受着正规的兵器训练。这种武艺的平民化趋势，部分得益于由顶尖兵器大师撰写的插图版击剑书籍的传播，这些备受尊崇的专业人士精通各类武器运用。
The earliest book included here is a sixteenth-century manuscript copy of a fifteenth-century treatise, which deals principally with judicial single combat between armored opponents equipped with a variety of weapons. Most fencing books of the sixteenth century are concerned 本书收录的最早文献是十六世纪手抄本，其母本为十五世纪论著，主要论述身披铠甲、配备多种武器的对手之间进行的司法性单挑决斗。十六世纪大多数击剑书籍涉及
with bouts between unarmored duelists but continue to include the use of several different weapons: sword and rapier used alone or in tandem with a dagger, shield, or even a cloak in the left hand; the use of the two-handed sword, spear, halberd and quarter-staff; and methods of unarmed combat. By the early seventeenth century the rapier, a long, slender thrusting sword, began to dominate as the gentleman’s weapon of choice, and most books of the period become increasingly devoted to the use of the rapier alone or with a left-hand dagger. During the course of the century, as civilian fencing techniques became more specialized and refined, the rapier developed into a lighter, trimmed-down weapon known by about 1700 as the smallsword. The smallsword, often richly decorated, remained an integral part of a gentleman’s wardrobe until the wearing of swords in civilian settings went out of fashion at the end of the eighteenth century, at which time pistols were replacing swords as the weapons most frequently used in personal duels. During the early nineteenth century swordsmanship progressively diverged between military training and sporting practice, from which modern competitive fencing developed. 尽管决斗者不再穿戴盔甲，但比试中仍包含多种武器组合：剑与轻剑既可单独使用，也可与匕首、盾牌甚至左手斗篷配合使用；此外还有双手剑、长矛、戟和四分之一杖的应用技巧，以及徒手格斗技法。至 17 世纪初，轻剑——一种细长的刺击武器——逐渐成为绅士阶层的首选武器，该时期大多数剑术著作愈发专注于轻剑单独使用或配合左手匕首的技巧。随着民间剑术日益专业化与精细化，轻剑在本世纪内逐渐演变为更轻便的改良武器，约 1700 年时发展为短剑。这种常饰以华丽纹样的短剑，始终是绅士着装的重要组成部分，直至 18 世纪末民用佩剑风尚消退。彼时，手枪已取代刀剑成为个人决斗中最常见的武器。 19 世纪初期，剑术在军事训练与体育实践之间逐步分化，现代竞技击剑由此发展而来。
Between 1500 and I800 fencing was known as “the art and science of defense.” The books and weapons included in The Academy of the Sword offer an overview of ways in which fencing was taught and the arms with which it was practiced during these three centuries. 1500 至 1800 年间，击剑被称为"防御的艺术与科学"。《剑术学院》收录的典籍与兵器，全面呈现了这三个世纪中击剑的教学方式及其所使用的武器。
Acknowledgments 致谢
Valuable help regarding the history of fencing and fencing books was generously given by J. Christoph Amberger, Richard J. Gradkowski, and S. Matthew Galas. Advice concerning translations was kindly provided by Stefano Carboni, Helmut Nickel, and James D. Lavin. Our gratitude is also extended to Joseph A. Suárez, Esq., and The Armor and Arms Club of New York, whose support made this publication possible. J·克里斯托夫·安伯格、理查德·J·格拉德科夫斯基及 S·马修·加拉斯慷慨提供了关于击剑史与击剑典籍的重要帮助。斯蒂法诺·卡尔博尼、赫尔穆特·尼克尔与詹姆斯·D·拉文热忱提供了翻译建议。同时感谢约瑟夫·A·苏亚雷斯先生及纽约甲胄兵器俱乐部，他们的支持使本书得以问世。
Hans Talhoffer 汉斯·塔尔霍夫German, recorded 1435-82 日耳曼人，活动记载于 1435 至 1482 年Fechtbuch (Fencing Book) 《武术图谱》Gift of Miss Marguerite Keasbey, 192626.236 玛格丽特·基斯比女士 1926 年 5 月捐赠
26.236
This volume is a rare early-sixteenth-century copy of one of the earliest surviving European fencing manuals, Hans Talhoffer’s influential Fechtbuch (Fencing Book), written in 1443. Talhoffer was following a tradition established by Johannes Liechtenauer, an itinerant master swordsman of the fourteenth century who recorded the secrets of his fighting techniques in the form of cryptic verses. The Talhoffer manuscript includes verses from Liechtenauer, 此卷为 16 世纪早期的珍稀抄本，内容源自现存最早的欧洲击剑手册之一——汉斯·塔尔霍夫 1443 年所著极具影响力的《剑术书》（Fechtbuch）。塔尔霍夫承袭了 14 世纪游侠剑术大师约翰内斯·利希特瑙尔创立的传统，后者以隐晦诗句记录战斗技法奥秘。塔尔霍夫手稿收录了利希特瑙尔的诗篇，
sections devoted to the procedures for fighting judicial combats both with and without armor, and the use of the weapons employed in such combats, including the highly specialized Stechschilde (thrusting shields), maces, long swords, spears, and daggers. There are also sections on knife fighting and wrestling, the latter based on the methods of Ott the Jew, a renowned wrestling master to the archdukes of Austria. 包含着甲与非着甲司法决斗规程的章节，以及相关武器的使用技法，涵盖高度专业化的突刺盾（Stechschilde）、钉头锤、长剑、长矛与匕首。另有章节详述匕首格斗与摔跤技法，其中摔跤术基于奥地利大公们的御用摔跤大师——犹太人奥特的独门秘技。
Maximilian I, von Habsburg 马克西米利安一世·冯·哈布斯堡
Austrian, 1459-1519 奥地利人，1459-1519
Weisskunig (The White King) 白王（The White King）
Vienna, 1775 维也纳，1775 年
Weisskunig is an allegorical autobiography written by Maximilian (who reigned as king of the Romans from 1486 and as Holy Roman Emperor from 1493) and his private secretary Marx Treitzsaurwein (d. 1527) beginning about 1506. Illustrated with 251 woodcut prints, the book tells the story of Maximilian’s life and describes his many talents, 《白王》是马克西米利安（1486 年起任罗马人之王，1493 年登基为神圣罗马帝国皇帝）与其私人秘书马克思·特莱茨绍尔魏因（卒于 1527 年）约自 1506 年起创作的寓言体自传。全书配有 251 幅木刻版画，讲述了马克西米利安的生平事迹，展现其多方面的才华，
including the mastery of swordsmanship and other martial skills. Hans Burgkmair (1473-1531) designed 117 of the woodcuts, some of which are considered among his most accomplished works. One of many elaborate projects initiated by Maximilian to perpetuate his memory, the book was not published in its entirety until this edition of 1775. 包括精湛的剑术及其他武艺造诣。其中 117 幅木刻由汉斯·布格克迈尔（1473-1531）设计，部分作品被视为其艺术生涯的巅峰之作。作为马克西米利安为永存记忆启动的诸多宏大项目之一，本书直至 1775 年此版本问世才得以完整出版。
SECONDO 13
SEGVITA EL SECONDO LIBRO ELQVALE TRATTA DE ABATTIMENTIDE ARME DA FILO VA RIATE LVNO DA LALTRO. 第二卷 第十三章 剑术精要 论述不同刀剑武器的格斗技法
QVESTOSIE vnoabattimento molto perfetto, per fare a cortel/ late de Spada ePugnale Bolognefe:Nota che tu che vorrai infegna re che in l’arte de fare, a cortellate nõ fe po fare piu che in li feriri natu ralmente.cioe mandritto, e rouerfo, eftocata,ma piu te dico, chel fe po fare mol ti altri feriri,ma generalmẽte quafi ogni homo tira cofi. Hora nota che ho ftra corfo de fantafia bona, & ogli meffe, quele cofe che a me hanno parfe piu bres ue, & piu vtile, per vno che haueffe a combattere fi che nota per regola vera. 此乃博洛尼亚式剑匕短刀格斗的完美技法：须知凡欲授此艺者，当明短刀格斗之术不可超越自然攻击范畴——即正劈、反劈、刺击。然更须知晓，虽存在诸多变式，世人攻伐大抵循此三式。今以精妙构思择其要旨，辑录最简洁实用之技法，专为实战者备。谨记此为金科玉律。
Achille Marozzo 阿基里·马洛佐（Achille Marozzo, 1484-1553）Italian, born I484 意大利人，生于 1484 年Opera nova de Achille Marozzo Bolognese, mastro generale de l'arte de l'armi 博洛尼亚兵器宗师阿基里·马罗佐新作(New Work by Achille Marozzo of Bologna, Master General of the Art of Arms) （博洛尼亚兵器宗师阿基里·马罗佐新作）Modena, 1536 摩德纳，1536 年
Marozzo was among the earliest in a long line of renowned Bolognese swordsmen who published influential fencing books. His Opera Nova was reprinted several times between 1536 and 1568 and is considered the first printed fencing book to have received relatively wide distribution. 马洛佐是博洛尼亚著名剑术大师谱系中最早出版有影响力击剑著作的人物之一。他的《新作》在 1536 至 1568 年间多次再版，被认为是第一部获得相对广泛传播的印刷版击剑专著。
Marozzo’s stated aim was to explain the proper use of all weapons necessary to a man in defending his honor. He includes the use of the sword alone and with a dagger held in the left hand or with different types of small shields or even with a cloak (wrapped around the left arm); of two swords (one in each hand); of the large two-handed sword; and of various types of shafted weapons (spears, pikes, halberds, etc.). One chapter is devoted to unarmed defense against the dagger. Marozzo also discusses the rules governing formal single combat between noblemen. 马洛佐宣称其写作宗旨是阐述捍卫个人荣誉所需各类武器的正确使用方法。书中涵盖了单剑技法、左手持匕首配剑技法、搭配各类小型盾牌甚至左臂缠斗篷的剑术技法、双剑技法（双手各执一剑）、双手巨剑技法，以及多种长柄武器技法（矛、长枪、戟等）。其中专设章节论述徒手防御匕首攻击的方法。马洛佐还详细阐释了贵族间正式决斗的规则体系。
Achille Marozzo 阿基莱·马洛佐
Italian, born 1484 意大利人，生于 1484 年
Arte dell’armi di Achille Marozzo Bolognese 《博洛尼亚人阿基里·马罗佐的剑术艺术》
(The Art of Arms, by Achille Marozzo of Bologna) ——《剑术艺术》，博洛尼亚的阿基里·马罗佐著
Venice, 1568 威尼斯，1568 年
Published after Marozzo’s death, the text, with some modifications to reflect changes in fighting styles, remains basically that of the Opera Nova of 1536 . The original woodcuts have been replaced with engravings by Giovanni Battista Fontana (1524-1587), and Giulio Fontana (d. 1569). Giulio Fontana added a new preface to the 1568 edition dedicated to Don Giovanni Manriche, Camerieri di S. M. Cesarea, 此书在马罗佐去世后出版，文本虽经部分修改以反映格斗风格的演变，但基本沿用 1536 年《新作》*Opera Nova*的内容。原木刻版画已被乔瓦尼·巴蒂斯塔·丰塔纳（1524-1587）与朱利奥·丰塔纳（殁于 1569 年）的雕版画替代。朱利奥·丰塔纳为 1568 年版新增了题献给神圣罗马皇帝陛下的侍从官——唐·乔瓦尼·曼里切的序言。
probably referring to Juan Manrique, chamberlain to Elizabeth Valois (1545-1568), queen of Spain. Fontana goes on to mention his illustrations for another fencing book, Camillo Agrippa’s Trattato di Scienza d’Arme, published two weeks before Marozzo’s Arte dell’Armi, which he had also dedicated to Don Giovanni Manriche. 可能指的是胡安·曼里克，西班牙王后伊丽莎白·瓦卢瓦（1545-1568）的宫廷侍从长。丰塔纳继而提到他为另一本击剑著作绘制的插图——卡米洛·阿格里帕的《兵器科学论》，该书在马罗佐的《武艺全书》出版前两周面世，同样题献给唐·乔瓦尼·曼里克。
Camillo Agrippa 卡米洛·阿格里帕Italian, active 1535-95 意大利人，活跃于 1535-95 年
Trattato di scienza d’arme et un dialogo in detta materia (Treatise on the Science of Arms and a Dialogue on the Same Theme) 《兵器科学论及关于同一主题的对话录》
Venice, 1568 威尼斯，1568 年
The first edition of the Trattato was published by Agrippa in Rome in 1553 with a dedication to Cosimo de Medici (1519-1574), duke of Florence. This is the second edition, with new illustrations by Giulio Fontana. Both editions conclude with a philosophical dialogue between Agrippa and the humanist writer Annibale Caro (1507-1566), famous for his vernacular translation of Virgil’s Aeneid. Unlike. Marozzo, Agrippa was not a professional in the science of arms. However, Agrippa’s fighting techniques were innovative, based on practical application, and in many ways represented an improvement upon Marozzo’s methods. Agrippa’s other published works concern engineering, mathematics, and philosophy. 阿格里帕的《论文》初版于 1553 年在罗马出版，题献予佛罗伦萨公爵科西莫·德·美第奇（1519-1574）。此为第二版，新增朱利奥·丰塔纳的插图。两版均以阿格里帕与人文主义作家安尼巴莱·卡罗（1507-1566）的哲学对话作结，卡罗以其方言版维吉尔《埃涅阿斯纪》译著闻名。不同于马罗佐，阿格里帕并非职业兵器大师，但其格斗技法立足实战应用而富有创新性，在多方面改进了马罗佐的体系。阿格里帕其他著作涉及工程学、数学及哲学领域。
DI ADOPRAR 论武器的运用
SICVRAMENTE L’ARME 安全用武
SI DA OFFESA, COME DA DIFESA, 攻守兼备
Con un Trattato dellinganno, & con un modo di effercitarfi da fe fteffo, per acquiftare forza, giudicio, & preftezza, 附诡诈论及独自操练法门，以增益力道、准度与敏捷
DI GIACOMO DI GRASSI. 贾科莫·迪·格拉西 著
CON PRIVILEGIO. 特许出版
In Uenetia, appreffo Giordano Ziletti, Er compagni. MDLXXM D L X X. 在威尼斯，吉奥尔达诺·齐莱蒂及其同伴。 MDLXXM D L X X 。
Giacomo di Grassi 贾科莫·迪·格拉西
Italian, active second half of the 16th century Ragione di adoprar sicuramente l’arme si da offesa, come da difesa, con un trattato dell’inganno, & con un modo di essercitarsi da se stesso, per acquistare forza, giudicio, & prestezza 意大利人，活跃于 16 世纪下半叶《安全运用武器之要义：攻防兼备，附诈术专论及独习之法，以增力量、判断与敏捷》
(The Correct Method of Safely Using Arms, Both for Offense, as Well as for Defense, with a Treatise on Deceit, and with a Way to Train on One’s Own, in Order to Obtain Strength, Judgment, and Dexterity) Venice, 1570 （《安全使用武器的正确方法：攻守兼备，附诈术专论及独力训练法门，以获取力量、判断力与敏捷性》）威尼斯，1570 年
Di Grassi’s techniques exemplified the widely emulated Italian school. His book became the first surviving English-language fencing book when it was translated and published in London in 1594. The majority of di Grassi’s text is devoted to fencing with sword and dagger, buckler, or cloak, in addition to use of the sword alone. He looks forward to advanced rapier techniques of the seventeenth century by stressing the superiority of a thrust over a cutting blow whenever possible. He was the first to categorize the sword blade as having four sections distinctly suited for attack or defense, and to define the concept of “lines” of defense-inside, outside, high, or low-as they are still understood in modern fencing. 迪·格拉西的技艺代表了当时广受效仿的意大利流派。其著作于 1594 年在伦敦翻译出版时，成为现存最早的英文击剑专著。除单剑技法外，书中主要论述了剑与匕首、剑与小圆盾、剑与披风三种组合技法。他前瞻性地强调突刺优于劈砍——这正预示了十七世纪高级刺剑术的核心原则。其开创性贡献在于：首次将剑身划分为四个攻防功能各异的区段；确立内线、外线、高线、低线四种防御线概念，该体系至今仍在现代击剑中沿用。
Angelo Viggiani
Italian, active second half of the 16th century Lo schermo d’Angelo Viggiani dal Montone da Bologna (Fencing, by Angelo Viggiani dal Montone, from Bologna) 意大利人，活跃于 16 世纪下半叶 《安杰洛·维贾尼·达尔蒙托内博洛尼亚剑术》（Lo schermo d’Angelo Viggiani dal Montone da Bologna）
Venice, 1575 威尼斯, 1575
Viggiani, who had been a soldier under the emperor Charles V, wrote this book in 1560 after leaving imperial service and returning to his homeland. It was published posthumously some fifteen years later by Viggiani’s brother Battista. Like Agrippa and di Grassi, Viggiani emphasized the use of the thrust as more effective than the cut, going further than his predecessors in defining positions for attacking with the point. He was among the first to favor a stance in which the right foot is always foremost and to describe an attack that can be considered a lunge in modern fencing terms. 维吉亚尼曾效力于皇帝查理五世的军队，于 1560 年离开帝国军队返回故乡后撰写此书。约十五年后由其弟巴蒂斯塔整理遗作出版。与阿格里帕和迪·格拉西相同，维吉亚尼强调刺击比劈砍更具杀伤力，并在确立刺击进攻姿势方面比前辈走得更远。他是最早推崇右脚始终前置站姿的剑术家之一，其描述的进攻动作在现代击剑术语中可视为弓箭步刺击。
ABOVE
Joachim Meyer 约阿希姆·迈尔
German, active 16th-17th century 德意志，活跃时期 16-17 世纪
Gründtliche Beschreibung der freyen ritterlichen unnd adelichen Kunst des Fechtens in allerley gebreuchlichen Wehren mit vil schönen und nützlichen Figuren gezieret und fürgestellet 剑术艺术全解——囊括各类常用架势，以精美图示装饰并编排的骑士与贵族必修技艺
(A Thorough Description of the Free Knightly and Noble Art of Fencing, in All the Typical Guards, Adorned and Arranged with Many Beautiful and Useful Figures) （自由骑士与贵族剑术技艺通解，涵盖所有典型防御架势，配有多幅精美实用图示）
Strasbourg, 1570 斯特拉斯堡，1570 年刊行
Gift of Christian A. Zabriskie, 1957 57.118 克里斯蒂安·A·扎布里斯基 1957 年捐赠 藏品编号 57.118
Meyer was one of the most influential later proponents of the German long sword, following the techniques first codified two centuries earlier by Johannes Liechtenauer. Meyer’s manual appeared in four editions between 1570 and 1660 . It is divided into five sections, the first and longest dealing with the art of the long sword. The others include instruction in the Dussack (a saberlike wooden practice weapon indigenous to Germany), rapier techniques based on the Italian school, dagger fighting, and the use of various staff weapons. 迈尔是德国长剑术后期最具影响力的人物之一，其技法承袭自两个世纪前约翰内斯·利希特瑙尔首次整理成体系的剑术。1570 至 1660 年间，迈尔的剑术手册共发行过四个版本。全书分为五个部分，首章篇幅最长，专述长剑技艺，其余章节则涵盖：杜萨克（德国本土形似军刀的木质训练器械）技法、基于意大利学派的迅捷剑技法、匕首格斗术，以及各类长杆兵器的运用。
Luis Pacheco de Narváez 路易斯·帕切科·德·纳尔瓦埃斯
Spanish, active late 16th-early 17th century 西班牙人，活跃于 16 世纪末至 17 世纪初
Libro de las grandezas de la espada, en que se declaran 《论剑术精要》
muchos secretos del que compuso el Comendador Geronimo de Carrança 赫罗尼莫·德·卡兰萨骑士团长所创剑术中诸多奥秘
(Book of the Greatness of the Sword, in Which Many of the Secrets of the Methods Developed by Comendador Geronimo de Carrança （《剑术精要：赫罗尼莫·德·卡兰萨骑士团长所创剑术奥秘阐释之伟大著作》
Are Explained) 中阐释）
Madrid, 1600 马德里，1600 年
Narváez, along with his predecessor Geronimo de Carrança, was one of the founders of an enduring and distinctive school of rapier fencing, which was practiced in Spain and its dominions from the late sixteenth century until the late eighteenth century. Notable features of the Spanish style included a very upright stance and circular footwork based on complex geometric principles. 纳尔瓦埃斯与其前辈赫罗尼莫·德·卡兰萨共同创立了西班牙刺剑术这一源远流长且独具特色的流派。该流派自十六世纪末至十八世纪末盛行于西班牙及其属地，其显著特征包括极为挺拔的身姿以及基于复杂几何原理的环形步法。
Salvator Fabris (Salvatore Fabrizzio?)
Italian (Padua), 1544-1617(?) 萨尔瓦多·法布里兹（Salvator Fabris?）意大利人（帕多瓦），1544-1617（？）
De lo schermo overo scienza d’ arme di Salvator Fabris capo dell’ Ordine dei Sette Cori 《论防御术或兵械科学》萨尔瓦多·法布里兹著，七心骑士团首领
(About Fencing, or Rather, the Science of Arms, by Salvator Fabris, Head of the Order of the Seven Hearts) （《论剑术，确切地说，兵械科学》，萨尔瓦多·法布里兹著，七心骑士团首领）
Copenhagen, 1606 哥本哈根，1606 年
Published with the patronage of Christian IV, king of Denmark, this book was very important in promoting the Italian style of rapier fencing in northern Europe, and was reprinted as late as 1713 . Avoiding the philosophical interpolations otherwise common to the genre, Fabris wrote a detailed fencing manual with text and illustrations devoted solely to practical swordsmanship. His methodology included many refinements, several of which remained in use into the nineteenth century wherever cut-and-thrust fencing was practiced. 本书在丹麦国王克里斯蒂安四世的赞助下出版，对推动意大利式刺剑术在北欧的传播至关重要，其重印版直到 1713 年仍在刊行。不同于同期著作惯常添加哲学性插叙，法布里斯撰写了详尽的击剑手册，全篇图文均专注于实战剑术。其方法体系包含诸多精妙之处，其中多项技术在十九世纪仍被沿用——凡有劈刺剑术流传之地，皆可见其影响。
RIGHT
Ridolfo Capo Ferro 里多尔福·卡波·费罗
Italian (Cagli), born ca. 1558 意大利（卡利）人，约 1558 年生
Gran simulacro dell’arte e dell uso della scherma, di Ridolfo Capo Fero da Caglie, maestro dell’eccelsa natione alemanna, nell’ inclita città di Siena 击剑技艺与实践的完整呈现，作者里多尔福·卡波·费罗（来自卡利），崇高德意志民族的导师，成书于闻名遐迩的锡耶纳城
(A Complete Representation of the Art and Practice of Fencing, by Ridolfo Capo Ferro of Caglie, Teacher of the Sublime German Nation, in the Famous City of Siena) （《击剑技艺与实践的完整呈现》，卡利人里多尔福·卡波·费罗著，身为崇高德意志民族的导师，在著名的锡耶纳城完成）
Siena, 1610 锡耶纳，1610 年
Capo Ferro’s precise and rationally organized book represents the apogee of the Italian rapier school. It largely defined the form in which the school flourished across . Europe for much of the seventeenth century, and from which smallsword techniques subsequently developed. The text is attractively illustrated with engravings by Raffaello Schiamirossi (ca. 1572-1622), and is divided into thirteen chapters ranging from a general introduction to clear explanations of timing, distance, posture, guards, and attacks. Although Capo Ferro included the left-hand dagger, he emphasized the use of the rapier alone as the most effective means of both offense and defense. 卡波·费罗这本精确严谨的著作代表了意大利长剑学派的巅峰成就。它在很大程度上奠定了该学派十七世纪风行欧洲的技术体系，并由此发展出后续的小剑术技法。书中配有拉斐尔·夏米罗西（约 1572-1622）的精美版画插图，共分十三章，内容从总论到时机的把握、距离控制、身体姿态、防御姿势及进攻技巧皆有清晰阐述。尽管书中提及左手匕首的用法，但卡波·费罗强调单独使用长剑才是最有效的攻防手段。
Nicoletto Giganti 尼科莱托·吉甘蒂Italian, active Venice ca. 1600 意大利人，约 1600 年活跃于威尼斯Newe Fechtkunst, oder Schawplatz/darauff allerhand Arten zuversetzen und zuschlagen mit dem Rapier allein/und mit Rapier und Dolchen zusamen/vortestellet 新式剑术（或称演武场）——全面展示单用长剑、或长剑与匕首配合时的各类招架与劈刺技法(The New Art of Fencing, or The Theater in Which Is Shown Every Type of Parry and Blow with Rapier Alone and with Rapier and Dagger Together) (新式击剑术，或全面展示各类单用轻剑及轻剑与匕首并用之攻防技巧的舞台)Frankfurt, 1622 法兰克福，1622 年
Giganti was the forerunner of Salvator Fabris and Ridolfo Capo Ferro in bringing Italian rapier fencing to its highest degree of refinement. Beginning in 1606 books by Giganti were published in Italian, French, and German, including bilingual editions like this German and French example, translated and published by Jacob de Zeter. Giganti was 在将意大利轻剑术推向精妙巅峰的历程中，吉甘蒂实为萨尔瓦托·法布里斯与里多尔福·卡波·费罗的先驱。自 1606 年起，吉甘蒂的著作陆续以意大利文、法文和德文出版，其中包括雅各布·德·泽特翻译出版的德法双语版本（即本书）。吉甘蒂是
the first fencing master to clearly explain the advantages of the lunge and to apply it to most of his attack strategies. His methods represent a transition in the Italian school between use of the rapier with a companion dagger and the preference for the rapier alone. 首位清晰阐释弓步刺优势并将其应用于多数进攻策略的击剑大师。其技法标志着意大利学派从轻剑配匕首组合向单独使用轻剑的重要转变。
Girard Thibault 吉拉德·蒂博
Flemish (Antwerp), died ca. 1629 佛兰德（安特卫普），约卒于 1629 年
Académie de l’éspée de Girard Thibault, d’Anvers, où se demonstrent par reégles mathématiques sur le fondement d’un cercle mystérieux, la théorie et pratique des vrais et iusqu’à présent incognus secréts du maniement des armes à pied et a cheval 吉拉德·蒂博的《剑术学院》，安特卫普著。本书通过数学法则，基于神秘圆环基础，展示徒步与骑马武器运用的真实理论、实践及迄今未知的奥秘
(The Academy of the Sword by Girard Thibault, of Antwerp, wherein Are Set Forth by Mathematical Rules, on the Basis of a Mysterious Circle, the True and until Now Unknown Secrets of the Use of Weapons on Foot and on Horseback) （吉拉德·蒂博的《剑术学院》，安特卫普著。其中通过数学法则，基于神秘圆环，阐述了徒步与骑马运用武器的真实且迄今未知的奥秘）
Leiden, 1628 莱顿，1628 年
Generally acknowledged as the most lavish and artistically accomplished fencing book ever produced, Thibault’s Academy of the Sword was supported by the patronage of King Louis XIII of France and several other European rulers. Its elaborate illustrations, including forty-six doublepage plates, are signed by sixteen Flemish engravers. The 蒂博的《剑术学院》被公认为史上最奢华、艺术造诣最高的击剑著作，获得法国国王路易十三世及其他几位欧洲统治者的资助。其精雕细琢的插图包含四十六幅跨页版画，由十六位佛兰芒雕刻家署名创作。
book is devoted to the Spanish school of fence, as established earlier by Geronimo de Carrança and Luis Pacheco de Narváez. Thibault died shortly before its publication, never having completed the projected second part, which was to have dealt with equestrian combat. 本书专述由赫罗尼莫·德·卡兰萨和路易斯·帕切科·德·纳尔瓦埃斯早先创立的西班牙剑术流派。蒂博在著作出版前夕离世，未能完成计划中的第二部——该卷本拟探讨马背格斗术。 Siguren weifen.
23irber bann buter betim Dolch finein forfen fo parir mit bett Jolch unten nach feinet findefen fetten frence Silingen Wimein nach feiner rechten bruft bu.
Sebastian Heussler
German (Nuremberg), active early to mid-17th century Neu kunstlich Fechtbuch darinnen 500 Stuck im ainfachen Rapier, wie auch ettliche im Rapier vnd Dolch, deß wetberümbten Fecht: und lehrmeisters Sig. Salvator Fabrida Padoa, so wol auch anderer italianischen und französichen Fechter… 德国（纽伦堡），活跃于 17 世纪早中期《新式精巧剑术手册：内含 500 式单轻剑技法，兼论轻剑与匕首组合技，辑录自帕多瓦享誉盛名的剑术与教学大师西格·萨尔瓦托·法布里达，以及意大利、法兰西等地其他剑术名家……
(New Artistic Fencing Book in Which There Are 500 Movements with Rapier Alone, as well as Many with Rapier and Dagger, from the WellKnown Fencing Master and Instructor Signor Salvator Fabrida of Padua, as well as Other Italian and French Fencers…) Nuremberg, 1615 and 1645 (新艺术击剑书：内含 500 种纯轻剑技法，及多种轻剑与匕首组合技法，源自帕多瓦著名击剑大师兼教练萨尔瓦多·法布里斯先生，兼收其他意法击剑家之作...) 纽伦堡，1615 年与 1645 年
The influence of Italian fencing masters in Germany is especially apparent in the works of the Nuremberg fencing instructor Sebastian Heussler, who cites Salvator Fabris as his inspiration for the two books bound together in this volume, and Capo Ferro for other editions. The first book is unusual in that the dates on the title page and of the 意大利击剑大师在德国的影响尤其体现在纽伦堡击剑教练塞巴斯蒂安·霍斯勒的作品中。他在本卷合订的两部著作中称萨尔瓦多·法布里为灵感来源，其他版本则参考了卡波·费罗。首部著作的特殊之处在于其扉页日期与
author’s preface have been changed by hand from 1615 to 1645. It is bound with a 1615 edition of another book by Heussler, devoted solely to the use of rapier and dagger. This is followed by twelve unnumbered plates showing dagger fighting and the use of rapier and cloak. 作者序言日期均被手工从 1615 年改为 1645 年。本书与霍斯勒 1615 年另一部专著合订，后者专述轻剑与匕首技法。随后附有十二幅未编号图版，展示匕首格斗及轻剑与斗篷的配合使用。
ABOVE
Johann Georg Paschen 约翰·格奥尔格·帕申
German (Saxony), active mid- to late 17th century 德意志（萨克森），活跃于 17 世纪中后期
Kurtze jedoch deutliche Beschreibung handlend vom Fechten auf Stosz und Hieb 《刺击与劈砍击剑术简论》
(Brief but Clear Description Concerning Fencing with the Thrust and the Cut) （Brief but Clear Description Concerning Fencing with the Thrust and the Cut）
Halle, 1664 哈勒，1664 年
Paschen published at least five fencing books between 1657 and 1683. This edition is dedicated to Johann Georg II, prince-elector of Saxony (r. 1656-81), whom Paschen served as Pagen Hoffmeistern (master of the court pages) in Magedeburg. The first part of the book demonstrates a modified form of rapier technique, showing the influence of protosmallsword fencing as it was then being developed in France. The second part is devoted to the more martially oriented method of fighting with the edge of the sword, rather than the point. 帕申在 1657 至 1683 年间至少出版了五部击剑著作。本版书籍献给萨克森选帝侯约翰·格奥尔格二世（1656-81 年在位），帕申曾在马格德堡担任其宫廷侍童总管（Pagen Hoffmeistern）。本书第一部分展示了改良的轻剑技法，体现了当时法国正兴起的早期小剑剑术的影响。第二部分则专注于更具实战性的剑刃格斗法，而非剑尖技法。
Jéann Daniel L'Ange 让·丹尼尔·朗热
French, active Germany, mid- to late r7th century Deutliche und gründliche Erklärung der adelichen und ritterlichen freyen Fecht-Kunst. Lectionen auff den Stoß und deren Gebrauchs eigentlicher Nachricht. Auff die rechte italianische Art und Manir… (Clear and Thorough Explanation of the Noble and Knightly Free Art of Fencing. Selections Concerning the Thrust and an Accurate Description of Its Usage. In the Correct Italian Style and Manner…) Heidelberg, 1664 法国人，活跃于德国，17 世纪中后期
《贵族与骑士自由击剑术的清晰详尽阐释：关于突刺的课程及其应用要点的准确指南。遵循纯正意大利风格与技法……》（Deutliche und gründliche Erklärung der adelichen und ritterlichen freyen Fecht-Kunst. Lectionen auff den Stoß und deren Gebrauchs eigentlicher Nachricht. Auff die rechte italianische Art und Manir...）
海德堡，1664 年
L’Ange was the fencing master at Heidelberg University and at the court of Karl I (1617-1680), prince-elector of the Palatinate of the Rhine and duke of Bavaria. His book is an example of the late Italian school of rapier fencing, as it was practiced in Germany well into the eighteenth century. The frontispiece displays a portrait of L’Ange beneath a poetic couplet, which probably would have expressed the sentiments of many fencing masters: “In God lies my salvation / But my sword is my protection.” 朗热曾任海德堡大学剑术大师，并效力于莱茵-普法尔茨选帝侯兼巴伐利亚公爵卡尔一世（1617-1680）的宫廷。其著作代表了盛行于德意志地区直至十八世纪的晚期意大利流派刺剑术。卷首插画中，朗热的肖像下方镌刻着一句双行诗，或许道出了众多剑术大师的心声："上帝赐我救赎，利剑护我周全。"
Francisco Antonio de Ettenhard 弗朗西斯科·安东尼奥·德·埃滕哈德
Spanish, active mid- to late 17th century 西班牙人，活跃于十七世纪中后期
Compendio de los fundamentos de la verdadera destreza y filosofia de las armas, dedicado a la catolica, sacra, y real magestad del rey nuestro senor D. Carlos Segundo, monarca de Espana, y de las Indias (Compendium of the Fundamentals of the True Skills and Philosophy of Arms, Dedicated to the Catholic, Sacred, and Royal Majesty of the King Our Lord Don Carlos the Second, Monarch of Spain, and the Indies) Madrid, 1675 《真髓剑术与兵器哲学精要》，谨献予西班牙暨印度群岛君主、吾主卡洛斯二世国王陛下之天主教、神圣而尊贵的王室威严（马德里，1675 年）
Ettenhard’s work shows the continuity of the Spanish school, which remained faithful to the complex geometric principles laid down by Luis Pacheco de Narváez and embellished by Gerard Thibault. 埃滕哈德的著作展现了西班牙剑术学派的传承脉络，该学派始终恪守路易斯·帕切科·德·纳瓦埃斯确立的复杂几何原理体系，并由赫拉德·蒂博进一步丰富完善。
Jean Baptiste Le Perche du Coudray 让·巴蒂斯特·勒佩尔什·杜库德雷
French, active mid- to late 17th century 法国人，活跃于 17 世纪中后期
L’exercise des armes, ou Maniment du fleuret, pour ayder la memoire de ceux qui sont amateurs de cet art 《剑术练习：花剑技法精要——献给本艺研习者的记忆指南》
(The Exercise of Arms, or Handling the Foil, as an Aid to the Memory of Those Who Are Amateurs of This Art) （兵器操练，或花剑运用：帮助记忆本艺术爱好者的手册）
Paris, n.d. (1750) 巴黎，出版时间不详（1750 年）
This is a slightly amended reprint of a book originally published in 1676, when the French style of smallsword fencing was beginning to flourish. It is one of the first books to focus on the use of the foil, as opposed to the sword, as a graceful pastime and a refined form of gentlemanly exercise. Le Perche was a member of the prestigious Académie d’Armes, the guildlike association of fencing masters founded with royal patronage in Paris about 1570 . He is credited with formulating the use of the riposte, a technique fundamental to modern fencing. 本书是 1676 年初版著作的修订重印本，当时法式小剑剑术正蓬勃发展。作为最早专注于花剑（而非实战剑）运用的专著之一，本书将击剑定位为优雅的消遣活动与绅士运动的精致形式。作者勒佩尔什是著名的兵器学院成员——这个成立于 1570 年前后的巴黎击剑大师行会式组织享有王室庇护。他被公认为制定了还击技术的运用规范，即现代击剑的基础技术。
Wernesson de Liancour 韦尔内松·德·利安库尔
French, died 1732 法国人，卒于 1732 年
Le maistre d’armes, ou L’exercice de l’espée seulle dans sa perfection 《剑术大师，或完美单人剑术练习》
(The Master of Arms, or The Exercise of the Single Sword in Its Perfection)
Amsterdam, 1692 阿姆斯特丹，1692 年
This edition of de Liancour’s Le maistre d’armes is a slightly simplified reduction of the original version, published in 1686. These books were among the most influential in establishing and spreading the new French style of fencing in Europe and England well into the eighteenth century. Using a smaller, lighter thrusting sword than the rapier common in Italy and Germany, French smallsword techniques as refined by de Liancour emphasized speed, finesse, and economy of motion. De Liancour is also credited with developing the lunge into its fully modern form. 本版德·利安库尔的《剑术大师》是 1686 年原著的精简本。这些著作在十八世纪期间对法国新兴剑术流派在欧洲及英格兰的建立与传播影响深远。相较于意大利和德国盛行的刺剑，法国小剑技法采用更轻巧的突刺剑具，经德·利安库尔改良后强调速度、技巧与动作精简。现代突刺技法的完整形态亦公认出自德·利安库尔之手。
Bondì di Mazo 邦迪·迪·马佐
Italian (Venice), active late 17th century 意大利（威尼斯），活跃于 17 世纪晚期
La spada maestra di me, Bondi di Mazo da Venetia: Libro dove si trattano i vantaggi della nobilissima professione della scherma si del caminare, girare, & ritirarsi, come del ferire sicuramente, e difendersi (The Masterly Sword, by Me Bondi di Mazo from Venice: A Book wherein Are Treated the Benefits of the Most Noble Profession of Fencing, in the Advancing, Turning, and Retreating, as well as How to Strike with Certainty, and Defend Oneself) 《威尼斯人邦迪·迪·马佐所著剑术精要：其中论及至高剑术技艺之精妙，涵盖进退迂回之步法，攻守兼备之要诀》（威尼斯邦迪·迪·马佐著）
Venice, 1696 威尼斯，1696
Henry Blackwell 亨利·布莱克韦尔
English, active late 17th to mid-18th century 活跃于 17 世纪末至 18 世纪中期的英国人
The English Fencing-Master: or, The Compleat Tuterour of the Small Sword. Wherein the Truest Method, after a Mathematical Rule, Is Plainly Laid Down. Shewing also How Necessary It Is for All Gentlemen to Learn This Noble Art. In a Dialogue between Master and Scholar London, 1702 《英伦剑术大师：或曰小剑术完全指南。本书依数学法则阐明至臻技法，并论证绅士习此高贵技艺之必要性》（以师徒对话形式呈现）伦敦，1702 年版
This appears to be the earliest edition of Blackwell’s book, which was republished in two editions in 1702 and 1705 with additional illustrations, and in a revised edition in 1730 retitled The Gentleman’s Tutor for the Small-Sword. As a professional Master of Defense Blackwell approached smallsword fencing as a means of lethal combat and not merely as a gentlemanly exercise. His later book is largely based on the practices of Italian rapier masters of the early seventeenth century, perhaps in response to what he saw as the increased rarefaction of smallsword fencing. 这似乎是布莱克威尔著作的最早版本，该作品曾于 1702 年和 1705 年两次再版并增补插图，1730 年的修订版更名为《绅士小剑教程》。作为专业防御大师，布莱克威尔将小剑剑术视为致命格斗手段而非单纯的绅士运动。其后期著作主要借鉴十七世纪早期意大利刺剑大师的技法，或许正是针对当时小剑剑术日益脱离实战的倾向所作出的回应。
Francisco Lorenz de Rada 弗朗西斯科·洛伦兹·德·拉达
Spanish, active late 17th to early 18th century 西班牙人，活跃于 17 世纪末至 18 世纪初
Nobleza de la espada, cryo esplendor se expressa en tres libros, segun ciencia, arte, y esperiencia. Libro primero, de la ciencia del instrvmento armigero espada. Libro segundo, arte del instrumento armigero espada. Libro tercero, experiencia del’instrumento armigero (The Nobility of the Sword, Whose Splendor Is Expressed in Three Books, According to Science, Art, and Experience. Book One, concerning the Science of the Warlike Sword. Book Two, the Art of the Warlike Sword. Book Three, the Experience of the Warlike Sword) Madrid, 1705 《剑之高贵，其光辉体现于科学、艺术与经验三书》（Nobleza de la espada, cryo esplendor se expressa en tres libros, segun ciencia, arte, y esperiencia）。卷一：论兵器之剑的科学；卷二：论兵器之剑的艺术；卷三：论兵器之剑的实战经验（Libro primero, de la ciencia del instrvmento armigero espada. Libro segundo, arte del instrumento armigero espada. Libro tercero, experiencia del’instrumento armigero）。马德里，1705 年
Rada’s three volumes represent the most detailed treatment of swordmanship and the Spanish school of fence published in Spanish. Complex mathematical principles defining distance, footwork, lines of attack, and positions of defense are laid out in a series of ornate diagrams. 拉达的三卷著作代表了西班牙语出版物中对剑术及西班牙剑术学派最详尽的论述。通过一系列精美的图示，书中系统阐释了定义距离、步法、攻击路线及防御姿态的复杂数学原理。
Despite the apparent artificiality of this system, the fighting abilities of Spanish swordsmen were highly regarded throughout Europe. As late as the end of the eighteenth century the works of the leading smallsword masters such as Guillaume Danet and Domenico Angelo included special techniques for duels with Spaniards. 尽管这套体系看似刻意雕琢，西班牙剑士的实战能力却在整个欧洲备受推崇。直至十八世纪末期，纪尧姆·达内、多梅尼科·安杰洛等顶尖小剑大师的著作中，仍收录着专门针对与西班牙人决斗的特殊技法。
Johann Andreas Schmidt 约翰·安德烈亚斯·施密特
German, Zeblitz (Saxony), active 18th century Leib-beschirmende und feinden trotz-bietende Fecht-kunst; oder: Leicht und getreue Answeisung auf Stoß und Hieb zierlich und sicher zu fechten; nebst einem curieusen Unterricht vom Voltigiren und Ringen. 德国，采布利茨（萨克森），活跃于 18 世纪
《护身御敌剑术：刺击劈砍精要指南——优雅安全之剑技解析；附马术腾跃与摔跤奇技教程》
(The Lifesaving and Foe-Defying Art of Fencing; or: Easy and Trustworthy Instructions on How to Fence with Thrust-and-Cut Gracefully and Confidently; together with Some Highly Interesting Lessons Concerning the Vaulting Horse and Wrestling) 救命御敌剑术；或曰：优雅自信施展刺与劈之简易可靠指南·附跳马练习与摔跤要诀数则
Nuremberg, 1713 纽伦堡，1713 年
This book is the earliest of several works by Schmidt that were published between 1713 and 1816, the later editions appearing posthumously. Schmidt held the prestigious post of Fencing and Drill Master to the city of Nuremberg. He taught practical methods of fencing with the point, with the edge, and combining the two. Schmidt’s chapter on the vaulting horse, once a necessary cavalry exercise, is a precursor to the pommel horse of modern gymnastics. His later books cover the use of the saber, an essential cavalry weapon in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. 此书乃施密特 1713 至 1816 年间付梓的系列著作中最早问世者，后期版本皆为其身后刊行。施密特曾任纽伦堡市击剑与操练总教习之要职，传授刺击、劈砍及二者结合的实用剑术技法。其所著跳马练习章节——昔时骑兵必修课业——实为现代体操鞍马项目之先声。后期著作更详述十八至十九世纪骑兵必备武器军刀的使用要诀。
Sir William Hope 威廉·霍普爵士
Scottish, 1660-1729 苏格兰人，1660-1729 年
Hope’s New Method of Fencing: or, The True and Solid Art of Fighting with the Back-Sword, Sheering-Sword, Small-Sword, and Sword and Pistol; Freed from the Errors of the Schools Edinburgh, 1714 《霍普新式剑术：阔剑、劈刺剑、细剑及剑枪并用之真髓技法，破除学院派谬误》爱丁堡，1714 年
Hope was recognized by his contemporaries as the greatest British authority on swordsmanship. He published eight influential books on the subject, in various editions, between 1687 and 1729. In this book he significantly modified his previous views to advocate a position known as the hanging guard, proclaiming it to be the optimal offensive and defensive guard for any type of sword. In 1692 Sir William founded the Society of Swordsmen in Scotland, in hopes of bringing to British fencing masters the prestige and credibility enjoyed by their counterparts on the Continent. Despite his efforts, however, the Society was never granted a royal charter, remaining merely an association of interested amateurs. 霍普被同时代剑术家公认为不列颠最高权威。1687 至 1729 年间，他先后出版八部极具影响力的剑术专著。本书显著修正其早期观点，力推"悬式防御架势"，宣称此架势适用于所有剑类攻防体系。威廉爵士于 1692 年在苏格兰创立剑术家协会，旨在为英国剑术导师争取欧陆同行享有的声誉地位。然其努力未果，该协会始终未获皇家特许状，仅维持着业余爱好者组织的性质。
Anthon Friedrich Kahn
German, active early to mid-18th century 德国人，活跃于 18 世纪上半叶
Anfangsgründe der Fechtkunst nebst einer Vorrede von dem Nutzen der Fechtkunst un den Vorzügen dieser Anweisung 《击剑艺术基本原理，附论击剑之益处与本教程之优势》
(Elements of the Art of Fencing together with a Prologue Regarding the Benefits of the Art of Fencing and the Merits of These Instructions) 《击剑艺术基本原理，附论击剑之益处与本教程之优势》
Göttingen, 1739 哥廷根，1739 年
German universities were major centers of fencing instruction from as early as the seventeenth century. Anthon Friedrich Kahn, a celebrated fencing master at Göttingen University, was himself a pupil of Heinrich Wilhelm Kreussler at Jena University. Kreussler was a member of one of Germany’s most renowned family dynasties of fencing masters, which flourished for nearly two hundred years. Kahn, like Kreussler, taught the use of cut-and-thrust fencing, as well as a method intended for dueling that emphasized the use of the point, but was distinct from the Italian and French schools of late rapier and smallsword techniques. 德国大学早在十七世纪就成为剑术教学的重要中心。哥廷根大学著名的剑术大师安东·弗里德里希·卡恩，本人就曾是耶拿大学海因里希·威廉·克罗伊斯勒的门徒。克罗伊斯勒出身于德国最负盛名的剑术大师世家之一，该家族在此领域兴盛近两百年。卡恩与克罗伊斯勒一脉相承，既教授劈刺结合的剑术，也传授一种专为决斗设计的方法——该方法强调刺击技巧的运用，却迥异于意大利与法国流派晚期的轻剑与小剑技法。
L’école des armes, avec l’explication générale des principales attitudes et positions concernant L’escrime 《剑术学校：附击剑主要姿态与姿势通解》
(The School of Fencing, with a General Explanation of the Principal Attitudes and Positions Peculiar to the Art) （击剑学校，附带对该艺术特有主要姿势和位置的总体说明）
London, 1765 伦敦，1765 年
Angelo is the most well known of all historic fencing masters due to the fame he achieved among his contemporaries, the existence of a detailed biography written by his son, and to the critical and artistic success of his book, The School of Fencing. The book was so well regarded that it was selected by Diderot as the best of its genre and used to illustrate the entry on fencing (escrime) in his famous Encyclopédie. It remains the definitive exposition of smallsword techniques in their most fully developed form. 安杰洛是所有历史击剑大师中最负盛名者，这归功于他在同时代人中的声望、其子撰写的详细传记，以及他的著作《击剑学校》在评论界和艺术界取得的成功。该书广受推崇，被狄德罗选为该体裁的巅峰之作，并用于其著名《百科全书》中"击剑"（escrime）条目的图解说明。这部著作至今仍是对小剑技术最成熟形态的权威阐述。
Guillaume DanetFrench, active mid- to late 18th century 法国人，活跃于 18 世纪中后期L' art des armes, ou La maniere la plus certain de se servir utilement de l'epée, soit pour attaquer, soit pour se défendre, simplifiée & démonstrée dans toute son étendue & sa perfection, suivant les meilleurs principes de théorie & de pratique adoptés actuellement en France (The Art of Arms, or The Most Reliable Method to Profitably Use the Sword, Either for Attack or Defense, Simplified and Demonstrated in All Its Perfection According to the Best Principles of Theory and Practice Currently Adopted in France) Paris, 1766 《剑术的艺术，或攻防两用剑术之最可靠方法：依据法国现行最优理论及实践准则全面简化演示》(L' art des armes, ou La maniere la plus certain de se servir utilement de l'epée, soit pour attaquer, soit pour se défendre, simplifiée & démonstrée dans toute son étendue & sa perfection, suivant les meilleurs principes de théorie & de pratique adoptés actuellement en France) 巴黎，1766 年出版
Partly in response to the success of Angelo’s School of Fencing, Danet wrote his L’art des armes to assert France’s claim to supremacy in use of the smallsword. It was also his attempt to codify and simplify the terminology and pedagogy of the French school of fence. Although he was the head of the prestigious Académie des Armes, Danet’s suggested reforms were openly attacked by his fellow academicians, forcing him to defend his theories in a second volume, published in 1767. 达内撰写《剑术的艺术》既是对安杰洛击剑学校成功办学的回应，亦旨在捍卫法国在小剑运用领域的至尊地位。此书试图规范并简化法式击剑体系的术语与教学法。尽管身为声名显赫的击剑学会(Académie des Armes)会长，达内提出的改革方案仍遭学会同僚公开抨击，迫使他通过 1767 年出版的第二卷著作捍卫其理论体系。
Guillaume Danet 纪尧姆·达内French, active mid- to late 18th century 18 世纪中后期活跃于法国的意大利裔剑术家L'art des armes, ou La maniere la plus certain de se servir utilement de l'epée, soit pour attaquer, soit pour se défendre, simplifiée & démonstrée dans toute son étendue &̛ sa perfection, suivant les meilleurs principes de théorie & de pratique adoptés actuellement en France ... Tome second, contenant la réfutation des critiques, & la suite du même traité 《剑术之艺：攻防皆宜的剑术精要详解——依据当今法国通行的最佳理论与实践准则，全面阐释并简化演示》第二卷：含驳议篇及本论续篇(The Art of Arms, or The Most Reliable Method to Profitably Use the Sword, Either for Attack or Defense, Simplified and Demonstrated in All Its Perfection According to the Best Principles of Theory and Practice Currently Adopted in France ... Volume Two, Containing the Rebuttal of the Criticisms, and the Continuation of the Same Treatise) Paris, 1767 （《剑术之艺：攻防皆宜的剑术精要详解——依据当今法国通行的最佳理论与实践准则，全面阐释并简化演示》第二卷：含驳议篇及本论续篇）巴黎，1767 年
Mr. Angelo (Domenico Angelo Malevolti Tremamondo) 安杰洛先生（多梅尼科·安杰洛·马莱沃尔蒂·特雷马蒙多）Italian (Livorno), 1717-1802 意大利（利沃诺），1717-1802The School of Fencing, with a General Explanation of the Principal Attitudes and Positions Peculiar to the Art 《剑术学院：对该艺术特有主要姿态与站姿的总体阐释》London, 1787 伦敦，1787 年This is a later edition of the original School of Fencing in a smaller, pocket-sized format. 此为原始《剑术学院》的后期刊本，采用更小的袖珍开本。
Swords, Rapiers, Parrying Daggers, and Related Objects 剑、轻剑、格挡匕首及相关物品
Sword 剑
Western European (possibly Italian), ca. 1450 西欧（可能为意大利），约 1450 年
Steel, copper, wood, and leather; weight: 2 lbs .8 oz . 钢、铜、木与皮革；重量：2 磅 8 盎司
Gift of William H. Riggs, 1913 14.25.1096 威廉·H·里格斯捐赠，1913 年 14.25.1096
Known as arming swords, weapons of this type were worn by noblemen on a daily basis during times of peace and were also used by armored knights in battle. The blade bears the “running-wolf” mark of Passau, Germany, which was famous for the quality of its sword blades. 这类被称为武装剑的兵器，在和平时期是贵族们的日常佩剑，亦是披甲骑士在战场上的武器。剑身带有德国帕绍地区著名的"奔狼"标记，该地以精良的剑刃锻造工艺闻名于世。
Dagger (Ballock Knife) 匕首（圆头匕首）
Possibly French or German, late 15th century 可能为法国或德国制造，15 世纪末
Steel and wood; weight: 8 oz . 钢铁与木材；重量：8 盎司
Gift of Jean Jacques Reubell, in memory of his mother, Julia C. Coster, and of his wife, Adeline E. Post, both of New York City, 1926 26.145.10 让·雅克·鲁贝尔捐赠，以纪念其母朱莉娅·C·科斯特及其妻阿德琳·E·波斯特，两人均为纽约市民，1926 年 26.145.10
The ballock knife, also referred to as a kidney dagger, was widely used in the later Middle Ages, in both civilian and military contexts. In Talhoffer’s Fechtbuch it is shown in use by armored combatants to deliver a coup de grâce, and in the section devoted to unarmored knife fighting. 睾丸匕首（亦称肾形匕首）盛行于中世纪后期，广泛用于民间及军事场景。《塔霍费尔剑术图谱》中记载：着甲战士常用其施展致命一击，该武器亦出现于无甲匕首格斗章节。
ABOVE 上方
Helm for Combat on Foot 步战头盔English or Flemish, late 15th century 英格兰或佛兰德地区，15 世纪末期Steel; weight: 12 lbs .12 oz . 钢材；重量：12 磅 .12 盎司Gift of William H. Riggs, 1913 14.25.591 威廉·H·里格斯捐赠，1913 14.25.591
In the nineteenth century this helmet was recorded as coming from St. Mary’s Church, Aylesbury, Buckinghamshire, where it presumably once hung above the tomb of its original owner. 十九世纪记录显示，这顶头盔来自白金汉郡艾尔斯伯里的圣玛丽教堂，据推测曾悬挂于原主人墓穴上方。
Hand and a Half Sword 一手半剑
German, ca. 1500 德国，约 1500 年
Steel and leather; weight: 4 lbs . 钢与皮革；重量：4 磅
Purchase, The Sulzberger Foundation, Inc., and Helmut Nickel Gifts, Rogers Fund, Bequest of Stephen V. Grancsay, by exchange, and Funds from various donors, 19881988.26 1988 年由苏兹伯格基金会、赫尔穆特·尼克尔捐赠、罗杰斯基金会、史蒂芬·V·格兰克赛遗赠交换获得，以及多位捐赠者提供的资金共同购藏，藏品编号 1988.26
The blade is incised with the mark of the Ottoman arsenal in Istanbul, indicating that this sword was captured as war booty from a European knight. It is one of the few swords to survive from the early sixteenth century with its original hilt and blade intact. 剑身刻有伊斯坦布尔奥斯曼帝国兵工厂标记，表明此剑是从欧洲骑士处缴获的战利品。这是十六世纪早期少数保存完好且剑柄与剑身未经改动的原装剑之一。
detail 细节
Sword 剑
Italian or Spanish, ca. 1500 意大利或西班牙，约 1500 年
Steel, gilt bronze, wood, and textile; weight: 2 lbs .15 Oz. 钢、镀金青铜、木材及纺织品；重量：2 磅 0.15 盎司
Gift of William H. Riggs, 1913 14.25.1165 威廉·H·里格斯捐赠，1913 年 14.25.1165
This early sword is one of the few to retain fragments of its original grip bindings, here consisting of red and green silk. The stiff, acutely pointed blade is designed to pierce the gaps between the plates of an opponent’s armor. 这把早期剑是为数不多保留原始握柄缠绕物残片的剑器，此处采用红绿相间的丝绸缠绕。其坚硬且尖锐的剑身专为刺穿对手盔甲板片间的缝隙而设计。
Dagger 匕首
German or Italian, ca. 1500-1525 德国或意大利，约 1500–1525 年
Steel, silver, wood, and fish skin; weight: I lb. 钢、银、木与鱼皮；重量：1 磅
Gift of Jean Jacques Reubell, in memory of his mother, Julia C. Coster, and of his wife, Adeline E. Post, both of New York City, 1926 26.145.69 让·雅克·鲁贝尔捐赠，以纪念其母亲茱莉亚·C·科斯特夫人及其妻子艾德琳·E·波斯特夫人（均来自纽约市），1926 年 26.145.69
This sturdy dagger is the type seen in early Italian fencing books like those of Achille Marozzo. It predates the improvements that characterize later parrying daggers, such as long, often curved quillons and a side ring to protect the back of the hand. 这把坚固的匕首常见于阿基里·马罗佐等早期意大利击剑著作，其形制早于后期格挡匕首的改良特征——诸如细长且常带弧度的护手，以及保护手背的侧环。
Sword 剑
North Italian or French, ca. 1540-60 北意大利或法国制，约 1540-1560 年
Steel and wood; weight: 2 lbs .6 oz . 钢与木制；重量：2 磅 6 盎司
Gift of William H. Riggs, 1913 14.25.1155 威廉·H·里格斯捐赠，1913 年 14.25.1155
BELOW 下方
Parrying Dagger (Pugnale Bolognese) 格挡匕首（博洛尼亚匕首）
Italian, ca. 1550-75 意大利，约 1550-75 年
Partly gilt steel, brass, and wood; weight: 15 oz . 部分镀金钢、黄铜与木材；重量：15 盎司
Gift of Jean Jacques Reubell, in memory of his mother, Julia C. Coster, and of his wife, Adeline E. Post, both of New York City, 1926 26.145.94 让·雅克·吕贝尔捐赠，以纪念其母茱莉亚·C·科斯特及妻子艾德琳·E·波斯特（二人均来自纽约市），1926 年 26.145.94
Dueling Gauntlet (Manopala da Presa)
Italian, ca. 1550-75 决斗护手（Manopala da Presa）意大利制，约 1550-75 年
Steel and leather; weight: I lbs. 9 oz . 钢与皮革；重量：1 磅 9 盎司
Gift of William H. Riggs, 1913 14.25.911 威廉·H·里格斯捐赠，1913 年 编号 14.25.911
In the sixteenth century it was often considered better to parry (blocking an opponent’s blade) with the left hand rather than tie up one’s own rapier in deflecting a blow. A gauntlet, usually of leather but sometimes of steel, was worn to protect the left hand. The palm of this gauntlet is lined with mail, which would allow the duelist to grasp his opponent’s blade without being cut. 十六世纪时，人们普遍认为用左手格挡（阻隔对手剑刃）比占用自己的细剑来偏转攻击更为可取。格挡时会佩戴护手手套——通常为皮质，有时为钢制——以保护左手。这种手套的掌部内衬锁子甲，使决斗者能徒手抓住对手剑刃而不被割伤。
Designed to be used in tandem with a rapier, this dagger is fitted with a side ring, recurved quillons, and a depression at the base of one side of the blade to accommodate the thumb and facilitate a firmer grip. The waves in the blade may be intended to act like “speed bumps” in breaking the impact of a blow from an opponent’s blade. 此匕首专为配合细剑使用而设计，配有侧环、反曲护手，并在单侧刀身根部设有凹槽以便拇指放置，从而增强握持稳固性。刀身的波浪形设计可能旨在充当"减速带"，用以削弱对手剑刃的冲击力。
RIGHT
Parrying Gauntlet (Guanto da Presa) 招架护手（Guanto da Presa）
Italian, late 16th-early 17th century 意大利，16 世纪末至 17 世纪初
Leather and iron; weight: 8 oz . 皮革与铁；重量：8 盎司
Bashford Dean Memorial Collection, Funds from various donors, 1929 29.158.218 巴什福德·迪安纪念藏品，由多位捐赠者资助，1929 年，29.158.218
Beneath its leather exterior this parrying gauntlet is lined with a protective layer of mail. 这副格挡手套的皮革外皮下衬有锁子甲防护层。
Buckler (Rotellino da Pugno alla Milanese) 小圆盾（Rotellino da Pugno alla Milanese）Italian, ca. 1570 意大利，约 1570 年Steel and copper; weight: 2 lbs .6 oz . 钢材与铜材；重量：2 磅.6 盎司.Gift of William H. Riggs, 1913 14.25.742 威廉·H·里格斯捐赠，1913 年，编号 14.25.742
Bucklers are small shields that were carried on the belt or scabbard. They were a popular form of defense from at least as early as the thirteenth century until the late sixteenth or early seventeenth century. 小圆盾是系在腰带或剑鞘上的小型盾牌。这种防御装备曾广受欢迎，其使用年代至少可追溯至十三世纪，并一直延续到十六世纪末或十七世纪初。
LEFT 左
Buckler (Targhetta da Pugno) 小圆盾（Targhetta da Pugno，即拳盾）
Italian, ca. 1550-75 意大利，约 1550-75 年
Blued and gilt steel; weight: 2 lbs .15 oz. 发蓝镀金钢；重量：2 磅 15 盎司
Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Ronald S. Lauder, 1983 1983.136 罗纳德·S·劳德夫妇捐赠，1983 年 1983.136
The hook in the center of the buckler was designed so it could hang from the sword belt, ready for use. The raised concentric bars were intended to trap, and possibly break, an opponent’s blade. 小圆盾中心的钩环设计使其能悬挂于佩剑腰带上，随时备用。凸起的同心条旨在卡住对手的剑刃，并可能将其折断。
RIGHT 右侧
Rapier
European, ca. 1565-75
Steel and wood; weight: 3 lbs .2 oz.
Gift of William H. Riggs, 1913 14.25.1190 欧洲刺剑，约 1565-75 年
钢与木；重量：3 磅 2 盎司
威廉·H·里格斯捐赠，1913 年
藏品编号 14.25.1190
This is a classic form of late-sixteenth-century rapier, sometimes referred to as a “swept hilt” because of the spiraling design of the bars that surround the grip. 这是十六世纪晚期刺剑的经典形制，因环绕剑柄的螺旋状横档设计，有时被称为"扫掠式护手"。
Steel, wood, and leather; weight: I lb. 5 oz. 钢材、木材与皮革；重量：1 磅 5 盎司
Bequest of Jean Jacques Reubell, in memory of his mother, Julia C. Coster, of New York, I933 34.57.21 承纽约朱莉娅·C·科斯特之子让·雅克·鲁贝尔遗赠，1933 年 编号 34.57.21
This large parrying dagger is well suited for use against the cutting blows of a sword and the thrusts of a rapier. Its large side ring and outward curved quillons provide the back of the hand and the wrist with ample protection from an opponent’s attacks. 这把大型格挡匕首能有效抵御剑的劈砍与刺剑的突刺。其宽大的侧环与外弯护手钩为手背及手腕提供了充分防护，可抵挡对手的各类攻击。
Rapier 刺剑
Italian, ca. 1570-75 意大利，约 1570-1575 年
Steel, traces of gilding, iron, and wood; weight: 2 lbs .8 oz . 钢质，含镀金痕迹，配铁与木质构件；重量：2 磅 8 盎司
Rogers Fund, 1904quad1904 \quad 04.3.287 罗杰斯基金， 1904quad1904 \quad 04.3.287
Rapier 刺剑
Hilt: probably German; blade: Italian, 1575-1600 Steel, wood, and leather; weight: 3 lbs .6 oz . 剑柄：可能为德国制；剑身：意大利制，1575-1600 年 钢、木与皮革；重量：3 磅 6 盎司
Gift of William H. Riggs, 1913 14.25.1035 威廉·H·里格斯捐赠，1913 年 藏品编号 14.25.1035
The blade of this rapier is a prime example of the most developed form of the sixteenth-century cut-and-thrust rapier. It is extremely long ( 493//4in493 / 4 \mathrm{in}.) and acutely pointed to maximize its effectiveness in thrusting, and it also has a sharp double edge, well suited for cutting. 此刺剑的剑身是十六世纪劈刺两用剑发展至巅峰的典范之作。其剑体极长（约 0.），锐利尖端能最大化突刺威力，双刃开锋的设计也完美适配劈砍需求。
RIGHT 右手
Pair of Practice Swords 练习用对剑
German, ca. 1575-1625 德国，约 1575-1625 年
Steel, wood, leather, and brass; 钢、木材、皮革与黄铜；
weight: 2lbs.14oz.,2lbs.13oz2 \mathrm{lbs} .14 \mathrm{oz} ., 2 \mathrm{lbs} .13 \mathrm{oz}. 重量： 2lbs.14oz.,2lbs.13oz2 \mathrm{lbs} .14 \mathrm{oz} ., 2 \mathrm{lbs} .13 \mathrm{oz}
Gift of William H. Riggs, 1913 14.25.1110 and .IIII 威廉·H·里格斯捐赠，1913 年 编号 14.25.1110 及四号
Purposely made with dull edges and blunt tips, these practice swords are descendants of knightly war swords, which were made to be wielded with either one hand or two. 这些练习剑特意制成无刃无锋的样式，其原型是可单手或双手持握的骑士战剑。
Known simply as the long sword, this type was a specialty of the German school, which continued to practice its use long after it had been abandoned elsewhere. 这类长剑在德意志学派中独树一帜。当其他地区早已弃用此剑时，该学派仍将其作为专项训练兵器长期传承。
OPPOSITE 相对
Rapier and Parrying Dagger 刺剑与格挡匕首German, ca. 1580; rapier blade, Spanish (Toledo) 德国，约 1580 年；刺剑刃，西班牙（托莱多）Partly gilt steel, and wood; weight: 3 lbs .4 oz . (rapier), ir oz. (dagger) 局部镀金钢与木材；重量：3 磅 4 盎司（刺剑），11 盎司（匕首）Bashford Dean Memorial Collection 巴什福德·迪恩纪念珍藏Gift of Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. de Forest, 1929 29.157.13, .I4 罗伯特·W·德福雷斯特夫妇 1929 年捐赠 29.157.13, .I4
Rapiers and parrying daggers were frequently made as sets and decorated to match. The blunt tip and dulled edges of this rapier blade indicate that it was originally made for a practice weapon. It is signed by Juan Martinez of Toledo, a royal bladesmith to King Philip II of Spain. 花剑与格挡匕首常被成套制作并配以统一纹饰。此花剑的圆钝剑尖与未开刃剑身表明其最初为练习武器而制。剑身留有托莱多城的胡安·马丁内斯署名——此匠师乃西班牙国王菲利普二世的御用铸剑师。
Rapier Carrier and Belt 佩剑鞘与腰带
German (probably Saxony), ca. 1600 德国（可能为萨克森），约 1600 年
Leather, silk, velvet, and metallic thread; engraved and gilt steel Bashford Dean Memorial Collection, Funds from various donors, 1929 29.158. 729 皮革、丝绸、天鹅绒与金属线；雕花镀金钢件
巴什福德·迪恩纪念藏品，多位捐赠者资助，1929 年
藏品编号 29.158.729
From the mid-sixteenth to the mid-seventeenth century the rapier was usually worn at the left side, its sheath thrust through a sling-like carrier suspended from a waist belt. A diagonal strap reached from the carrier across the front of the belt to hold the rapier at a convenient angle. Some sword belts were embroidered with designs that matched those of the wearer’s clothing and perhaps even the decoration of his rapier hilt. This example, richly embroidered in stumpwork (raised designs) with silver and gold-wrapped threads, is from the armory of the dukes of Saxony, in Dresden. 十六世纪中期至十七世纪中期，细剑通常佩戴于身体左侧，其剑鞘穿过悬挂在腰带的吊带式剑鞘套。一条对角系带从剑鞘套延伸至腰带前方，使细剑保持适宜角度。某些剑带绣有与佩剑者服饰相呼应的纹饰，甚至可能与其细剑柄装饰相配。此件展品以金银包芯线运用浮雕绣工艺精工刺绣，出自德累斯顿的萨克森公爵军械库。
Parrying Dagger and Sheath 招架匕首及鞘
Attributed to Daniel Sadeler 归功于丹尼尔·萨德勒
German, active Munich, 1610-32 德国人，活跃于慕尼黑，1610-1632 年
Steel, gilt steel, leather, and wood; 钢材、镀金钢、皮革与木材；
weight: 14 oz . 重量：14 盎司(oz)
Gift of William H. Riggs, 1913 14.25.1314 威廉·H·里格斯捐赠品，1913 年 14.25.1314
Daniel Sadeler was a renowned specialist in the chiseled and gilt decoration of iron and steel. He worked at the court of the dukes of Bavaria, succeeding his equally famous elder brother Emanuel in 1610. Working in Munich from the I590s to the I630s the Sadelers produced some of the most finely decorated firearms and edged weapons ever created. 丹尼尔·萨德勒（Daniel Sadeler）是钢铁雕刻与镀金装饰领域的著名专家。他曾在巴伐利亚公爵宫廷任职，于 1610 年接替其同样声名显赫的兄长伊曼纽尔（Emanuel）。自 I590 年代至 I630 年代，萨德勒家族在慕尼黑创作出史上最精美的装饰性火器与刃器。
Transitional Rapier 过渡型刺剑
Hilt: possibly French or Spanish; blade: Spanish (Toledo), ca. 1625-50 Steel and wood; weight: 1 lb .8 oz . 剑柄：可能为法国或西班牙制；剑身：西班牙（托莱多）制，约 1625 至 1650 年 钢与木；重量：1 磅 8 盎司。
Gift of William H. Riggs, 1913 14.25.1084 威廉·H·里格斯捐赠品，1913 年，编号 14.25.1084
The dishlike guard, short quillons and light blade are all characteristic of the early stages of the development from rapier to smallsword. 碟状护手、短护手横梁及轻质剑身，皆为刺剑向小剑演变初期的典型特征。
Rapier 刺剑Hilt: probably English; blade: German (Solingen), ca. 1630-40 Steel and wood; weight: 2 lbs . 剑柄：可能为英格兰制造；剑身：德国（索林根），约 1630-40 年 钢与木；重量：二磅Rogers Fund, 1904quad1904 \quad 04.3.I 罗杰斯基金， 1904quad1904 \quad 04.3.I
Rapier 刺剑
Hilt: probably Dutch, ca. 1650; blade: German (Munich) Iron and steel; grip of wood and copper (modern); weight: ェ lb. то oz. 剑柄：可能为荷兰制，约 1650 年；剑刃：德国（慕尼黑）钢铁材质；木与铜制握把（现代）；重量：ェ磅 то盎司
Purchase, Bashford Dean Memorial Collection, Funds from various donors, by exchange, 19951995.51 收购自巴什福德·迪恩纪念收藏，由多位捐赠者基金通过交换获得，19951995.51
The skillfully chiseled iron hilt is decorated with a series of grotesque faces that look the same whether seen right side up or upside down. The simplified construction of the hilt-with a knuckle guard, single side ring, and only one quillon-reflects the need for lighter, smaller rapiers, which came into fashion in the mid-seventeenth century. 这把技艺精湛的铁质剑柄上雕刻着一排怪诞面孔，无论正看倒看都呈现相同面容。简化的剑柄结构——配有指关节护环、单侧圆环及仅一道护手横梁——反映出十七世纪中叶开始流行的轻量化小型刺剑需求。
Cup-Hilted Rapier 杯形护手刺剑Italian (Brescia), ca. 1650-60 意大利（布雷西亚），约 1650-1660 年Steel and wood; weight: 2 lbs .2 oz . 钢与木材；重量：2 磅 2 盎司（约 936 克）Rogers Fund, 1904 04.3.2 罗杰斯基金，1904 04.3.2
The cup hilt was developed in Italy or Spain about 1625 and was the predominant form of rapier used in Spain and in Spanish territories until the late eighteenth century. 杯状护手约于 1625 年在意大利或西班牙发明，直至 18 世纪末始终是西班牙及其属地轻剑的主要形式。
Parrying Dagger 格挡匕首
Italian, ca. 1650 意大利，约 1650 年
Steel and wood; weight: ェ lb. 8 oz. 钢与木；重量：磅 8 盎司
Rogers Fund, 1904 04.3.17 罗杰斯基金会捐赠，1904 年 04.3.17
This type of dagger, sometimes referred to as a main gauche, was used in conjunction with a cup-hilted rapier. 此类匕首有时被称为左手短剑（main gauche），需搭配杯状护手刺剑使用。
Carrier for a Cup-Hilted Rapier
North Italian, or Spanish, ca. 1650
Engraved steel
Gift of William H. Riggs, 1913 14.25.1242 杯状护手刺剑鞘
北意大利或西班牙，约 1650 年
雕刻钢质
威廉·H·里格斯捐赠，1913 年
14.25.1242
This type of carrier was designed specifically for a cup-hilted rapier. It was clipped to the top of the rapier scabbard by a split prong. A semicircular bar above the prong adjusts to hold the rapier at a set angle. There is also an adjustable swivel beneath the buckle, which was passed through a waist belt. 这种剑鞘专为杯形护手刺剑设计，通过分叉卡扣固定在刺剑鞘顶端。卡扣上方的半圆形横杆可调节角度以固定刺剑姿态。皮带扣下方还设有可旋转搭扣，用于穿过腰带固定。
Scarf Sword
Possibly French or Dutch, ca. 1650-75
Steel, gold, and wood; weight: r lb. 4 oz .
The Collection of Giovanni P. Morosini, Presented by his daughter Giulia, 1932 32.75.22I 饰带佩剑 可能产于法国或荷兰，约 1650-75 年
钢、黄金与木材；重量：r 磅 4 盎司
乔瓦尼·P·莫罗西尼藏品，由其女茱莉亚于 1932 年捐赠
馆藏编号 32.75.22I
The scarf sword, a decorative weapon falling between the rapier and the smallsword, derives its name from the fashion of wearing it thrust through a scarf or sash, rather than hung from the more usual sword belt. 饰带佩剑作为介于刺剑与小剑之间的装饰性武器，其名称源于佩戴方式——这种剑通常插入围巾或饰带佩戴，而非悬挂于常规剑带。
Smallsword 小剑
Dutch (?), ca. 1660 荷兰(？)，约 1660 年
Steel and wood; weight: 1 lb .3 oz . 钢材与木材；重量：1 磅 3 盎司
Bashford Dean Memorial Collection, Funds from various donors, 192929.158 .713 巴什福德·迪恩纪念收藏，多位捐赠者资助，1929.29.158.713
The hilt is chiseled in high relief with crowded ranks of fighting horsemen. This weapon is part of a large group of similarly decorated smallswords of unknown origin that were made possibly in Holland or France. 剑柄饰有高浮雕雕刻的拥挤战斗骑兵阵列。此武器属于一批来源不明、装饰风格相似的佩剑，可能产自荷兰或法国。
Dueling Rapier 决斗用长剑
Italian (Brescia), 1680-1700 意大利（布雷西亚），1680-1700 年
Steel and wood; weight: 1 lb .12 oz . 钢与木制；重量：1 磅 12 盎司
Rogers Fund, 1904 04.3.41 罗杰斯基金捐赠，1904 年 藏品编号 04.3.41
The date and the unusual length of the blade ( 491//2in491 / 2 \mathrm{in}.), which is designed only for thrusting, suggest that this rapier was intended specifically for use in duels or in exhibition bouts. 这把剑的制造年代及异常长度（ 491//2in491 / 2 \mathrm{in} ），加之其专为刺击设计，表明该细剑特为决斗或表演赛打造。
BELOW 下方
Smallsword 小剑
English (London), hallmarked for 1747-48 Silver, steel, and wood; weight: 15 oz . 英国（伦敦），1747-48 年银标
银、钢与木质；重量：15 盎司
Gift of Eric Vaule in memory of his mother, Rae D. Vaule, 1991 1991.115 埃里克·沃勒 1991 年捐赠以纪念其母蕾·D·沃勒 1991.115
The smallsword could be both a deadly weapon and a stylish costume accessory for a fashionable gentleman. The silver hilt of this smallsword is decorated with an imaginative array of Rococo masks and shells. It is a fine example of the application of contemporary decorative styles to the design of sword hilts. 细剑既是致命武器，也是时尚绅士的优雅服饰配件。这把细剑的银质剑柄装饰着充满想象力的洛可可风格面具与贝壳纹样，堪称当代装饰风格应用于剑柄设计的典范之作。
Bag for a Smallsword Hilt 细剑剑柄收纳袋
French (Paris), ca. 1725-50 法国（巴黎），约 1725-1750 年
Leather and ink 皮革与墨水
Rogers Fund, 19951995.52
A finely made smallsword was sometimes supplied with a fitted storage bag to protect the hilt. This bag is printed with the trade card of the Parisian fourbisseur (cutler) Guillaume Pagés (recorded 1709-57). It includes his shop sign, Au Dauphin Royal (At the Royal Dolphin), and the advertisement that he “makes and sells all kinds of beautiful swords in the most current styles.” 精工制作的佩剑有时会配有专用收纳袋以保护剑柄。此收纳袋印有巴黎刀剑匠纪尧姆·帕热（Guillaume Pagés，有记载的活动时期为 1709 至 1757 年）的贸易卡片。卡片包含其店铺招牌"皇家海豚（Au Dauphin Royal）"及广告词："以最流行的款式打造并销售各类精美刀剑"。
BELOW 下方
Smallsword 细剑
Marked GS (Possibly George Shaw) 刻有 GS 标记（可能为乔治·肖）
English (London), hallmarked for 1689-90; blade dated 1674 英国伦敦制造，鉴定年份 1689-90 年；刀身刻有 1674 年款识
Steel and silver; weight: 1 lb .5 oz . 钢与银材质；重量：1 磅 5 盎司
Gift of Jean Jacques Reubell, in memory of his mother, Julia C. 让·雅克·吕贝尔为纪念其母茱莉亚·C 敬赠
Coster, and of his wife, Adeline E. Post, both of New York City, 科斯特，及其妻子艾德琳·E·波斯特，均来自纽约市，
1926 26.145.346
This hilt displays, in an early form, the basic features that continued to characterize English and American smallswords throughout the eighteenth century. 这把剑柄展现了其早期形制的基本特征，这些特征贯穿了整个 18 世纪英式与美式小剑的设计。
Smallsword 小剑
Marked I.R. I.R.标记
English (London), hallmarked for 1770-71 Silver, partly gilt, and steel; weight: 14 oz . 银质，部分镀金并配钢饰；经伦敦鉴定所鉴定为 1770-71 年制品；重量：14 盎司
Rogers Fund, by exchange, 19951995.90 罗杰斯基金置换购藏，19951995.90
LEFT 左侧
Smallsword with Scabbard 佩剑连鞘
Master GG (active Paris, ca. 1744) GG 大师（活跃于巴黎，约 1744 年）
French (Paris), hallmarked for 1773-74 法国（巴黎），1773 至 1774 年制
Gold, steel, wood, and fish skin; 金、钢、木及鱼皮；
weight: 1 lb .13 oz . 重量：1 磅（lb）13 盎司（oz）
Purchase, Gift of William H. Riggs, by exchange and Annie 购藏，由威廉·H·里格斯经交换及安妮捐赠
Laurie Aitken Trust Gift, 1998 1998.35ab 劳里·艾特肯信托捐赠，1998 年 1998.35ab
This is one of the finest Neoclassical French smallswords of the eighteenth century. The hilt is cast entirely of yellow and green gold and ranks with the highest quality Parisian goldsmiths’ work of the period. It is modeled with figures of the classical deities Mars, Minerva, Jupiter, and Hercules, and the personifications of Justice and Prudence. This smallsword represents the final and most refined stage in the development of civilian swords, shortly before they ceased to be worn in western Europe. 这是十八世纪最精美的新古典主义法式小剑之一。剑柄整体由黄金和绿金铸造而成，品质堪比同期巴黎金匠工艺的巅峰之作。剑柄上铸有古典神祇玛尔斯、密涅瓦、朱庇特、赫拉克勒斯的雕像，以及正义与谨慎的拟人化形象。这柄小剑代表了西欧民用佩剑发展历程中最终且臻于完美的阶段，不久后这类佩剑便在欧洲大陆销声匿迹。
Smallsword with Scabbard 带鞘刺剑
French, ca. 1780-90 法国制，约 1780-1790 年
Partly gilt steel, silver, wood, and leather; 材质：部分镀金钢、银、木材及皮革；
weight: x lb. 10 oz. 重量：x 磅 10 盎司
Gift of Jean Jacques Reubell, in memory of his mother, Julia C. 让·雅克·吕贝尔的捐赠，纪念其母朱莉娅·C·
Coster, and of his wife, Adeline E. Post, both of New York City, 科斯特，及其妻阿德琳·E·波斯特，二人皆来自纽约市，
1926 26.145.290ab
The steel hilt is chiseled in low relief with military figures in contemporary and antique costume set against a stippled and gilt background. This decorative theme is found on sword hilts from the seventeenth through the end of the eighteenth century. 钢质剑柄采用浅浮雕工艺，雕刻身着现代与古典服饰的军事人物，背景饰有点刻鎏金底纹。这种装饰主题常见于十七世纪至十八世纪末期的剑柄。
Smallsword 小型剑
English, ca. 1790-1800 约 1790-1800 年，英国制
Steel; weight: 14 oz . 钢制；重量：14 盎司
Rogers Fund, 191616.164 罗杰斯基金捐赠，191616.164
Faceted cut-steel hilts were fashionable in England during the last quarter of the eighteenth century and are still worn on ceremonial occasions at court in Great Britain. This finely made hilt exemplifies the style at its most complex and refined. 多面切割钢剑柄在 18 世纪最后 25 年的英国风靡一时，如今仍在大不列颠宫廷的仪式场合中使用。这款精工打造的剑柄，正是这种最复杂、最精致风格的典范。
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