Cardiff University Pre-sessional
卡迪夫大学预科

Pre-reading - Synthesis
预处理 - 合成

Guided Practice
指导练习

Guided Practice is important for the development of essential academic English and study skills. This is homework that is essential for future Live Classes and/ or assessment. You may need to share or discuss this work in class. You are responsible for managing your time to complete the Guided Practice tasks.
指导练习  对于 发展基本 的学术英语和学习技能非常重要。这是对未来直播课程和/或评估至关重要的家庭作业。您可能需要在课堂上分享或讨论这项工作。 您有责任管理完成指导练习任务的时间。

Task 1: Read the two texts below before your ‘Reading & Writing: Synthesis’ Live Class. Ensure that you look up any unknown vocabulary and you are familiar with the main ideas in each text
任务 1：在“阅读和写作：综合”直播课之前阅读以下两篇课文。确保您查找任何未知词汇，并且熟悉每篇课文中的主要思想.

Text 1: Delving into the veggie debate
文本 1：深入研究素食辩论

In recent years, vegetarianism has gained significant momentum, captivating the attention of individuals worldwide who are contemplating a shift towards a meat-free diet. As this lifestyle choice becomes increasingly popular, the debate surrounding vegetarianism intensifies, with fervent discussions about its merits and drawbacks. Let us dive into the arguments for and against adopting a vegetarian diet, exploring the complexities that lie within this personal and societal decision.
近年来，素食主义发展势头强劲，吸引了世界各地正在考虑转向无肉饮食的人们的关注。随着这种生活方式选择变得越来越流行，围绕素食主义的争论愈演愈烈，人们对其优缺点进行了热烈的讨论。让我们深入探讨支持和反对采用素食的论点，探讨这一个人和社会决定中的复杂性。

Advocates of vegetarianism place strong emphasis on ethics, arguing that by eschewing meat consumption, individuals actively reduce the suffering inflicted upon animals in the vast factory farming systems that dominate our food industry. They shine a light on the distressing conditions in which animals are raised, exposing cramped spaces, routine mutilations, and the excessive use of antibiotics. For these individuals, vegetarianism becomes a moral stance, a powerful means of protesting against the inhumane treatment of animals.
素食主义的倡导者非常重视道德，认为通过避免肉类消费，个人可以积极减少在主导我们食品工业的庞大工厂化养殖系统中对动物造成的痛苦。它们揭示了动物饲养的恶劣条件，暴露了狭窄的空间、日常的肢解和过度使用抗生素。对于这些人来说，素食主义成为一种道德立场，是抗议对动物不人道待遇的有力手段。

Vegetarian activist and author, Jane Thompson, passionately argues for the ethical aspects of vegetarianism: "Choosing a vegetarian diet is a direct expression of compassion and empathy towards animals. It is a way to align our actions with our values and reject the cruelty and suffering inherent in factory farming. By abstaining from meat, we send a powerful message that animals deserve respect and a life free from exploitation."
素食活动家兼作家简·汤普森 （Jane Thompson） 热情地主张素食主义的伦理方面：“选择素食是对动物的同情和同理心的直接表达。这是一种使我们的行动与我们的价值观保持一致并拒绝工厂化养殖固有的残酷和痛苦的方式。通过不吃肉，我们发出了一个强有力的信息，即动物应该受到尊重，过上不受剥削的生活。

Environmental concerns also weigh heavily in the vegetarian discourse. Livestock farming, a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, deforestation, and water pollution, finds itself at the centre of this argument. Advocates contend that reducing meat consumption is not only beneficial for personal health but also contributes to the global fight against climate change. By embracing plant-based diets, they argue, we can alleviate the detrimental impact of animal agriculture on our planet.
环境问题在素食话语中也占有重要地位。畜牧业是温室气体排放、森林砍伐和水污染的主要贡献者，它发现自己处于这一争论的中心。倡导者认为，减少肉类消费不仅有益于个人健康，还有助于全球应对气候变化。他们认为，通过采用植物性饮食，我们可以减轻畜牧业对地球的不利影响。

Registered dietitian and author, Dr. John Collins, offers a different perspective, highlighting potential health concerns: "While vegetarian diets can be healthy when properly planned, particularly due to the reduce levels of saturated fats and cholesterol when compared to a meat-based diet, it's important to acknowledge that eliminating animal products entirely requires careful attention to ensure adequate intake of essential nutrients. Nutritional deficiencies such as vitamin B12, iron, and omega-3 fatty acids can arise if not properly addressed. Having said that, healthcare professionals confirm that a well-balanced vegetarian meal plan can easily meet our nutritional needs and eating less meat will lead to significant public health benefits, but it is crucial to work with a healthcare professional or dietitian to develop a well-balanced vegetarian meal plan."
注册营养师兼作家约翰·柯林斯博士提出了不同的观点，强调了潜在的健康问题：“虽然素食在计划得当的情况下可能是健康的 ， 特别是由于与肉类饮食相比饱和脂肪和胆固醇的水平较低， 但重要的是要承认完全消除动物产品需要仔细注意，以确保摄入足够的必需营养素。如果解决不当，可能会出现维生素 B12、铁和 omega-3 脂肪酸等营养缺乏症。 话虽如此，医护人员证实，均衡的素食计划可以轻松满足我们的营养需求，少吃肉将带来显着的公共卫生益处 ，但与医疗保健专业人员或营养师合作制定均衡的素食膳食计划至关重要。

Moreover, critics argue that humans have evolved as omnivores, relying on the nutrients found in animal products for optimal health. They question whether a vegetarian diet can provide all the necessary nutrients, especially in the long term. Ethical concerns are also raised, with critics questioning whether prioritising animal welfare over human health is a justifiable stance.
此外，批评者认为，人类已经进化为杂食动物，依靠动物产品中的营养物质来获得最佳健康。他们质疑素食是否能够提供所有必需的营养，尤其是从长远来看。还提出了伦理问题，批评者质疑将动物福利置于人类健康之上是否是一种合理的立场 。

Beyond the ethical, environmental, and health considerations, cultural and practical factors come into play. Critics highlight that vegetarianism is often viewed as a privileged lifestyle choice, one that may be inaccessible or unaffordable for certain socio-economic groups. They emphasize that in many regions of the world, meat remains a vital source of nutrition and an integral part of cultural traditions.
除了道德、环境和健康考虑之外，文化和实际因素也发挥作用。批评者强调，素食主义通常被视为一种特权生活方式选择，对于某些社会经济群体来说可能无法获得或负担不起。他们强调，在世界许多地区，肉类仍然是重要的营养来源和文化传统不可或缺的一部分。

Vegetarianism continues to spark passionate debates, with individuals presenting varied perspectives based on their values and beliefs. As the conversation evolves, it is vital to approach the topic with an open mind and consider the diverse arguments presented. Ultimately, the decision to adopt a vegetarian diet remains a deeply personal one, influenced by an individual's unique circumstances, values, and access to resources.
素食主义继续引发激烈的辩论，人们根据自己的价值观和信仰提出了不同的观点。随着对话的发展，以开放的心态处理这个话题并考虑所提出的不同论点至关重要。最终，采用素食的决定仍然是一个非常个人化的决定，受到个人独特情况、价值观和资源获取的影响。

Source: Intel, A. 2023. Delving into the veggie debate. The Daily Grail. 8th June, p. 23.
资料来源： 英特尔，A. 2023。深入研究素食辩论。 每日圣杯。 6 月 8 日，第 23 页。

Text 2: The Detrimental Impact of Processed Meat: Health, Economic, Environmental, and Ethical Perspectives
文本 2：加工肉类的有害影响：健康、经济、环境和伦理角度

Processed meat has become an integral part of modern diets, but growing evidence, supported by statistics from the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Vegan Society, highlights its negative consequences for health, economy, and the environment, and raises ethical concerns that should not be disregarded. Here, I aim to explore the multifaceted reasons why processed meat is detrimental, with a focus on these four interconnected aspects.
加工肉类已成为现代饮食中不可或缺的一部分，但越来越多的证据在世界卫生组织 （WHO） 和素食协会的统计数据的支持下 ，凸显了其对健康、经济和环境的负面影响，并引发了不容忽视的伦理问题。在这里，我旨在探讨加工肉有害的多方面原因，重点关注这四个相互关联的方面。

According to a 2015 WHO report, processed meat is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen, indicating a strong link with colorectal cancer. The consumption of 50 grams of processed meat daily increases the risk of colorectal cancer by 18% (WHO 2015) and the high content of sodium, saturated fats, and chemical additives in these products also contribute to the development of cardiovascular diseases and obesity (WHO 2015). These statistics underscore the importance of reducing processed meat consumption to safeguard public health.
根据世界卫生组织 2015 年的一份报告，加工肉类被列为第 1 类致癌物，表明与结直肠癌有密切联系。每天食用 50 克加工肉类会使患结直肠癌的风险增加 18%（WHO 2015）， 并且这些产品中钠、饱和脂肪和化学添加剂含量高也会导致心血管疾病和肥胖症的发展（WHO 2015）。这些统计数据强调了减少加工肉类消费对于保障公众健康的重要性。

The production and consumption of processed meat have significant environmental consequences. Livestock farming for processed meat is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions. The Vegan Society (2022) reveals that the livestock sector accounts for nearly 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Additionally, this industry drives deforestation for animal feed production, exacerbating habitat loss and biodiversity decline. The land and water resources required for livestock farming also contribute to water pollution and scarcity (The Vegan Society 2022). Shifting away from processed meat consumption and embracing plant-based alternatives can alleviate the environmental strain caused by animal agriculture.
加工肉类的生产和消费会对环境产生重大影响。加工肉类的畜牧业是温室气体排放的主要来源。 素食协会（2022 年）显示，畜牧业占全球温室气体排放量的近 15%。此外，该行业还推动了动物饲料生产的森林砍伐，加剧了栖息地丧失和生物多样性下降。畜牧业所需的土地和水资源也导致水污染和稀缺 （ 素食协会 2022）。摆脱加工肉类消费并采用植物性替代品可以减轻畜牧业造成的环境压力。

The economic costs associated with the production and consumption of processed meat are substantial. Health-related expenses due to chronic diseases linked to processed meat consumption place a significant burden on healthcare systems. The global economic cost of treating obesity-related diseases alone amounts to $2 trillion annually (WHO 2018).
与加工肉类的生产和消费相关的经济成本是巨大的。与加工肉类消费相关的慢性疾病导致的健康相关费用给医疗保健系统带来了沉重负担。仅治疗肥胖相关疾病的全球经济成本每年就达 2 万亿美元（世卫组织，2018 年）。

Furthermore, the intensive use of resources and environmental damage caused by livestock farming have economic consequences. The Vegan Society (2022) highlights the need for investments in sustainable agriculture and alternative protein sources to foster economic growth and innovation.
此外，畜牧业对资源的密集使用和环境破坏还会产生经济后果。素食协会（2022 年）强调需要投资可持续农业和替代蛋白质来源，以促进经济增长和创新。

Factory farming, the primary source of processed meat, raises ethical concerns regarding the treatment of animals. Animals in factory farming systems are subjected to cramped spaces, routine mutilations, and painful living conditions. This exploitation of animals for food production goes against principles of compassion and ethical treatment (The Vegan Society 2022). By reducing processed meat consumption, individuals can contribute to a more ethical food system that respects animal welfare.
工厂化养殖是加工肉类的主要来源，引发了有关动物待遇的道德问题。工厂化养殖系统中的动物受到狭窄的空间、日常的肢解和痛苦的生活条件的影响。这种剥削动物进行粮食生产的行为违背了同情心和道德待遇的原则（ 素食协会 2022）。 通过减少加工肉类消费，个人可以为尊重动物福利的更道德的食品系统做出贡献。

The detrimental impact of processed meat on health, ethics, the environment, and the economy is supported by statistics from reputable sources such as the WHO and the Vegan Society. These statistics reveal the increased risk of cancer and chronic diseases associated with processed meat consumption, the ethical concerns surrounding animal welfare, the environmental degradation caused by livestock farming, and the economic costs of healthcare expenses and environmental damage. It is essential for individuals, policymakers, and stakeholders to collaborate in promoting awareness, implementing policies, and supporting sustainable food systems to address these challenges. By reducing processed meat consumption and embracing alternatives, we can work towards a healthier, more ethical, environmentally friendly, and economically viable future.
加工肉类对健康、道德、环境和经济的不利影响得到了世界卫生组织和素食协会等知名来源的统计数据的支持 。这些统计数据揭示了与加工肉类消费相关的癌症和慢性疾病风险增加、围绕动物福利的伦理问题、畜牧业造成的环境退化以及医疗费用和环境破坏的经济成本。个人、政策制定者和利益相关者必须合作提高认识、实施政策和支持可持续粮食系统以应对这些挑战。通过减少加工肉类消费并采用替代品，我们可以努力实现更健康、更道德、更环保且经济可行的未来。

Source: Gupta, C. 2023. The detrimental impact of processed meat: health, economic, environmental, and ethical perspectives. Journal of Dietetics 3(8), pp.233-236.
资料来源：Gupta，C. 2023。加工肉类的有害影响：健康、经济、环境和伦理角度。营养学杂志 3（8），第 233-236 页。 

Task 2: After reading the texts, consider arguments for and against the following statement:
任务 2： 阅读文本后， 考虑支持和反对以下陈述的论点 ：

People should adopt a vegetarian diet
人们应该采取素食.

Make notes in the table below. You should include some ideas from the two texts above and also your own ideas. Ensure that you clarify which are your ideas and which ideas come from the texts. You are not required to write an essay.
在下表中做笔记 。您应该包括上述两篇文本中的一些想法以及您自己的想法。 确保你澄清哪些是你的想法，哪些想法来自文本。你不需要写 一篇论文。

As you are aware, when writing an academic essay, you need to conduct research and use the information from sources to support your points. That is, you need to synthesise (combine) the ideas and information from the texts with your own ideas to create your own paragraphs and unique essay.
如您所知，在撰写学术论文时，您需要进行研究并使用来源的信息来支持您的观点。也就是说，您需要将文本中的想法和信息与自己的想法进行综合（组合），以创建自己的段落和独特的文章 。

Task 3: The stages for writing a synthesised paragraph have been mixed up below. Put them in the correct order 1-8. You will discuss this in the Live class.
任务 3： 下面混淆了撰写综合段落的阶段。将它们按正确的顺序 1-8 排列。 您将在直播课上讨论这个问题。

a) Find texts that are suitable for the essay. 1.
a） 找到适合论文的文本。 1.

b) Transfer the information onto one piece of document making sure that all similar information is grouped together.
b） 将信息转移到一份文件上，确保所有相似的信息都组合 在一起。

c) Write your paragraph remembering to paraphrase or summarise (or occasionally quote) and cite all the ideas in accordance with the Cardiff University Harvard guide. 
c） 根据卡迪夫大学哈佛指南，记住解释或总结（或偶尔引用）并引用所有想法。

d) Read and understand the texts. Look up any unknown words in an online dictionary and make a note of them.
d） 阅读并理解文本。在在线词典中查找任何未知单词并记下它们。

e) Double check your paragraph. Make sure the language is correct and that you have used linking words and you have introduced your ideas. Make sure the style is your own.
e） 仔细检查你的段落。确保语言正确，并且您使用了连接词并介绍了您的想法。确保风格是您自己的。

f) Look at your essay question and write a paragraph plan with a topic sentence. Decide which information/ ideas you will include in your paragraph to support your points.
f） 查看你的论文问题并写一个带有主题句的段落计划。决定您将在段落中包含哪些信息/想法来支持您的观点。

g) Find the relevant ideas in the texts. Mark them in some way e.g. write them down, take notes, underline them or highlight them.
g） 在文本中找到相关想法。以某种方式标记它们，例如写下它们、做笔记、下划线或突出显示它们。

h) Organise the information you have. You could give all similar ideas in different texts the same number or letter or colour.
h） 整理您拥有的信息。你可以给不同文本中的所有相似想法相同的数字、字母或颜色。

Source: Gillet, A. 2021. Reporting – paraphrase, summary & synthesis. Available at: http://www.uefap.net/writing/writing-reporting/writing-reporting-synthesis [Accessed: 9 June 2021].
资料来源：Gillet， A. 2021。 报告——释义、总结和综合 。可在：http://www.uefap.net/writing/writing-reporting/writing-reporting-synthesis [访问时间：2021 年 6 月 9 日]。