前言（Preface）重试错误原因
中文术语和图示检索表（Terminology and Keys in Chinese） … 1重试错误原因
外部形态术语（Terminology of External Features） … 1重试错误原因
雄外生殖器术语（Terminology of Male Genitalia） … 2重试错误原因
雌外生殖器术语（Terminology of Female Genitalia） … 3重试错误原因
深山属及近缘属分属检索表（Key to genera） … 4
深山属雄虫分种检索表（Key to males of Lucanus） … 5
深山属雌虫分种检索表（Key to females of Lucanus） … 18
拟深山属分种检索表（Key to males and females of Eolucanus） … 26重试错误原因
论文正文（Text of Paper） … 29
Abstract … 29重试错误原因
Introduction … 29重试错误原因
Material and Method … 31重试错误原因
Morphological characters … 32重试错误原因
Genera … 41重试错误原因
Species groups in genus Lucanus … 45重试错误原因
Annotated list of Chinese species … 50重试错误原因
Genus Lucanus Scopoli … 50重试错误原因
The fortunei group … 50重试错误原因
The laminifer group … 102重试错误原因
The maculifemoratus group … 113重试错误原因
The boileaui group … 133重试错误原因
The lunifer group … 138重试错误原因
Unsorted species … 171重试错误原因
Unreliable record for Chinese fauna … 173重试错误原因
Key to males of Lucanus from China … 175重试错误原因
Key to females of Lucanus from China … 184重试错误原因
Genus Eolucanus Kurosawa … 189重试错误原因
Genus Noseolucanus Araya \＆Tanaka … 196重试错误原因
Acknowledgements … 199重试错误原因
References cited … 200重试错误原因
Appendix 1．Selected specimens numbered for combining figures … 206重试错误原因
Appendix 2．Reproduction of Figures in References … 213重试错误原因
Appendix 3．List of Taxa not included in Krajcik（2008） … 214重试错误原因
Appendix 4．Two New Synonyms in Lucanus … 216重试错误原因
论文图版（Plates of Paper） … 217
中文名与拉丁名对照（List of Chinese Names） … 283
后记（Postscript） … 286重试错误原因
A taxonomic study of the genera Lucanus Scopoli, Eolucanus Kurosawa, and Noseolucanus Araya & Tanaka from China, with the description of two new species (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Lucanidae) 重试错误原因
HAO HUANG ^(1){ }^{\mathbf{1}} & CHANG-CHIN CHEN ^(2){ }^{\mathbf{2}}重试错误原因^(1){ }^{1} Email: cmdhhxx@hotmail.com重试错误原因^(2){ }^{2} Technical Center, Tianjin New Wei San Industrial Company, Limited, P.R.China. Email: natures@nws.cn重试错误原因
The morphology of Chinese species of the genera Lucanus Scopoli, Eolucanus Kurosawa, and Noseolucanus Araya & Tanaka are reviewed, and all the useful morphological characters are clarified. The differences between the genera Lucanus, Eolucanus and Noseolucanus are discussed and a classification of the species groups within the genus Lucanus is provided for the Chinese species. A full list of Chinese Lucanus species is presented, and the previous records of the Lucanus species for Chinese fauna are reviewed and discussed. Corrections are made for the distribution of some Chinese species, of which the type specimens were purchased from the specimen dealers. Females of some species which were previously unknown in the literatures are described and illustrated for the first time. The morphological characters are studied for most of the species listed; the male genitalia of 51 taxa and the female genitalia of 44 taxa are described and illustrated. Two new species of Lucanus are described from China. Finally a key to the males and females of the genus Lucanus is provided. In appendixes a list of Lucanus species in the world not included in the catalogues of Benesh (1960) and Krajcik (2001,2008)(2001,2008) is provided and two new synonyms are recognized.重试错误原因
The genus Lucanus Scopoli is widely accepted as a representation of the family Lucanidae, comprising many large and popular species; it is characterized by the multi-spined mesotibiae (Arrow 1950) and the marked lateral ridges on the male head, with approximately 94 species known. The genus Eolucanus Kurosawa was originally described as a subgenus of Lucanus; it is proved by a practiced phylogenetic analysis (Huang, unpublished data) to be monophyletic and sister to the genus Lucanus, containing eight species, all from southwestern China and the Himalayas. The genus Noseolucanus Araya & Tanaka is very close to Lucanus in phylogenetic distance and was only recently discovered from a narrow area around the junction of Yunnan, Tibet and Myanmar, with only two species known. A morphological study reveals that the genera Lucanus, Eolucanus and Noseolucanus are markedly closer to one another than to any other genera in the subfamily Lucaninae Macleay (sensu Holloway 1968), and a practiced phylogenetic analysis (Huang, unpublished data) proved these three genera to form a monophyletic group.重试错误原因
The genus Lucanus was placed by Didier & Seguy (1953a) in Lucaninae (sensu Didier &重试错误原因
Seguy 1953a) alongside Pseudolucanus Hope (a junior synonym of Lucanus: Arrow 1935), Eulucanus Didier (a junior synonym of Prosopocoilus Hope & Westwood: Araya 2001), Rhaetus Parry, Rhaetulus Westwood, Pseudorhaetus Planet, Hexarthrius Hope, Mesotopus Hope and Allotopus Albers. In a latter work, Lucanus was associated with the genera Allotopus Albers, Mesotopus Hope & Westwood, Hemisodorcus Thomson, Hexarthrius Hope and Eulucanus Didier by Benesh (1960) in the tribe Lucanini LeConte that is placed in Lucaninae (sensu Benesh 1960) alongside the tribes Odontolabini Leuthner, Rhyssonontini Benesh and Chiasognathini Benesh. However, the division of subfamilies suggested by Didier & Seguy (1953a) and that by Benesh (1960) were questioned and overturned by Holloway (1960,1968)(1960,1968), and as a result, most of the previously established subfamilies were merged into Lucaninae, except for Lampriminae, Syndesinae and Aesalinae. Holloway’s (1968) classification for subfamilies was followed by most of the modern authors, such as Maes (1992, 2008) and Paulsen (2008). Consequently Didier & Seguy’s definition of Lucaninae (sensu Didier & Seguy 1953a) and Benesh’s definition of Lucanini (sensu Benesh 1960) represent some classifications of the tribes involving the genus Lucanus in Lucaninae (sensu Holloway 1968). In a recent classification of the tribes proposed by Maes (2008), the genus Lucanus was only associated with the genus Hexarthrius in Lucanini (sensu Maes 2008). All these classifications of the tribes involving Lucanus are not based upon the careful studies of comparative morphology and have no sense in phylogeny. A recent work (Hosoya & Araya 2005) on molecular phylogeny of Japanese Lucanidae inferred from 16S mtrRNA gene sequences supports a closer relationship between Lucanus and Prismognathus Motschulsky than either to any other Japanese lucanids. In another work (Lin & al. 2009) on molecular phylogeny of 17 Lucanus taxa (with only the genera Prismognathus, Neolucanus Thomson, Dorcus Macleay and Prosopocoilus as outgroups) inferred from the combined mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1(1310bps)1(1310 \mathrm{bps}) and nuclear wingless ( 436 bps ) genes, the genus Lucanus is proved to be sister to the genus Prismognathus. In the practiced phylogenetic analysis (Huang, unpublished data), the genera Lucanus, Eolucanus and Noseolucanus form a monophyletic group, which is characterized by the combination of the following male and female genital characters: 1) male genitalia without a pair of struts alongside penis, different from those of Dorcus (sensu Mizunuma & Nagai 1994), Prosopocoilus and Hexarthrius; 2) spermathecal duct not markedly swollen as in Neolucanus; 3) spermatheca slightly wider at terminal end than at entrance, rather even in width throughout, not markedly wider at end than at entrance as in Prismognathus.重试错误原因
The richness of the Lucanus species in the Palearctic region is in great contrast to the poorness of the Lucanus species in the Nearctic region, and many of the Asian species are only minutely different in a few external characters. These facts arouse great suspicion whether the numerous taxa described from Asia represent the real species (Paulsen, personal communication). The male genitalia have been proved to be very useful in specific classifications of most Lucanidae genera but only a few recent works (Lacroix & Bomans 1973; Imanishi, 1990; Boucher & Huang 1991; Boucher 1994, 1998; Sakaino 1995; Ikeda 1997; Zilioli 1998, 1999, 2000a, 2000b, 2002a,重试错误原因
2002b, 2003a, 2003b, 2005; Huang 2006; Maeda 2009; Okuda 2009) have the male genitalia of Lucanus described and illustrated. The female genitalia are however not investigated for any species of Lucanus yet. To finish our faunistic study of Chinese lucanidae (a series of books are prepared), we have collected most of the Lucanus species from China with the help of many friends. A careful morphological study including an examination of both male and female genitalia reveals that most of the Chinese taxa previously described in the genus Lucanus represent good species. Among the material newly collected, two new species are recognized and described herein.重试错误原因
The business on the popular lucanidae specimens in the world might accelerate the discoveries of new species, but also made great confusions on our knowledge of the species involved. Many of the Lucanus species recently described by European entomologists (Zilioli 1999, 2002b, 2003b; Schenk 2006a, 2008) from China were based upon the specimens purchased from some dealers with the fake collecting data. Based upon a lot of personal communications with our friends and the newly collected specimens, some fake collecting data in the original descriptions were recognized by us and the real distributions of these species were clarified.重试错误原因
private collection of Peng-Yu Liu, Fuzhou, China重试错误原因
CWWZ
private collection of Wei-Wei Zhang, Chongqing, China重试错误原因
CWXB
private collection of Wen-Xuan Bi, Shanghai, China重试错误原因
CXBS
private collection of Xiao-Bin Song, Shanghai, China重试错误原因
CYH
private collection of Yue Huang, Nanjing, China重试错误原因
CYXW
private collection of Yong-Xiang Wu, Shanghai, China重试错误原因
SHNU
Department of Biology, Shanghai Normal University, China重试错误原因
CCCC private collection of Chang-Chin Chen, Tianjin, China
CCHZ private collection of Cheng-Hui, Zhan, Shantou, China
CHH private collection of Hao Huang, Shanghai, China
CKYZ private collection of Kai-Yun Zhang, Taiwan
CLW private collection of Long Wu, Fuzhou, China
CMJ private collection of Ming Jin, Shanghai, China
CML private collection of Min Li, Fuzhou, China
CPYL private collection of Peng-Yu Liu, Fuzhou, China
CWWZ private collection of Wei-Wei Zhang, Chongqing, China
CWXB private collection of Wen-Xuan Bi, Shanghai, China
CXBS private collection of Xiao-Bin Song, Shanghai, China
CYH private collection of Yue Huang, Nanjing, China
CYXW private collection of Yong-Xiang Wu, Shanghai, China
SHNU Department of Biology, Shanghai Normal University, China| CCCC | private collection of Chang-Chin Chen, Tianjin, China |
| :--- | :--- |
| CCHZ | private collection of Cheng-Hui, Zhan, Shantou, China |
| CHH | private collection of Hao Huang, Shanghai, China |
| CKYZ | private collection of Kai-Yun Zhang, Taiwan |
| CLW | private collection of Long Wu, Fuzhou, China |
| CMJ | private collection of Ming Jin, Shanghai, China |
| CML | private collection of Min Li, Fuzhou, China |
| CPYL | private collection of Peng-Yu Liu, Fuzhou, China |
| CWWZ | private collection of Wei-Wei Zhang, Chongqing, China |
| CWXB | private collection of Wen-Xuan Bi, Shanghai, China |
| CXBS | private collection of Xiao-Bin Song, Shanghai, China |
| CYH | private collection of Yue Huang, Nanjing, China |
| CYXW | private collection of Yong-Xiang Wu, Shanghai, China |
| SHNU | Department of Biology, Shanghai Normal University, China |
Identification. Identification was based upon the combination of character states gathered重试错误原因
from the original descriptions and the subsequent works based upon the examination of type materials.重试错误原因
Species delimitation. The species possessing constantly different character states in both male and female genitalia are considered as independent from one another. When necessary the specimens from different localities have been dissected to check the individual and geographical variations in genitalia.重试错误原因
In case of Lucanus parryi parryi Boileau and Lucanus parryi laetus Arrow (stat. nov.), there is no difference in both male and female genitalia, the two taxa are strictly allopatric in distributional ranges, and they are only different from each other by a few blunt external characters. In this case the two taxa are treated as conspecific.重试错误原因
In cases of Lucanus fairmairei Planet and Lucanus szetschuanicus Hanus, and of Lucanus swinhoei Parry and Lucanus continentalis Zilioli, there are many constant differences in both external features and genitalia in one sex but there are only very few blunt differences in another sex, and either of the taxa has a constant appearance in a clearly defined distributional range. In such case the two taxa are treated as independent and given full specific ranks, because the genital difference in at least one sex is significant, and because the specific characters are constant for all populations in their distributional ranges.重试错误原因
In cases of Lucanus dybowski dybowski, Lucanus dybowski lhasaensis (stat. nov.) and Lucanus dybowski taiwanus (stat. nov.), and of Lucanus kanoi kanoi, Lucanus kanoi piceus and Lucanus kanoi ogakii (stat. nov.), there are only very few blunt differences in male and female genitalia, the taxa are strictly allopatric in distributional ranges, each of the taxa is variable among different populations from various localities, and the characters are varied irregularly corresponding to the localities. In such case the taxa are treated as conspecific.重试错误原因
References cited. Only some selected references are cited under the names of the taxa, including the original descriptions, the works in which the male genitalia were examined, the papers in which the type specimens were illustrated, and all the records for Chinese fauna. Generally the references on the faunistic records out of China are neglected. A full list of references can be found in the catalogues by Benesh (1960) and Maes (2008).重试错误原因
Morphological characters of Lucanus, Eolucanus and Noseolucanus重试错误原因
The following characters are clarified as useful characters in distinguishing species within Lucanus, Eolucanus and Noseolucanus. However most of these characters are “continuous” characters (sensu Huang & Chen 1999) for the entire genus Lucanus; for most characters the differences between the similar species are minute and cannot be clarified into a few isolated character states applicable for the entire genus Lucanus. Thus most of the descriptions for characters in the following list are not the statements of a few discrete character states.重试错误原因
Only the characters used for separating genera or species groups are described in the detailed character states, with the genera, species groups and species sorted for these character states. Some other characters can be found in details in the annotated list of Chinese species, but even in that list only the selected characters used for separating similar species are described.重试错误原因
Male mandible. The male mandibles are very variable among species of Lucanus, and are individually varied in accordance with the size of specimens. The detailed shape and size of the mandibles are very useful in distinguishing the similar species, but cannot be clarified into a few characters applicable for the entire genus Lucanus. Some selected characters are stated as follows.重试错误原因
Length and direction of the upper branch and lower branch of the apical fork.重试错误原因
Bifurcation degree of the apical fork (for the same-sized specimens only).重试错误原因
Number, position, shape and length of the inner teeth of the mandibles.重试错误原因
Length of the mandibles in proportion to head and pronotum.重试错误原因
Bent position and curvature of the mandible.重试错误原因
Ventral process at base of the mandibles: distinct (some species in Lucanus); replaced by a series of protuberances (some species in Lucanus); replaced by obscure protuberances (Eolucanus); absent (Noseolucanus).重试错误原因
Shape and position of the ventral process at base of the mandibles. This character is restricted to Lucanus only.重试错误原因
Female mandible. The female mandibles are short and simple in structure, and are less variable than the male mandible. In most species of Lucanus except the Lucanus fortunei group, the left mandible is usually similar to the right mandible in structures, with the inner teeth closer to apex of the mandible than those of the right mandible. In species of the Lucanus fortunei group, the left mandible has a small gap between apex of the mandible and inner tooth, such gap is absent in the right mandible.重试错误原因
Inner teeth of the mandibles: absent (Noseolucanus); present (Eolucanus, Lucanus).重试错误原因
Inner tooth of the right mandible: single-pointed and minute, only traceable (Eolucanus); with broad and flat inner ridge, and with the anterior tip just behind apex of the mandible and not forming a gap (Lucanus fortunei group except Lucanus parryi); single-pointed and close to apex of the mandible, forming a small gap behind apex of the mandible (Lucanus parryi); single-pointed and remote from apex of the mandible, forming a wide gap behind apex of the mandible (Lucanus kanoi, Lucanus kurosawai); double-pointed and remote from apex of the mandible, forming a wide gap (Lucanus lunifer group, Lucanus laminifer group, Lucanus dybowski, Lucanus fanjingshanus, Lucanus ogakii, Lucanus boileaui). This character may be blunt in the worn-out female specimens which have the teeth on mandibles grinded out.重试错误原因
The exact position and shape of the inner teeth. In case that the inner tooth is double-pointed, the position and shape of the two points of the inner tooth are different between species.重试错误原因
Dorsal tooth of the left mandible: absent (Noseolucanus, Eolucanus, and most species of Lucanus fortunei group); weakly marked or represented by a weak tubercle at dorsal ridge (Lucanus kanoi, Lucanus kurosawai, Lucanus parryi, Lucanus victorius, Lucanus laminifer group, Lucanus fanjingshanus, etc.); clearly marked (Lucanus thibetanus, Lucanus fryi, Lucanus furcifer, Lucanus dybowski, Lucanus boileaui, L. singularis, L. imitator, etc.).重试错误原因
Dorsal tooth of the right mandible: absent (Noseolucanus, Eolucanus, and some species of Lucanus fortunei group); weakly marked or represented by a weak tubercle at dorsal ridge (some species of Lucanus fortunei group, Lucanus kanoi, Lucanus kurosawai, Lucanus fanjingshanus, Lucanus formosanus, Lucanus planeti, etc.); clearly marked (Lucanus parryi, Lucanus laminifer, Lucanus hermani, Lucanus furcifer group, Lucanus dybowski, Lucanus boileaui, L. singularis, L. imitator, etc.).重试错误原因
Clypeolabrum of male (Plates 1-3). The clypeus and labrum are fused in Lucaninae, form a single structure in front of the head, termed as “clypeolabrum” by Gravely (1915). The boundary between the clypeolabrum and the frons appears only as an exceedingly obscure transverse line between the front ridge of the head and the tip of clypeolabrum in the genus Noseolucanus and some species of Lucanus, but may be entirely absent in other species of Lucanus. The clypeolabrum of some Lucanus species may be divided by a lateral constriction, an obscure transversal line or a clear transversal ridge near the inner lateral margin of the mandible; the frontal part may represents the labrum that is termed as “epistoma” by Zilioli (1998).重试错误原因
Shape in details and length of the clypeolabrum.重试错误原因
Clypeolabrum: markedly transverse (Noseolucanus, Eolucanus); not markedly transverse (Lucanus). ...
Terminal end of labrum: single-pointed (Eolucanus, Lucanus except Lucanus lunifer group; forked (most species of Lucanus lunifer group); flat (Noseolucanus). ...
Clypeolabrum of female (Plate 4). The female clypeolabrum is simple and rather uniform in structure, and is less variable than the male clypeolabrum. ...
Size and shape of clypeolabrum. The shape of female clypeolabrum is often individually varied thus the usage of this characters should be careful. The clypeolabrum in anterodorsal view is not always different between species, but sometimes slightly different between some species. The clypeolabrum in dorsal view is different from the clypeolabrum in anterodorsal view, sometimes is useful in distinguishing some similar species. ...
Clypeolabrum of female: markedly transverse (Noseolucanus); not markedly transverse (Lucanus, Eolucanus). ...
Antennae in both sexes. The antenna is not very different among the genera Lucanus, Eolucanus and Noseolucanus, with antennal club formed by the antennomeres 7-10, and with the antennomere 7 shorter than the antennomeres 8-10. However in a few species of Lucanus out of ...
China, such as Lucanus satoi Nagai & Tsukamoto, Lucanus maedai Nagai & Tsukamoto, Lucanus koyamai Akiyama & Hirawawa and Lucanus miyashitai Mizunuma, the antennal club is composed of more antennomeres. ...
Length of the head in proportion to the pronotum. ...
Breadth length ratio of the head. ...
Posterior margin of the canthus: absent or nearly so (Lucanus, Eolucanus, Noseolucanus zhengi); well marked (Noseolucanus denticulus). ...
Lateral margins behind the eye: markedly convergent towards pronotum (Eolucanus, some small species of Lucanus); divergent towards pronotum (Noseolucanus zhengi); with protuberance (Noseolucanus denticulus); covered by the inflated lateral ridges above the eyes (most large species of Lucanus). ...
Frontal ridge and lateral ridges of the head: markedly developed (most large species of Lucanus); weakly developed (Eolucanus, some small species of Lucanus); entirely absent (Noseolucanus).重试错误原因
Middle portion of the frontal ridge: absent or nearly so (Noseolucanus, Eolucanus, Lucanus boileaui, Lucanus hayashii, some small species of Lucanus); present but not markedly raised (Lucanus dybowski, some species of Lucanus); markedly raised but not forming a dorsal crest (some species of Lucanus); protruding as a crest (Lucanus laminifer group). This character may be very useful in distinguishing similar species, such as in case of Lucanus boileaui and Lucanus dybowski.重试错误原因
Shape in details of the lateral ridges. The lateral ridges may form sharp angles (Lucanus laminifer group), or form a pair of posterior lobes that are very variable among species. This character is very useful in distinguishing some similar species and individually varied in accordance with size of the specimens; it cannot be clarified into a few characters states for the entire genus Lucanus.重试错误原因
Dorsal surface of the head: with transversal wrinkles (Noseolucanus); punctured and micro-sculptured and not marked with wrinkles (Lucanus, Eolucanus).重试错误原因
Dorsal surface of the head: glabrous and not hairy (Noseolucanus, Eolucanus, some species of Lucanus); sparsely hairy (some species of Lucanus); closely hairy (some species of Lucanus).重试错误原因
The anterior angles of the head: blunt or rounded (Noseolucanus zhengi, most species in Lucanus); distinct (Noseolucanus denticulus, Eolucanus, Lucanus thibetanus).重试错误原因
Behind the anterior angle of the head, a canthus is more or less developed in front of and along the anterior half of the eye, forming an anterior angle behind the angle of the head and重试错误原因
sometimes also a posterior angle just outside of the eye. The posterior margin of the canthus just outside the eye is absent, or only traceable, or well marked.重试错误原因
Anterior angle of the canthus: sharply pointed or distinctly angled (Lucanus lunifer group, Lucanus kraatzi, Lucanus hermani, Lucanus formosanus, Lucanus laminifer); obtusely angled and traceable (some species of Lucanus); absent (Noseolucanus, Eolucanus, some species of Lucanus). This character is individually variable in some species of Lucanus; for example, the anterior angle of the canthus can be distinct or absent in Lucanus planeti and Lucanus thibetanus.重试错误原因
Posterior margin of the canthus: strongly marked (Noseolucanus denticulus, Lucanus lunifer group); weakly marked (Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus fujianensis, Lucanus maculifemoratus group, Lucanus laminifer group etc.); absent (Noseolucanus zhengi, Eolucanus, Lucanus boileaui, many species of Lucanus). This character is individually variable for some species in Lucanus, and the posterior margin of the canthus can be weakly marked or absent in the same species. The posterior margin of the canthus of Lucanus thibetanus is usually strongly marked, but in a specimen examined by us it is absent. In a few cases such as in Lucanus dybowski and Lucanus boileaui, this character is useful.重试错误原因
Posterior part of head: without distinct ridges or groove (Noseolucanus, Eolucanus, most species in Lucanus); with distinct ridges (Lucanus fryi); with marked transversal groove (Lucanus parryi).重试错误原因
Size and density of the punctures on the head.重试错误原因
Ligula in both sexes: bilobed, large and markedly setose (Lucanus, Eolucanus); not divided, small and weakly setose (Noseolucanus).重试错误原因
Lacinia and galea in both sexes: markedly setose and long (Lucanus, Eolucanus); weakly setose and short (Noseolucanus).重试错误原因
Length of lacinia, length of galea, length of maxillary palpus, length of labial palpus, length and shape of ligula in both sexes. Only a few species were examined, and these characters are slightly different between similar species but are noticeably different between the morphologically remote species.重试错误原因
Mentum of male: vertical or slightly transverse (Lucanus lunifer group); markedly transverse (Noseolucanus, Eolucanus, most species of Lucanus).重试错误原因
Size and shape of the mentum, submentum and gula in both sexes. These characters are slightly different among similar species but are noticeably different among the morphologically remote species.重试错误原因
Submentum in both sexes: micro-sculptured and dull (Eolucanus, Lucanus); not micro-sculptured and shiny (Noseolucanus).重试错误原因
Pronotum of male: oblong, with lateral margins more or less parallel (Lucanus, Eolucanus); wider at middle or anterior part, markedly convergent posteriorly (Noseolucanus).重试错误原因
Pronotum of male: punctate or micro-sculptured, without wrinkles (Eolucanus, Lucanus); with transversal wrinkles (Noseolucanus).重试错误原因
Pronotum of male: noticeably narrower than elytra (Lucanus, Eolucanus); nearly as wide as or wider than elytra (Noseolucanus).重试错误原因
Posterior angles of the pronotum in female: rounded (some species of Lucanus); distinct but not protruding laterally (Noseolucanus zhengi, Lucanus fortunei group); protruding laterally (Eolucanus, Noseolucanus denticulus). This character is often blunt in Lucanus, and the posterior angles of the pronotum in female can be rounded or distinct in the same species, such as in Lucanus kanoi, Lucanus dybowski, Lucanus boileaui, Lucanus laminifer and Lucanus hermani, etc.重试错误原因
Shape of lateral margins of the pronotum. This character is noticeably variable among the species of Lucanus and is very useful in distinguishing some similar species.重试错误原因
Lateral angles of the pronotum: distinct (Lucanus lunifer group, Lucanus laminifer group, Lucanus kraatzi); rounded or nearly absent (Noseolucanus, Eolucanus, most species of Lucanus fortunei group).重试错误原因
Anterior part of the prosternal area between procoxae: flat and as high as procoxae (Lucanus, Eolucanus); somewhat keeled longitudinally and lower than procoxae (Noseolucanus).重试错误原因
Shape of the prosternal process in lateral view. The posterior part of the prosternal area between procoxae more or less keeled longitudinally and in various shape in lateral view; the prosternal process in lateral view can be markedly inflated ventrally and markedly lower than procoxae in most species of the Lucanus lunifer group, or inflated posteriorly and as high as procoxae with the end more or less vertical to mesosternum in most species of Lucanus, or gradually upcurved to mesosternum in Noseolucanus, Eolucanus and Lucanus formosanus. This character is not different between species of Noseolucanus and Eolucanus, and is uniform within most species of Lucanus except the lunifer subgroup, Lucanus kirchneri, Lucanus formosanus, Lucanus smithii and Lucanus imitator. It cannot be used as a specific character in most cases.重试错误原因
Breadth length ratio of elytra in both sexes.重试错误原因
Posterior angle (sutural angle) of the elytron in female: sharp; obtuse or rounded. This character is often individually varied for some species, but is rather constant for some other species.重试错误原因
Elytra in males: almost glabrous and not hairy (Noseolucanus, Eolucanus, Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus kanoi, Lucanus ogakii, Lucanus fryi, Lucanus parryi, etc.); weakly hairy (Lucanus kurosawai, Lucanus miwai, Lucanus kirchneri, Lucanus fonti, etc.); markedly hairy (Lucanus重试错误原因
furcifer, Lucanus thibetanus, Lucanus dybowski, Lucanus boileaui, etc.); striped with pubescence (Lucanus victorius). In a few species such as Lucanus fortunei, pubescence on the elytra can be weakly developed or nearly absent.重试错误原因
Density and size of punctures and micro-sculptures on the elytra.重试错误原因
Color of mesotibiae and metatibiae in males: black; blotched or striped with red or yellow. This character is often individually varied.重试错误原因
Color of mesofemora and metafemora in females: uniform dark (Noseolucanus, most species of Eolucanus, Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus parryi, Lucanus lunifer group, etc.); black and striped with dark reddish brown (Lucanus continentalis Zilioli stat.nov., Lucanus fujianensis); striped with bright yellowish brown (Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus kirchneri, Lucanus fonti, Lucanus miwai, Lucanus datunensis, Lucanus fukinukiae, Lucanus liuyei, Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus formosanus, Lucanus dybowski, Lucanus boileaui, Lucanus kurosawai, etc.).重试错误原因
Outer lateral margin of the protibia in both sexes: only with a few isolated teeth (Lucanus, Noseolucanus); finely and continuously serrate, always with some irregular minute teeth in continuation with the large teeth (Eolucanus).重试错误原因
Length and width of the tibiae and tarsi in both sexes. For example, all the tibiae are noticeably shorter and wider in Eolucanus prometheus than in Eolucanus pani and Eolucanus mingyiae.重试错误原因
Length and shape of the apical fork of the protibia in female. For example, the length of the apical fork is noticeably different between Eolucanus prometheus and Eolucanus mingyiae; the branch of the fork is triangular and not curved in Lucanus parryi and some other species but is more or less curved in most species of Lucanus.重试错误原因
Number and length of thorns or spines on outer margins of mesotibiae and metatibiae. For example, the thorns are always longer and more in number in the Lucanus lunifer subgroup than in the Lucanus fortunei group.重试错误原因
Hindwing in both sexes (Plate 6). The hindwing is rather uniform among the genera Lucanus, Eolucanus and Noseolucanus, except for the color of the wings, which is browner and less transparent in Noseolucanus than in Eolucanus and Lucanus. As shown in the plate 6, the hindwing is rather uniform among the different genera within Lucaninae, but is a little different in Aesalinae.重试错误原因
Last abdominal tergite and ventrite in female (Plates 21-33). The last abdominal tergite and ventrite in male are rather uniform and vary little among species, however the last abdominal tergite and ventrite in female provide some useful characters as follows.重试错误原因
Last abdominal tergite in female: semicircular, evenly convex and not forming lateral angles (Noseolucanus, Eolucanus); forming the rounded lateral angles (Lucanus boileaui, Lucanus fairmairei, etc.); forming the distinct angles (Lucanus lunifer group, etc.); forming the pointed lateral angles (Lucanus laminifer group, some species in Lucanus fortunei group). This character is often individually varied in a few species, such as in Lucanus fortunei and Lucanus dybowski.重试错误原因
Last abdominal ventrite in female: markedly excavated in middle at posterior margin (most species of the Lucanus fortunei group, etc.); not excavated (Noseolucanus, Eolucanus, Lucanus boileaui, Lucanus kirchneri, Lucanus laminifer group, etc.).重试错误原因
Ninth abdominal segment of male (Plates 7-20).重试错误原因
Ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment: very gradually and evenly widened from cephalic end to caudal end (Noseolucanus, Eolucanus); more or less abruptly widened in some portion (Lucanus).重试错误原因
The detailed shape of the ventral plate, especially of the cephalic part is sometimes very useful in distinguishing some similar species of Lucanus, such as in cases of Lucanus fortunei and Lucanus klapperichi, and of Lucanus pulchellus and Lucanus pesarinii.重试错误原因
Longitudinal membranous stripe on the ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment: fully developed (Eolucanus, Lucanus boileaui, etc.); partly developed (Noseolucanus zhengi, Lucanus formosanus, Lucanus fryi, etc.); obsolete as a few blots or even absent (Noseolucanus denticulus, Lucanus hayashii, Lucanus imitator, Lucanus singularis, Lucanus parryi, Lucanus maculifemoratus group, most species of the Lucanus fortunei group, etc.). This character is often individually varied in Lucanus hermani, the Lucanus lunifer group, and the Lucanus fortunei group.重试错误原因
Male genitalia (Plates 7-20). ...
Shape of the basal piece nearly oblong (Eolucanus, some species of Lucanus), or triangular (Noseolucanus, Lucanus boileaui, Lucanus ludivinae), or broadly rounded at cephalic end and gradually widened towards caudal end (most species of Lucanus).重试错误原因
Dorsal plate of the basal piece broad and triangular (Noseolucanus zhengi, Eolucanus), or rather broad (Noseolucanus denticulus, Lucanus boileaui, Lucanus fryi, Lucanus thibetanus), or narrow and triangular (Lucanus fukinukiae, Lucanus kanoi, Lucanus thibetanus, etc.), or narrow along lateral margins of the basal piece (most species of Lucanus). This character is individually variable in Lucanus thibetanus.重试错误原因
Size and shape of the ventral plate at caudal end of the basal piece. This character is useful for a few similar species.重试错误原因
Length of the paramere in proportion to basal piece. ...
Paramere: nearly as long as basal piece (Eolucanus, Noseolucanus); markedly shorter than basal piece (Lucanus). ...
Shape of the paramere in ventral and lateral views. ...
Length of the penis in proportion to paramere. ...
Shape of the sclerotized portion of the penis in ventral view. ...
Cephalic process at base of the paramere in dorsal view: weakly developed and shorter; markedly developed and longer. ...
Eversible part of the penis when fully inflated has a pair of caudal pouches beyond the middle lobe and generally also has a pair of membranous dorsal pouches protruding dorsally (Pl. 9, figs. 2, 3, 5; Pl. 15, figs. 1, 3-6; Pl. 16, fig. 6; Pl. 20, fig. 4). Such dorsal pouches are always well developed and very protruding in Lucanus, visible but not very protruding in Eolucanus (Pl. 19, fig. 1), absent in Noseolucanus (Pl. 20, fig. 2). The detailed shape of dorsal pouches may be useful in distinguishing some species, but this structure has not been carefully examined for many species. (These dorsal pouches probably used for clasping the bursa copulatrix of the females during copulation). ...
Flagellum (everted internal sac) very wide and even in width throughout in Noseolucanus, but thin at caudal part and inflated laterally at cephalic part as a basal belt in Lucanus and Eolucanus. ...
Length of the flagellum. This character is constantly different between some similar species ...
Length of the inflated basal part of the flagellum. ...
Width of the inflated basal part of the flagellum. ...
Size and shape of the caudal end of the flagellum. ...
Ejaculatory duct: extremely wide (Noseolucanus); thin (Lucanus and Eolucanus). ...
Female genitalia (Plates 21-33). The entrance of the ostium is generally membranous and is occasionally marked with a strong sclerite or a few weak sclerites associated with some setae. However, this character is individually varied in some species, such as in Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus fryi, Lucanus liuyei, Lucanus fanjingshanus, Lucanus kraatzi and Lucanus thibetanus. ...
Central conjunction of the ninth tergites protruding into a process at caudal end in various shapes, or extremely broad at caudal end (Lucanus laminifer group). The detailed shape of the central process is individually variable in most species of Lucanus. ...
Shape and length of the ninth pleurite and the hemisternite of ninth segment. ...
Shape and size of the hemisternite. ...
Hemisternite: markedly elongated (Eolucanus, Lucanus laminifer group); not markedly elongated (Noseolucanus, Lucanus except the Lucanus laminifer group). ...
Length and width of the spermathecal duct provide some important characters which are partly stated as follows. ...
Spermathecal duct is markedly wider in Noseolucanus than in Lucanus and Eolucanus. ...
Ratio of spermathecal duct length to spermatheca length (not straightened). This character is markedly different between some similar species and is often very useful, with a very limited individual variation. ...
Ratio of spermathecal duct length to hemisternite length. ...
Spermathecal duct: entirely membranous (Noseolucanus, Eolucanus and most species of Lucanus); weakly sclerotized at cephalic part (Lucanus maculifemoratus group). ...
Shape and size of the spermatheca are markedly different among species, providing a few useful characters which are partly stated as follows. ...
Spermatheca: slender (Lucanus); stout (Eolucanus, Noseolucanus zhengi); enlarged into a pouch (Noseolucanus denticulus). ...
Spermatheca: entirely sclerotized (most species of Lucanus); partly sclerotized (Lucanus boileaui); entirely membranous (Eolucanus, Noseolucanus). ...
Spermatheca: U-shaped, with the basal part before bending point not markedly longer than the terminal part after bending point; J-shaped, with the basal part before bending point markedly longer than the terminal part after bending point. ...
Ratio of spermatheca length (not straightened) to hemisternite length. ...
Attachment point of spermathecal gland: just after entrance of the spermatheca (Noseolucanus, Eolucanus); close to entrance of the spermatheca (Lucanus maculifemoratus group, Lucanus boileaui, Lucanus lunifer group, Lucanus laminifer group except Lucanus hermani); remote from entrance of the spermatheca (Lucanus fortunei group, Lucanus delavayi group). ...
Spermathecal gland vs. spermatheca: longer (some species of the Lucanus maculifemoratus group); shorter (Noseolucanus, some species of the Lucanus fortunei group, Lucanus boileaui,); nearly as long as (Eolucanus, most species of Lucanus). ...
Spermathecal gland vs. spermatheca: noticeably wider (Lucanus maculifemoratus group); noticeably thinner (Noseolucanus, some species of Eolucanus, Lucanus boileaui, etc.); nearly as wide as (some species of Eolucanus, most species of Lucanus).重试错误原因
The genus Pseudolucanus Hope was erected for small species of Lucanus with short and simple male mandibles, however this division of Lucanus based on size and male mandible was denied by Arrow (1935). For a long time the name Pseudolucanus has been used as a subgeneric name for a group of Lucanus in smaller size and with short and more incurved male mandibles. This name was used again as a valid generic name for some Palearctic species by Boucher (1994,1995)(1994,1995) and Boucher & Huang (1991). However, some American entomologists have abandoned this name; M.J. Paulsen (personal communication) pointed out: "Pseudolucanus is not a good subgenus, the重试错误原因
Asian Lucanus are not closely related to Lucanus capreolus; it is not difficult to evolve or lose large male mandibles, and it has probably happened many times in Lucanus". More detailed studies in present paper including an examination of female genitalia show that most but not all species of Pseudolucanus in sense of Boucher & Huang (1991) and Boucher (1994) belong to a monophyletic group restricted to the Himalayas and the mountains near the Tibetan plateau, and the type species of Pseudolucanus, the American Lucanus capreolus (Linnaeus) does not belong to this group. Some of the Himalayan species included by Boucher (1994) and Boucher & Huang (1991) in Pseudolucanus do not belong to this group too, such as Pseudolucanus imitator Boucher & Huang from southeastern Tibet, Pseudolucanus atratus Hope and Pseudolucanus confusus Boucher from the Himalayas. A proper name for this group may be the genus Eolucanus Kurosawa (1970) with Lucanus gracilis Alber from the Himalayas as its type species.重试错误原因
The genus Eolucanus was originally erected as a subgenus of Lucanus for Lucanus gracilis Albers and Lucanus lesnei (Planet); it was raised by Kikuta (1986) as a good genus which is supported by the “finely denticulated anterior tibiae” and the “narrower prosternal process”. Kurosawa (1970) suspected that Lucanus davidis (Deyrolle) and Lucanus oberthuri (Planet) may also belong to Eolucanus; however these two species were rejected from Eolucanus by Kikuta without further discussion. According to the present study on an examination of both male and female genitalia, the genus Eolucanus is appropriate for a group of Sino-Himalayan species as follows: Pseudolucanus gracilis, Pseudolucanus davidis, Pseudolucanus lesnei, Pseudolucanus prometheus Boucher & Huang, Pseudolucanus oberthuri; Pseudolucanus kerleyi Boucher, Lucanus mingyiae Huang, and Lucanus pani Huang. The genus Eolucanus (in sense of us) can be distinguished from the genus Lucanus by the following characters: 1) protibia of both sexes finely and continuously serrate externally; 2) female mandible always slender and with only a minute inner tooth at middle; 3) female pronotum with posterior angles more or less protruding laterally; 4) last abdominal tergite of both sexes evenly convex and not forming lateral angles; 5) spermatheca of the female genitalia membranous and markedly stouter; 6) ventral plate of ninth abdominal segment of male always gradually and evenly widened from cephalic end to caudal end; 7) paramere nearly as long as basal piece. Beside these differences, Eolucanus (in sense of us) differ from Lucanus also by a combination of following characters in male genitalia: 1) basal piece nearly oblong in shape, 2) paramere relatively wider in proportion to basal piece, 3) dorsal plate of the basal piece large, 4) flagellum always long with apex not enlarged; some of these characters are only separately but not overall found in any single species of Lucanus.重试错误原因
The name, Pseudolucanus should be abandoned even at subgeneric rank, as its type species, Lucanus capreolus, can be hardly combined with other species into any group supported by important characters. An examination of female genitalia for Lucanus imitator (that is very similar to Lucanus capreolus in morphology) indicates that the capreolus-like species may share most characters in female genitalia with the long-mandibled Lucanus species.重试错误原因
A phylogenetic analysis based on the morphological characters is prepared by us for all species of Lucaninae (sensu Holloway 1968) from China and the adjacent areas. Before such a重试错误原因
phylogenetic analysis, a practiced analysis on the morphological phylogeny of some Chinese species in the genera Dorcus Macleay, Prismognathus, Lucanus, Eolucanus and Noseolucanus has been finished and some tentative conclusions are made. As such a practiced analysis is too limited in outgroups of Lucanus, Eolucanus and Noseolucanus, it is not worth being presented and discussed in details herein, and only some tentative conclusions are introduced as follows. The genera Noseolucanus, Eolucanus and Lucanus form a monophyletic lineage and is composed of two clades: the Noseolucanus clade and the Lucanus-Eolucanus clade; the ancestor of this lineage possesses some characters shared by both Noseolucanus and Eolucanus, such as 1) spermatheca membranous; 2) spermatheca stout; 3) last abdominal tergite of both sexes evenly convex; 4) male mentum very transverse. The Lucanus-Eolucanus clade consists of two monophyletic groups: the Eolucanus group (the genus Eolucanus) and the Lucanus group (the genus Lucanus). The richness of Lucanus species in Asian continent, the poor diversity of Lucanus species in North America in contrast, and the Sino-Himalayan distribution of Noseolucanus and Eolucanus may suggest that the ancestor of these three genera lived in the East Himalayas and some part of Southwest China. A detailed account of differences among Lucanus, Eolucanus and Noseolucanus is presented in table 1.重试错误原因
Table 1. Differences between genera Lucanus (Lu), Eolucanus (Eo) and Noseolucanus (No).重试错误原因
Flagellum and ejaculatory duct in male genitalia thin重试错误原因
* *
Flagellum and ejaculatory duct in male genitalia wide重试错误原因
*
Penis in ventral view with central portion strongly sclerotized重试错误原因
* *
Penis in ventral view with central portion more or less membranous重试错误原因
*
Penis in ventral view with cephalic margin deeply excavated at middle重试错误原因
* *
Penis in ventral view with cephalic margin smooth and not excavated at middle重试错误原因
*
Eversible part of penis when fully inflated, forming a pair of pouches protruding dorsally重试错误原因
* *
Eversible part of penis when fully inflated not forming a pair of dorsal pouches重试错误原因
*
Canthus in both sexes shorter, no more than half the length of eye重试错误原因
* *
Canthus in both sexes markedly longer, almost dividing eye重试错误原因
*
Submentum in both sexes always micro-sculptured, hairy or not hairy, dull in appearance重试错误原因
* *
Submentum in both sexes not micro-sculptured, glabrous, shiny in appearance重试错误原因
*
Elytra in both sexes punctate but without striae重试错误原因
* *
Elytra in both sexes with distinct striae but not punctate重试错误原因
*
Character states Lu Eo No
Ligula in both sexes bilobed, large and very setose * *
Ligula in both sexes not bilobed, small and not very setose *
Lacinia and galea in both sexes more setose and longer * *
Lacinia and galea in both sexes less setose and shorter *
Spermathecal duct in female genitalia thin * *
Spermathecal duct in female genitalia wide
Flagellum and ejaculatory duct in male genitalia thin * *
Flagellum and ejaculatory duct in male genitalia wide *
Penis in ventral view with central portion strongly sclerotized * *
Penis in ventral view with central portion more or less membranous *
Penis in ventral view with cephalic margin deeply excavated at middle * *
Penis in ventral view with cephalic margin smooth and not excavated at middle *
Eversible part of penis when fully inflated, forming a pair of pouches protruding dorsally * *
Eversible part of penis when fully inflated not forming a pair of dorsal pouches *
Canthus in both sexes shorter, no more than half the length of eye * *
Canthus in both sexes markedly longer, almost dividing eye *
Submentum in both sexes always micro-sculptured, hairy or not hairy, dull in appearance * *
Submentum in both sexes not micro-sculptured, glabrous, shiny in appearance *
Elytra in both sexes punctate but without striae * *
Elytra in both sexes with distinct striae but not punctate *| Character states | $L u$ | Eo | No |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Ligula in both sexes bilobed, large and very setose | * * | | |
| Ligula in both sexes not bilobed, small and not very setose | | | * |
| Lacinia and galea in both sexes more setose and longer | * * | | |
| Lacinia and galea in both sexes less setose and shorter | | | * |
| Spermathecal duct in female genitalia thin | * * | | |
| Spermathecal duct in female genitalia wide | | | |
| Flagellum and ejaculatory duct in male genitalia thin | * * | | |
| Flagellum and ejaculatory duct in male genitalia wide | | | * |
| Penis in ventral view with central portion strongly sclerotized | * * | | |
| Penis in ventral view with central portion more or less membranous | | | * |
| Penis in ventral view with cephalic margin deeply excavated at middle | * * | | |
| Penis in ventral view with cephalic margin smooth and not excavated at middle | | | * |
| Eversible part of penis when fully inflated, forming a pair of pouches protruding dorsally | * * | | |
| Eversible part of penis when fully inflated not forming a pair of dorsal pouches | | | * |
| Canthus in both sexes shorter, no more than half the length of eye | * * | | |
| Canthus in both sexes markedly longer, almost dividing eye | | | * |
| Submentum in both sexes always micro-sculptured, hairy or not hairy, dull in appearance | * * | | |
| Submentum in both sexes not micro-sculptured, glabrous, shiny in appearance | | | * |
| Elytra in both sexes punctate but without striae | * * | | |
| Elytra in both sexes with distinct striae but not punctate | | | * |
Character states Lu Eo No
Coxae in both sexes more widely separated * *
Coxae in both sexes less separated *
Anterior part of the prosternal area between procoxae flat and as high as procoxae * *
Anterior part of the prosternal area between coxae keeled longitudinally and lower than procoxae *
Protibia of male slender than protibia of female * *
Protibia of male stouter than protibia of female *
Body of male in lateral view not markedly depressed * *
Body of male in lateral view markedly depressed *
Head in male with frontal and lateral ridges * *
Head in male without ridges *
Pronotum in male noticeably narrower than elytra, with lateral margins nearly parallel * *
Pronotum in male nearly as wide as elytra or wider, with lateral margin convergent posteriorly *
Head and pronotum in male without wrinkles * *
Head and pronotum in male with transversal wrinkles *
Base of mandible in male with ventral process or protuberance * *
Base of mandible in male without ventral process or protuberance *
Mentum of female not very transverse * *
Mentum of female very transverse *
Protibia in both sexes only with a few isolated teeth * *
Protibia in both sexes finely serrate externally *
Mandible of female usually stout, with large inner tooth *
Mandible of female slender, with minute inner tooth *
Mandible of female markedly slender, without inner tooth *
Posterior angles of pronotum in female not protruding laterally * *
Posterior angles of pronotum in female protruding laterally * *
Last abdominal tergite of both sexes not evenly convex, with sharp or rounded angles *
Last abdominal tergite of both sexes evenly convex, not forming lateral angles * *
Spermatheca strongly sclerotized, at least at terminal end *
Spermatheca entirely membranous * *
Spermatheca slender *
Spermatheca stout * *
Spermatheca global *
Ventral plate of ninth abdominal segment of male more or less abruptly widened in some part quad**
Ventral plate of ninth segment of male evenly widened from cephalic end to caudal end * *
Paramere nearly as long as basal piece * * | Character states | Lu | Eo | No |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Coxae in both sexes more widely separated | * * | | |
| Coxae in both sexes less separated | | | * |
| Anterior part of the prosternal area between procoxae flat and as high as procoxae | * * | | |
| Anterior part of the prosternal area between coxae keeled longitudinally and lower than procoxae | | | * |
| Protibia of male slender than protibia of female | * * | | |
| Protibia of male stouter than protibia of female | | | * |
| Body of male in lateral view not markedly depressed | * * | | |
| Body of male in lateral view markedly depressed | | | * |
| Head in male with frontal and lateral ridges | * * | | |
| Head in male without ridges | | | * |
| Pronotum in male noticeably narrower than elytra, with lateral margins nearly parallel | * * | | |
| Pronotum in male nearly as wide as elytra or wider, with lateral margin convergent posteriorly | | | * |
| Head and pronotum in male without wrinkles | * * | | |
| Head and pronotum in male with transversal wrinkles | | | * |
| Base of mandible in male with ventral process or protuberance | * * | | |
| Base of mandible in male without ventral process or protuberance | | | * |
| Mentum of female not very transverse | * * | | |
| Mentum of female very transverse | | | * |
| Protibia in both sexes only with a few isolated teeth | * | | * |
| Protibia in both sexes finely serrate externally | * | | |
| Mandible of female usually stout, with large inner tooth | * | | |
| Mandible of female slender, with minute inner tooth | * | | |
| Mandible of female markedly slender, without inner tooth | * | | |
| Posterior angles of pronotum in female not protruding laterally | * | | * |
| Posterior angles of pronotum in female protruding laterally | | * | * |
| Last abdominal tergite of both sexes not evenly convex, with sharp or rounded angles | * | | |
| Last abdominal tergite of both sexes evenly convex, not forming lateral angles | | * | * |
| Spermatheca strongly sclerotized, at least at terminal end | * | | |
| Spermatheca entirely membranous | | * * | |
| Spermatheca slender | * | | |
| Spermatheca stout | | * * | |
| Spermatheca global | | | * |
| Ventral plate of ninth abdominal segment of male more or less abruptly widened in some part $\quad *$ | | | |
| Ventral plate of ninth segment of male evenly widened from cephalic end to caudal end | | * * | |
| Paramere nearly as long as basal piece | | * * | |
Character states Lu Eo No
Paramere markedly shorter than basal piece *
Mentum of male not markedly transverse *
Mentum of male markedly transverse * *| Character states | Lu | Eo | No |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Paramere markedly shorter than basal piece | * | | |
| Mentum of male not markedly transverse | * | | |
| Mentum of male markedly transverse | | * | * |
A checklist of the generic names involved is as follows:重试错误原因
Genus Eolucanus: Kikuta, 1986: 134. ...
This genus comprises the following species: Eolucanus gracilis (Albers), Eolucanus lesnei (Planet), Eolucanus davidis (Deyrolle) comb. nov., Eolucanus oberthuri (Planet) comb. nov., Eolucanus prometheus (Boucher & Huang) comb. nov., Eolucanus kerleyi (Boucher) comb. nov., Eolucanus mingyiae (Huang) comb. nov., Eolucanus pani (Huang) comb. nov…重试错误原因
3. Genus Noseolucanus Araya & Tanaka ...
Genus Noseolucanus Araya & Tanaka, 1998 (Type species: Noseolucanus rugosus Araya & Tanaka 1998); Huang, 2006: 19-21, discussion on generic classification.重试错误原因
This genus comprises the following two species: Noseolucanus denticulus (Boucher), Noseolucanus zhengi Huang.重试错误原因
A few specie groups of Lucanus were proposed in the literature, but a classification of species groups for all species of Lucanus has not been published. Parry (1864) divided Lucanus into two sections in his catalogue, but his groups were not in sense of the taxonomic value. A list of these species groups is presented as follows, with the references cited:重试错误原因
The boileaui group (Planet 1897b, 1900, 1902) or the maculifemoratus group (Didier 1925). This group was mentioned by Planet (1897b) to gather Lucanus maculifemoratus重试错误原因
Motschulsky, Lucanus dybowski Parry and Lucanus boileaui Planet but was not named. Subsequently Lucanus boileaui was stated by Planet (1900c) as head of the group. This group was named by Didier (1925) as the maculifemoratus group and Lucanus sericeus Didier was added.重试错误原因
2. The delavayi group (Boileau 1899; Planet 1900c, 1902) or the fortunei group (Didier 1925; Zilioli 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2005). Boileau (1899) placed Lucanus delavayi Fairmaire, Lucanus oberthuri Planet (=Lucanus laetus Arrow), Lucanus parryi Boileau into this group. Planet (1902) added Lucanus fortunei and its related species into this group. Didier (1925) added Lucanus formosus Didier, Lucanus pulchellus Didier, Lucanus nobilis Didier, Lucanus speciosus Didier and Lucanus cambodiensis Didier into this group. Zilioli (1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, and 2005) added Lucanus kirchneri Zilioli, Lucanus prossi Zilioli, Lucanus hildegardae Zilioli (a synonym of Lucanus szetschuanicus Hanus), Lucanus brivioi Zilioli and Lucanus fonti Zilioli into this group.重试错误原因
3. The planeti group (Planet 1900c, Pouillaude 1913) or the laminifer group (Didier, 1925). This group comprises Lucanus planeti Planet, Lucanus laminifer Waterhouse, Lucanus vitalisi Pouillaude (a subspecies of Lucanus laminifer), Lucanus angusticornis Didier, Lucanus formosanus Miwa, and Lucanus hermani De Lisle.重试错误原因
4. The lunifer group (Planet 1900c; Lacroix 1971). This group comprises Lucanus lunifer Westwood, Lucanus franciscae Lacroix, Lucanus villosus Hope, Lucanus fryi Boileau, Lucanus pseudosingularis Didier & Seguy, Lucanus thibetanus Planet, Lucanus gennestieri Lacroix, Lucanus singularis, and Lucanus furcifer.重试错误原因
5. The westermanni group (Lacroix & Bomans 1973). This group comprises Lucanus westermanni Hope & Westwood, Lucanus smithii Parry, Lucanus dohertyi Boileau, Lucanus didieri Planet, and Lucanus bruanti Lacroix.重试错误原因
6. The davidis group (Boucher & Huang 1991). This group comprises Pseudolucanus davidis Deyrolle, Lucanus gracilis Albers, Pseudolucanus lesnei Planet, and Pseudolucanus prometheus Boucher & Huang.重试错误原因
7. The imitator group (Boucher & Huang 1991). This group comprises Pseudolucanus imitator Boucher & Huang.重试错误原因
8. The atratus group (Boucher 1994). This group comprises Lucanus atratus Hope, Pseudolucanus confusus Boucher, Pseudolucanus kerleyi Boucher, and Pseudolucanus oberthuri Planet.重试错误原因
9. The taiwanus group (Boucher 1998). This group comprises Lucanus taiwanus Miwa, Lucanus kanoi Kurosawa, and Lucanus miwai Kurosawa.重试错误原因
All these species groups were not based upon the studies on genitalia and most of them are not monophyletic as will be discussed below. All the Chinese species of Lucanus may be sorted into the following species groups in sense of us, based upon a study on both external features and genitalia and a practiced phylogenetic analysis (Huang, unpublished data).重试错误原因
Defined by a combination of following characters: inner tooth of the right female mandible usually with broad and flat inner ridge and with the anterior tip just behind apex of the mandible and not forming a gap (except Lucanus parryi), or single-pointed and close to apex of the mandible and forming a small gap behind apex of the mandible (in Lucanus parryi); posterior angles of the female pronotum distinct but not protruding; spermathecal duct entirely membranous; attachment point of the spermathecal gland remote from entrance of the spermatheca; terminal end of male labrum single-pointed and usually short.重试错误原因
This group is not supported by any particular characters, but is monophyletic in the practiced phylogenetic analysis; nearly all the species in this group except only Lucanus parryi are characterized by two particular female characters: 1) inner tooth of the right female mandible with broad and flat inner ridge; 2) right female mandible without a gap between apex and the inner tooth. These two characters were changed and the mandibles were specialized into a peculiar form in Lucanus parryi. The character that the attachment point of the spermathecal gland remote from entrance of the spermatheca is almost confined to this group, and is only shared by Lucanus hermani out of the Lucanus fortunei group.重试错误原因
The distribution of this group is almost restricted to the mountain ranges in southern China and Indo-China, with a little extension to the northern Myanmar, almost absent from the Himalayas.重试错误原因
Defined by a combination of following characters: inner tooth of the right female mandible slightly double-pointed and remote from apex of the mandible, forming a wide gap; female canthus usually with both anterior and posterior angles distinct; lateral angles of the female pronotum distinct; last abdominal tergite in female forming the pointed lateral angles; last abdominal ventrite in female hardly excavated in middle; hemisternite of female markedly slender; spermathecal duct entirely membranous; lateral ridges of the male head protruding into sharp angles.重试错误原因
This group is supported by two particular characters (one as synapomorphy in the practiced analysis): hemisternite of female markedly slender; lateral ridges of male head protruded into sharp angles. In a recent phylogenetic analysis (Lin & al. 2009) of 17 Lucanus taxa on the combined mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (1310 bps) and nuclear wingless (436 bps)重试错误原因
genes, three species of this group (Lucanus hermani, Lucanus planeti, Lucanus formosanus) are well supported in a monophyletic clade.重试错误原因
The distribution of this group is rather wide, from the Himalayas in the west through the mountain ranges in Indo-China and southern China to the Taiwan Island in the east. However, this group is composed of very few species.重试错误原因
Defined by a combination of following female characters: spermathecal duct weakly sclerotized at cephalic half; attachment point of the spermathecal gland close to entrance of the spermatheca; spermathecal gland noticeably wider than spermatheca; spermatheca extremely short and slender, nearly half as long as hemisternite.重试错误原因
Comprising: Lucanus maculifemoratus (Japan, out of China), Lucanus dybowski (including Lucanus dybowski taiwanus stat. nov.), Lucanus fanjingshanus (sp. nov.), Lucanus kanoi (including Lucanus kanoi ogakii stat. nov.), and Lucanus kurosawai.重试错误原因
This group is supported by three particular characters (one as synapomorphy in the practiced analysis): spermathecal duct weakly sclerotized at cephalic half; spermathecal gland noticeably wider than spermatheca; spermatheca extremely short, nearly half as long as hemisternite. In a recent phylogenetic analysis (Lin & al. 2009) of 17 Lucanus taxa on the combined mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( 1310 bps ) and nuclear wingless ( 436 bps ) genes, the four Taiwanese taxa of this group are well supported in a monophyletic clade.重试错误原因
The distribution of this group is concentrated in East China and the islands along the Chinese continent including Japan and Taiwan, with a little extension to Indo-China but absent from the Himalayas.重试错误原因
Defined by a combination of following characters: spermathecal duct in female genitalia entirely membranous and extremely long; spermatheca membranous in most part; spermatheca extremely long; aedeagus somewhat triangular in shape; flagellum of the male genitalia very long, with apex not enlarged; ventral plate of the basal piece in male genitalia not hollowed at middle; ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment of male with a wide membranous stripe.重试错误原因
Comprising: Lucanus boileaui, Lucanus ludivinae. ...
This group is sister to the maculifemoratus group in the practiced phylogenetic analysis. The distribution of this group is restricted to southwestern China with only two species known.重试错误原因
Defined by a combination of following characters: inner tooth of the female mandibles markedly double-pointed and remote from apex of the mandible, forming a wide gap behind apex of the mandible; female canthus usually with both anterior and posterior angles distinct; lateral angles of the female pronotum distinct; all femora of female uniform dark in color; hemisternite重试错误原因
neither elongated nor slender; attachment point of the spermathecal gland close to entrance of the spermatheca; prosternal process in both sexes usually inflated ventrally and markedly lower than procoxae.重试错误原因
This group may also include Lucanus westermanni Hope & Westwood, Lucanus dohertyi Boileau, Lucanus sukkiti Fukinuki, Lucanus atratus Hope, and Lucanus confusus Boucher.重试错误原因
The lunifer group in sense of us comprises not only all the long-labrum-species or long-mandible-species in the lunifer group (sensu Lacroix 1971), but also the short-labrum-species or short-mandible-species, such as Lucanus singularis, Lucanus imitator, Lucanus atratus and some species in the westermanni group (sensu Lacroix & Bomans 1973). An examination of male and female genitalia neither supports a division between the long-labrum-species and the short-labrum-species, nor supports a division between the long-mandible-species and the short-mandible-species. The lunifer group (sensu Lacroix 1971) can be used as a subgroup, namely the lunifer subgroup, supported by a combination of the following external characters: 1) anterior angle of the female canthus sharp; 2) posterior margin of the female canthus generally well marked; 3) spermathecal duct usually longer; 4) labrum of male markedly protruding forwards and double-pointed at terminal end; 5) mentum of male not markedly transverse; 6) male mandible longer; 7) flagellum of male genitalia longer; 8) prosternal process in both sexes always inflated ventrally and markedly lower than procoxae. Lucanus singularis does not belong to the lunifer subgroup because of the following characters: 1) female canthus without anterior angle; 2) male labrum short; 3) male mandible shorter than head plus pronotum; 4) spermathecal duct shorter; 5) flagellum of male genitalia shorter; 6) prosternal process in both sexes not inflated ventrally and not lower than procoxae.重试错误原因
It is believed that both the westermanni group (sensu Lacroix & Bomans 1973) and the atratus group (sensu Boucher 1994) are polyphyletic. Some species of these groups are hardly sorted in any species groups, such as Lucanus didieri Planet.重试错误原因
The lunifer group in sense of us is not supported by any particular characters, but is monophyletic in the practiced phylogenetic analysis limited in Chinese species. A more extensive analysis is still wanting. The distribution of this group is concentrated in the mountain ranges around the Tibetan plateau, including the Himalayas and southwestern China. The true position of Lucanus smithii is still uncertain at present as the female reported in the literatures exhibits the typical characters in the fortunei group. ...
6. Species unsorted in any groups. ...
Lucanus hayashii, Lucanus didieri. Further study on more species from the Himalayas and southeastern Asia will determine the taxonomic positions of these two species. ...
Annotated list of Chinese species of the genera Lucanus，Eolucanus and Noseolucanus ...
Lucanus fortunei Saunders，1854：46，pl．3，fig． 1 for male，fig． 2 for female，the tea districts（around Zhejiang and northern Fujian）；Planet，1902：86，fig． 45 for male，fig． 46 for female，＂Chine＂；Didier \＆Seguy， 1952：pl．18，figs．1－7 for males，fig． 8 for female，fig． 9 for male antenna，fig． 10 for female antenna，all from＂Chine＂；Bomans，1989：4，＂Kuatun＂（Wuyishan）；Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994：216，pl．16，figs． 112－1 for male from Siming－shan，Zhejiang，figs．112－2－112－5 for males and female from Sanming， Fujian；Zilioli，1998：fig． 5 for male genitalia，fig． 13 for male．重试错误原因
Lucanus laevigatus Didier，1931：225，fig． 211 for female type，＂Fokien＂（Fujian）；Arrow，1943：134；Araya， 2001：17，figs．55－56 for female holotype．（Synonymised by Arrow，1943）．重试错误原因
Lucanus swinhoei continentalis：Zilioli，1999：89，fig． 5 for female，Wuyishan．（Misidentification）．重试错误原因
Identification．The type series of this species was collected by the famous Scottish botanist，F． Fortune（1812－1880）who introduced tea plants from China to India．The exact type locality of this species was not defined in the original description and the type series was said to be collected from the tea districts of China．Fortune＇s travels（Fortune 1853）covered the most parts of Zhejiang，重试错误原因
southeastern Jiangxi, and northern and central Fujian, thus this species must be collected from some places in this area. Saunders’ (1854) description and illustration (pl. 62, fig. 1) for this species clearly reveals the following characters in male: 1) mandible markedly incurved at basal 1//31 / 3; 2) mandible rather straight at terminal 1//3;31 / 3 ; 3 ) a major inner tooth nearer to tip than to base of the mandible; 4) minute inner teeth of the mandible even in size and continuous behind major inner tooth; 5) major inner tooth nearly triangular and not inflated on either side; 6) apical fork of the mandible widely opened; 7) lateral ridges of the head rounded and evenly convex. All these characters can be regarded as basis of identification for Lucanus fortunei, by which this species is clearly separated from the sympatric Lucanus fonti Zilioli, Lucanus continentalis Zilioli, Lucanus fujianensis Schenk, Lucanus kirchneri Zilioli, Lucanus klapperichi Bomans and Lucanus wuyishanensis Schenk. As far as we know, all the specimens according with the above-mentioned characters belong to a single species, with no difference in male genitalia, thus they are identified as Lucanus fortunei.重试错误原因
The original description of female is however simple and useless, and the figure (Saunders 1854) is misleading in shape of the right mandible on which a gap is seen. However this species is solely found and not sympatric with any similar species in West Tianmu-Shan, Zhejiang, and then the combination of the sexes is fixed. This species is a dominant species in Kuatun, Wuyi-shan and both sexes have been captured in large numbers. A careful examination of the female specimens from Kuatun confirmed the combination of the sexes deduced from the field observations in West Tianmu-Shan.重试错误原因
Male genital characters (Pl. 7, figs. 1, 7-18). Only the characters used for distinguishing similar species are stated as follows: 1) ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment constricted before the caudal expansion (from Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus kirchneri); 2) ventral plate of the basal piece usually clearly defined and longer than that of Lucanus wuyishanensis, Lucanus klapperichi and Lucanus kirchneri; 3) flagellum longer than that of Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus fujianensis, Lucanus swinhoei and Lucanus fonti; 4) penis slender, shorter than that of Lucanus kirchneri but longer and thinner than that of Lucanus wuyishanensis, Lucanus fujianensis, Lucanus swinhoei and Lucanus fonti; 5) penis nearly even in width throughout, not markedly constricted before the caudal end as in Lucanus continentalis. 17 male specimens of Lucanus fortunei from Tianmu-shan, Baishanzu, Wuyanling, Kuocang-shan, Kuatun and Nanling were dissected and they show no variation in the main characters.重试错误原因
Female genital characters (Pl. 21, figs. 1, 2). The characters for the fortunei group are not repeated herein, only the characters used for distinguishing similar species are stated as follows: 1) spermathecal duct 3-4 times as long as spermatheca (from Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus fujianensis, Lucanus kirchneri, Lucanus fonti, Lucanus datunensis, Lucanus miwai); 2) spermatheca short than that of Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus fujianensis and Lucanus fonti; 3) hemisternite with a pointed inner cephalic angle (from Lucanus kirchneri, Lucanus fonti); 4) attachment point of the spermathecal gland closer to entrance of the spermatheca than that of Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus fujianensis and Lucanus klapperichi; 5) last重试错误原因
abdominal ventrite excavated in middle (from Lucanus kirchneri); 6) hemisternite with caudal part relatively shorter in proportion to the whole length (from Lucanus fonti). Six female specimens of Lucanus fortunei from Tianmu-shan, Baishanzu, Kuatun and Nanping were dissected and they show a little variation in detailed shape of hemisternite and length of the spermathecal duct.重试错误原因
Male external characters. Only the selected characters are stated, which are useful in distinguishing the most similar species: 1) mandible markedly incurved at basal 1//31 / 3 (from Lucanus fonti, Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus fujianensis); 2) mandible rather straight at terminal 1//31 / 3 (from Lucanus wuyishanensis, Lucanus swinhoei); 3) a major inner tooth nearer to tip than to base of the mandible (from Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus fujianensis, Lucanus kirchneri); 4) minute inner teeth of the mandible even in size and continuous behind the major inner tooth (from Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus fujianensis, Lucanus wuyishanensis, Lucanus kirchneri); 5) major inner tooth rather big, usually triangular and not markedly inflated on both sides (from Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus fujianensis); 6) apical fork of the mandible widely opened, with upper branch nearly as long as lower branch (from Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus wuyishanensis, Lucanus fonti); 7) lateral ridges of the head rounded and evenly convex (from Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus wuyishanensis, Lucanus kirchneri); 8) labrum as long as clypeus, with base narrower than clypeus (from Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus wuyishanensis, Lucanus kirchneri). The major inner tooth on the mandible of Lucanus fortunei is occasionally inflated on inner side, hardly different from that of Lucanus wuyishanensis.重试错误原因
Female external characters. The characters for the fortunei group are not repeated herein; only the characters used for distinguishing similar species are stated in table 2 and compared with all other species of the fortunei group from southeastern China and Taiwan.重试错误原因
Table 2. Female external characters of Lucanus fortunei group from southeastern China and Taiwan (Abrreviations: for, fortunei; kla, klapperichi; swi, swinhoei; con, continentalis; fuj, fujianensis; dat, datunensis; miw, miwai; kir, kirchneri; fon, fonti; kra, kraatzi).重试错误原因
Mesofemora and metafemora partly bright yellowish brown重试错误原因
*
*
*
*
*
*
Mesofemora and metafemora partly dark reddish brown重试错误原因
*
*
Mesofemora and metafemora uniform dark brown or black重试错误原因
*
*
Pronotum evenly convex and not wider at anterior half重试错误原因
*
*
*
*
*
*
Pronotum somewhat oblong, somewhat wider at anterior 1/3重试错误原因
*
*
*
Inner tooth of right mandible with inner ridge slightly waved and weakly pointed at posterior corner重试错误原因
*
*
*
Inner tooth of right mandible with inner ridge nearly straight and not pointed at posterior corner重试错误原因
*
*
*
*
*
*
Apical fork of protibia with branches slenderer and sharper at tip重试错误原因
*
*
*
*
*
*
Apical fork of protibia with branches stouter and blunter at tip重试错误原因
*
*
*
External character states in female for kla swi con dat miw kir fon kra
Mesofemora and metafemora partly bright yellowish brown * * * * * *
Mesofemora and metafemora partly dark reddish brown * *
Mesofemora and metafemora uniform dark brown or black * *
Pronotum evenly convex and not wider at anterior half * * * * * *
Pronotum somewhat oblong, somewhat wider at anterior 1/3 * * *
Inner tooth of right mandible with inner ridge slightly waved and weakly pointed at posterior corner * * *
Inner tooth of right mandible with inner ridge nearly straight and not pointed at posterior corner * * * * * *
Apical fork of protibia with branches slenderer and sharper at tip * * * * * *
Apical fork of protibia with branches stouter and blunter at tip * * * | External character states in female | for | kla | swi | con | dat | miw | kir | fon | kra |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Mesofemora and metafemora partly bright yellowish brown | * | | * | | * | * | * | * | |
| Mesofemora and metafemora partly dark reddish brown | | * | | * | | | | | |
| Mesofemora and metafemora uniform dark brown or black | | * | | | | | | | * |
| Pronotum evenly convex and not wider at anterior half | * | * | * | * | * | | * | | |
| Pronotum somewhat oblong, somewhat wider at anterior 1/3 | | | | | | * | | * | * |
| Inner tooth of right mandible with inner ridge slightly waved and weakly pointed at posterior corner | * | | * | | * | | | | |
| Inner tooth of right mandible with inner ridge nearly straight and not pointed at posterior corner | | * | | * | | * | * | * | * |
| Apical fork of protibia with branches slenderer and sharper at tip | * | | | * | * | * | | * | * |
| Apical fork of protibia with branches stouter and blunter at tip | | * | | * | | | * | | |
Dorsal surface of the whole body blackish brown重试错误原因
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Dorsal surface of the whole body reddish brown重试错误原因
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
External character states in female for kla swi con fuj dat miw kir fon kra
Elytra without a marked pubescence * * * * * * * *
Elytra with a visible but sparse pubescence *
Elytra with a very dense pubescence *
Outer margin of mandible less curved at medial part *
Outer margin of mandible evenly curved in a longer radius * * * * * * * *
Outer margin of right mandible more curved in a shorter radius *
Metasternum densely hairy "*
*"
Metasternum not densely hairy * * * * * * * *
Majority of the canthus markedly outside of the eye "*
*"
Majority of the canthus not markedly outside of the eye * * * * * * * *
Clypeolabrum in dorsal view flat at tip * * * * *
Clypeolabrum in dorsal view rounded at tip * * *
Clypeolabrum in dorsal view pointed at tip * * *
Dorsal surface of the whole body blackish brown * * * * * * *
Dorsal surface of the whole body reddish brown * * * * * * * | External character states in female | for | kla | swi | con | fuj | | dat miw | kir | fon | kra |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Elytra without a marked pubescence | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | | * | |
| Elytra with a visible but sparse pubescence | * | | | | | | | | | |
| Elytra with a very dense pubescence | * | | | | | | | | | |
| Outer margin of mandible less curved at medial part | * | | | | | | | | | |
| Outer margin of mandible evenly curved in a longer radius | * | * | | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
| Outer margin of right mandible more curved in a shorter radius | * | | | | | | | | | |
| Metasternum densely hairy | * <br> * | | | | | | | | | |
| Metasternum not densely hairy | * | * | * | * | * | * | | * | * | |
| Majority of the canthus markedly outside of the eye | * <br> * | | | | | | | | | |
| Majority of the canthus not markedly outside of the eye | * | * | * | * | * | | * | * | * | |
| Clypeolabrum in dorsal view flat at tip | | * | | * | * | | * | * | | |
| Clypeolabrum in dorsal view rounded at tip | * | | | | | | | | * | * |
| Clypeolabrum in dorsal view pointed at tip | * | | * | | | * | | | | |
| Dorsal surface of the whole body blackish brown | * | * | * | | | * | * | | * | * |
| Dorsal surface of the whole body reddish brown | * | * | * | * | * | | | * | * | |
Length of body (measured from tip of mandible to end of elytra). Male: 27-52mm27-52 \mathrm{~mm}. Female: 24-32mm24-32 \mathrm{~mm}.重试错误原因
Differences in small-sized males. For the small-sized males, the following characters can be used for the identification of similar species in southeastern China. The small-sized males of Lucanus fujianensis and Lucanus wuyishanensis have not been examined. The male mandible of Lucanus swinhoei always has a basal inner tooth that is longer than all other inner teeth and not seen in other species. The male mandible of Lucanus fonti is always straighter and with only very few denticles beside the major inner tooth. The small-sized males of Lucanus fortunei and Lucanus klapperichi are difficult to be separated, but the mandible of Lucanus klapperichi is more even in width near apex of the mandible, whereas the mandible of Lucanus fortunei is swollen near the the terminal 1//31 / 3 and then markedly constricted towards tip of the mandible.重试错误原因
Morphological distance. The closest species of Lucanus fortunei in morphological distance is Lucanus datunensis which is followed by Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus continentalis and Lucanus fujianensis.重试错误原因
Synonym. Concerning Lucanus laevigatus, Arrow (1943) stated: “Lucanus laevigatus Didier (1931), according to a co-type in the British Museum, is the glossy black female of the dull red LL. fortunei Saund. both sexes were taken together but, when received by the Museum, were not at first associated, owing to their remarkable dissimilarity.” However, the female type of Lucanus laevigatus was considered as a female of Lucanus parryi by Lacroix (Araya 2001) and this opinion was followed by Maes (2008). This unique type (holotype) of Lucanus laevigatus was重试错误原因
photographed and published by Araya（2001）；it possesses the following combination of characters attributed to Lucanus fortunei：right mandible without a gap between apex and inner tooth （different from Lucanus parryi，Lucanus hermani）；dorsal surface of body black（different from Lucanus continentalis，Lucanus fujianensis and Lucanus kirchneri）；lateral margins of pronotum gently and rather evenly curved（different from Lucanus fonti and Lucanus hermani）；elytra glossy， without marked pubscence（different from Lucanus kirchneri）；mesofemora and metafemora with extensive yellowish brown coloring（different from Lucanus klapperichi，Lucanus continentalis and Lucanus fujianensis）．We have examined the females of most species distributed in southeastern China except only Lucanus wuyishanensis Schenk，and found that the holotype of Lucanus laevigatus does not run out of the individual variations of Lucanus fortunei．重试错误原因
The female specimen illustrated and identified by Zilioli（1999）as Lucanus swinhoei continentalis actually belongs to Lucanus fortunei．For more discussion，see＂Identification＂under Lucanus continentalis．重试错误原因
Lucanus klapperichi Bomans，1989：9－12，fig． 1 for male，Kuatun；Huang，2006：33，fig． 15 for male genitalia； Schenk，2009：4，6，fig． 1 for male from Nanling，Guangdong．重试错误原因
Identification．The original description and illustration of the male specimen（pl．62，fig．2） that belongs to a medium－sized form，reveal the following characters in male：1）mandible weakly incurved at basal 1//3;21 / 3 ; 2 ）mandible gently and evenly incurved at terminal 1//3;31 / 3 ; 3 ）a major inner tooth nearer to the tip than to the base；4）major inner tooth nearly pentagonal and inflated on both sides；5）apical fork of the mandible narrowly opened；6）lateral ridges of the head rounded but重试错误原因
more or less angled at posterolateral corners. All these characters can be regarded as the basis of identification for Lucanus klapperichi, by which this species is clearly separated from the sympatric Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus wuyishanensis, Lucanus fonti, Lucanus kirchneri, Lucanus continentalis and Lucanus fujianensis. As far as we know, all the specimens according with the above-mentioned characters belong to a single species, with no difference in male genitalia, thus they are identified as Lucanus klapperichi.重试错误原因
The original description of female was uninformative and not compared with similar species, with some important characters not described. However a female of this species was observed with two males on a small tree at Dazhulan ( 20 km away from Kuatun) by the senior author during daytime, and the female is definitely different from the females of the sympatric Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus parryi and Lucanus hermani, thus the combination of the sexes is fixed. Beside this record of female, some other females were captured together with males from Baishanzu and Nanling by the light traps. A careful examination of the female specimens from Baishanzu and Nanling confirmed the combination of the sexes deduced from the field observation at Dazhulan of Wuyi-shan.重试错误原因
Male genital characters (Pl. 7, figs. 2-6). The following characters are stated in comparison with similar species: 1) ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment gradually widened from the cephalic base to the caudal end and not constricted before the caudal expansion (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus wuyishanensis, Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus fujianensis, Lucanus fonti); 2) ventral plate of the basal piece usually ill-defined and short (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus fujianensis, Lucanus fonti); 3) flagellum shorter than that of Lucanus fortunei; 4) penis shorter than that of Lucanus kirchneri but longer and thinner than that of Lucanus wuyishanensis, Lucanus fujianensis, Lucanus swinhoei and Lucanus fonti; 5) penis nearly even in width throughout, not constricted before the caudal end (from Lucanus continentalis); 6) dorsal margin of the paramere less concaved behind the cephalic process than that of Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus continentalis and Lucanus fujianensis. Eight male specimens of Lucanus klapperichi from Baishanzu, Wuyanling, Wuyi-shan, Meihua-shan and Nanling were dissected and they show no variation in the main characters.重试错误原因
Female genital characters (Pl. 21, figs. 3, 4). The following characters are stated in comparison with similar species: 1) spermathecal duct 1.3-1.8 times as long as spermatheca (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus kirchneri, Lucanus fonti); 2) spermatheca longer than that of Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus datunensis, Lucanus swinhoei and Lucanus continentalis; 3) attachment point of the spermathecal gland remoter from entrance of the spermatheca than in Lucanus continentalis, Lucanus datunensis and Lucanus fortunei; 4) last abdominal ventrite excavated in middle (from Lucanus kirchneri); 5) hemisternite with caudal part relatively shorter in proportion to the whole length (from Lucanus fonti, Lucanus fairmairei, etc). Four female specimens of Lucanus klapperichi from Baishanzu, Dazhulan and Nanling were dissected and they show a little variation only in detailed shape of hemisternite, sclerite at entrance of the ostium and lateral angles of the last abdominal ventrite.重试错误原因
Male external characters．The following characters are stated in comparison with similar species：1）mandible incurved at basal 1//31 / 3（from Lucanus fonti，Lucanus swinhoei，Lucanus fujianensis）；2）a major inner tooth nearer to the tip than to the base（from Lucanus swinhoei， Lucanus fujianensis，Lucanus kirchneri）；3）minute inner teeth or denticles even in size and rather continuous behind the major tooth（from Lucanus swinhoei，Lucanus fujianensis，Lucanus wuyishanensis，Lucanus kirchneri）；4）major inner tooth distinct，always pentagonal and markedly inflated on both sides（from Lucanus fortunei，Lucanus fujianensis，Lucanus swinhoei，Lucanus fonti，Lucanus kirchneri，Lucanus wuyishanensis）；5）apical fork of the mandible narrowly opened （from Lucanus fortunei，Lucanus wuyishanensis，Lucanus fonti）；6）lateral ridges of the head rounded but more or less angled at posterolateral corners（from Lucanus fortunei，Lucanus fujianensis，Lucanus kirchneri）；7）labrum half as long as clypeus，with base as wide as clypeus （from Lucanus fortunei，Lucanus swinhoei，Lucanus fujianensis，Lucanus fonti）．重试错误原因
Female external characters．As stated in table 2.重试错误原因
Length of body．Male： 30-49mm30-49 \mathrm{~mm} ．Female： 26.5-29mm26.5-29 \mathrm{~mm} ．重试错误原因
Morphological distance．The closest species of Lucanus klapperichi in morphological distance may be Lucanus wuyishanensis．The female characters of Lucanus wuyishanensis have not been examined，but many of the male characters of Lucanus wuyishanensis match those of Lucanus klapperichi．The Vietnamese Lucanus pulchellus Didier and Lucanus pesarinii Zilioli may be close to Lucanus klapperichi too，but the female genitalia of the former two have not been examined．重试错误原因
Synonym．The senior author（Huang 2006）wrongly treated Lucanus wuyishanensis as a junior synonym of this species．重试错误原因
Identification．The original description（Schenk 1999）and its supplement（Schenk 2009b） reveal the following characters in male：1）mandible only weakly incurved at basal 1//3;21 / 3 ; 2 ） mandible markedly incurved at terminal 1//3;31 / 3 ; 3 ）a major inner tooth nearer to the tip than to the base；4）small inner teeth behind the major inner tooth interrupted by a gap；5）apical fork of the mandible moderately opened；6）lateral ridges of the head rounded，more or less angled at重试错误原因
posterolateral corners, and with the posterolateral corner markedly outside of the eyes; 7) metatarsi noticeably longer than those of Lucanus klapperichi and Lucanus fortunei. All these characters can be regarded as the basis of identification for Lucanus wuyishanensis, by which this species is clearly separated from the sympatric Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus fonti, Lucanus kirchneri, Lucanus continentalis and Lucanus fujianensis. The two specimens from Zhejiang examined accord with all the above-mentioned characters thus are identified as Lucanus wuyishanensis.重试错误原因
The female of this species is still unknown.重试错误原因
Male genital characters (Pl. 8, fig. 1). The following characters are stated in comparison with similar species: 1) ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment widened behind the cephalic base and then constricted before the caudal inflation (from Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus kirchneri); 2) ventral plate of the basal piece usually ill-defined and short (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus fujianensis, Lucanus fonti); 3) penis wider than in Lucanus kirchneri, Lucanus klapperichi and Lucanus fortunei; 4) penis nearly even in width throughout, not constricted before the caudal end as in Lucanus continentalis; 5) dorsal margin of the paramere less concave behind the cephalic process than that of Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus continentalis and Lucanus fujianensis. Only one male specimen of Lucanus wuyishanensis from Fengyang-shan was dissected and the flagellum was not found due to the bad condition of the specimen.重试错误原因
Male external characters. The following characters are stated in comparison with similar species: 1) mandible only weakly incurved at basal 1//31 / 3 (from Lucanus fortunei); 2) mandible markedly incurved at terminal 1//31 / 3 (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus fujianensis, Lucanus fonti); 3) a major inner tooth nearer to the tip than to the base (from Lucanus fujianensis, Lucanus swinhoei); 4) small inner teeth behind the major inner tooth interrupted by a marked gap (from all others); 5) apical fork of the mandible moderately opened (from Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus fonti, Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus fujianensis); 6) lateral ridges of the head rounded, more or less angled at posterolateral corners, and with the posterolateral corner markedly outside of the eyes (from all known species in southeastern China); 7) metatarsi noticeably longer than those of the same-sized specimens of Lucanus klapperichi and Lucanus fortunei; 8) labrum half as long as clypeus, with base as wide as clypeus (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus fujianensis, Lucanus fonti).重试错误原因
Length of body. Male: 39-42mm39-42 \mathrm{~mm}.重试错误原因
Morphological distance. The closest species of Lucanus wuyishanensis in morphological distance may be Lucanus klapperichi. The Vietnamese Lucanus pulchellus and Lucanus pesarinii may be close to Lucanus wuyishanensis too.重试错误原因
Synonym. Huang (2006) wrongly treated this species as a synonym of Lucanus klapperichi. However an examination of male genitalia proved this species to be independent.重试错误原因
Records. The type series was collected by the local collectors from “Guangzhi, Wuyishan”. It is possible that “Guangzhi” refers to the Guangze County that is situated in the Wuyi-shan重试错误原因
Mountains，northern Fujian．Besides the type series，the only known further records are two males collected by one of our friends from the Mount Fengyang－shan in southern Zhejiang．As the faunas of southern Zhejiang and northern Fujian are nearly identical，it is worth to believe that the type data of this species are not far from the truth．So far this species has not been discovered from the center of the Wuyi－shan Nature Reserve around San－gang，Masu，Kuatun and Dazhulan，which have been explored by many Chinese collectors for several years．However the areas out of the center of the Nature Reserve have not been thoroughly explored．重试错误原因
Lucanus swinhoei Parry，1874：370，pl．4，fig． 4 for male head，one syntype male and one syntype female，Ins． Formosa（Taiwan）；Planet，1902：88，fig． 47 for male，fig． 48 for female，pl．15，fig．for male，Formosa； Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994：216，pl．16，figs．113－1－113－9 for males and female，all from Taiwan；Sakaino \＆Yu，1994：26－27，key to females of Lucanus from Taiwan，figs．5， 6 for female；Zilioli，1998：fig． 6 for male genitalia，fig． 9 for male characters，fig． 15 for male；Zilioli，2005：fig． 2 for male genitalia，fig．3b for male from Taiwan；Zhang，2007：52－53，figs．for male，female and natural history．重试错误原因
Identification．The original description（Parry 1874）and figure of male head（pl．62，fig．4） reveal the following characters in male：1）mandible gradually and regularly curved from base to apex；2）a major inner tooth nearer to the base than to the tip of the mandible．These two characters and the type locality in Taiwan can be regarded as the basis of identification for Lucanus swinhoei， by which this species is clearly separated from all other Lucanus in Taiwan．As far as we know，all the Taiwanese specimens according with the above－mentioned characters belong to a single species，with no difference in male genitalia，thus they are identified as Lucanus swinhoei．重试错误原因
The original description（Parry 1874）of female is short and not informative．The diagnosing for females between Lucanus swinhoei and the similar species in Taiwan（Lucanus datunensis and Lucanus miwai）was given by Sakaino \＆Yu（1994），with a key provided．Some of the female characters of Lucanus swinhoei stated by Sakaino \＆Yu（1994）are quoted as follows：1）inner tooth of the mandible with a broad and flat ridge，not single－pointed or double－pointed；2） clypeolabrum pointed at apex；3）metasternum not very densely hairy；4）outer margin of mandible strongly curved in a short radius；5）majority of the canthus not outside of the eye．重试错误原因
Sakaino \＆Yu＇s（1994）combination of the sexes of this species was confirmed by the junior author＇s collecting experience in Taiwan and by the field observation（Zhang 2007）that both重试错误原因
Lucanus datunensis and Lucanus miwai are more limited in distribution and are diurnal active and not attracted by the light traps.重试错误原因
Male genital characters (Pl. 8, fig. 3). The following characters are stated in comparison with similar species: 1) ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment widened behind the cephalic base and constricted before the caudal expansion (from Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus kirchneri, Lucanus miwai, Lucanus datunensis); 2) ventral plate of the basal piece well defined and very variable in length; 3) flagellum shorter than that of Lucanus fortunei; 4) penis wider than that of Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus klapperichi and Lucanus kirchneri and longer than that of Lucanus miwai and Lucanus datunensis; 5) penis in ventral view with lateral margins very slightly concave near the caudal end, not markedly concave as in Lucanus continentalis, in lateral view with caudal margin concave (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus kirchneri, Lucanus wuyishanensis, Lucanus miwai). Three male specimens of Lucanus swinhoei from Taipei and Nantou were dissected and they show no variation in the main characters.重试错误原因
Female genital characters (Pl. 22, fig. 1). The following characters are stated in comparison with similar species: 1) spermathecal duct about 3.0 times as long as spermatheca (from Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus fujianensis, Lucanus fonti); 2) spermathecal duct nearly twice as long as hemisternite (from Lucanus continentalis, Lucanus fujianensis, Lucanus fonti, Lucanus klapperichi); 3) spermatheca moderately long, only slightly shorter than hemisternite (from Lucanus continentalis, Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus fonti); 4) attachment point of the spermathecal gland remoter from entrance of the spermatheca than that of Lucanus continentalis, Lucanus datunensis, Lucanus fortunei and Lucanus fonti; 5) spermathecal gland very long, apparently longer than hemisternite (from Lucanus continentalis, Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus fujianensis, Lucanus datunensis); 6 hemisternite with caudal part relatively shorter in proportion to the whole length (from Lucanus fonti).重试错误原因
Male external characters. 1) Mandible gradually and evenly curved from base to apex (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus wuyishanensis); 2) a major inner tooth nearer to the base than to the apex (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus wuyishanensis, Lucanus fonti); 3) minute inner teeth absent behind the major tooth (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus wuyishanensis, Lucanus fonti); 4) major inner tooth distinct and triangular (from Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus fujianensis); 5) apical fork of the mandible widely opened (from Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus wuyishanensis); 6) labrum as long as clypeus, with base slightly narrower than clypeus (from Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus kirchneri).重试错误原因
Female external characters. As stated in table 2.重试错误原因
Length of body. Male: 27-54mm27-54 \mathrm{~mm}. Female: 20-31mm20-31 \mathrm{~mm}.重试错误原因
Morphological distance. The closest species of Lucanus swinhoei in morphological distance are Lucanus continentalis and Lucanus fujianensis which are followed by Lucanus fortunei. In female characters Lucanus swinhoei is markedly closer to Lucanus fortunei than to Lucanus continentalis and Lucanus fujianensis.重试错误原因
Lucanus fortunei：Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994：216，pl．16，figs．112－6－112－9 for males from Taiyun－shan， Fujian．（Misidentification）．重试错误原因
Lucanus swinhoei continentalis Zilioli，1998：145，figs． 7,8 for male genitalia，fig． 10 for male characters，fig． 14 for male holotype，Tainshan（Taiyun－shan），Fujian．重试错误原因
Identification．The original description（Zilioli 1998）of this taxon was in comparison with Lucanus swinhoei from Taiwan．The photographs of the male holotype（pl．62，fig．5）reveal the following characters in male：1）mandible nearly straight at basal half and incurved at terminal 1//31 / 3 ； 2）a major inner tooth markedly closer to base of the mandible than to apex of the mandible；3） major inner tooth large and triangular．All these characters can be regarded as the basis of identification for Lucanus continentalis，by which this species is clearly separated from the sympatric Lucanus fortunei and the closely distributed Lucanus fujianensis．The figures of the male genitalia published by Zilioli are only rough hand－drawings with some important characters not shown．As far as we know，all the continental specimens according with the above－mentioned characters and Zilioli＇s（1998）illustration of male genitalia belong to a single species，with no difference in male genitalia，thus they are identified as Lucanus continentalis．重试错误原因
The combination of the sexes was given by Zilioli（1999）in a latter paper，based upon a stock of specimens including both sexes purchased from Mr．Yang with＂Wuyishan＂as the collecting locality．The collecting locality labeled by Mr．Yang as＂Wuyishan＂are most likely collected from some places in Sanming，just out of the range of Wuyishan（see＂correction to type locality＂under Lucanus brivioi）．According to a friend of ours who keeps good contact with Mr．Yang，the material sold by Mr．Yang is usually a mixture of specimens purchased from some local collectors in Sanming and not sorted in accordance with the field observations．The female specimen figured and described by Zilioli（1999）possess the following characters：1）color of dorsal surface of the body chestnut brown；2）inner tooth of the right mandible with the inner ridge waved and relatively shorter；3）mesofemora and metafemora partly yellow；4）labrum triangular，slightly rounded at tip and with shortly but distinctly protruding lateral angles；5）posterior angle（sutural angle）of the elytron rounded．However，all these characters accord with those of Lucanus fortunei， and most of them are not confirmed as the characters of Lucanus continentalis by the present study． Eight males and one female of Lucanus continentalis were captured together by the senior author from the Meihua－shan Mountains during the whole late May of 2007，and no other Lucanus重试错误原因
species was found at the same time. Besides, a friend of ours, M. Li captured two males and one female from another locality, Luoyuan of Fuzhou. These two females captured together with males of Lucanus continentalis from two different localities exhibit the following characters: 1) color of the elytra reddish brown; 2) inner tooth of the right mandible with the inner ridge straight and relatively broader; 3) mesofemora and metafemora striped with dark reddish brown, but not with yellow coloring; 4) labrum trapezoidal, flat at tip and with distinct lateral angles. Most of these characters are definitely different from those given by Zilioli (1999). The combination of the sexes provided herein is supported by our field observations thus is more reasonable than that of Zilioli (1999). Zilioli (1999) might be misled by a guess that the female of Lucanus swinhoei continentalis should be very similar to the female of Lucanus swinhoei swinhoei. However as far as we know, Lucanus fortunei is the most similar species of Lucanus swinhoei in females, and their females are only separated by the detailed shape of the right mandible. The female of Lucanus continentalis is however very similar to the female of Lucanus fujianensis, both of which are markedly different from the female of Lucanus swinhoei; this fact and the constant difference in female genitalia between these taxa made us believe that Lucanus continentalis is a good species and independent from Lucanus swinhoei. ...
Male genital characters (Pl. 8, fig. 4). The following characters are stated in comparison with similar species: 1) ventral plate of the basal piece clearly defined and longer than that of Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus kirchneri and Lucanus wuyishanensis; 2) penis wider than that of Lucanus kirchneri, Lucanus klapperichi and Lucanus fortunei; 3) penis in ventral view with lateral margins more concaved at caudal part than that of Lucanus swinhoei. Five male specimens of Lucanus continentalis from Meihua-shan, Luoyuan and Baishanzu were dissected and they show a little variation in length of the flagellum and width of the penis. The male genital difference between Lucanus continentalis and Lucanus swinhoei is only in shape of the penis near the caudal end and is very slight. ...
Female genital characters (Pl. 22, fig. 2). 1) Spermathecal duct about 2.5 times as long as spermatheca (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus fujianensis, Lucanus fonti); 2) spermathecal duct nearly as long as hemisternite (from Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus fortunei); 3) spermatheca small and short, no more than half the length of hemisternite (from Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus fujianensis, Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus fonti, Lucanus klapperichi); 4) spermathecal gland markedly shorter than hemisternite (from Lucanus swinhoei); 5) attachment point of the spermathecal gland closer to entrance of the spermatheca than that of Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus klapperichi and Lucanus fujianensis; 6 hemisternite with caudal part relatively shorter in proportion to the whole length (from Lucanus fonti). One female specimen of Lucanus continentalis from Meihua-shan was dissected. ...
Male external characters. 1) Mandible straight at basal 1//31 / 3 (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus klapperichi); 2) a major inner tooth nearer to base than to apex of the mandible (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus wuyishanensis, Lucanus fonti); 3) minute inner teeth absent behind the major tooth (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus ...
wuyishanensis, Lucanus fonti); 4) major inner tooth distinct and triangular (from Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus fujianensis); 5) apical fork of the mandible widely opened (from Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus wuyishanensis); 6) labrum as long as clypeus, with base narrower than clypeus (from Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus kirchneri). The male of Lucanus continentalis is hardly distinguishable from the male of Lucanus swinhoei by any sole character; they are separated only by a combination of several characters as shown in table 3. ...
Table 3. External difference between males of Lucanus swinhoei and Lucanus continentalis ...
Characters ...
Lucanus swinhoei ...
Lucanus continentalis ...
Major inner tooth ...
usually remoter from base ...
usually closer to base ...
Minute inner teeth ...
always continued to major tooth ...
sometimes not continued to major tooth ...
Outer margin of basal part of the mandible ...
usually slightly curved ...
always straight ...
Labrum ...
always rounded at tip ...
usually pointed at tip ...
Distribution ...
Taiwan Island ...
Chinese continent ...
Characters Lucanus swinhoei Lucanus continentalis
Major inner tooth usually remoter from base usually closer to base
Minute inner teeth always continued to major tooth sometimes not continued to major tooth
Outer margin of basal part of the mandible usually slightly curved always straight
Labrum always rounded at tip usually pointed at tip
Distribution Taiwan Island Chinese continent| Characters | Lucanus swinhoei | Lucanus continentalis |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Major inner tooth | usually remoter from base | usually closer to base |
| Minute inner teeth | always continued to major tooth | sometimes not continued to major tooth |
| Outer margin of basal part of the mandible | usually slightly curved | always straight |
| Labrum | always rounded at tip | usually pointed at tip |
| Distribution | Taiwan Island | Chinese continent |
Female external characters. As stated in table 2. ...
Length of body. Male: 31-50mm31-50 \mathrm{~mm}. Female: 26-27mm26-27 \mathrm{~mm}. ...
Morphological distance. The closest species of Lucanus continentalis in morphological distance is Lucanus fujianensis that is followed by Lucanus swinhoei. However in male characters alone, Lucanus continentalis is markedly closer to Lucanus swinhoei than to Lucanus fujianensis, the males of Lucanus continentalis and Lucanus swinhoei are hardly separated. In contrast to the extreme similarity in males, the female of Lucanus continentalis is markedly similar to Lucanus fujianensis than to Lucanus swinhoei, whilst Lucanus swinhoei is markedly similar to Lucanus fortunei than to all other Lucanus. This case is very similar to that of Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus szetschuanicus discussed below, but in an opposite gender. ...
Because of the isolation in females that is supported by the marked differences in both external features and genital structures, and because Lucanus continentalis and Lucanus fujianensis are closer to each other in morphological distance than either to Lucanus swinhoei, it is at best to treat Lucanus continentalis as independent from Lucanus swinhoei.重试错误原因
The differences in both male and female genital characters between Lucanus continentalis and Lucanus fujianensis support a specific delimitation between them.重试错误原因
Records. Some friends of ours have explored the Nanling Reserve of northern Guangdong for several years and have not met with this species in the field; however they captured Lucanus fujianensis. On the other hand, Lucanus fujianensis has never been found in Fujian by our friends. These records indicate that Lucanus continentalis and Lucanus fujianensis are not sympatric in nature.重试错误原因
Distribution. Central and southern Fujian (Taiyun-shan*; Sanming; Meihuashan; Luoyuan,重试错误原因
Identification．The original description（Schenk 2008）and the photograph of the male holotype（pl．62，fig．6）reveal the following characters in male：1）mandible gently and gradually curved from base to apex；2）an isolated small tooth markedly near base of the mandible；3）all inner teeth nearly subequal in length and similarly distinct；4）a series of small teeth closer to apex of the mandible and not continued to the basal tooth．These characters can be regarded as the basis of identification for Lucanus fujianensis，by which this species is clearly separated from the similar Lucanus continentalis and other Lucanus．重试错误原因
The female was not described in the original description．However a number of specimens of this species including both sexes were captured by a friend of ours，C．－H．Zhan from the Nanling Reserve，northern Guangdong．The Nanling Reserve has been explored by some of our friends， especially by Mr．Zhan for several years，and a rather complete record of the Lucanus species occurring there is made．According to this record，five Lucanus species are found in the Nanling Reserve，including Lucanus fortunei，Lucanus klapperichi，Lucanus fujianensis，Lucanus planeti and an unidentified species close to Lucanus brivioi and Lucanus deuveianus．The female specimens of Lucanus fujianensis were captured together with males of Lucanus fujianensis and both sexes of Lucanus klapperichi by the light traps，and they are easily separated from the females of other Lucanus species found in the same place．There is possibility that the females identified by us as Lucanus fujianensis may belong to that unidentified species found in Nanling． However that unidentified species is very rarely found and is morphologically close to Lucanus deuveianus thus its female should be very close to the female of Lucanus deuveianus（pl．50，fig． 11；pl．54，fig．6；pl．55，fig．10）．On the other hand，the female specimens identified by us as Lucanus fujianensis are very similar to the female of Lucanus continentalis，of which the male is very similar to Lucanus fujianensis．All these evidences made us believe that the female of Lucanus fujianensis here－described is correctly identified．重试错误原因
Male genital characters（Pl．8，fig．2）．The following characters are stated in comparison with similar species：1）ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment widened just behind the cephalic base and then constricted before the caudal expansion（from Lucanus klapperichi， Lucanus kirchneri）；2）ventral plate of the basal piece usually clearly defined and long（from Lucanus wuyishanensis，Lucanus klapperichi，Lucanus kirchneri）；3）flagellum shorter than in重试错误原因
Lucanus fortunei; 4) penis wider than in Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus klapperichi and Lucanus kirchneri; 5) penis in ventral view with lateral margins at caudal end not concaved as in Lucanus continentalis and Lucanus swinhoei. Two male specimens of Lucanus fujianensis from Nanling were dissected and they show no variation in the main characters.重试错误原因
Female genital characters (Pl. 22, fig. 3). The following characters are stated in comparison with similar species: 1) spermathecal duct about 1.3-1.5 times as long as spermatheca (from all other Lucanus in southeastern China and Lucanus swinhoei); 2) spermathecal duct nearly as long as hemisternite (from Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus fortunei); 3) spermatheca moderately long, only slightly shorter than hemisternite (from Lucanus continentalis, Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus fonti); 4) spermathecal gland markedly shorter than that of Lucanus swinhoei and Lucanus continentalis; 5) attachment point of the spermathecal gland remoter from entrance of the spermatheca than that of Lucanus continentalis; 6) last abdominal ventrite excavated in middle (from Lucanus kirchneri); 7) hemisternite with caudal part relatively shorter in proportion to the whole length (from Lucanus fonti). Only one female specimen of Lucanus fujianensis from Nanling was dissected.重试错误原因
Male external characters. 1) Mandible gently curved at basal 1//31 / 3 (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus klapperichi); 2) an isolated inner tooth nearer to base than to apex of the mandible and not shorter than other teeth (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus wuyishanensis, Lucanus fonti); 3) minute inner teeth absent from basal area except the basal tooth (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus wuyishanensis, Lucanus fonti); 4) basal tooth minute and not longer than other inner teeth (from Lucanus swinhoei and all other Lucanus in southeastern China except Lucanus kirchneri); 5) apical fork of the mandible widely opened (from Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus wuyishanensis); 6) labrum as long as clypeus, with base narrower than clypeus (from Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus kirchneri).重试错误原因
Female external characters. As stated in table 2. The female of Lucanus fujianensis is hardly different from the female of Lucanus continentalis, but may be distinguished from the latter by the following slight characters: clypeolabrum shorter; apical fork of the protibia longer and slenderer.重试错误原因
Length of body. Male: 37-46.5mm37-46.5 \mathrm{~mm}. Female: 26 mm .重试错误原因
Morphological distance. The closest species of Lucanus fujianensis in morphological distance is Lucanus continentalis that is followed by Lucanus swinhoei.重试错误原因
Correction to type locality. So far this species has not been discovered by any Chinese collectors from any parts of Fujian. However this species has been collected by various Chinese collectors from the Nanling Reserve, Guangdong for several years. As in the cases of other new taxa published by Schenk (2008, 2009a), the type material of this species was purchased from some specimen dealers and the collecting data provided by the dealers were incorrect. Recently the Nanling Reserve in northern Guangdong became one of the major sources of Chinese specimens sold by some dealers to Europe, alongside the famous Dayao-shan and Daming-shan in Guangxi and Sanming (usually labeled “Wuyishan” by Mr. Yang) in Fujian. It has been believed that some of the new taxa published by Schenk (2008), such as Neolucanus shaanxiensis and Macrodorcas ...
taibaishanensis were actually from the Nanling Reserve，northern Guangdong too，not from the Mount Taibai－shan，Shaanxi． ...
Lucanus datunensis Hashimoto，1984：18，holotype male，Mt．Datun，Taiwan；Araya，2000：1－4，figs．4－6 for holotype male；Sakaino \＆Yu，1994：26－27，figs．1－4 for female；Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994：217，pl．16， figs．115－1，115－2 for males from Tatun－shan，Taiwan；Zhang，2007：56，57，figs．for male，female and natural history；Lin \＆al．，2009：phylogenetic position． ...
Lucanus ritae Lacroix，1984：10，holotype male，Mt．Ali－shan，Taiwan；Araya，2000：1－4，figs．1－3 for paratype male；Araya，2001：19，fig． 71 for paratype male．（Synonymised by Araya 2000） ...
Identification．This species was originally described from the Mount Datun－shan of Taiwan． It has been proved to have a very limited distribution（Zhang 2007，Lin \＆al．2009）and most of the known specimens were only from the type locality．The original description（Hashimoto 1984） and the photograph of the male holotype（Hashimoto 1984，Araya 2000；pl．62，figs．7，8）reveal the following male characters：1）body length 32 mm ；2）dorsal color of the whole body reddish brown；3）dorsal surface of the body with a very weak and short pubescence；4）head as long as and as wide as pronotum；5）mandible short，only slightly longer than head；6）mandible evenly and gradually incurved；7）only three small inner teeth appeared nearly in middle of the mandible and close to one another，no major inner tooth；8）apex of the mandible narrowly and shallowly bifurcate laterally，with branches subequal in length；9）lateral ridges of the head rounded and not inflated laterally and posteriorly，not covering lateral margins of the head behind eyes；10） clypeolabrum in dorsal view flat at apex；11）antennomere 7 markedly short than antennomeres 8－10．The specimens from Mount Datun－shan，the type locality examined match the holotype in all the above－mentioned characters，thus were identified as Lucanus datunensis． ...
The female of this species was discovered and described by Sakaino \＆Yu（1994）for the first time．This combination of the sexes was confirmed by Zhang＇s（2007）field observation and a photo of the adults in mating was published．The female specimen from the Mount Datun－shan examined by us possesses the female characters given by Sakaino \＆Yu（1994）and Zhang（2007）． ...
Male genital characters（Pl．8，fig．5）．The following characters are in comparison with Lucanus fortunei，Lucanus klapperichi，Lucanus wuyishanensis，Lucanus swinhoei，Lucanus ...
continentalis and Lucanus fujianensis: 1) ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment widened behind the cephalic base but not constricted before the caudal expansion (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus wuyishanensis, Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus continentalis, Lucanus fujianensis); 2) ventral plate of the basal piece ill-defined in middle and slightly shorter than that of Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus continentalis and Lucanus fujianensis, but slightly longer than that of Lucanus klapperichi and Lucanus wuyishanensis; 3) flagellum nearly as long as that of Lucanus fortunei, markedly longer than that of Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus continentalis and Lucanus fujianensis; 4) penis as wide as that of Lucanus fujianensis, Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus continentalis, Lucanus continentalis and Lucanus wuyishanensis, markedly wider than that of Lucanus fortunei and Lucanus klapperichi; 5) penis markedly shorter than paramere and relatively shorter in proportion to paramere than that of all other species; 6) paramere relatively longer in proportion to basal piece than that of all other species. Two male specimens of Lucanus datunensis from type locality were dissected and they show no variation in the main characters. ...
Female genital characters (Pl. 22, fig. 4). The following characters are stated in comparison with similar species: 1) spermathecal duct nearly 2.6 times as long as spermatheca (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus fujianensis); 2) spermathecal duct nearly twice as long as hemisternite (from Lucanus continentalis, Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus fujianensis); 3) spermatheca nearly 0.7 times as long as hemisternite (from Lucanus continentalis); 4) attachment point of the spermathecal gland closer to entrance of the spermatheca than that of Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus swinhoei and Lucanus fujianensis; 5) last abdominal ventrite excavated in middle (from Lucanus kirchneri); 6) hemisternite with caudal part relatively shorter in proportion to the whole length (from Lucanus fonti, Lucanus szetschuanicus, Lucanus fairmairei). Only one female specimen of Lucanus datunensis from Datun-shan was dissected. ...
Male external characters. As stated in “Identification”. In addition, the clypeolabrum of Lucanus datunensis in anterodorsal view is transverse and markedly short, hardly beyond the inner lateral margin of the mandible, and pointed at apex in an obtuse angle with straight lateral sides and distinct lateral corners. ...
Female external characters. As stated in table 2. ...
Length of body. Male: 25-38mm25-38 \mathrm{~mm} (Zhang 2007). Female: 23-27mm23-27 \mathrm{~mm} (Zhang 2007). ...
Morphological distance. The closest species of Lucanus datunensis is Lucanus fortunei that is followed by Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus continentalis and Lucanus fujianensis. A recent work on the phylogeny of 17 Lucanus taxa (Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus continentalis and Lucanus fujianensis not included) reconstructed from combined mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 ( 1310 bps) and nuclear wingless ( 436 bps) genes placed Lucanus datunensis as sister to Lucanus fortunei and placed Lucanus swinhoei as sister to the ancestor of Lucanus datunensis and Lucanus fortunei. ...
Synonym. Lucanus ritae Lacroix was proved by Araya (2000) to be a synonym of this species, with type materials of both taxa examined. ...
Records．The record of this species from Ali－shan（type locality of Lucanus ritae：Lacroix 1984）has not been confirmed by the newly collected specimens．Sakaino（1985）recorded this species from several localities all over Taiwan，however all his localities except Datun－shan are probably fake data as they have not been confirmed by any honest collectors in Taiwan． ...
Lucanus kirchneri Zilioli，1999：84，figs．1， 2 for male genitalia，fig． 3 for male holotype，fig． 4 for female paratype，holotype male，Wuyishan，Fujian（fake data）． ...
Identification．The original description and photograph of the paratype（Zilioli 1999；pl．62， fig．9）reveal the following characters in male：1）head markedly transverse；2）a rather long and isolated inner tooth markedly closer to base of the mandible than to apex of the mandible；3）basal inner tooth slender and nearly equal in length with other inner teeth；4）all inner teeth sub－equal in length；5）lateral ridges of the head markedly angled at posterolateral corners；6）penis markedly elongated．All these characters can be regarded as the basis of identification for Lucanus kirchneri， by which this species is clearly separated from all the known species of the fortunei group．As far as we know，all the specimens according with the above－mentioned characters belong to a single species，with no difference in male genitalia，thus they are identified as Lucanus kirchneri． ...
The female described by Zilioli（1999）possesses the following characters：1）elytra markedly clad with a short adpressed pubescence；2）pronotum evenly convex and not wider at the anterior half；3）inner tooth of the right mandible with inner ridge straight and not pointed at posterior angle．This description is confirmed by our study on the specimens collected by a friend of ours， P．－Y．Liu，from Sanming and Daheng，central Fujian．According to Liu＇s field observations，both male and female specimens were found inhabiting on the trees during daytime and were not attracted by the light traps．And the female specimens of this species are frequently found with aberrant mandibles（Pl．53，fig．6）． ...
Male genital characters（Pl．8，fig．6）．1）Ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment gradually widened and not constricted before the caudal expansion（from Lucanus fortunei， Lucanus continentalis，Lucanus wuyishanensis，Lucanus fujianensis，Lucanus fonti）；2）ventral plate of the basal piece ill－defined and short（from Lucanus fortunei，Lucanus fonti，Lucanus continentalis，Lucanus fujianensis）；3）flagellum rather short（from Lucanus fortunei）；4）penis markedly long and slender（from all species of the fortunei group）；5）penis in ventral view not重试错误原因
constricted before the caudal end（from Lucanus swinhoei，Lucanus continentalis，Lucanus fujianensis）．Two male specimens of Lucanus kirchneri from Sanming were dissected and they show no variation in the main characters． ...
Female genital characters（Pl．24，fig．1）．1）Spermathecal duct about 2.5 times as long as spermatheca（from Lucanus fortunei，Lucanus klapperichi，Lucanus fujianensis，Lucanus fonti）；2） spermathecal duct nearly 1.5 times as long as hemisternite（from Lucanus fortunei，Lucanus swinhoei，Lucanus fujianensis）；3）spermatheca moderately long，only slightly shorter than hemisternite（from Lucanus continentalis，Lucanus fortunei，Lucanus fonti）；4）attachment point of the spermathecal gland closer to entrance of the spermatheca than that of Lucanus fonti，Lucanus klapperichi and Lucanus fujianensis；5）last abdominal ventrite not excavated in middle（from all species of the fortunei group）； 6 hemisternite with caudal part relatively shorter in proportion to the whole length（from Lucanus fonti）． ...
Male external characters．As the male is easily recognized，this species is not compared with others in the following character．1）head markedly transverse；2）an isolated basal inner tooth markedly closer to base of the mandible than to apex of the mandible ；3）basal inner tooth slender and not longer than other inner teeth；4）all inner teeth sub－equal in length；5）lateral ridges of the head markedly angled at posterolateral corners；6）labrum pointed at tip and as long as clypeus， with base as wide as clypeus；7）prosternal process somewhat upcurved to mesosternum，not very vertical to mesosternum as in other species of the fortunei group． ...
Female external characters．As stated in table 2. ...
Length of body．Male： 46-50.4mm46-50.4 \mathrm{~mm} ．Female： 28.3-30mm28.3-30 \mathrm{~mm} ． ...
Morphological distance．This species is equally distant from most of the other species of the fortunei group in morphology． ...
Correction to type locality．The type series of this species was purchased from Mr．Yang Hui－Rong，Fuzhou．According to a friend of ours who keep good contact with Mr．Yang，most of the specimens labeled＂Wuyishan＂by Yang were actually collected from some places in the mountains around the Sanming City，central Fujian．Besides the type locality，this species was also found by a friend of ours from some place of Nanping，central Fujian． ...
Lucanus fairmairei Planet，1897：265，figs．for male and female，type male，Se－pin－lou－chan（on route between Yan－an and Luding），Ya－Tcheou（now called＂Ya－an＂，Sichuan）；Planet，1902：80－83，partium， fig． 43 for holotype male． ...
Lucanus szetschuanicus：Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994：216，pl．16，figs．110－1－110－4 for males from Le－shan， ...
Sichuan; Zilioli, 2000: 53, fig. 2 for male from “Emei-shan”, Sichuan, fig. 4 for male genitalia corresponding to fig. 2; Zilioli, 2002: 133, fig. 2 for male genitalia, fig. 4 for male. (Misidentification). ...
Specimens examined. Sichuan Province: 5 hat(sigma) hat(sigma),1⊈5 \hat{\sigma} \hat{\sigma}, 1 \nsubseteq (CHH, CYXW), Ya-an City, Lushan County, no collecting data, purchase from local collectors; 33 ふ widehat(" て "),5!=\widehat{\text { て }}, 5 \neq q (CCCC), Yingjing County, Si-ping, 2000m, VIII. 2007, VIII. 2009, X.-D. Yang & W.-X. Lin leg.; 2 widehat(0) widehat(0),1q2 \widehat{0} \widehat{0}, 1 q (CCCC), Chengdu City, Dayi County, Dafeishui, 1000-1400m, VI. 2001, W.-I. Chou leg.; 19 (CCCC), Omei-shan, VII. 2007, H.-L. Deng leg.; Guizhou Province: 3 widehat() widehat(delta)^( widehat(delta)),3!in q3 \widehat{ } \widehat{\delta}^{\widehat{\delta}}, 3 \notin q (CCCC), Tongren City, Fanjing-shan Nature Reserve, 1300-1700m, VI-VII. 2008-2009, X.-D. Yang & W.-X. Lin leg.; 1 ¢ (CHH), Tongren City, Fanjing-shan, VI. 2009, W.-X. Lin leg. ...
Identification. This species has been misidentified in the literatures for a long time; as far as we know, it was correctly identified only in the original description (Planet 1897d) and the subsequent book by the same author (Planet 1902). The original description of male was based upon a single male type specimen that was captured from “Se-Pin-Lou-Chan”, on route between Ya-an (“Ya-Tcheou”) and Luding in western Sichuan (“Thibet”), in 1893 by native collectors and was transmitted by L. Oberthur. The original description presented the following characters in male: 1) close to Lucanus fortunei, same-sized, but mandible more slender, head much shorter, thorax more convex, elytra broader, more convex and much more parallel; 2) mandibles, head, thorax and scutellum blackish brown, whilst elytra dark reddish, much darker than in Lucanus fortunei and very smooth and shiny; 3) head covered with exceedingly fine and close micro-sculptures, with a matte appearance, whilst pronotum covered with very close punctures those are slightly spaced on the disc causing the disc a bit more shiny; 4) head, thorax and elytra all covered with extremely thin and inconspicuous golden pubescence; 5) all legs in a beautiful color of a little dark yellow-ocher; 6) mandible similar to that of Lucanus fortunei, but more slender and less straight between base and median tooth, with inner edge more excavated; 7) denticulation of the mandible not as regular as in Lucanus fortunei, but reduced to a few denticles very unevenly distributed, most of which are hardly salient; 8) denticles of the mandible coming almost to the base of the mandible; 9) lower branch of the apical fork of the mandible shorter than the upper one; 10) head shorter and less square than that of Lucanus fortunei, with all proportions of size more as in Lucanus cervus; 11) clypeus broadly notched by a demilune, with labrum arched with a low forehead; 12) elytra with lateral margins parallel and with apex convex and rounded. ...
The original figure (pl. 62, fig. 10) confirms the following characters stated in the text and reveals some more characters: 1) mandible markedly bent inwards at basal 1/3, but rather straight to the tip; 2) major inner tooth closer to tip than to base; 3) major tooth slender and rather long, but not longer than width of mandible at the position of the major inner tooth; 4) upper branch of apical fork markedly longer than lower branch; 5)labrum not projecting in dorsal view; 6) lateral ridges of the head convex and form a rounded but distinct angle at posterolateral corners, with the lateral extremities as wide as tips of the eyes; 7) posterior part of the elytra more rounded at tip, not so acute as in Lucanus fortunei. ...
A large stock of specimens of this species was collected by our friends from the areas around the type locality, including the males in all sizes and the females. The large-sized male specimens match all the characters in the original description and the figure. It has been proved that all the specimens from the area of Ya-an matching the above-mentioned characters belong to a single species and have no difference in male genitalia. And the differently sized specimens were combined by an examination of male genitalia. ...
This species has been widely misidentified as Lucanus szetschuanicus which was originally described from “Giufu-Shan, Szetschuan” (Jin-fo-shan, previously East Sichuan, now belonging to Chongqing in administrative divisions). All these misidentifications were probably due to the extreme similarity between these two species and the confusion in geographical knowledge. The type locality of Lucanus szetschuanicus, “Giufu-Shan” was previously included in the Sichuan Province of China, thus was easily misunderstood as the same of the locality of Lucanus fairmairei. Moreover the original description of Lucanus fairmairei was generally overlooked by the latter authors, and most of the identifications of Lucanus fairmairei were probably based upon the book on Indian fauna by Arrow (1950) in which a specimen from Burma was figured and misidentified as Lucanus fairmairei. The male specimen in Arrow’s figure however does not match the original description of Lucanus fairmairei in the following points: 1) minute denticles on the mandible not appeared near the base of the mandible; 2) lateral ridges of the head broadly rounded and not angled at posterolateral corners. A comparison between this specimen from Burma and the real specimens of Lucanus fairmairei from Sichuan shows more difference that the head of the Burmese specimen is longer and the denticles on the mandible of the Burmese specimen are markedly larger. The Burmese specimen may belong to a species close to Lucanus tsokamotoi Nagai. ...
The female specimen figured and combined by Planet (1897d, 1902) with the male type of Lucanus fairmairei was not collected alongside the male type, it was brought from China without exact locality by A. David and placed in the collection of Mniszech and was subsequently transmitted by L. Oberthur to Planet. This combination of the sexes was denied by the present study in which a good number of females have been collected with the males identified as Lucanus fairmairei from the same places in two localities: Siping Township, Yingjing County, Ya-an City, Sichuan; Fanjing-shan, Tongren City, Guizhou. The first locality, Siping has been thoroughly explored by some friends of ours for several years and only Lucanus fairmairei have been collected as the species of the fortunei group, thus the combination of the sexes is fixed. This combination is also confirmed by the fact that the females of Lucanus fairmairei, Lucanus szetschuanicus and Lucanus fonti are very similar to one another as in the case of the males. ...
Male genital characters (Pl. 9, figs. 1, 2). The following characters are in comparison with Lucanus szetschuanicus, Lucanus fonti and Lucanus fortunei, all of which exhibit a similar appearance. 1) ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment widened behind the cephalic base and not constricted before the caudal expansion (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus fonti); 2) ventral plate of the basal piece relatively shorter at middle than that of Lucanus szetschuanicus; 3) ...
flagellum shorter than that of Lucanus fortunei but longer than that of Lucanus szetschuanicus; 4) penis markedly shorter and wider than that of Lucanus szetschuanicus, Lucanus fonti and Lucanus fortunei; 5) cephalic process of the paramere markedly longer than that of Lucanus fortunei. Six male specimens of Lucanus fairmairei from Ya-an and Fanjing-shan were dissected and they show no variation in the main characters. ...
Female genital characters (Pl. 23, figs. 1-4). 1) Spermathecal duct about 1.5 times as long as spermatheca (from Lucanus fonti, Lucanus fortunei); 2) spermathecal duct 1.2-1.5 times as long as hemisternite (from Lucanus fortunei); 3) spermatheca only slightly shorter than hemisternite (from Lucanus fonti); 4) attachment point of the spermathecal gland closer to entrance of the spermatheca than that of Lucanus fonti; 5) last abdominal ventrite excavated in middle; 6 hemisternite with caudal part relatively longer in proportion to the whole length (from Lucanus fortunei). There is no difference in female genitalia between Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus szetschuanicus. Six female specimens of Lucanus fairmairei from Ya-an, Dayi, Emei-shan and Fanjing-shan were dissected, and they show a little variation only in the detailed shape of hemisternite. ...
Male external characters. For large-sized males: 1) mandible more curved at basal 1//31 / 3 than that of Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus fonti and Lucanus szetschuanicus; 2) major inner tooth relatively longer than that of Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus fonti and Lucanus szetschuanicus; 3) small denticles on the mandible markedly smaller than those of Lucanus fortunei; 4) apical fork of the mandible more widely opened than that of Lucanus szetschuanicus, but less opened than that of Lucanus fonti; 5) upper branch of the apical fork of the mandible markedly longer than the lower branch (from Lucanus fortunei); 6) clypeus in dorsal view more pointed at anterolateral angles than that of Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus fonti and Lucanus szetschuanicus; 7) labrum as wide as clypeus at base (from Lucanus fortunei); 8) lateral ridges of the head marked angled at lateral sides (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus fonti and Lucanus szetschuanicus); 9) frontal ridge of the head in center more raised than that of Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus fonti and Lucanus szetschuanicus; 10) head in proportion to elytra markedly smaller than that of Lucanus fortunei, but larger than that of Lucanus szetschuanicus and Lucanus fonti; 11) breadth length ratio of the head larger than that of Lucanus fortunei; 12) color of the head, pronotum and mandible blacker than that of Lucanus fonti and Lucanus fortunei; 13) yellow pubescence on the dorsal surface of the head and pronotum more marked and denser than that of Lucanus szetschuanicus and Lucanus fortunei; 14) protibia with more teeth or thorns than in Lucanus fortunei. ...
For medium-sized males: 1) mandible more curved at basal 1//31 / 3 than that of Lucanus fonti and Lucanus szetschuanicus; 2) major inner tooth longer than that of Lucanus szetschuanicus; 3) small denticles on the mandible markedly smaller than those of Lucanus fortunei; 4) lateral ridges of the head more angled at lateral sides than those of Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus fonti and Lucanus szetschuanicus; 5) frontal ridge of the head in center more raised than that of Lucanus szetschuanicus; 6) breadth length ratio of the head larger than that of Lucanus fortunei; 7) color of the head, pronotum and mandible blacker than that of Lucanus fonti and Lucanus fortunei; 8) ...
yellow pubescence on the dorsal surface of the head and pronotum more marked and denser than that of Lucanus szetschuanicus and Lucanus fortunei; 9) protibia with more teeth or thorns than in Lucanus fortunei. ...
For small-sized males: 1) mandible constricted before the major inner tooth (from Lucanus fonti); 2) denticles on the mandible obsolete or absent (from Lucanus fortunei); 3) color of the head and pronotum blacker than that of Lucanus fonti; 4) yellow pubescence more marked than that of Lucanus szetschuanicus. ...
Female external characters. The following characters are stated in comparison with Lucanus fortunei and Lucanus fonti: 1) mesofemora and metafemora not striped with bright yellowish brown (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus fonti); 2) pronotum more oblong in shape than that of Lucanus fortunei, markedly wider at the anterior 1//31 / 3 and the posterior 1//31 / 3 (from Lucanus fortunei); 3) inner tooth of the right mandible with inner ridge straight and not pointed at posterior angle (from Lucanus fortunei); 4) apical fork of the protibia with either branch straighter and more triangular than that of Lucanus fortunei and Lucanus fonti; 5) canthus with anterior angle better marked than that of Lucanus fortunei; 6) posterior angle of the elytron rounded (from Lucanus fonti). The female of Lucanus fairmairei is hardly different from the female of Lucanus szetschuanicus, but may be distinguished from the latter by two blunt characters as follows: 1) pronotum at anterior 1//31 / 3 not wider than at lateral angles near the posterior 1//3;21 / 3 ; 2 ) canthus with both anterior and posterior angles more outside. ...
Length of body. Male: 37-58mm37-58 \mathrm{~mm}. Female: 27-35mm27-35 \mathrm{~mm}. ...
Morphological distance. The closest species of Lucanus fairmairei in morphological distance is Lucanus szetschuanicus that is followed by Lucanus fonti. Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus szetschuanicus are markedly different in males by both external features and genital structures, but share nearly all the female characters in both external features and genital structures. This case is very similar to the case of Lucanus swinhoei and Lucanus continentalis but in an opposite gender. ...
Because of the isolation in males that is supported by the marked differences in both external features and genital structures, and because either of Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus szetschuanicus has a steady appearance in male characters in a rather wide distributional range, it is reasonable to treat them as independent from each other. ...
Records. So far all the collecting records of Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus szetschuanicus indicate that these two species are allopatric in distribution. A male specimen indicated and figured by Arrow (1950: pl. 4) as Lucanus fairmairei from Burma apparently does not belong to this species, it is more similar to Lucanus tsokamotoi Nagai. The specimens figured by Mizunuma & Nagai (1994: 217, pl. 17) from Thailand belong to Lucanus tsokamotoi Nagai. ...
Distribution. Sichuan (Se-pin-lou-chan*, between Luding and Ya-an; Tianquan; Lu-shan; Baoxing; Er-lang-shan; Dayi; Omei-shan; Siping, Ying-jing), Guizhou (Fanjing-shan). ...
Lucanus szetschuanicus Hanus，1932：101，＂Giufu－Shan，Szetschuan＂（Jinfo－shan，previously eastern Sichuan， now Chongqing）；Hanus，1935：23，figs．for male and female；Didier \＆Séguy，1952：pl．19，figs．1，2，3， for males，fig． 4 for female，fig． 5 for female antenna，fig． 6 for male antenna，all from＂Giufu－Schan， Sseu－tchouan＂；Araya，2001：21，figs．84－85 for paratype female，Giufu－Shan，Szechuan；Krajcik，2008： pl．6，fig． 17 for syntype male from＂Giufu－shan，Szechuan＂，fig． 18 for syntype female from ＂Giufu－shan＂． ...
Lucanus hildegardae Zilioli，2002：131－135，fig． 1 for male genitalia，fig． 3 for holotype male，＂Dinling＂ （Qinling？），Shaanxi．syn．nov． ...
Identification．The figures and photographs of the type specimens have been published （Hanus 1935，Didier \＆Seguy 1952，Araya 2001，Krajcik 2008；reproduced herein as pl．62，fig． 12），and the following characters can be read for the large and medium－sized males：1）mandible nearly straight at basal half and markedly bent inwards at middle（from Lucanus fairmairei， Lucanus fonti，Lucanus fortunei）；2）major inner tooth closer to tip than to base of the mandible；3） major inner tooth of the mandible triangular and shorter than that of Lucanus fairmairei；4）apical fork of the mandible with upper branch markedly longer than lower branch（from Lucanus fortunei）；5）lateral ridges of the head more evenly convex，and more rounded at lateral corners than in Lucanus fairmairei；6）apical fork of the mandible less opened than in Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus fonti；7）head more transverse than that of Lucanus fortunei；8）color of the head and pronotum blacker than that of Lucanus fonti and Lucanus fortunei；9）head and pronotum without the marked pubescence in Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus fonti．All the type specimens were collected from＂Giufu－Shan＂（Jinfo－shan，now in Chongqing，the previous East Sichuan）．A series of male specimens recently collected from Jinfo－shan，the type locality have been examined and all of them match the above－mentioned characters in large and medium－sized specimens．The small－sized males were identified by an examination of male genitalia．So far there is only one species of Lucanus occurring in Jinfo－shan，which accords with the above－mentioned characters in male．One male specimen from Hunan was also examined in male genitalia and proved to belong in this species． ...
The original description of female and the combination of the sexes by Hanus (1932,1935)(1932,1935) were confirmed by our field observation．The figures and the photos of the female type specimens ...
(pl. 62, figs. 11, 14) reveal the following characters: 1) inner tooth of the right mandible with a broad and flat inner ridge and without a gap behind apex of the mandible; 2) canthus with anterior angle well marked; 3) pronotum wider and noticeably protruding laterally at anterior 1//31 / 3. The recently collected female specimens from the type locality in our collections match all these female characters. Beside this species, only one other species of the fortunei group was found from Jinfo-shan with a markedly long and close yellow pubescence in both sexes. ...
Male genital characters (Pl. 9, figs. 3, 4). The following characters are in comparison with Lucanus fairmairei, Lucanus fonti and Lucanus fortunei, all of which exhibit a similar appearance: 1) ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment not constricted before the caudal expansion (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus fonti); 2) ventral plate of the basal piece relatively longer at middle than that of Lucanus fairmairei, Lucanus fonti and Lucanus fortunei; 3) flagellum shorter than that of Lucanus fortunei and Lucanus szetschuanicus; 4) penis markedly longer and narrower than that of Lucanus fairmairei, but wider than that of Lucanus fortunei; 5) cephalic process of the paramere markedly longer than that of Lucanus fortunei. Four male specimens of Lucanus szetschuanicus from Jinfo-shan and Tianping-shan were dissected and they show no variation in the main characters. ...
Female genital characters (Pl. 23, fig. 6). 1) Spermathecal duct about twice as long as spermatheca (from Lucanus fonti, Lucanus fortunei); 2) spermathecal duct 1.6 times as long as hemisternite (from Lucanus fortunei); 3) spermatheca only slightly shorter than hemisternite (from Lucanus fonti); 4) attachment point of the spermathecal gland closer to entrance of the spermatheca that that of Lucanus fonti; 5) last abdominal ventrite excavated in middle; 6) hemisternite with caudal part relatively longer in proportion to the whole length (from Lucanus fortunei). There is no marked difference in female genitalia between Lucanus szetschuanicus and Lucanus fairmairei. Only one female specimen of Lucanus szetschuanicus from Jinfo-shan was dissected. ...
Male external characters. For large and medium-sized males, the diagnostic characters are stated in “Identification”. For small-sized males, the characters are stated as follows: 1) mandible constricted before the major inner tooth (from Lucanus fonti); 2) denticles on the mandible obsolete or absent (from Lucanus fortunei); 3) color of the head and pronotum blacker than that of Lucanus fonti; 4) yellow pubescence on head and pronotum obsolete and markedly reduced, not well marked as in Lucanus fairmairei; 5) mandible shorter than that of Lucanus fairmairei. ...
Female external characters. 1) Mesofemora and metafemora dark, at most with an obscure small patch in reddish color (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus fonti); 2) pronotum more oblong in shape than that of Lucanus fortunei, markedly wider at the anterior 1//31 / 3 and the posterior 1//31 / 3 (from Lucanus fortunei); 3) inner tooth of the right mandible with inner ridge straighter and broader than that of Lucanus fortunei; 4) apical fork of the protibia with either branch straighter and more triangular than that of Lucanus fortunei and Lucanus fonti; 5) canthus with anterior angle better marked than that of Lucanus fortunei; 6) posterior angle of the elytron rounded (from Lucanus fonti). The female of Lucanus szetschuanicus is hardly different from the female of Lucanus ...
fairmairei，but may be distinguished from the latter by two blunt characters as follows：1） pronotum at anterior 1//31 / 3 slightly wider than at lateral angles near the posterior 1//31 / 3 ； 2 ）canthus with both anterior and posterior angles more inside． ...
Length of body．Male： 34-54mm34-54 \mathrm{~mm} ．Female： 30-32mm30-32 \mathrm{~mm} ． ...
Morphological distance．The closest species of Lucanus szetschuanicus in morphological distance is Lucanus fairmairei which is followed by Lucanus fonti． ...
Synonym．In the original description（Zilioli 2002），Lucanus hildegardae was compared with Lucanus szetschuanicus but the figures of specimen and male genitalia identified by Zilioli as Lucanus szetschuanicus actually belong to Lucanus fairmairei．The description and figures of Lucanus hildegardae match all the characters of the real Lucanus szetschuanicus from Jinfo－shan． It is obvious that Zilioli misidentified specimens of Lucanus fairmairei from western Sichuan as Lucanus szetschuanicus and he did not examine the real Lucanus szetschuanicus from Jinfo－shan， the type locality．Because there is no difference in both external features and male genital structures between Lucanus hildegardae and Lucanus szetschuanicus，the former is considered herein as a junior synonym of the latter． ...
Records．A male specimen from En－shi，Hubei identified as Lucanus hildegardae has been shown in Pame＇s home page（Anonymous 2006），apparently belonging to this species．The type locality of Lucanus hildegardae was stated as＂Dinling＂in Shaanxi，this record from Shaanxi needs to be confirmed；we also found a single female labeled from Qinling，Shaanxi，but the name of the collector was not recorded，such a record may be incorrect． ...
Identification．This species was described on a medium－sized male specimen from Siming－shan of Zhejiang．The original description（Zilioli 2005）and figure of holotype （reproduced herein as pl．63，fig．16）reveal the following characters：1）mandible nearly straight at basal half and slightly incurved at terminal 1//31 / 3（from Lucanus fortunei，Lucanus fairmairei）；2） major inner tooth of the mandible a little near to tip than to base of the mandible（from Lucanus continentalis）；3）major inner tooth of the mandible triangular and shorter than width of the ...
mandible (from Lucanus fairmairei); 4) denticles of the mandible minute (from Lucanus fortunei) and visible behind the major tooth (from Lucanus continentalis); 5) apical fork of the mandible with upper branch markedly longer than lower branch (from Lucanus fortunei); 6) lateral ridges of the mandible rounded, not forming angles (from Lucanus fairmairei); 7) dorsal color of the head, mandible, pronotum and elytra reddish brown as in Lucanus swinhoei and Lucanus continentalis (from Lucanus fairmairei, Lucanus szetschuanicus); 8) head and pronotum with a more marked pubescence than that of Lucanus swinhoei and Lucanus continentalis; 9) penis markedly wider than that of Lucanus swinhoei and Lucanus fortunei. The figures of the male genitalia (Zilioli 2005) are only hand drawings on which some characters cannot be read. All the specimens examined by us from southern Zhejiang match the above-mentioned characters except for the small-sized specimens which were identified on an examination of male genitalia. ...
The female was not described in the original description. But both sexes of this species were captured by a friend of the senior author, W. Xu at the same night from the Mount Kuocang-shan and only a male specimen of Lucanus fortunei was also captured at the same time. The female specimens captured are very similar to the females of Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus szetschuanicus, both of which share some important male characters with Lucanus fonti. Therefore these female specimens were identified as Lucanus fonti. ...
Male genital characters (Pl. 9, figs. 5, 6). The following characters are in comparison with Lucanus fairmairei, Lucanus szetschuanicus, Lucanus continentalis and Lucanus fortunei, all of which exhibit a similar appearance. 1) ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment widened behind the cephalic base and constricted before the caudal expansion (from Lucanus fairmairei); 2) ventral plate of the basal piece slightly shorter at middle than that of Lucanus szetschuanicus, but longer than that of Lucanus fairmairei; 3) flagellum shorter than that of Lucanus fortunei and Lucanus continentalis; 4) penis as wide as that of Lucanus szetschuanicus and Lucanus continentalis, markedly narrower than that of Lucanus fairmairei, but wider than that of Lucanus fortunei; 5) penis not constricted before caudal end (from Lucanus continentalis); 6) cephalic process of the paramere markedly longer than that of Lucanus fortunei; 7) apex of the flagellum smaller than that of Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus szetschuanicus. Three male specimens of Lucanus fonti from Kuocang-shan were dissected and they show no variation in the main characters. ...
Female genital characters (Pl. 23, fig. 5). 1) Spermathecal duct nearly as long as spermatheca (from Lucanus fairmairei, Lucanus szetschuanicus, Lucanus continentalis, Lucanus fortunei); 2) spermathecal duct 1.2 times as long as hemisternite (from Lucanus fairmairei, Lucanus szetschuanicus, Lucanus continentalis, Lucanus fortunei); 3) spermatheca markedly longer than hemisternite (from Lucanus fairmairei, Lucanus szetschuanicus, Lucanus continentalis, Lucanus fortunei); 4) attachment point of the spermathecal gland remoter from entrance of the spermatheca than that of Lucanus fairmairei, Lucanus szetschuanicus and most of the species of the fortunei group; 5) last abdominal ventrite excavated in middle (from Lucanus kirchneri); 6) hemisternite with caudal part relatively longer in proportion to the whole length (from Lucanus ...
fortunei，Lucanus continentalis）．Three female specimens of Lucanus fonti from Kuocang－shan were dissected． ...
Male external characters．For large and medium－sized males，the diagnostic characters are stated in＂Identification＂．For small－sized males，the characters are stated as follows：1）mandible not abruptly constricted at terminal 1／3（from Lucanus fairmairei，Lucanus szetschuanicus， Lucanus fortunei）；2）denticles on the mandible obsolete or very minute（from Lucanus fortunei， Lucanus continentalis）；3）color of the head and pronotum redder than that of Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus szetschuanicus；4）yellow pubescence on the head and pronotum denser and more marked than that of Lucanus szetschuanicus，Lucanus fortunei and Lucanus continentalis． ...
Female external characters．As stated in table 2．The following statements are in comparison with Lucanus fairmairei，Lucanus szetschuanicus and Lucanus fortunei：1） mesofemora and metafemora striped with bright yellowish brown（from Lucanus fairmairei， Lucanus szetschuanicus）；2）pronotum more oblong in shape than that of Lucanus fortunei， markedly wider at the anterior 1//31 / 3 and the posterior 1//31 / 3（from Lucanus fortunei）；3）inner tooth of the right mandible with inner ridge straighter and broader than that of Lucanus fortunei；4）apical fork of the protibia with anterior branch not straight（from Lucanus fairmairei，Lucanus szetschuanicus）；5）canthus with anterior angle better marked than that of Lucanus fortunei；6） posterior angle of the elytron always sharp（from Lucanus fairmairei，Lucanus szetschuanicus， Lucanus fortunei）． ...
Length of body．Male： 38-55mm38-55 \mathrm{~mm} ．Female： 30-37mm30-37 \mathrm{~mm} ． ...
Morphological distance．The closest species of Lucanus fonti in morphological distance is Lucanus szetschuanicus which is followed by Lucanus fairmairei． ...
Records．This species was also recorded by two Chinese collectors from Shouning，the extreme northeast of Fujian adjacent to Zhejiang，with photos of two males examined and confirmed by us． ...
Distribution．Central and southern Zhejiang（Siming－shan＊；Kuocang－shan；Baishanzu）， northeastern Fujian（Shouning）． ...
Lucanus miwai Kurosawa，1966：342，pl．1，fig． 5 for female，figs．6， 7 for males，Sungkang（Tattaka），Nantou Pref．C．Formosa；Sakaino \＆Yu，1994：27，figs．7， 8 for female；Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994：217，pl．17， figs．120－1－120－3 for males，fig．120－4 for female，Sungkang，Nantou Pref，Taiwan；Zilioli，2003：fig． 3 for male genitalia，fig． 6 for male；Zhang，2007：54，55，figs．for male，female and natural history． ...
Identification. The original description (Kurosawa 1966) and photographs of male type specimens (reproduced herein as pl. 63, figs. 1, 2) reveal the following characters: 1) body length: 29-36mm29-36 \mathrm{~mm}; 2) dorsal color of the whole body “reddish brown to dark reddish brown”, with “each tibia and femur more or less ornamented with bright yellowish-brown stripes on upper and under surfaces”; 3) dorsal surface of the body with a very weak and short pubescence; 4) head shorter and narrower than pronotum; 5) mandible short, only 1.3-1.5 times as long as head; 6) mandible straight or slightly incurved at basal half but markedly curved at terminal half; 7) mandible with only " 2-32-3 small inferior teeth" and the “basal tooth always slightly longer than the others”, representing the major inner tooth; 8) apex of the mandible “unidentate”, only “with an obsolete trace of tooth just behind the inferior side of the apex” ; 9) lateral ridges of the head in small males “obsolete”, in large males rounded and not inflated laterally and posteriorly, not covering lateral margins of the head behind eyes; 10) frontal ridge of the head “arcuate, obsolete or very shortly edged and raised at the middle”; 11) clypeolabrum in dorsal view “abased, broad, slightly broader than long, with the apex broadly truncate, and without any ridge”; 12) antennomere 7 “distinctly narrower” and slightly short than the pubescent antennomeres 8-10;13) lamellae of antennomeres 7-10 markedly longer than other Lucanus from Taiwan except Lucanus datunensis; 14) elytra markedly wider than pronotum and broadly rounded at apex. The specimens from Taiwan examined accord with all the above-mentioned characters thus were identified as Lucanus miwai. ...
The female of this species was described in the original description and confirmed by Sakaino & Yu (1994) and Zhang (2007). In the latter work (Zhang 2007), a photo of adults in mating was published. The female specimen examined accords with the characters described in the literatures. ...
Male genital characters. The following characters are in comparison with Lucanus fairmairei, Lucanus fonti, Lucanus szetschuanicus, Lucanus swinhoei and Lucanus datunensis: 1) ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment not constricted before the caudal expansion (from Lucanus fonti, Lucanus swinhoei); 2) ventral plate of the basal piece markedly shorter than that of Lucanus fonti, Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus szetschuanicus; 3) flagellum shorter than that of all other species compared; 4) penis as wide as that of Lucanus fonti, Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus datunensis and Lucanus szetschuanicus, narrower than that of Lucanus fairmairei; 5) penis markedly shorter than paramere and relatively shorter in proportion to paramere than that of Lucanus fonti, Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus szetschuanicus; 6) cephalic process of the paramere markedly longer than that of Lucanus swinhoei. Two male specimens of Lucanus miwai from Taiwan were dissected and they show no variation in the main characters. ...
Female genital characters (Pl. 24, fig. 3). The following characters are stated in comparison ...
with similar species：1）spermathecal duct similar to that of Lucanus fujianensis and Lucanus fonti， nearly as long as spermatheca（from Lucanus fortunei，Lucanus swinhoei，Lucanus datunensis， Lucanus fairmairei，Lucanus szetschuanicus etc．）；2）spermathecal duct shorter than hemisternite （from most of other species）；3）spermatheca nearly 0.7 times as long as hemisternite；4） attachment point of the spermathecal gland closer to entrance of the spermatheca than that of Lucanus fonti，but remoter from entrance of the spermatheca than that of Lucanus fortunei， Lucanus datunensis and Lucanus fujianensis；5）last abdominal ventrite excavated in middle（from Lucanus kirchneri）；6）hemisternite as that of Lucanus fonti，Lucanus szetschuanicus and Lucanus fairmairei，with caudal part relatively longer in proportion to the whole length than that of Lucanus fortunei，Lucanus klapperichi，Lucanus swinhoei，Lucanus continentalis，Lucanus fujianensis and Lucanus datunensis．Only one female specimen of Lucanus miwai was dissected． ...
Male external characters．As stated in＂Identification＂．In addition，the clypeolabrum of Lucanus miwai in anterodorsal view is transverse or square，very short and only weakly beyond the inner lateral margin of the mandible，and flat at apex with rounded lateral corners． ...
Female external characters．As stated in table 2．The following statements are in comparison with Lucanus fairmairei，Lucanus fonti，Lucanus szetschuanicus，Lucanus swinhoei and Lucanus datunensis：1）mesofemora and metafemora broadly striped with bright yellowish brown（from Lucanus fairmairei，Lucanus szetschuanicus）；2）pronotum wider at the anterior half （from Lucanus datunensis，Lucanus swinhoei）；3）inner tooth of the right mandible with inner ridge nearly straight and not pointed at posterior angle（from Lucanus datunensis，Lucanus swinhoei）；4）elytra not markedly haired；5）metasternum densely hairy（from all other species compared）；6）majority of the canthus not markedly outside of the eye（from Lucanus datunensis）； 7）clypeolabrum in dorsal view flat at apex with rounded lateral sides（from Lucanus datunensis， Lucanus swinhoei，Lucanus fonti）． ...
Length of body．Male： 28-36mm28-36 \mathrm{~mm}（Zhang 2007）．Female： 26-29mm26-29 \mathrm{~mm}（Zhang 2007）． ...
Morphological distance．The closest Chinese species of Lucanus miwai are Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus szetschuanicus．For species from the whole old world，Lucanus miwai seems to be closer to Lucanus adelmae Zilioli，Lucanus koyamai Akiyama \＆Hirasawa，Lucanus miyashitai Mizunuma，Lucanus maedai Nagai \＆Tsukamoto and Lucanus satoi Nagai \＆ Tsukamoto． ...
Lucanus deuveianus Boucher，1998：182－184，fig． 2 for male holotype，fig． 4 for male genitalia，holotype male，Daming－shan，Guangxi；Araya，2001：14，figs．29－30 for male holotype． ...
Specimens examined. Guangxi Province: 4 widehat(sigma) widehat(sigma),4!=4 \widehat{\sigma} \widehat{\sigma}, 4 \neq 우 (CPYL, CCHZ, CHH), Nanning City, Wuming County, Daming-shan, no collecting data, purchased by P.-Y. Liu and C.-H. Zhan from the local collectors in Daming-shan. ...
Identification. This species was described on a small-sized male specimen from Daming-shan, Guangxi. The figure of holotype in original description (Boucher 1998) is a hand drawing, and the photograph of holotype was subsequently published by Araya (2001). Boucher (1998) compared this species with Lucanus nobilis, a species not really close to Lucanus deuveianus in morphology. The original description and photograph of holotype (reproduced herein as pl. 63, fig. 6) reveal the following characters in male: 1) length of body 49 mm ; 2) mandible markedly longer than head plus pronotum, slightly longer than that of the same-sized Lucanus fairmairei; 3) a major inner tooth closer to tip than to base of the mandible; 4) major inner tooth of the mandible triangular and slender, as long as the width of the mandible at point of the major tooth, somewhat longer than that of the same-sized Lucanus fairmairei; 5) mandible markedly incurved at basal 1//31 / 3, then straight towards apex and incurved at apical fork, like in the same-sized Lucanus fairmairei; 6) apical fork of the mandible with upper branch longer than lower branch; 7) a few minute denticles sparsely distributed between base and major tooth of the mandible and also appeared before major tooth, like in the same-sized Lucanus fairmairei; 8) head as transverse as in the same-sized Lucanus fairmairei; 9) lateral ridges of the head bluntly angled at posterolateral corners and only slightly inflated, like in the same-sized Lucanus fairmairei; 10) dorsal color of the head, pronotum and elytra reddish brown; 11) all femora and tibiae in dorsal view striped with bright yellowish brown, like in the same-sized Lucanus fairmairei; 12) dorsal surface of the body without a marked pubescence (from Lucanus fairmairei); 13) labrum in dorsal view visible and single-pointed; 14) penis in ventral view as wide as that of Lucanus fairmairei, but with lateral margins markedly concaved near caudal end (from Lucanus fairmairei); 15) ventral plate of the basal piece stouter than that of Lucanus fairmairei, less widely excavated in middle; 16) flagellum nearly as long as that of Lucanus fairmairei, with apex weakly enlarged. Some male specimens purchased from the type locality including both large-sized and small-sized specimens were examined by us. The small-sized specimens entirely match the above-mentioned characters including the genital characters. The large-sized specimens match all the characters of the recently described Lucanus brivioi guangxii in all details; however an examination of male genitalia proves these large-sized specimens to belong in Lucanus deuveianus. ...
The female was not described in the original description. But the female paratypes of Lucanus brivioi guangxii (syn. nov.) from the same area should represent the female of Lucanus deuveianus, with an appearance similar to the female of Lucanus fairmairei. The females from Daming-shan examined by us match Schenk’s figure. According to P.-Y. Liu (personal communications) who keeps good contacts with the local collectors in Daming-shan, there are only three Lucanus species (Lucanus deuveianus, Lucanus hermani and Lucanus planeti) found in Daming-shan. ...
Male genital characters (Pl. 10, fig. 1). The following characters are in comparison with Lucanus fairmairei, Lucanus szetschuanicus, Lucanus brivioi and Lucanus nobilis, all of which exhibit a similar appearance. 1) ventral plate of the basal piece shorter at middle than that of Lucanus szetschuanicus, with central part less widely excavated than that of Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus nobilis; 2) flagellum shorter than half of the flagellum of Lucanus nobilis, somewhat longer than that of Lucanus szetschuanicus; 3) apex of flagellum only weakly enlarged (from Lucanus nobilis); 4) penis as wide as that of Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus nobilis, wider than that of Lucanus brivioi and Lucanus szetschuanicus; 5) penis nearly as long as that of Lucanus fairmairei, shorter than that of Lucanus brivioi and Lucanus nobilis; 6) penis with lateral margins markedly concaved near caudal end (from Lucanus fairmairei, Lucanus szetschuanicus). Some of the above-mentioned characters are still unknown for Lucanus brivioi, thus some the differences between Lucanus deuveianus and Lucanus brivioi may not be stated, however the marked difference in shape of penis suggests that the two species are independent from each other. Three male specimens of Lucanus deuveianus from Daming-shan were dissected and they show no variation in the above-mentioned characters. ...
Female genital characters (Pl. 24, figs. 4, 5). 1) Spermathecal duct nearly 1.7-2.0 times as long as spermatheca; 2) spermathecal duct nearly 1.5-2.01.5-2.0 times as long as hemisternite; 3) spermatheca nearly as long as or somewhat shorter than hemisternite; 4) attachment point of the spermathecal gland closer to entrance of the spermatheca than that of Lucanus fonti; 5) last abdominal ventrite excavated in middle (from Lucanus kirchneri); 6) hemisternite like in Lucanus fonti, Lucanus szetschuanicus and Lucanus fairmairei, with caudal part relatively longer in proportion to the whole length than in Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus klapperichi etc… There seems to be no marked difference in female genitalia between Lucanus deuveianus, Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus szetschuanicus. Three female specimens of Lucanus deuveianus from Daming-shan were dissected. ...
Male external characters. For small-sized males, the diagnostic characters are stated in “Identification”. For large-sized males, the characters are stated as follows: 1) mandible markedly incurved at basal 1/3, then straight to apex, like in Lucanus brivioi (from Lucanus szetschuanicus); 2) mandible like in Lucanus brivioi and Lucanus nobilis, relatively longer in proportion to head plus pronotum than that of Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus szetschuanicus; 3) head relatively smaller in proportion to pronotum and elytra than that of Lucanus brivioi and Lucanus fairmairei; 4) major inner tooth like in Lucanus brivioi, longer than width of the mandible (from Lucanus fairmairei, Lucanus szetschuanicus, Lucanus nobilis); 5) minute denticles usually more in number than those of Lucanus brivioi, sparsely continued from base to tip of the mandible; 6) apical fork of the mandible with upper branch markedly longer than lower branch; 7) lateral ridges of the head only weakly inflated (from Lucanus fairmairei, Lucanus szetschuanicus), forming the rounded angles at lateral corners as in Lucanus brivioi (from Lucanus nobilis); 8) dorsal surface of head, pronotum and elytra without a marked yellow pubescence (from Lucanus nobilis, Lucanus fairmairei). The closest species of Lucanus deuveianus in male characters is Lucanus brivioi, and ...
they are hardly separated only by whether the distinct denticles present or absent just beyond the major inner tooth of the mandible． ...
Female external characters．1）Pronotum more sharply widened behind the anterior angles than all the known species of Lucanus；2）pronotum at the anterior 1//31 / 3 nearly as wide as lateral angles at the posterior 1//3;31 / 3 ; 3 ）inner tooth of the right mandible in typical form of the fortunei group，with inner ridge straight and broad；4）apical fork of the protibia with outer branch straight and triangular，and with inner branch a little curved outwards；5）canthus with anterior angle clearly marked as in Lucanus fairmairei and not outside of eye；6）dorsal surface of the body without a marked pubescence；7）metasternum without a dense pubescence；8）femora in ventral view usually uniform black，sometimes with very thin yellowish brown stripe．The female of Lucanus deuveianus is very similar to the females of Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus szetschuanicus but can be distinguished from the latter two by shape of the pronotum which is more sharply widened at the anterior part． ...
Length of body．Male： 46.5-77.3mm46.5-77.3 \mathrm{~mm} ．Female： 28.5-40.2mm28.5-40.2 \mathrm{~mm} ． ...
Synonym．The type series of Lucanus brivioi guangxii was purchased by Schenk from some dealer with＂Guangxi＂as the type locality．Generally most of the specimens sold to Europe labeled with＂Guangxi＂were collected from two major localities：Dayao－shan and Daming－shan．It is very possible the type series of Lucanus brivioi guangxii was collected from Daming－shan，as all the specimens of this species in Chinese market came only from Daming－shan．Schenk（2009a）did not compare his taxon with Lucanus deuveianus，probably overlooking Boucher＇s paper（1998）．In our collection，the large－sized male specimens are identical with the holotype of Lucanus brivioi guangxii in all the external features．However an examination of male genitalia prove these large specimens to belong in Lucanus deuveianus instead of Lucanus brivioi，with a very stout penis that is marked wider than that of Lucanus brivioi．Therefore Lucanus brivioi guangxii is treated as a junior synonym of Lucanus deuveianus herein． ...
Morphological distance．The closest species of Lucanus deuveianus is supposed to be Lucanus brivioi，of which the female has not been found yet．Beside Lucanus brivioi，the closest species of Lucanus deuveianus should be Lucanus szetschuanicus and Lucanus fairmairei． ...
Distribution．Guangxi（Daming－shan＊）． ...
14．Lucanus brivioi Zilioli 布氏深山 ...
（pl．60，fig．1；pl．63，fig．3；pl．66，fig．9） ...
Lucanus brivioi Zilioli，2003：266，fig． 1 for male genitalia，fig． 4 for male holotype，Wuyishan，Fujian（fake data）． ...
Specimens examined．None． ...
Identification．This species was described on a series of large－sized male specimens purchased from Mr．Yang，with＂Wuyishan＂as the type locality．The original description（Zilioli ...
2003b），the photograph of holotype（reproduced herein as pl．63，fig．3）and the original figure of male genitalia（reproduced herein as pl．66，fig．9）reveal the following characters in the large－sized males：1）mandible markedly incurved at basal 1//31 / 3 ，then nearly straight to apex，like in Lucanus deuveianus（from Lucanus szetschuanicus）；2）mandible like in Lucanus deuveianus and Lucanus kraatzi，relatively longer in proportion to head plus pronotum than that of Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus szetschuanicus；3）head relatively larger in proportion to pronotum and elytra than that of Lucanus deuveianus；4）major inner tooth like in Lucanus deuveianus，longer than width of the mandible（from Lucanus fairmairei，Lucanus szetschuanicus）；5）minute denticles less in number than those of Lucanus deuveianus，absent near base of the mandible（from Lucanus deuveianus）；6）apical fork of the mandible with upper branch markedly longer than lower branch；7）lateral ridges of the head only weakly inflated（from Lucanus kraatzi，Lucanus fairmairei，Lucanus szetschuanicus），forming the rounded angles at lateral corners as in Lucanus deuveianus（from Lucanus kraatzi）；8）dorsal surface of the head，pronotum and elytra without a marked yellow pubescence（from Lucanus kraatzi，Lucanus fairmairei）；9）penis（middle lobe）like in Lucanus kirchneri，nearly as long as paramere，very thin，markedly thinner than that of Lucanus kraatzi，Lucanus fairmairei，Lucanus szetschuanicus and Lucanus deuveianus；10）flagellum shorter than that of Lucanus kraatzi． ...
Length of body．Male： 52-66mm52-66 \mathrm{~mm} ． ...
Subspecies．Schenk（2009a）described another subspecies，guangxii from Guangxi，however this taxon has been proved above to be a junior synonym of Lucanus deuveianus． ...
Morphological distance．The closest species of Lucanus brivioi may be Lucanus deuveianus from Guangxi． ...
Correction to type locality．According to Zilioli（personal communication），＂Lucanus brivioi was found in a stock of material sold to Mr．Pross of Germany by Yang Hui－Rong with Wuyishan of Fujian as locality＂．According to a friend of ours who kept good contact with Mr．Yang，the type series of this species was actually collected from a mountain range in southwestern Sanming， central Fujian，just out of the range of the Wuyi－shan Mountains．So far all the known specimens have been collected under the order of Mr．Yang and most of them were sold to Europe．This species may have a very limited distribution． ...
Lucanus kraatzi Nagel，1926：116，fig．for male，type male，Sse－Tsong（eastern Yunnan）；Didier，1927：202，fig． For male；Didier \＆Séguy，1952：pl．17，fig． 4 for male from Tsseu Tsong；Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994：216， pl．16，figs．109－1－109－3 for males from Li－kiang and Sse－Tsong，Yunnan；Zilioli，2003：fig． 2 for male genitlia． ...
Specimens examined. Sichuan Province: 2 widehat(sigma) widehat(sigma)2 \widehat{\sigma} \widehat{\sigma} (CHH, CYXW), Ya-an City, Hanyuan County, no collecting data, purchased by Y.-X. Wu from the specimen dealer in Hanyuan; 1 widehat(0)1 \widehat{0} (CCCC), Shimian County, Liziping, 2100 m , VII. 2008; Guizhou Province: 3 widehat(0)^( widehat(0)) widehat(widehat(0)),2q sube3 \widehat{0}^{\widehat{0}} \widehat{\widehat{0}}, 2 \not q \subseteq (CHH, CCCC), Weining City, Zhu-shi, 2000m, VI. 2008, J.-Q. Zhu leg; Yunnan Province: 1 ¢ (CCCC), Shuangbai Xian, between Dali and Kunming, 2000-2300m, VII. 2007, W.-I. Chou leg. ...
Identification. The original figure (Nagel 1926) for the male type is a sketch like most of the figures in Nagel’s papers, but the original description is full of words. A markedly better figure of the male type was subsequently published by Didier (1927) in his description of Lucanus jeanvoinei. The original description and the figure of the male type (reproduced herein as pl .63 , fig. 7) reveal the following characters in male: 1) mandible markedly incurved at basal 1//31 / 3 and then rather straight to apex; 2) major inner tooth near to apex than to base of the mandible; 3) major inner tooth slender and longer than width of the mandible; 4) minute denticles appeared from apex of the mandible to the bending point of the mandible; 5) lateral ridges of the head markedly widened posteriorly and forming a pair of angles noticeably protruding posterolaterally (from all the known species of Lucanus); 6) clypeus in dorsal view with sharp lateral angles, labrum slightly seen and pointed in middle; 7) protibia with about four denticles beside the apical fork; 8) dorsal surface of the body with a marked pubescence. We have not examined any specimens from the type locality, Sse-Tsong (Shizong), northeastern Yunnan. However a male specimen from the type locality was examined by Zilioli (2003) with both specimen and male genitalia illustrated. The male specimen examined by Zilioli (2003b) matches all the above-mentioned characters of male type, thus the figure of male genitalia should represent the real Lucanus kraatzi. The characters in male genitalia include (in comparison with Lucanus brivioi and Lucanus deuveianus): 1) basal piece relatively shorter and wider; 2) paramere in lateral view more protruding dorsally at apex; 3) penis as wide as that of Lucanus deuveianus, but narrower at caudal end; 4) flagellum nearly as long as that of Lucanus deuveianus. ...
All the male specimens from Sichuan and Guizhou examined accord with the above-mentioned characters including the male genital characters, thus were identified as Lucanus kraatzi kraatzi. ...
The female of this taxon was not described in the literatures. However both sexes of this taxon were collected by our friend from the same place of a locality in Guizhou at the same nights and no other Lucanus species was captured during the time. The female specimens captured together with the males of Lucanus kraatzi exhibit the typical characters of the fortunei group in mandibles, the protruding anterior angle of canthus and the marked pubescence similar to that of the males. They were believed by us to represent the female of Lucanus kraatzi. Another female specimen solely collected from northern Yunnan was identified by an examination of female genitalia. ...
Length of body. Male: 50-61mm50-61 \mathrm{~mm}. Female: 31-33mm31-33 \mathrm{~mm}. ...
Records. Mr. P.-Y. Liu, a friend of ours captured one male and purchased two males of this species from a locality in Sanming, Fujian, with the photos examined by us. ...
Species delimitation. Two subspecies of Lucanus kraatzi have been described; they share the most characters in both external features and male genitalia and only exhibit small difference in male genitalia. Therefore Lucanus kraatzi is defined by the male characters stated below. ...
Male genital characters (Pl. 10, fig. 2). The following characters are in comparison with Lucanus brivioi, Lucanus deuveianus, and Lucanus nobilis, all of which exhibit a similar appearance. 1) Ventral plate of the basal piece shorter and more widely excavated in center than that of Lucanus deuveianus; 2) penis as wide as that of Lucanus deuveianus and Lucanus nobilis, markedly wider than that of Lucanus brivioi; 3) penis more constricted at caudal half than that of Lucanus deuveianus; 4) flagellum as long as that of Lucanus deuveianus, shorter than half of that of Lucanus nobilis; 5) apex of flagellum slightly enlarged, not so expanded as in Lucanus nobilis; 6) ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment with the caudal expansion shorter and wider than that of Lucanus deuveianus. Four male specimens of Lucanus kraatzi from Guizhou and Sichuan were dissected and they show a little variation in the length of the basal piece, the ventral plate of the ninth segment. ...
Female genital characters (Pl. 24, fig. 2). As the female of Lucanus kraatzi giangae has not been examined, the following female characters of Lucanus kraatzi kraatzi may not be shared by Lucanus kraatzi giangae. 1) Spermathecal duct slightly shorter than spermatheca; 2) spermathecal duct nearly as long as hemisternite; 3) spermatheca as long as or slightly longer than hemisternite; 4) spermathecal gland markedly shorter than spermatheca; 5) last abdominal ventrite excavated in middle; 6) hemisternite with caudal part relatively short in proportion to the whole length; 7) last abdominal tergite with pointed lateral angles. Three female specimens of Lucanus kraatzi from Guizhou and northern Yunnan were dissected. ...
Male external characters. In addition to the male characters stated in “Identification”, the following male characters are also important: 9) frontal ridge of the head more abruptly raised in middle than that of Lucanus brivioi, Lucanus deuveianus and Lucanus nobilis; 10) ventral surface with a longer and denser yellow pubescence than that of Lucanus brivioi, Lucanus deuveianus and Lucanus nobilis; 11) all femora striped with bright yellowish brown as in Lucanus brivioi and Lucanus deuveianus, not uniform black as in Lucanus nobilis. ...
Female external characters. As stated in table 2. A more complete description is as follows: 1) mesofemora and metafemora uniform dark, not striped with bright yellowish brown; 2) pronotum sharply angled at the posterior 2//52 / 5 and wider at this point; 3) pronotum abruptly widened from the anterior angles towards the lateral angles; 4) pronotum with distinct posterior angles; 5) inner tooth of the right mandible with inner ridge straight and markedly broader than that of Lucanus fortunei; 6) outer margin of the mandibles gently curved in a long radius; 7) apical fork of ...
the protibia with branches slightly curved，not straight；8）anterior angles of canthi sharp and nearly rectangular，protruding laterally as far as tips of eyes，forming a pair of parallel canthi before eyes；9）elytra rather oblong in shape，with caudal apex markedly rounded；10）posterior angle of the elytron always sharp 11）dorsal surface with a close pubescence；12）metasternum with a markedly dense and long pubescence．Three female specimens examined exhibit the following individual variations：1）apical fork of the protibia variable in length；2）posterior margin of the canthus absent or well marked；3）lateral margins of the pronotum straight or concave before the lateral angles；4）length of the mandible somewhat variable． ...
Subspecific classification．Another subspecies，Lucanus kraatzi giangae lkeda（1997）was described from Mt．Pia Oac，northern Vietnam，with type specimens and male genitalia illustrated． Subsequently more male specimens and a female specimen（maybe wrongly identified）from Mount Fan－si－pan，Sapa of northern Vietnam were illustrated（Katsura \＆Giang 2002）．In a latter paper（Zilioli 2003b），another male specimen from Vietnam and the male genitalia were illustrated in comparison with Lucanus kraatzi kraatzi and Lucanus brivioi．Lucanus kraatzi giangae can be distinguished from Lucanus kraatzi kraatzi by the following male characters：1）apical fork of the mandible more widely opened；2）minute denticles of the mandible continued to the base of the mandible；3）labrum rounded at tip；4）protibia with more denticles；5）paramere less protruding dorsally；6）apex of the flagellum markedly smaller． ...
A female specimen illustrated by Katsura \＆Giang（2002）as Lucanus kraatzi giangae Ikeda from northern Vietnam may not be correctly identified，but the female illustrated by the same authors as Lucanus nobilis may belong to Lucanus kraatzi giangae；the latter shares more characters with the female of Lucanus kraatzi kraatzi from China than does the former． ...
Morphological distance．As some Vietnamese species have not been examined，it is impossible to determine the closest species of Lucanus kraatzi in morphological distance．Lucanus speciosus shares many female characters with Lucanus kraatzi and is probably a very close species． However，the combination of the sexes in Lucanus speciosus（Didier 1925，Araya 2001）needs to be confirmed by a field observation． ...
16．Lucanus nobilis Didier 雅深山 ...
（Pl．10，fig．5；pl．37，fig．11） ...
Lucanus nobilis Didier，1925：221，type male，Indo－Chine；Didier，1926：161，fig．for male；Didier \＆Séguy， 1953：83，fig． 36 for male type from Lao－Kay，Tonkin；Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994：213－214，pl．138，fig． 95－1 for male，Sapa，Vietnam；Katsura \＆Giang，2002：figs．7a－7d for males，fig．7e for female， Fan－si－pan，Lao－kay，N．Vietnam． ...
Identification. As photographs of the type specimen of this species have not been published, all the basic information was gathered from the original description (Didier 1925) and the hand drawing of a male specimen published by the same author (Didier 1926). The original description is short and worth being presented here for more discussion: “elegant species, approaching Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus fortunei. Male. Head shorter and narrower than the same size specimens of Lucanus fortunei. Head inclined. Mandibles granulated, rough, long and slender; median tooth of the mandible small, acute and elevated; apical fork of the mandible uneven in branches, with branches forming an obtuse angle, with the terminal end pointed; antenna more slender and longer than that of Lucanus fortunei; four segments of the club delicate and extended; sixth segment of the antenna dilated. Mentum trapezoidal, with rounded corners. Prothorax narrower than head and very narrow in front; protibia with four lateral teeth and a very long and uneven apical fork; mesotibia with three lateral spines. Female unknown. Species of a dark color, elytra of male dark brown, the rest of the body almost black; legs black. The body covered with a fine gray golden pubescence. Length of the body: male 58 mm .” As stated above, the original description is in comparison with Lucanus fortunei, a species not really close to Lucanus nobilis. The figure of male (Didier 1926) reveals the following characters not mentioned in the description: 1) mandible markedly incurved at basal 1//31 / 3, then straight to apex, with major inner tooth closer to apex than to base of the mandible; 2) major inner tooth slender and short, not longer than width of the mandible; 3) denticles well marked from apex to the basal 1//41 / 4 of the mandible; 4) lateral ridges of the head forming a pair of lateral angles just behind eyes, concave before the angles but convex behind the angles, also forming a pair of rounded posterior angles. However most of these characters are also shared by other two species described from Vietnam, Lucanus speciosus Didier and Lucanus jeanvoinei Didier, and it is necessary to discuss these two species herein. ...
Lucanus speciosus was described in the same paper alongside Lucanus nobilis, and a translation of the text is as follows: “Lucanus speciosus, n. sp. - Species very closely related to Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus nobilis. Male. Head strong, transverse, wider than that of Lucanus nobilis. Front almost vertical. Median tooth of the mandible large, not elevated. Apical fork of the mandible unequal in branches, with branches forming a right angle, and with terminal point lowered. Sixth segment of antenna not dilated at its extremity. Prothorax scarcely narrowed in front; legs slender; protibia with three lateral teeth and an apical fork with almost equal branches; mesotibia with three spines. Legs bicolor. Elegant species, the male recalling a small version of Lucanus cervus. Color is dark brown-black. Length of body: male 55 mm .” The male type of Lucanus speciosus was subsequently illustrated in the latter works (Didier 1926, Didier & Seguy 1953a) and especially a photograph was published by Araya (2001). The figures of the male type confirm the characters in the description and reveal more characters not mentioned in the description. To sum up, the original description and the figures of male type reveal the following difference between Lucanus speciosus and Lucanus nobilis: 1) head wider and more transverse in Lucanus speciosus than in Lucanus nobilis; 2) major inner tooth of the mandible horizontal in Lucanus speciosus but slightly upraised in Lucanus nobilis; 3) upper branch of apical fork of the ...
mandible nearly straight forwards in Lucanus nobilis, but somewhat incurved in Lucanus speciosus; 4) sixth antennomere weakly dilated in Lucanus nobilis, but not dilated at all in Lucanus speciosus; 5) apical fork of protibia with two branches sub-equal in length in Lucanus speciosus, but not sub-equal in length in Lucanus nobilis; 6) all legs uniform black in Lucanus nobilis, but bicolor with black femora and brown tibiae in Lucanus speciosus. Among these characters the characters 4 and 5 may be the most stable characters to distinguish these two species. The male specimen from Yunnan examined accords with all the characters of Lucanus nobilis. ...
Lucanus jeanvoinei Didier was described on two males of a major form collected from Chapa, northern Vietnam. The description (Didier 1927) in most parts is also applicable to Lucanus nobilis, except only for the following points: 1) length of body 66 mm , larger than that of Lucanus nobilis (58mm)(58 \mathrm{~mm}); 2) left mandible with 5 denticles between major inner tooth and apical fork, right mandible with 6-7 (mandible with nearly 3-4 denticles in figure of Lucanus nobilis); 3) right protibia with 3 acute teeth, left protibia with a dentil and 2 teeth (protibia with 4 teeth in Lucanus nobilis); 5) mesotibia with 3-4 teeth ( 3 in Lucanus nobilis). All these differences are minute and blunt, and may not run out of the individual variations. Thus Lucanus jeanvoinei is not a good species supported by any important characters, and an examination in male genitalia of the type specimens is needed to confirm the true relationship between Lucanus nobilis and Lucanus jeanvoinei. Because Lucanus nobilis was described earlier than Lucanus jeanvoinei, the specimens from Yunnan examined have been identified as Lucanus nobilis. ...
Male genital characters (pl. 10, fig. 5). As the specimens examined are only tentatively identified as Lucanus nobilis in case of the unclear identity of Lucanus jeanvoinei, the following characters are only possible characters for Lucanus nobilis. 1) Ventral plate of the basal piece as in Lucanus fairmairei and longer than in Lucanus kraatzi, with central part more widely excavated than in Lucanus deuveianus; 2) penis as wide as that of Lucanus deuveianus, Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus kraatzi; 3) penis longer in proportion to paramere than that of Lucanus fairmairei, Lucanus deuveianus and Lucanus kraatzi, with caudal part not constricted as in Lucanus kraatzi; 4) flagellum 2-3 times longer than that of Lucanus kraatzi; 5) apex of the flagellum extremely enlarged and nearly as wide as penis; 6) paramere noticeably protruding dorsally as in Lucanus kraatzi kraatzi. Only one male specimen of Lucanus nobilis from Yunnan was dissected. ...
Length of body. Male: 58 mm for type (Didier 1925); 37.8-67.2mm37.8-67.2 \mathrm{~mm} for specimens from Fan-si-pan, northern Vietnam (Katsura & Giang 2002); 42-60mm42-60 \mathrm{~mm} for specimens from Yunnan (examined by us). ...
Morphological distance. Lucanus speciosus is supposed to be the closest species of Lucanus nobilis in morphological distance whilst Lucanus jeanvoinei is suspected to be only a synonym of Lucanus nobilis. ...
Identification．The male specimen examined is very similar to Lucanus speciosus Didier from Vietnam，but differs from the latter by the markedly larger and longer head，the straighter apex of the mandible and the upraised inner tooth of the mandible．The abdomen of the specimen was damaged thus an examination of male genitalia is impossible． ...
Identification．In the original description（Katsura \＆Giang 2002），this species was compared with Lucanus pesarinii Zilioli and Lucanus pulchellus Didier on large series of specimens in all sizes；in the same paper，Lucanus kazumiae Zilioli was treated as a synonym of Lucanus pulchellus．All these species involved may be sorted into a small morphological subgroup alongside Lucanus fortunei，Lucanus klapperichi，Lucanus wuyishanensis，Lucanus derani Nagai and Lucanus liuyei（sp．nov．），defined by a combination of following characters：1）medium or small－sized，with a body－length less than 57 mm in fully developed males；2）major inner tooth closer to apex than to base of the mandible；3）major inner tooth shorter than width of the mandible；4）mandible not markedly longer than head plus pronotum；5）head relatively larger and longer in proportion to pronotum and elytra in fully developed males；6）lateral ridges of the head broadly rounded in fully developed males．Species belonging to this subgroup（here called the fortunei subgroup）are only slightly different from one another and a discussion on the difference between all these taxa in type materials is necessary．As all these species are noticeably varied in accordance with the size of specimens，the characters used for separating them should be correlated to the development of specimens in size．For Lucanus fortunei，Lucanus klapperichi and Lucanus liuyei，the combination of different－sized males were based upon an examination of male genitalia．For Lucanus fukinukiae，Lucanus kazumiae and Lucanus pesarinii，the combination of different－sized males were based upon Katsura \＆Giang＇s（2002）work in which a large series of specimens were examined． ...
For the largest males（unknown in type materials of Lucanus derani and Lucanus pulchellus），重试错误原因
the following external differences are found in type materials (Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus fukinukiae, Lucanus pesarinii, Lucanus kazumiae, Lucanus liuyei, and Lucanus wuyishanensis) and specimens identified by an examination of male genitalia (Lucanus klapperichi):重试错误原因
Major inner tooth of the mandible: inflated on both sides (Lucanus klapperichi); more or less triangular and at most inflated on inner side (Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus fukinukiae, Lucanus pesarinii, Lucanus kazumiae, Lucanus wuyishanensis, Lucanus liuyei).重试错误原因
Lateral ridges of the head: markedly inflated laterally and posteriorly (Lucanus fukinukiae, Lucanus kazumiae, Lucanus liuyei); markedly inflated laterally but weakly inflated posteriorly (Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus wuyishanensis); weakly inflated laterally but markedly inflated posteriorly (Lucanus pesarinii); weakly inflated laterally and posteriorly (Lucanus klapperichi).重试错误原因
Apical fork of the mandible: opened nearly in right angle (Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus kazumiae, Lucanus pesarinii, Lucanus liuyei); opened in acute angle with both branches relatively long (Lucanus fukinukiae, Lucanus wuyishanensis); opened in acute angle with both branches short (Lucanus klapperichi).重试错误原因
Dorsal surface of the head, pronotum and elytra: with a marked yellow pubescence (Lucanus fukinukiae, Lucanus liuyei); without a marked yellow pubescence (Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus wuyishanensis, Lucanus kazumiae, Lucanus pesarinii).重试错误原因
For the small males with a body-length between 35 mm and 39mm(36.3mm39 \mathrm{~mm}(36.3 \mathrm{~mm} in male type of Lucanus pulchellus; 37.4 mm in male holotype of Lucanus derani; such form unknown in Lucanus wuyishanensis), the following external differences can be found in type materials (Lucanus fukinukiae, Lucanus liuyei, Lucanus pulchellus, Lucanus derani), specimens identified by an examination of male genitalia (Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus fortunei), and specimens identified by Katsura & Giang (2002) (Lucanus pesarinii, Lucanus kazumiae).重试错误原因
Mandible: more markedly curved at basal 1//3-1//41 / 3-1 / 4 and straight in middle part (Lucanus fortunei); evenly and gradually curved (Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus fukinukiae, Lucanus derani, Lucanus pesarinii, Lucanus kazumiae, Lucanus pulchellus, Lucanus wuyishanensis, and Lucanus liuyei).重试错误原因
Mandible: not markedly constricted before the anterior 1//31 / 3 of the mandible, with all inner teeth in same length and without a major tooth (Lucanus klapperichi); markedly constricted before the anterior 1//31 / 3 of the mandible, more or less with a major tooth longer than others at anterior 1//31 / 3 of the mandible (Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus fukinukiae, Lucanus derani, Lucanus pesarinii, Lucanus kazumiae, Lucanus pulchellus, Lucanus wuyishanensis, Lucanus liuyei).重试错误原因
Dorsal surface of the head, pronotum and elytra: with a marked yellow pubescence重试错误原因
(Lucanus fukinukiae, Lucanus derani, Lucanus liuyei); without a marked yellow pubescence (Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus pulchellus, Lucanus kazumiae, Lucanus pesarinii).重试错误原因
Apical fork of the mandible: with lower branch nearly as long as upper branch (Lucanus liuyei); usually with lower branch well marked but shorter than upper branch (Lucanus fukinukiae, Lucanus derani, Lucanus pulchellus, Lucanus kazumiae); usually with lower branch obsolete (Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus pesarinii). ...
Major inner tooth of the mandible: well developed, longer and wider (Lucanus liuyei, Lucanus kazumiae, Lucanus pulchellus); poorly developed or obsolete, shorter and narrower (Lucanus fukinukiae, Lucanus derani, Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus pesarinii). ...
Width of the mandible in middle portion: usually wider (Lucanus liuyei, Lucanus kazumiae, Lucanus pulchellus, Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus pesarinii); usually narrower (Lucanus fukinukiae, Lucanus derani). ...
Width of the protibia: usually wider (Lucanus liuyei, Lucanus kazumiae, Lucanus pulchellus, Lucanus klapperichi, Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus pesarinii); usually narrower (Lucanus fukinukiae, Lucanus derani). ...
The color of tibiae is varied in most species of this subgroup, thus was not considered as a good character for separating species. ...
It is noticeable that Lucanus derani shares all the above-mentioned characters in small males with Lucanus fukinukiae, and Lucanus kazumiae shares all the above-mentioned characters in small males with Lucanus pulchellus. It is possible that Lucanus derani is conspecific with Lucanus fukinukiae and the latter may be only a subspecies of the former; the unique holotype of Lucanus derani (pl. 63, fig. 10) is identical with a male specimen of Lucanus fukinukiae from southern Yunnan (pl. 63, fig. 11) and some males of Lucanus fukinukiae from Vietnam (pl. 63, fig. 9) in all external features, and a population of Lucanus fukinukiae has been found in Gaoligong-shan Mountains which connect the northern Indo-China with the northern Myanmar. Lucanus kazumiae has already been treated by Katsura & Giang (2002) as a synonym of Lucanus pulchellus, as both taxa were described from northern Vietnam. ...
The male specimens from southern Yunnan examined match all the above-mentioned characters for Lucanus fukinukiae, thus have been tentatively identified as this species, in case of the relationship between Lucanus derani and Lucanus fukinukiae is uncertain at present and the collecting locality of these Chinese specimens examined is situated near the China-Vietnam border and very close to the type locality of Lucanus fukinukiae. ...
A female specimen of Lucanus fukinukiae was illustrated in the original description (Katsura & Giang 2002) and the female was described to have the following characters: 1) front corners of the head weakly projected; 2) body above with dense pale golden yellow pubescence. This combination of the sexes was confirmed by our field observation, and our specimens from Yunnan accord with these characters. The female specimens from Yunnan examined were collected together with the males of Lucanus fukinukiae from the same locality at the same night, and only ...
Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis Didier & Seguy was also captured at the same time. ...
Male genital characters (Pl. 11, figs. 1-4). The following characters are partly in comparison with Lucanus pesarinii, Lucanus pulchellus, Lucanus liuyei and Lucanus fortunei, all of which exhibit a similar appearance: 1) ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment as in Lucanus pesarinii, Lucanus liuyei and Lucanus fortunei, abruptly widened behind the cephalic base and constricted before the caudal expansion (from Lucanus pulchellus); 2) ventral plate of the basal piece as in Lucanus liuyei, relatively shorter than that of Lucanus fortunei (unknown in Lucanus pulchellus and Lucanus pesarinii); 3) flagellum nearly as long as that of Lucanus liuyei, Lucanus pulchellus and Lucanus pesarinii, shorter than that of Lucanus fortunei; 4) apex of the flagellum enlarged as in Lucanus pulchellus, Lucanus liuyei and Lucanus fortunei (from Lucanus pesarinii); 5) penis slightly wider than that of Lucanus liuyei and markedly wider than that of Lucanus fortunei (the exact width of the penis is unknown for Lucanus pulchellus and Lucanus pesarinii, as only the rough hand drawing were published). Three male specimens of Lucanus fukinukiae from Dawei-shan, southern Yunnan were dissected and they show no variation in the main characters. The male genital differences between all these species except Lucanus fortunei are slight, indicating that the male genitalia are weakly differentiated among species of this subgroup. ...
Female genital characters (Pl. 25, figs. 1-3). 1) Spermathecal duct markedly shorter than spermatheca (from Lucanus liuyei); 2) spermathecal duct 1.0-1.3 times as long as hemisternite; 3) spermatheca nearly 1.5 times as long as hemisternite (from Lucanus liuyei); 4) spermathecal gland shorter than spermatheca; 5) last abdominal ventrite excavated in middle; 6) hemisternite with caudal part more elongated than that of Lucanus liuyei. Five female specimens of Lucanus fukinukiae from Dawei-shan and Gaoligong-shan were dissected, and they show only slight variation in shape of the hemisternite and length of the spermathecal gland. ...
Male external characters. As fully discussed above in “Identification”. ...
Female external characters. 1) Mesofemora and metafemora striped with bright yellowish brown; 2) pronotum wider at posterior 1//31 / 3 and slightly angled there; 3) inner tooth of the right mandible with inner ridge nearly straight and broad; 4) anterolateral angle of the head usually distinct; 5) dorsal surface of the head relatively more smooth, not markedly granulated as in Lucanus liuyei; 6) dorsal surface of the head, pronotum and elytra with a long and dense yellow pubescence (from Lucanus fortunei, Lucanus pesarinii and Lucanus pulchellus). ...
Length of body. Male: 32.8-56.7mm32.8-56.7 \mathrm{~mm} for type series; 36-45mm36-45 \mathrm{~mm} for specimens examined by us from Yunnan. Female: 25.2-28.8mm25.2-28.8 \mathrm{~mm} for type series; 28.5-32mm28.5-32 \mathrm{~mm} for specimens examined by us from Yunnan. ...
Geographical variation. The female specimens from Gaoligong-shan Mountains are markedly different from the female specimens from southern Yunnan and northern Vietnam by having a shorter but wider canthus with convex lateral margin and noticeable posterior angle. An examination of female genitalia proved these female specimens to belong in the same species. Therefore the specimens from Gaoligong-shan may deserve a separate subspecies from Lucanus ...
fukinukiae and probably represent Lucanus derani． ...
Synonym．Lucanus fukinukiae may be only a junior synonym or a subspecies of Lucanus derani Nagai（2000）from northern Myanmar as discussed above． ...
Morphological distance．This species is close to Lucanus liuyei，Lucanus pulchellus and Lucanus pesarinii in morphological distance． ...
Etymology．This new species is named after Mr．Ye Liu，our good friend．重试错误原因
Diagnosis．This new species belongs to the fortunei subgroup，and the differences in external features between Lucanus liuyei and similar species have been discussed in＂Identification＂under Lucanus fukinukiae．The differences in male and female genitalia between Lucanus liuyei and similar species can be found below．重试错误原因
Male genital characters（Pl．11，figs．5－8）．The following characters are stated in comparison with Lucanus fukinukiae，Lucanus pulchellus，Lucanus pesarinii and Lucanus fortunei： 1）ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment as in Lucanus pesarinii，Lucanus fukinukiae and Lucanus fortunei，abruptly widened behind the cephalic base and constricted before the caudal expansion（from Lucanus pulchellus）；2）ventral plate of the basal piece as in Lucanus fukinukiae， relatively shorter than that of Lucanus fortunei（unknown in Lucanus pulchellus and Lucanus pesarinii）；3）flagellum nearly as long as that of Lucanus fukinukiae，Lucanus pulchellus and Lucanus pesarinii，shorter than that of Lucanus fortunei；4）apex of the flagellum enlarged as in Lucanus pulchellus，Lucanus fukinukiae and Lucanus fortunei（from Lucanus pesarinii）；5）penis slightly narrower than that of Lucanus fukinukiae and markedly wider than that of Lucanus fortunei．Five male specimens of Lucanus liuyei from Jinfo－shan and Fanjing－shan were dissected and they show no variation in the main characters．重试错误原因
Female genital characters（Pl．25，figs．4，5）．The following characters are stated in comparison with Lucanus fukinukiae：1）spermathecal duct 1．5－2．0 times as long as spermatheca （from Lucanus fukinukiae）；2）spermathecal duct 1．5－2．0 times as long as hemisternite；3）重试错误原因
spermatheca nearly 0.9-1.10.9-1.1 times as long as hemisternite (from Lucanus fukinukiae); 4) spermathecal gland as long as spermatheca (from Lucanus fukinukiae); 5) last abdominal ventrite excavated in middle; 6) hemisternite with caudal part less elongated than that of Lucanus fukinukiae. Three female specimens of Lucanus liuyei from Jinfo-shan and Fanjing-shan were dissected, and they show only slight variation in sclerite at entrance of the ostium and length of the spermathecal duct.重试错误原因
Male external characters. For the largest males: 1) length of body 40-42.6mm40-42.6 \mathrm{~mm}, markedly smaller than that of Lucanus fukinukiae, Lucanus pesarinii, Lucanus pulchellus; 2) mandible only slightly curved at basal 1//3;31 / 3 ; 3 ) major inner tooth of the mandible more or less triangular and at most inflated only on inner side; 4) lateral ridges of the head markedly inflated laterally and posteriorly (from Lucanus pesarinii); 5) apical fork of the mandible with branches longer than those of Lucanus fukinukiae; 6) dorsal surface of the whole body with a marked yellow pubescence (from Lucanus pulchellus, Lucanus pesarinii).重试错误原因
For the small males with a body-length between 35 mm and 39 mm : 1) dorsal surface of the whole body with a marked yellow pubescence (from Lucanus pulchellus, Lucanus pesarinii); 2) apical fork of the mandible with lower branch nearly as long as upper branch (from Lucanus pesarinii, Lucanus pulchellus, Lucanus fukinukiae and Lucanus derani); 3) major inner tooth of the mandible well developed, longer and wider than that of Lucanus fukinukiae, Lucanus derani and Lucanus pesarinii; 4) middle portion of the mandible usually wider than that of Lucanus fukinukiae and Lucanus derani; 5) head less transverse than that of Lucanus fukinukiae; 6) protibia usually wider than that of Lucanus fukinukiae and Lucanus derani. ...
Female external characters. 1) Mesofemora and metafemora striped with bright yellowish brown; 2) pronotum wider at posterior 1//31 / 3 and slightly angled there; 3) inner tooth of the right mandible with inner ridge nearly straight and broad; 4) anterolateral angle of the head usually indistinct; 5) dorsal surface of the head heavily granulated and more coarse and broken than that of Lucanus fukinukiae; 6) dorsal surface of the head, pronotum and elytra with a long and dense yellow pubescence (from Lucanus pesarinii and Lucanus pulchellus); 7) metasternum with a very long and dense yellow pubescence; 8) canthus with both anterior and posterior angles not marked. ...
Length of body. Male: 36-42.6mm36-42.6 \mathrm{~mm}. Female: 26.3-27.6mm26.3-27.6 \mathrm{~mm}. ...
Morphological distance. The closest species of Lucanus liuyei is Lucanus fukinukiae from northern Vietnam and Yunnan. These two species have only slight difference in male genitalia; however they have many differences in female genitalia, which run out of the normal limits of species found in other species of Lucanus. Lucanus derani described on a single male from northern Myanmar is also similar to Lucanus liuyei, but the holotype of Lucanus derani does not run out of the individual variations of Lucanus fukinukiae, and Lucanus derani may be only a senior synonym of Lucanus fukinukiae. ...
Lucanus cyclommatoides Didier，1928：51，fig． 1 for male，fig． 2 for female，type male，Chapa（Tonkin）； Didier \＆Seguy，1953，81，fig． 29 for male from Indochine，fig． 30 for female from Chapa，Tonkin； Araya，2001：12，figs．16－18 for male type from Chapa，Tonkin，figs．19－20 for female cotype from Chapa，Tonkin；Katsura \＆Giang，2002：figs．9a－9i for males and female，Fan－si－pan，N．Vietnam． ...
Identification．This species was described on a male and a female collected from Chapa， northern Vietnam．The original description（Didier 1928）and the photograph of the male type （Araya 2001）reveal the following characters in the fully developed male：1）length of body 54 mm ； 2）dorsal color of the whole body bright orange－brown；3）dorsal surface of the whole body with a marked yellow pubescence；4）mandible markedly longer than head plus pronotum；5）mandible markedly curved at basal 1//31 / 3 and then straight to apex；6）major inner tooth slender and somewhat longer than width of the mandible；7）apical fork of the mandible widely opened with lower branch markedly shorter than upper branch；8）minute denticles continuous from apex to base of the mandible；9）head nearly rectangular in shape，with lateral ridges nearly right－angled at posterolateral corners．However all these characters are also found in another taxon，Lucanus formosus Didier described from Laos．In the original description of Lucanus cyclommatoides， Didier（1928）mentioned the following difference between Lucanus formosus and Lucanus cyclommatoides：1）head much broader in Lucanus cyclommatoides than in Lucanus formosus；2） mandible longer，a little more robust and more curved downwards in Lucanus cyclommatoides than in Lucanus formosus；3）major inner tooth remoter from base of the mandible in Lucanus cyclommatoides than in Lucanus formosus；4）legs longer and more slender in Lucanus cyclommatoides than in Lucanus formosus；5）length of body 54 mm in Lucanus cyclommatoide， 52 mm in Lucanus formosus．All these differences were confirmed by a comparison of the male types of these two taxa in photographs（Araya 2001）．And the type of Lucanus cyclommatoides differs from the type of Lucanus formosus mainly by having the head shorter in proportion to the pronotum and more transverse，and all tarsi markedly longer；these two characters are sometimes important in distinguishing some similar species．Therefore，it is hard to tell whether these two taxa belong to a single species unless an examination of male genitalia is made．Nevertheless，the male specimens from Yunnan examined accord with the characters for Lucanus cyclommatoides thus have been tentatively identified as this species． ...
Male genital characters．The abdomen of the male specimen collected in 2006 has been damaged，thus an examination of male genitalia is not made．The newly collected males have not been examined in male genitalia yet． ...
Male external characters．The main characters for this species as stated in＂Identification＂． ...
Length of body．Male： 54 mm in male type； 31.2-58mm31.2-58 \mathrm{~mm} in specimens from Fan－si－pan， northern Vietnam（Katsura \＆Giang 2002）； 34-45mm34-45 \mathrm{~mm} in specimens from Yunnan examined． Female： 26 mm in female type． ...
Synonym．This species may be only a junior synonym of Lucanus formosus Didier from Laos． ...
Morphological distance．Lucanus cyclommatoides is close to Lucanus formosus and Lucanus fujitai Katsura \＆Giang（2002）in external characters of male． ...
21．Lucanus dirki Schenk 大理深山 ...
（Pl．63，fig．12） ...
Lucanus dirki Schenk，2002：pl．3，fig． 2 for holotype male，Dali Chang Mt．，3500m，VI． 1999. ...
Specimens examined．None． ...
Identification．The original description and the photograph of male holotype（Schenk 2002） reveal the following characters in male：1）length of body 45.3mm;245.3 \mathrm{~mm} ; 2 ）dorsal color of the whole body uniform dark brown；3）dorsal surface of the whole body with a dense yellow pubescence；4） femora dark brown but reddish brown at tip，tibiae reddish brown，tarsi blackish brown；5） mandible gradually and markedly incurved at basal 1//31 / 3 ，then rather straight and only a little curved at apex；6）apical fork opened in acute angle with lower branch markedly shorter than upper branch；7）major inner tooth situated at anterior 1//31 / 3 of the mandible，slender，triangular and shorter than width of the mandible；8）only three denticles appeared behind the inner tooth and very close to the inner tooth，no denticles appeared near base of the mandible，a few denticles appeared before the inner tooth but minute and only traceable；9）lateral ridges of the head weakly inflated laterally and rounded at lateral corners；10）head shorter than pronotum and as transverse as the same－sized male of Lucanus fukinukiae；11）elytra with lateral margins more parallel and apex more rounded than in the same－sized male of Lucanus fukinukiae． ...
Schenk（2002）compared this species with Lucanus pulchellus；however Lucanus dirki seems to be closer to Lucanus derani and Lucanus fukinukiae than to other species in morphology．A comparison of the same－sized specimens of Lucanus dirki（Pl．63，fig．12）and Lucanus fukinukiae （Pl．63，figs．9，11）shows that they are identical in color，pubescence，size and proportion of nearly all parts of the body；the only marked differences are found in shape of the mandible，the appearance of minute denticles on the mandible and apex of the elytra．The mandible of Lucanus dirki is markedly curved at basal 1//31 / 3 ，not straight as in Lucanus fukinukiae，and is straight near base of the inner tooth，not gently curved there as in Lucanus fukinukiae．It is hard to guess whether the fully developed males of Lucanus dirki have a markedly large and long head as in species of the fortunei subgroup． ...
We have examined the photos of the female paratype and found it agrees with Lucanus kraatzik r a a t z i in all important characters．It is possible that the sexes were wrongly combined by Schenk． ...
Length of body．Male： 45.3 mm （Schenk 2002）． ...
Distribution．Northern Yunnan（Cang－shan＊，Dali）．重试错误原因
Lucanus delavayi Fairmaire，1887：27，type male，Yunnan；Planet，1900：228－229，figs． 1,2 for males，fig． 3 for female；Planet，1902：68－72，figs．33， 34 for males，fig． 35 for female；Didier，1949：pl．10，figs．1－7 for males，fig． 8 for female，fig． 9 for male antenna，fig． 10 for female antenna；Mizunuma \＆Nagai， 1994：216，pl．16，figs．111－1－111－4 for males from Yunnan；Araya，2001：figs．25， 26 for male paratype．重试错误原因
Lucanus formosus Didier 1925：220，partium，female；Araya 2001：14，figs．36， 37 for cotype female from ＂Pe Yen Tsing＂．（Misidentification）．重试错误原因
Specimens examined．None ...
Identification．The original description（Fairmaire 1887）in Latin is short and reveals the following characters：1）body length（including mandibles） 30-33mm30-33 \mathrm{~mm} ；2）dorsal surface of the head and pronotum pale chestnut－brown，with a yellowish brown pubescence，3）elytra yellowish brown and narrowly margined by dark color，shining and glabrous；4）under surface of the body with dense pubescence；5）legs yellowish brown；6）mandible short，incurved at apical half；7） apex of the mandible bifid；8）mandible with three obsolete denticles at inner side．Fairmaire＇s （1887）description was obviously based upon the medium－sized male specimens，as the larger males（Didier 1949，Mizunuma \＆Nagai 1994）have a distinct major inner tooth of the mandible preceded and followed by 3－4 minute denticles．A paratype photographed and published by Araya （2001）represents the small－sized form and has only one denticle on the mandible．More characters can be read from the latter works（Planet 1900c，1902；Didier 1949；Mizunuma \＆Nagai 1994； Araya 2001）：1）mandible in large－sized male markedly incurved at basal 1//31 / 3 and then straight to the incurved apical fork；2）mandible in medium－sized male weakly or markedly curved at basal 2//52 / 5 and then nearly straight to the incurved apical fork； 3 ）mandible slightly longer and thinner than that of the same－sized male of Lucanus parryi；4）black coloring along margins and suture of the elytron markedly thinner than that of Lucanus parryi．重试错误原因
The original description of the female was short and not informative；the female was described to be smaller and more reddish brown than the male．In the latter works（Planet 1900c， 1902；Didier 1949），some females of Lucanus delavayi were described and illustrated．The useful diagnostic female characters include：1）inner tooth of the mandible like that of Lucanus fortunei but different from that of Lucanus parryi，with a flat and broad inner edge and close to apex of the mandible，not forming a gap behind apex；2）canthus like in Lucanus parryi，with both anterior and posterior angles absent；3）pronotum like in Lucanus parryi，evenly rounded at lateral margins， ...
with indistinct posterior angles and without lateral angles；4）elytra usually with yellowish brown patches． ...
Length of body．Male： 30-33mm30-33 \mathrm{~mm}（Fairmaire 1887）； 26.5-40mm26.5-40 \mathrm{~mm}（Mizunuma \＆Nagai 1994）． Female： 25.1 mm （Mizunuma \＆Nagai 1994）． ...
Morphological distance．The male and female genitalia of Lucanus delavayi have not been examined．Based upon a comparison in external features，the closest species of Lucanus delavayi is supposed to be Lucanus parryi． ...
Records．All the known specimens were collected from Yunnan，but no exact locality has been given in the literature．One of the males illustrated by Mizunuma was labeled from＂San Nen Kai，Yunnan Prov．＂，but this name of locality cannot be traced on the map．A male of this species was recorded from Kunming，Yunnan on 22 September 1994 in Pame＇s homepage（Anonymous 2006）．The cotype female of Lucanus formosus，which actually belongs to Lucanus delavayi，was collected from Pe－yen－tsing，a township on the route between Kunming and Dali． ...
Lucanus parryi Boileau，1899：111，type male，Koua－Toun，Chine meridionale（Guadun or Kuatun，Wuyishan， Fujian）；Planet，1900：285，fig．for male；Planet，1902：78，fig． 42 for male，Fukien；Didier，1929：91，pl． 1，fig．For male；Didier，1949：plate 20，fig．for male；Didier \＆Seguy，1953：85，Kouang－tong（a wrong translation from Boileau＇s＂Koua－Toun＂）；Bomans，1989：4，Kuatun；Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994：217， pl．17，figs．116－1－116－8 for males from Fujian，Zhejiang and Jiangxi． ...
Lucanus parryi ab．aterrimus Didier，1929：95，fig． 48 for male，Chine；Didier \＆Seguy，1953：85，fig． 37 for male from Chine． ...
Lucanus parryi ab．thoracicus Didier，1929：96，Chine． ...
Identification．This taxon was originally described on a fully developed male specimen collected by the famous La Touche from Kuatun（＂Koua－Toun＂），Wuyi－shan，Fujian in 1896－1898． ...
Boileau (1899) considered this taxon as belonging to the delavayi group and being close to Lucanus oberthuri Planet (an invalid synonym of Lucanus laetus Arrow). The original description (Boileau 1899) is short and reveals the following characters: 1) dorsal surface of the body black, with two reddish yellow ill-defined oblong spots on elytra; 2) head sharply narrowed posteriorly; 3) mandible slightly curved; 4) major inner tooth beyond the middle of the mandible, preceded and followed by several denticles; 5) apical fork of the mandible slightly opened and strongly incurved; 6) labrum short and rather prominent; 7) antenna long, slender, with four antennomeres well developed as a comb; 8) prothorax somewhat constricted; 9) elytra broad and rather short; 10) legs long, slender and entirely black. ...
Bomans (1989) recorded a large series of this taxon from Kuatun, the type locality. And a translation of his discussion is as follows: " 221 males and 30 females between 14. III. and 20. VII. 1946. This very pretty species was captured in the typical locality cited by Boileau. All the varieties (Didier, 1937: 91) are represented: the typical form with yellow oblong spots on black elytra and black legs; the variety with black and yellow elytra and red legs; the variety with black and yellow elytra and black legs; others with red pronotum. As a whole, the majority of males are bicolor with more or less straw yellow spots more or less diffused on elytra; 98 specimens have black legs and 123 specimens have red legs. On the other hand, the females are entirely black, except for four of them, which have the frank red legs." ...
It is obvious that the male holotype represents a typical from of this taxon and the above-mentioned characters 1 and 10 are only individual variations and useless. Bomans’ (1989) combination of all these forms into a single species has been confirmed by an examination of male genitalia by us. All the above-mentioned forms from Kuatun have been examined in male genitalia and they show no difference. Specimens from Zhejiang examined match the specimens from Kuatun very exactly, and some of them have been dissected and proved to belong in this taxon. ...
The female of this species has not been described or figured in the literature, though Bomans (1989) recorded some female specimens from the type locality. Both sexes of this species were captured together from the type locality during the daytime, and the female identified as this species can be easily distinguished from all other known Lucanus from Kuatun. This combination of the sexes was also confirmed by the senior author’s field observation at West Tianmu-Shan where only Lucanus parryi and Lucanus fortunei occur. Furthermore, the female identified as this taxon matches the female of Lucanus parryi laetus Arrow very well. ...
Length of body. Male: 26-41.5mm26-41.5 \mathrm{~mm} (Mizunuma & Nagai 1994). Female: 24-27mm24-27 \mathrm{~mm}. ...
Records. The record by Didier & Seguy (1953a) from Kouang-tong was due to a wrong translation from Boileau’s “Koua-Toun”. A friend of ours has explored the Nanling Reserve, northern Guangdong for several years and has not found this species. ...
Lucanus oberthuri Planet，1897：171，fig．for male，Siao－lou－lou－chan，Thibet（western Sichuan）；Planet，1900： 229，figs．4， 5 for males；Planet，1902：73，figs．36－38 for males，figs．39－41 for females；Didier，1949： pl．18；Didier \＆Seguy，1953：84，Tibet，Siao－lu－lu－chan．（Homonym of Pseudolucanus oberthuri Planet， 1896）． ...
Lucanus laetus Arrow，1943：134，new name for oberthuri；Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994：217，pl．17，figs． 117－1－117－7 for males from Leshan，Sichuan． ...
Identification．This taxon was originally described from western Sichuan．The original description and figure（Planet 1897a）reveal the following characters in male：1）head and pronotum black but elytra yellowish brown；2）head nearly as long as pronotum but wider than pronotum；3）lateral ridges of the head slightly inflated laterally and posteriorly，forming obtuse angles at posterolateral corners；4）mandible nearly as long as head plus pronotum in major male； 5）mandible markedly incurved at basal 1//31 / 3 ，then slightly curved to apex；6）apical fork with inner branch somewhat shorter than outer branch；7）major inner tooth closer to apex than to base of the mandible，triangular in shape；8）small denticles appeared from apex to middle of the mandible．So far there is only one Lucanus species with yellow elytra known from the western Sichuan，thus the identification of specimens from western Sichuan is rather easy．Specimens from Hubei，Henan， Chongqing and Guizhou examined also match the above－mentioned characters，and they were identified by an examination of male genitalia．There is no difference in male genitalia between all the populations examined． ...
Both sexes of this taxon were captured by our friend on a tree at Jingangtai，Henan during the daytime，thus the combination of the sexes is fixed．This combination of the sexes was confirmed by a collecting record of both sexes from Siping，western Sichuan． ...
Nomenclature. Arrow (1943) stated: “As I pointed out in 1935, the separation of Lucanus and Pseudolucanus by the form of the mandibles in the male is untenable. Their union entails the re-naming of LL. oberthuri Planet (Tibet), since the name was employed a year earlier for LL. (Pseudolucanus) oberthuri Planet (Sikkim). The Tibetan species may be called Lucanus laetus nom.n.”. Arrow’s treatment (1943) was published before 1961 and the name “Lucanus lateus Arrow” was used in the latter literature (Mizunuma & Nagai 1994), thus the name “Lucanus oberthuri Planet, 1897” should be abandoned accroding to the code 59.3 in the forth edition of “International Code of Zoological Nomenclature”. Even if Eolucanus Kurosawa is used as a valid genus and Pseudolucanus oberthuri Planet, 1896 is transferred into Eolucanus instead of Lucanus and no longer homonymous with Lucanus oberthuri Planet,1897, Lucanus laetus Arrow is still valid in replacing Lucanus oberthuri Planet. ...
Records. Ma’s (1988) records of this taxon from Linzhi and Yadong, southern Tibet is unbelievable. ...
Delimitation of species. Lucanus parryi and Lucanus laetus are considered as conspecific because of the following points: 1) there is no difference in both male and female genitalia between the two taxa; 2) the two taxa are allopatric in distribution; 3) there is no difference in external features of female between the two taxa; 4) the same-sized males of these two taxa cannot be separated by any sole character, they are separated by a combination of a few blunt characters. ...
Male genital characters (Pl. 18, figs. 1-3). The following genital characters are found in both subspecies: 1) ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment abruptly widened behind the cephalic base and constricted before the caudal expansion; 2) ventral plate of the basal piece as in Lucanus fortunei, rather long and shallowly excavated at middle; 3) flagellum slightly longer than that of Lucanus fortunei; 4) apex of the flagellum slightly enlarged; 5) penis as wide as that of Lucanus fairmairei; 6) cephalic process of the paramere weakly developed as that of Lucanus fortunei; 7) dorsal margin of the paramere behind the cephalic process oblique for a longer distance than that of Lucanus fortunei. Four male specimens of Lucanus parryi parryi from Wuyi-shan and Tianmu-shan and six male specimens of Lucanus parryi laetus from Siping, Daba-shan, Enshi, Xishui and Xinyang were dissected and they show no variation in the main characters. ...
Female genital characters (Pl. 26, figs. 1, 2). The following genital characters are found in both subspecies: 1) spermathecal duct 2.0-2.3 times as long as spermatheca; 2) spermathecal duct 1.8-2.0 times as long as hemisternite; 3) spermatheca nearly 0.9-1.00.9-1.0 times as long as hemisternite; 4) spermathecal gland as long as or longer than spermatheca; 5) hemisternite like in Lucanus fortunei; 6) last abdominal ventrite excavated in middle; 7) last abdominal tergite with broadly rounded lateral corners. Two female specimens of Lucanus parryi parryi from Wuyi-shan and ...
Tianmu－shan and two female specimens of Lucanus parryi laetus from Siping and Jingangtai were dissected，and they show only slight variation． ...
Male external characters．The following characters are found in both ssp．parryi and ssp． laetus：1）elytra usually bright yellowish brown and margined by black，or black but with yellowish brown patches，only occasionally uniform dark；2）black margin of the elytra along the suture markedly wider than that of Lucanus delavayi；3）dorsal surface without a marked pubescence；4）all femora and tibiae usually black，sometimes reddish brown，not always yellowish brown as in Lucanus delavayi；5）mandible not longer than head plus pronotum，always shorter than that of the same－sized males of Lucanus delavayi；6）apex of the mandible bifid laterally or nearly so；7）clypeolabrum flat or broadly rounded at tip，with tip only a little beyond inner margin of the mandible，and with lateral corners distinct but not beyond inner margin of the mandible（from all the known species in the fortunei group）；8）protibia with more denticles than that of Lucanus delavayi；9）mesotibia and metatibia usually with thorns longer and more distinct than in Lucanus delavayi． ...
Female external characters．The following characters are found in both ssp．parryi and ssp． laetus：1）mesofemora and metafemora uniform dark，not striped with bright yellowish brown；2） pronotum wider at posterior 1//31 / 3 and rounded there；3）right mandible with a sharply pointed inner tooth and a gap behind apex of the mandible；4）anterolateral angle of the head indistinct；5） anterior angle of the canthus indistinct，posterior angle of the canthus absent or only traceable；6） dorsal surface of the head heavily granulated，with a deep transversal groove near posterior margin of the head；7）dorsal surface of the head，pronotum and elytra without a marked pubescence；8） clypeolabrum in dorsal view triangular and pointed at tip with rather straight lateral sides；9）apical fork of the protibia with either branch straight and triangular；10）metasternum with a sparse and short pubescence． ...
Morphological distance．Lucanus parryi is closer to Lucanus delavayi than to all other Lucanus species． ...
Subspecific classification．Ssp．laetus can be distinguished from ssp．parryi by the following male characters：1）size usually markedly larger than that of ssp．parryi；2）dorsal surface of the head and pronotum usually markedly redder than in ssp．parryi；3）mandible usually longer than in the same－sized specimens of ssp．parryi；4）margins of the elytra，especially the sutural margin usually with narrower black border than that of ssp．parryi．There is no external difference in females between these two subspecies． ...
Lucanus laminifer Waterhouse, 1890: 33, Assam; Waterhouse, 1890: pl.186, figs. 4, 5; Planet, 1899:202, figs. for male and female; Planet, 1902: 53, fig. 27 for male, fig. 28 for female, pl. 12 for males; Didier, 1949: pl.17, figs. 1-71-7 for males, fig. 8 for female, fig. 9 for male antenna, fig. 10 for female antenna; Arrow, 1950: 44, pl.3, fig. 5 for male type, pl. 5, fig. 1 for female; Didier & Séguy, 1953: 87; Mizunuma & Nagai, 1994: 216, pl.15, figs. 108-1-108-7, 108-9 for males from NE India, N. Thailand and Jinghong, Yunnan, fig. 108-8 for female from N. Thailand; Zilioli, 2000: 49-55, subspecific classification and key, figs. 12,13 for male genitalia, figs. 14,15,1714,15,17 for males, fig. 16 for female, fig. 18 for distribution of subspecies. ...
Lucanus vitalisi Pouillaude, 1913: 332-333, fig. 1 for male, type male, Tonkin. (Subspecies). ...
Lucanus laminifer vitalisi: Zilioli, 2000: fig. 17c for male, fig. 12b for paramere of male genitalia. (Subspecies). ...
Lucanus laminifer coronatus Zilioli, 2000: 50, figs. 14, 17d for male, fig. 12d fro paramere of male genitalia, holotype male, Northern Thailand. (Subspecies). ...
Lucanus laminifer lucidulus Zilioli, 2000: 51, figs. 15, 17b for male, fig. 16 for female, fig. 12c for paramere of male genitalia, holotype male, Chin Hills of Myanmar. (Subspecies). ...
Specimens examined. Yunnan province: 3∘̸@3 \not \circ \circ (CCCC), Dehong Pref., Yingjiang County, Tongbiguan, VI. 2008, W.-W. Zhang leg. ...
Identification. The original description (Waterhouse 1890) and especially the photograph of the male type (Arrow 1950) reveal the following particular characters in male: 1) mandible markedly longer than head plus pronotum; 2) mandible incurved at basal 1//31 / 3 and nearly straight to the incurved apical fork; 3) many denticles appeared from apex to basal 1//41 / 4 of the mandible, a small inner tooth appeared on left mandible beyond the middle; 4) lateral ridges of the head protruding into acute angles; 5) frontal ridge of the head markedly raised in middle; 6) clypeolabrum in dorsal view only weakly beyond inner margin of the mandible and broadly rounded at tip; 7) left protibia with only three teeth beside apical fork. Arrow (1950) gave more thorough descriptions and keys for both sexes and discussed the individual variation of the male. All the above-mentioned characters are useful to distinguish Lucanus laminifer from all other Lucanus species except only Lucanus vitalisi Pouillaude (1913) from Vietnam. Mizunuma & Nagai (1994) downgraded Lucanus vitalisi as a subspecies of Lucanus laminifer but without discussion. Zilioli (2000a) confirmed Lucanus vitalisi to be a subspecies of Lucanus laminifer and described two further subspecies, based upon an examination of both external features and male genitalia. The figures of male genitalia published by Zilioli (2000a) are hand drawings and some characters cannot be found, however the following male genital characters can be read: 1) paramere in lateral view markedly protruding dorsally with stout apex, like in Lucanus planeti, Lucanus hermani and Lucanus formosanus; 2) penis markedly wider and shorter than that of Lucanus planeti, Lucanus hermani and Lucanus formosanus; 3) penis markedly shorter than paramere (from Lucanus planeti, Lucanus hermani and Lucanus formosanus; 4) flagellum markedly shorter than that of Lucanus planeti, Lucanus hermani and Lucanus formosanus, with ...
apex markedly enlarged and triangular as in Lucanus planeti. The only known record of male specimens of Lucanus laminifer from China was published by Mizunuma & Nagai (1994), and the male specimen from Jinghong, southern Yunnan illustrated (Mizunuma & Nagai 1994) is more similar to ssp. coronatus than to ssp. laminifer and ssp. vitalisi, with no distinct median tooth on male mandible, and with inner posterior margins of the occipital crests on the male head converging. ...
The combination of the sexes given by Arrow (1950) in his book on Indian fauna is more reasonable and useful than in the previous works, because there is no other species of the laminifer group known from Indian areas, and because a key to females of Indian species of Lucanus is provided. Arrow’s description, key and photograph of the female reveal the following useful character in female: 1) hind angle of the pronotum broadly rounded; 2) head rather sharply angulate on each side before the eye; 3) front angles of the pronotum blunt, the sides rounded to the lateral angle; 4) lateral angles of the pronotum blunt but distinct, and straight to the hind angle; 5) body dark reddish-brown in color and with a sparser pubescence than in male; 6) femora and tibiae black; 7) club of the antenna consisting of four long joints of equal length; 8) prosternum slightly prominent behind and rounded. The female specimen of Lucanus laminifer lucidulus Zilioli (2000a) from Myanmar illustrated generally accords with the above-mentioned characters and reveals more characters as follows: 9) canthus with both anterior and posterior angles markedly angled; 10) inner tooth of the mandibles with a short inner edge and forming a broad gap behind apex of the mandible. Three female specimens from Yingjiang, Yunnan examined match all the above mentioned characters of Lucanus laminifer and differ from Lucanus hermani, Lucanus planeti, Lucanus formosanus and Lucanus angusticornis, their female genitalia were examined and exhibit some particular characters confined to the laminifer group; thus they were identified as Lucanus laminifer. ...
Characters in comparison. As all the species of the laminifer group are closely related and share many similar characters, a comparative description of all characters as stated in table 4 is more appropriate for a better understanding of their differences. ...
Table 4. Characters of the laminifer group from China (Abrreviations: lam, laminifer; ang, angusticornis; her, hermani; for, formosanus; pla, planeti). ...
Character states ...
lam ang her for pla ...
Male external character states ...
Mandible slightly bent inwards at basal 1/3 or gradually bent inwards at whole length ...
* * *
Mandible outcurved near base ...
*
Mandible bent inwards at base ...
*
Basal tooth of the mandible absent ...
* * *
Basal tooth of the mandible present ...
* *
Denticles continued to basal 1//31 / 3 of the mandible ...
* * *
Character states lam ang her for pla
Male external character states
Mandible slightly bent inwards at basal 1/3 or gradually bent inwards at whole length * * *
Mandible outcurved near base *
Mandible bent inwards at base *
Basal tooth of the mandible absent * * *
Basal tooth of the mandible present * *
Denticles continued to basal 1//3 of the mandible * * *| Character states | lam ang her for pla |
| :--- | :--- |
| Male external character states | |
| Mandible slightly bent inwards at basal 1/3 or gradually bent inwards at whole length | * * * |
| Mandible outcurved near base | * |
| Mandible bent inwards at base | * |
| Basal tooth of the mandible absent | * * * |
| Basal tooth of the mandible present | * * |
| Denticles continued to basal $1 / 3$ of the mandible | * * * |
Table 4 (continued) ...
Character states ...
lam ang her for pla ...
Male external character states ...
Denticles not continued to basal 1/3 of the mandible ...
*
*
Mandible with a long inner tooth nearer to apex ...
*
*
Mandible without a long inner tooth ...
*
*
*
Mandible with a small backward tooth a little behind middle ...
*
*
Mandible without a small backward tooth near middle ...
*
*
Lower branch of the apical fork of the mandible relatively closer to apex ...
*
*
*
*
Lower branch of the apical fork of the mandible relatively remoter from apex ...
*
Lateral ridges of the head forming broader angles at lateral corners ...
*
*
*
*
Lateral ridges of the head forming narrower angles at lateral corners ...
*
Frontal ridge of the head more raised and forming a crest ...
*
*
*
*
Frontal ridge of the head less raised and not forming a crest ...
*
Clypeolabrum in dorsal view protruding markedly beyond the head and bifid at tip ...
*
*
*
Clypeolabrum in dorsal view protruding slightly beyond the head and not bifid at tip ...
*
Protibia usually with 3-4 teeth beside apical fork ...
*
*
Protibia usually with more teeth beside apical fork ...
*
*
*
All femora and tibiae usually bright reddish brown ...
*
*
All femora and tibiae usually dark reddish brown or dark brown ...
*
*
*
Dorsal surface of the body with a marked pubescence ...
*
*
Dorsal surface of the body without a marked pubescence ...
*
*
*
Female external character states ...
Mesofemora and metafemora uniform dark, not striped with yellowish brown ...
*
*
*
*
Metafemora more or less striped with yellowish brown ...
?
*
Anterior angle of canthus not sharply angled ...
*
Anterior angle of canthus sharply angled ...
*
*
*
*
Branches of apical fork of protibia acute at tip ...
*
*
*
Branches of apical fork of protibia blunt at tip ...
*
Lateral margins of the pronotum more rounded ...
*
*
Lateral margins of the pronotum less rounded ...
*
*
Anterior angles of the pronotum blunt ...
*
*
*
Anterior angles of the pronotum sharp ...
*
*
Metasternum without a dense pubescence ...
?
*
*
*
Metasternum with a dense pubescence ...
*
Male genital character states ...
Ventral plate of basal piece obsolete with middle part deeply excavated and not beyond caudal margin of basal piece ...
?
*
Character states lam ang her for pla
Male external character states
Denticles not continued to basal 1/3 of the mandible * *
Mandible with a long inner tooth nearer to apex * *
Mandible without a long inner tooth * * *
Mandible with a small backward tooth a little behind middle * *
Mandible without a small backward tooth near middle * *
Lower branch of the apical fork of the mandible relatively closer to apex * * * *
Lower branch of the apical fork of the mandible relatively remoter from apex *
Lateral ridges of the head forming broader angles at lateral corners * * * *
Lateral ridges of the head forming narrower angles at lateral corners *
Frontal ridge of the head more raised and forming a crest * * * *
Frontal ridge of the head less raised and not forming a crest *
Clypeolabrum in dorsal view protruding markedly beyond the head and bifid at tip * * *
Clypeolabrum in dorsal view protruding slightly beyond the head and not bifid at tip *
Protibia usually with 3-4 teeth beside apical fork * *
Protibia usually with more teeth beside apical fork * * *
All femora and tibiae usually bright reddish brown * *
All femora and tibiae usually dark reddish brown or dark brown * * *
Dorsal surface of the body with a marked pubescence * *
Dorsal surface of the body without a marked pubescence * * *
Female external character states
Mesofemora and metafemora uniform dark, not striped with yellowish brown * * * *
Metafemora more or less striped with yellowish brown ? *
Anterior angle of canthus not sharply angled *
Anterior angle of canthus sharply angled * * * *
Branches of apical fork of protibia acute at tip * * *
Branches of apical fork of protibia blunt at tip *
Lateral margins of the pronotum more rounded * *
Lateral margins of the pronotum less rounded * *
Anterior angles of the pronotum blunt * * *
Anterior angles of the pronotum sharp * *
Metasternum without a dense pubescence ? * * *
Metasternum with a dense pubescence *
Male genital character states
Ventral plate of basal piece obsolete with middle part deeply excavated and not beyond caudal margin of basal piece ? *| Character states | lam ang her for pla | | | |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Male external character states | | | | |
| Denticles not continued to basal 1/3 of the mandible | | * | * | |
| Mandible with a long inner tooth nearer to apex | * | | * | |
| Mandible without a long inner tooth | * | * | | * |
| Mandible with a small backward tooth a little behind middle | | * | | * |
| Mandible without a small backward tooth near middle | * | | * | |
| Lower branch of the apical fork of the mandible relatively closer to apex | * | * | * | * |
| Lower branch of the apical fork of the mandible relatively remoter from apex | * | | | |
| Lateral ridges of the head forming broader angles at lateral corners | * | * | * | * |
| Lateral ridges of the head forming narrower angles at lateral corners | * | | | |
| Frontal ridge of the head more raised and forming a crest | * | * | * | * |
| Frontal ridge of the head less raised and not forming a crest | * | | | |
| Clypeolabrum in dorsal view protruding markedly beyond the head and bifid at tip | | * | * | * |
| Clypeolabrum in dorsal view protruding slightly beyond the head and not bifid at tip | * | | | |
| Protibia usually with 3-4 teeth beside apical fork | * | | | * |
| Protibia usually with more teeth beside apical fork | * | * | * | |
| All femora and tibiae usually bright reddish brown | * | | | * |
| All femora and tibiae usually dark reddish brown or dark brown | * | * | * | |
| Dorsal surface of the body with a marked pubescence | * | | | * |
| Dorsal surface of the body without a marked pubescence | * | * | * | |
| Female external character states | | | | |
| Mesofemora and metafemora uniform dark, not striped with yellowish brown | * | * | * | * |
| Metafemora more or less striped with yellowish brown | ? | * | | |
| Anterior angle of canthus not sharply angled | | | | * |
| Anterior angle of canthus sharply angled | * | * | * | * |
| Branches of apical fork of protibia acute at tip | * | * | * | |
| Branches of apical fork of protibia blunt at tip | | | | * |
| Lateral margins of the pronotum more rounded | * | | | * |
| Lateral margins of the pronotum less rounded | | * | * | |
| Anterior angles of the pronotum blunt | * | | * | * |
| Anterior angles of the pronotum sharp | * | * | | |
| Metasternum without a dense pubescence | ? | * | * | * |
| Metasternum with a dense pubescence | * | | | |
| Male genital character states | | | | |
| Ventral plate of basal piece obsolete with middle part deeply excavated and not beyond caudal margin of basal piece | ? | | | * |
Table 4 (continued) ...
Character states ...
lam ang her for pla ...
Male genital character states ...
Ventral plate of basal piece ill-defined and short, but not obsolete ...
?
?
*
Ventral plate of basal piece very long ...
?
?
*
Flagellum very long ...
?
*
Flagellum long ...
?
*
Flagellum short ...
?
*
Flagellum very short ...
*
?
Apex of the flagellum larger ...
?
?
*
Apex of the flagellum smaller ...
?
?
*
*
Penis longer than paramere ...
?
*
*
Penis nearly as long as paramere ...
?
*
Penis shorter than paramere ...
*
?
Penis markedly wide ...
*
?
Penis slightly wide ...
?
*
Penis very narrow ...
?
*
*
Female genital character states ...
Spermathecal duct 1.5 times as long as spermatheca ...
?
*
Spermathecal duct 2.0-2.4 times as long as spermatheca ...
*
?
*
*
Spermathecal duct 1.0-1.3 times as long as hemisternite ...
*
?
*
Spermathecal duct 2.0-2.3 times as long as hemisternite ...
?
*
*
Spermatheca markedly shorter than hemisternite ...
*
?
*
Spermatheca nearly as long as hemisternite ...
?
*
*
Spermatheca more curved and not truncated at tip ...
*
*
*
*
Spermatheca less curved, truncated and bifid at tip ...
*
Attachment point of the spermathecal gland close to entrance of the spermatheca ...
*
?
*
*
Attachment point of the spermathecal gland remote from entrance of the spermatheca ...
?
*
Central conjunction of the ninth tergites not extremely broad at caudal end ...
*
?
*
Central conjunction of the ninth tergites extremely broad at caudal end ...
?
*
*
Enlarged caudal part of the hemisternite markedly longer ...
?
*
Enlarged caudal part of the hemisternite moderately long ...
*
?
Enlarged caudal part of the hemisternite markedly shorter ...
?
*
*
Hemisternite narrower at bending point ...
*
?
*
*
Hemisternite wider at bending point ...
?
*
Character states lam ang her for pla
Male genital character states
Ventral plate of basal piece ill-defined and short, but not obsolete ? ? *
Ventral plate of basal piece very long ? ? *
Flagellum very long ? *
Flagellum long ? *
Flagellum short ? *
Flagellum very short * ?
Apex of the flagellum larger ? ? *
Apex of the flagellum smaller ? ? * *
Penis longer than paramere ? * *
Penis nearly as long as paramere ? *
Penis shorter than paramere * ?
Penis markedly wide * ?
Penis slightly wide ? *
Penis very narrow ? * *
Female genital character states
Spermathecal duct 1.5 times as long as spermatheca ? *
Spermathecal duct 2.0-2.4 times as long as spermatheca * ? * *
Spermathecal duct 1.0-1.3 times as long as hemisternite * ? *
Spermathecal duct 2.0-2.3 times as long as hemisternite ? * *
Spermatheca markedly shorter than hemisternite * ? *
Spermatheca nearly as long as hemisternite ? * *
Spermatheca more curved and not truncated at tip * * * *
Spermatheca less curved, truncated and bifid at tip *
Attachment point of the spermathecal gland close to entrance of the spermatheca * ? * *
Attachment point of the spermathecal gland remote from entrance of the spermatheca ? *
Central conjunction of the ninth tergites not extremely broad at caudal end * ? *
Central conjunction of the ninth tergites extremely broad at caudal end ? * *
Enlarged caudal part of the hemisternite markedly longer ? *
Enlarged caudal part of the hemisternite moderately long * ?
Enlarged caudal part of the hemisternite markedly shorter ? * *
Hemisternite narrower at bending point * ? * *
Hemisternite wider at bending point ? * | Character states | lam ang her for pla | | | | |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Male genital character states | | | | | |
| Ventral plate of basal piece ill-defined and short, but not obsolete | ? | ? | | * | |
| Ventral plate of basal piece very long | ? | ? | * | | |
| Flagellum very long | | ? | * | | |
| Flagellum long | | ? | | * | |
| Flagellum short | | ? | | | * |
| Flagellum very short | * | ? | | | |
| Apex of the flagellum larger | ? | ? | | | * |
| Apex of the flagellum smaller | ? | ? | * | * | |
| Penis longer than paramere | | ? | * | * | |
| Penis nearly as long as paramere | | ? | | | * |
| Penis shorter than paramere | * | ? | | | |
| Penis markedly wide | * | ? | | | |
| Penis slightly wide | | ? | | | * |
| Penis very narrow | | ? | * | * | |
| Female genital character states | | | | | |
| Spermathecal duct 1.5 times as long as spermatheca | | ? | | | * |
| Spermathecal duct 2.0-2.4 times as long as spermatheca | * | ? | * | * | |
| Spermathecal duct 1.0-1.3 times as long as hemisternite | * | ? | | | * |
| Spermathecal duct 2.0-2.3 times as long as hemisternite | | ? | * | * | |
| Spermatheca markedly shorter than hemisternite | * | ? | | | * |
| Spermatheca nearly as long as hemisternite | | ? | * | * | |
| Spermatheca more curved and not truncated at tip | * | * | * | * | |
| Spermatheca less curved, truncated and bifid at tip | | | | | * |
| Attachment point of the spermathecal gland close to entrance of the spermatheca | * | ? | | * | * |
| Attachment point of the spermathecal gland remote from entrance of the spermatheca | | ? | * | | |
| Central conjunction of the ninth tergites not extremely broad at caudal end | * | ? | | | * |
| Central conjunction of the ninth tergites extremely broad at caudal end | | ? | * | * | |
| Enlarged caudal part of the hemisternite markedly longer | | ? | | | * |
| Enlarged caudal part of the hemisternite moderately long | * | ? | | | |
| Enlarged caudal part of the hemisternite markedly shorter | | ? | * | * | |
| Hemisternite narrower at bending point | * | ? | | * | * |
| Hemisternite wider at bending point | | ? | * | | |
The male genital characters of Lucanus laminifer were read from Zilioli’s (2000a) illustration of male genitalia, and some characters cannot be determined as the figures were hand drawings. ...
Three female specimens of Lucanus laminifer from Yingjiang were dissected，and they show only slight variation．The male and female genitalia of Lucanus angusticornis have not been examined． ...
The following female external characters are commonly found in all species of the laminifer group：1）posterior angle of the canthus always marked；2）pronotum with posterior angles rounded or in a blunt right－angle，and with lateral angles rounded or distinct，somewhat individually variable；3）inner tooth of the mandibles slightly double－pointed，with the points maybe obsolete in some individuals． ...
In male genitalia，all the three species of the laminifer group examined by us have the ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment immediately widened at cephalic base．However，whether the ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment constricted before the caudal expansion is not a good character in the laminifer group，as nearly all three species examined are individually varied for this character． ...
Morphological distance．The closest species of Lucanus laminifer is Lucanus planeti，which is followed by Lucanus hermani and Lucanus formosanus． ...
Subspecific classification．Four subspecies were clarified by Zilioli（2000a）：ssp．laminifer from eastern India and northern Myanmar；ssp．coronatus Zilioli from northern Thailand；ssp． vitalisi Pouillaude from northern Vietnam and northern Laos；ssp．lucidulus Zilioli from the Chin Hills，west－central Myanmar． ...
Lucanus angusticornis Didier，1925：219，type male，Indo－Chine；Didier \＆Seguy，1953：78，Laos，fig． 31 for male；Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994：216，pl．15，figs．107－1－107－6 for males，fig．107－7 for female，all from Tam－dao，N．Vietnam；Araya，2001：figs．1－3 for male type from Xieng Khouang，Laos，figs．4－5 for female（determined by Lacroix as female type，but not in type series）from Tamdao，Tonkin；Katsura \＆ Giang，2002：figs．5a－5e for males，fig．5f for female，all from Fan－si－pan，N．Vietnam． ...
Lucanus angusticornis inclinatus Schenk，2008：5，fig． 4 for male and female from Daxue Shan，Yunnan． （Subspecies）． ...
Specimens examined．None． ...
Identification．This species was originally described from Laos（Araya 2001）．The original description（Didier 1925），the figure of male（Didier \＆Seguy 1953a）and the photograph of the male type（Araya 2001）reveal the following characters in male，which are not shared by other ...
species of the laminifer group：1）dorsal surface of the head and pronotum reddish brown，not dark brown；2）frontal ridge of the head markedly raised in middle but not forming a crest；3） clypeolabrum markedly shorter and hardly beyond inner margin of the mandible；4）all femora and tibiae bright reddish brown；5）apical fork with lower branch remoter from apex． ...
This species was recently recorded from southern China with a separate subspecies named （Schenk 2008b）．The male holotype of Lucanus angusticornis inclinatus illustrated by Schenk （2008b）accords with the above－mentioned characters of Lucanus angusticornis．However，it differs from Lucanus angusticornis angusticornis by having the male mandible markedly bent inwards and downwards and the denticles on the mandible less in number． ...
The female of this species was illustrated by Mizunuma \＆Nagai（1994）for the first time，but the combination of the sexes was not discussed．The female specimen illustrated by Araya（2001） from Tam Dao，Vietnam was labeled as a type specimen of Lucanus angusticornis determined by Lacroix，however Didier（1925）clearly stated that the female was unknown in the original description，thus that female specimen was not in type series and should not be regarded as a syntype．Katsura \＆Giang（2002）illustrated another female together with several males from Fan－si－pan，Vietnam，and Schenk（2008b）illustrated a female from southern China．All these female specimens illustrated and identified as Lucanus angusticornis in the literature have the following characters：1）canthus as in Lucanus laminifer，with both anterior and posterior angles sharply marked（from Lucanus planeti）；2）lateral margin of the pronotum broadly rounded between anterior angle and lateral angle as in Lucanus laminifer（from Lucanus planeti，Lucanus hermani，Lucanus formosanus）；3）anterior angle of the pronotum as in Lucanus hermani， markedly sharper than in Lucanus laminifer，Lucanus formosanus and Lucanus planeti；4）inner tooth of the mandible with double tips obsolete as in other species of the laminifer group；5）lateral angle and posterior angle of the pronotum rounded as in other species of the laminifer group． ...
Length of body．Male： 54.5-64.8mm54.5-64.8 \mathrm{~mm}（Didier 1925）； 37.0-75.0mm37.0-75.0 \mathrm{~mm}（Mizunuma \＆Nagai 1994）； 64.3 mm （Araya 2001）； 39.0-77.0mm39.0-77.0 \mathrm{~mm}（Katsura \＆Giang 2002）； 58.0 mm （Schenk 2008b）． Female： 35.0-37.1mm35.0-37.1 \mathrm{~mm}（Mizunuma \＆Nagai 1994）； 34.5 mm （Araya 2001）；29．2－37．1mm（Katsura \＆Giang 2002）； 31.6 mm （Schenk 2008b）． ...
Morphological distance．The male and female genitalia of Lucanus angusticornis have not been examined．The closest species of Lucanus angusticornis is suspected to be Lucanus laminifer． ...
Subspecific classification．Only two subspecies have been described：ssp．angusticornis from Laos and Vietnam；ssp．inclinatus from southern China． ...
Lucanus formosanus Planet，1899：36，fig．for female，Formose（Taiwan）；Planet，1902：42，fig． 21 for female； Moellenkamp，1913：19，fig．for male；Miwa，1931：321，figs．for male and female；Mizunuma \＆Nagai， 1994：215，pl．13，figs．103－1－103－9，103－11－103－16 for males，figs．103－10，103－17 for females，all from Taiwan；Zhang，2007：42－43，figs．for male，female and natural history． ...
Lucanus kanoi：Zhang，2007：48，partium，fig．for female．（Misidentification）． ...
Identification．This species was originally described on only female specimens from Taiwan （Planet 1899a）．However，one of the female characters of this species，the sharp anterior angle of the canthus is particular and not found in any other Lucanus species from Taiwan．The male of this species was described by Mollenkamp（1913）for the first time based upon two specimens collected by the famous Hans Sauter；it was said to be similar to Lucanus planeti and Lucanus laminifer，and the photograph of the male specimen revealed the following particular characters not found in other species from Taiwan：1）clypeolabrum protruding well beyond the head and bifid at tip；2）lateral ridges of the head forming the pointed angles；3）mandible longer than head plus pronotum and with a basal tooth directed inward and basad．The combination of the sexes by Moellenkamp was confirmed by all the latter works（Miwa 1931，Mizunuma \＆Nagai 1994，Zhang 2007）and by the present study on male and female genitalia．Lucanus formosanus shares some particular female genital characters as well as the male external characters in head and mandibles with all other species of the laminifer group． ...
Characters．As stated in table 4．Three male specimens of Lucanus formosanus from Taiwan have been dissected（Pl．12，figs．1，2）and they show no variation in the main characters．Two female specimens of Lucanus formosanus from Taiwan have been dissected（Pl．27，fig．3）and they show no variation in the main characters． ...
Length of body．Male： 35-85mm35-85 \mathrm{~mm}（Zhang 2007）．Female： 27-45mm27-45 \mathrm{~mm}（Zhang 2007）． ...
Morphological distance．The closest species of Lucanus formosanus is Lucanus hermani， which is followed by Lucanus planeti and Lucanus laminifer． ...
Records．The records of this species from Hunan and Guizhou（Jin－ping）by Ma（1993：280） were apparently misidentifications． ...
Lucanus hermani De Lisle, 1973: 137, Sha-bang (Fujian); Bomans, 1989: 4, Kuatun; Mizunuma & Nagai, 1994: 215, pl.14, figs. 104-1-104-6 for males from Fujian and Hainan, fig. 104-7 for female from Hainan; Araya, 2001:16-17, figs.45-47 for male paratype from Yen-ping, figs. 48, 49 for female paratype from Yen-ping (Nanping). ...
Specimens examined. Fujian province: 2€?(CHH)2 € ?(\mathrm{CHH}), Wuyi-shan, Kuatun, 1100 m , 12-14. VII. 2009, H.Huang leg.; 6 widehat(0) widehat(0),3!=6 \widehat{0} \widehat{0}, 3 \neq & (CHH, CXBS, CYXW, CYH), Nanping City, Mangdang-shan, 1100 m , 17-19. VII. 2009, H. Huang, Y. Huang, X.-B. Song, Y.-X. Wu leg.; 2q2 \not q (CHH), Longyan City, Meihuashan, Shuangche, 400 m , 19.VI.2007, H. Huang leg.; 2 widehat() widehat(delta)^( widehat(delta))2 \widehat{ } \widehat{\delta}^{\widehat{\delta}}, Jianou City, Wanmulin Nature Reserve, 1500 m , VII. 1986, leg. S.-G. Shen; Zhejiang province: 19 (CHH), Taishun, Wuyanling, 1600 m , 29.VIII.2004, L. Tang leg.; 19 (CHH), Taishun, Wuyanling, VIII. 2005; Guangxi province: 7 widehat(delta) widehat(delta),1q7 \widehat{\delta} \widehat{\delta}, 1 q (CCCC), Jinxiu County, Dayao-shan, 2000 m , VII.2009, purchased by J. Hao at Dayao-shan from local collectors; 3 widehat() widehat(@) widehat(@),1⊈3 \widehat{ } \widehat{\circ} \widehat{\circ}, 1 \nsubseteq (CYXW), Jinxiu County, Dayao-shan, purchased by Y.-X. Wu from a dealer in Guangxi (the data maybe fake). ...
Identification. The original description (De Lisle 1973) and the photographs of the paratypes (Araya 2001) reveal the following characters in male: 1) mandible somewhat outcurved near base, then incurved at middle; 2) basal tooth appeared and directed inwards and basad; 3) denticles absent from the basal 1//31 / 3 of the mandible; 4) major inner tooth absent, with only two denticles larger than the others; 5) lateral ridges of the head forming sharp angles at lateral corners; 6) frontal ridge of the head raised and forming a crest; 7) clypeolabrum in dorsal view protruding beyond the head for a long distance and bifid at tip; 8) all femora and tibiae uniform black. All specimens examined accord with the above-mentioned characters and differ from the other species in the laminifer group. The specimens from Zhejiang and Guangxi have been dissected and they are identical with specimens from Fujian in male genital characters. ...
The female described in the original description (De Lisle 1973) and figured by Araya (2001) was confirmed by the senior author’s field observations. There is no other species of the laminifer group found in Zhejiang and northern Fujian, thus the both sexes captured from the same locality at same nights can be easily combined. The female of Lucanus hermani can be easily distinguished from all other Lucanus from Zhejiang and northern Fujian by the characters in mandible and female genitalia. ...
Characters. As stated in table 4. Three male specimens of Lucanus hermani from Wanmulin, Nanping and Dayao-shan have been dissected and they show no variation in the main characters. Three female specimens of Lucanus hermani from Wuyanling, Nanping and Meihua-shan have been dissected and they show a little variation in length of the spermathecal duct. ...
Length of body. Male: 49.8-88mm49.8-88 \mathrm{~mm} (Mizunuma & Nagai 1994); 48-83mm (examined by us). Female: 29.6-39.3mm29.6-39.3 \mathrm{~mm} (examined by us). ...
Morphological distance. The closest species of Lucanus hermani is Lucanus formosanus, which is followed by Lucanus planeti and Lucanus laminifer. ...
Lucanus planeti Planet，1899：72，figs．for male and female，Dong－Van，Tonkin；Planet，1902：49，fig． 25 for male，fig． 26 for female，pl．11，figs．for males，all from Tonkin；Didier \＆Séguy，1953：83，Tonkin， Yunnan，Sseu－tch＇ouan，fig． 34 for male from Tonkin，fig． 35 for female from Tonkin；Mizunuma \＆ Nagai，1994：215，pl．14，figs．105－1－105－5 for males from N．Vietnam，fig．105－6 for female from N． Vietnam，figs．105－7，105－8 for males from Yunnan；Katsura \＆Giang，2002：figs．4a－4d for males， Fansipan，Vietnam（fig．4e for female maynot belong to Lucanus planeti）． ...
Lucanus planeti guangxii Schenk，2009：5，partium（The female illustrated actually belongs to the fortunei group），figs．1，2，4－1 for males，Dayao－shan．（Subspecies）．重试错误原因
Specimens examined．Yunnan province： 1 widehat() widehat(()CHH)1 \widehat{ } \widehat{( } \mathrm{CHH}) ，Baoshan City，Baihualing Nature Reserve， 2000 m ，V．2005，H．Huang leg．； 3 hat(sigma) widehat(sigma)(CHH)3 \hat{\sigma} \widehat{\sigma}(\mathrm{CHH}) ，Hekou County，ex．coll．Z．－J．Wu，purchased from a dealer in Kunming（the locality maybe fake）；Guangxi province： 1 widehat(0),1!in(CCHZ)1 \widehat{0}, 1 \notin(\mathrm{CCHZ}) ，Wuming County，Daming－shan，purchased by C．－H．Zhan from local collectors in Daming－shan； 3 hat(sigma) hat(sigma)3 \hat{\sigma} \hat{\sigma} （CYH，CHH），Jinxiu County，Dayao－shan，purchased by Y．Huang from a dealer（the locality maybe fake）； 300 （CCCC），Jinxiu County，Dayao－shan，2000m，VII．2009，purchased by J．Hao at Dayao－shan from a local collector；Guangdong Province： 2 widehat(sigma) widehat(sigma)(CCHZ)2 \widehat{\sigma} \widehat{\sigma}(\mathrm{CCHZ}) ，Ruyang，Nanling Nature Reserve， 1000 m ，VIII．2005，C．－H．Zhan leg．重试错误原因
Identification．The original descriptions and figures（Planet 1899b）reveal the following characters in male：1）mandible nearly as long as pronotum plus elytra，slightly bent inwards at basal 1//31 / 3 ，then straight to the incurved apical fork；2）basal tooth of the mandible absent；3）major inner tooth appeared nearer to base than to apex of the mandible，and only slightly longer than denticles；4）lateral ridges of the head forming sharp angles at lateral corners；5）clypeolabrum in dorsal view protruding beyond the head for a long distance and bifid at tip；6）protibia with 4 teeth beside apical fork；7）dorsal surface of the body with a marked pubescence．All the specimens from China examined accord with the above－mentioned characters and differ from the other species of the laminifer group．The specimens from Vietnam have not been examined in male genitalia，thus a comparison in male genitalia between the Chinese specimens and Vietnamese specimens is not made．重试错误原因
The female originally described and figured（Planet 1899b）exhibits the following characters： 1）canthus with both anterior angle and posterior angle distinct；2）lateral margins of the pronotum less rounded than those of Lucanus laminifer；3）anterior angles of the pronotum blunt；4） pronotum with posterior angles in a blunt right－angle，and with lateral angles rounded；5）inner tooth of the mandibles slightly double－pointed，with the points obsolete．The female of Lucanus ...
planeti seems to be different from Lucanus laminifer only by the less rounded lateral margins of the pronotum. The female specimen illustrated by Mizunuma & Nagai (1994) from Vietnam accords with the original figure of the female in above-mentioned characters. The female specimen illustrated by Katsura & Giang (2002) from Vietnam however has a markedly rounded lateral margins of the pronotum and better marked anterior angle of canthus; it may belongs to Lucanus laminifer whereas the female specimen illustrated as Lucanus laminifer actually belongs to Lucanus planeti. Nevertheless, the combination of the sexes for Lucanus planeti in the literature has not been based upon an examination of male genitalia, and has been confined to specimens from Vietnam. ...
A female specimen collected together with males of Lucanus planeti from Daming-shan was examined and dissected by us. According to a long record of specimens purchased from Daming-shan (Zhan, personal communications), there seems to be only two species of Lucanus found in that locality, Lucanus deuveianus and Lucanus planeti. An examination of the female genitalia proves this female to be a species of the laminifer group and different from Lucanus hermani and Lucanus laminifer. Thus this female specimen was believed by us to represent the female of Lucanus planeti. ...
Characters. As stated in table 4. Two male specimens of Lucanus planeti from Dayao-shan and Baoshan have been dissected (Pl. 12, figs. 6, 7) and they show no variation in the main characters. One female specimen of Lucanus planeti from Daming-shan has been dissected (P 1. 27, fig. 4). ...
Morphological distance. The closest species of Lucanus planeti is Lucanus laminifer. ...
Subspecies. Specimens from Guangxi have been described by Schenk (2009c) as a separate subspecies, which is characterized by the appearance of a second inner tooth at terminal 1//31 / 3 of the mandible and the sparsity of denticles at medial 1//31 / 3 of the mandible. The female paratype of Lucanus planeti guangxii however was misidentified, with the inner tooth of the mandibles in typical form of the fortunei group. However, a female specimen of Lucanus planeti from Guangxi examined exhibits marked difference in canthus from the female of ssp. planeti from Vietnam. Therefore Lucanus planeti guangxii may be a good subspecies, but the subspecific name is a junior homonym of Lucanus brivioi guangxii Schenk (2009a). ...
A specimen from Yunnan examined seems to be closer to ssp. planeti than to ssp. guangxii. ...
Records. The record by Didier & Seguy (1953a) from Sseu-tch’ouan (Sichuan) is questionable, probably due to their poor knowledge on China’s geography, as some localities of Yunnan were regarded by them as Sseu-tch’ouan. ...
Lucanus dybowski：Parry，1873：335，type male，Dauria，the district of the Amur River．重试错误原因
Lucanus dybowskii：Planet，1897： 205.重试错误原因
Lucanus dybowskyi：Planet，1897：226；Planet，1902：30，fig． 13 for male，fig． 14 for female，pl．6，figs．for males，Siberia orientalis，Mandchuria，Amur，Pekin；Didier \＆Seguy，1952：pl．23，figs．1－7 for males， fig． 8 for female，fig． 9 for male antenna，fig． 10 for female antenna，all from Amour．重试错误原因
Lucanus maculifemoratus ab．dybowskyi：Benesh，1960： 144.重试错误原因
Lucanus maculifemoratus jilinensis Li，1992：67－68，Jilin Province，China．syn．nov．重试错误原因
Lucanus maculifemoratus dybowskyi：Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994：215，pl．12，figs．102－9， 102-10102-10 for males， fig．102－11 for female，all from Korea．重试错误原因
Lucanus maculifemoratus boileaui：Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994：pl．12，fig． 12 for male from Shennongjia， Hubei；Schenk，2006：fig．5b for male from＂Tibet（Xizang），Moto＂（fake locality）．（Misidentification）．重试错误原因
Identification．In original description（Parry 1873），Lucanus dybowski was described from Amur and compared with Lucanus hopei（a synonym of Lucanus maculifemoratus from Japan） and the following differences were found：＂the mandibles are somewhat longer，less circumflex， and furnished with seven teeth instead of five，these being less regularly distributed：the basal tooth inclining internally，instead of externally as in L．hopei；the posterior angles of the head are considerably more rounded；the suberect lobe，so conspicuous in the centre of the anterior margin of the head in LL ．hope，is also entirely wanting；moreover，the sides of the thorax are much less sinuate，with the anterior angles less produced＂．Several specimens from Amur were illustrated in latter works（Planet 1902，Didier \＆Seguy 1952）and accorded with the original descriptions except for the number of teeth on the mandible，which is individually varied． ...
The specimens from northeastern China and northern China examined accords with the above-mentioned characters for Lucanus dybowski, except for the number of teeth on the mandible, which is individually varied. The specimens from Shaanxi, Gansu and Chongqing examined have the mandibles more incurved at medial part than specimens from northeastern China and Amur, but accord with all other characters, thus they are identified as the same taxon. Some medium-sized specimens from Anhui examined have the basal tooth of the mandible shorter than in other populations. An examination of male genitalia proves the above-mentioned specimens from different localities of China belong in the same species, which is conspecific with Lucanus lhasaensis from Sichuan (not Xizang!) and Lucanus taiwanus from Taiwan, but is independent from Lucanus maculifemoratus from Japan. ...
As discussed below, three subspecies of Lucanus dybowski are recognized, all from China. And Lucanus dybowski dybowski is separated from Lucanus maculifemoratus and the other two subspecies of Lucanus dybowski by the following external characters: 1) basal tooth of the mandible always well marked and larger than that of Lucanus dybowski taiwanus and Lucanus dybowski lhasaensis; 2) basal tooth of the mandible remoter from the base of the mandible than that of Lucanus dybowski lhasaensis; 3) basal tooth of the mandible directed more basad than that of Lucanus maculifemoratus; 4) frontal ridge of the head only slightly raised in middle and distinct at lateral sides, not markedly raised in middle as that of Lucanus maculifemoratus; 5) lateral ridges of the head more inflated laterally than that of Lucanus maculifemoratus and Lucanus dybowski taiwanus, but less inflated laterally than that of Lucanus dybowski lhasaensis for the same-sized specimens. ...
The female of Lucanus dybowski dybowski was not described in the original description, but was illustrated in the latter works (Planet 1902, Didier & Seguy 1952). The combination of the sexes is not difficult as this taxon is the only known Lucanus from northern China and Amur. The female of Lucanus dybowski dybowski cannot be distinguished from the females of Lucanus dybowski taiwanus and Lucanus dybowski lhasaensis in external features, but can be distinguished from the female of Lucanus maculifemoratus by less produced anterior angles of the pronotum and more rounded lateral margins of the pronotum just behind the anterior angles. ...
Length of body. Male: 39-63mm39-63 \mathrm{~mm}. Female: 34-36mm34-36 \mathrm{~mm}. ...
Nomenclature. The taxon, dybowski was named after Benedykt Dybowski (1833-1930), a Polish naturalist who collected various specimens from Baikal, Siberia and Amur, including the type series of this taxon. It was subsequently spelled as “dybowskii” (Planet 1897b) or “dybowskyi” (Planet 1897c, 1902; Didier & Seguy 1952; Benesh 1960; etc.). According to the code 33.4 in the fourth edition of “International Code of Zoological Nomenclature”, both “dybowskii” and “dybowskyi” should be regarded as incorrect subsequent spellings and invalid. ...
Synonyms. The type locality of Lucanus maculifemoratus jilinensis Li is not far from the type locality of Lucanus dybowski, and there is no reliable geographical variation for this species in the area from Amur through Northeast China to North China. The specimens from Liaoning and Tianjin examined have no difference at all. Therefore Lucanus maculifemoratus jilinensis is ...
considered as a synonym of Lucanus dybowski．The name，jilinensis has been abandoned for a long time by Chinese collectors but the formal revision has not been given in the literature． ...
Records．Ma recorded（1993：280）this taxon from Leigongshan，Guizhou，but no further discussion or description was give．A friend of ours recorded this taxon from the Luliang－shan Mountains，Shanxi province，but the specimens have not been examined by us．Some Chinese collectors obtained a few specimens from Guangxi（Nanning；Liuzhou），Guangdong（Nanling）and Fujian（Wuyishan），but the collecting data may be incorrect． ...
Lucanus lhasaensis Schenk，2006：5，fig．5a for male holotype，Tibet（Xizang），Linzhi，Fa－mu－dui（fake locality）． ...
Specimens examined．Sichuan Province： 2 widehat() widehat(0) widehat(0)2 \widehat{ } \widehat{0} \widehat{0}（CYXW），Ya－an City，no collecting data， purchased from a dealer in Ya－an； 1 widehat(delta)1 \widehat{\delta}（CLW），Yan－an City，ex．coll．P．－Y．Liu，purchased from a dealer in Sichuan，no further data； 2 widehat(0) widehat(0),1phi2 \widehat{0} \widehat{0}, 1 \phi（CPYL），Yan－an City，purchased from a dealer in Ya－an； 1 widehat() widehat()1 \widehat{ } \widehat{ }（CLW），＂Wuyi－shan＂（maybe fake data），probably from Sichuan； 1 widehat() widehat()1 \widehat{ } \widehat{ }（CCCC），Ya－an City，Yingjing County，local collector leg．，purchased by X．－D．Shan from Yingjing． ...
Corrections to type locality．The type locality，＂Fa－mu－dui of Linzhi＂and the collecting time around＂25－27 July 2005＂are just the fake data used by a Chinese specimen dealer lived in Hanyuan County，western Sichuan for a stock of specimens sold to Mr．Yang or Mr．Fukinuki who transported this stock of specimens to European market，including the type series of Prismognathus prossi Bartolozzi \＆Wan．The true locality of most specimens in this stock is probably in the mountains around Hanyuan County，Ya－an City，western Sichuan，as all the specimens of Prismognathus prossi purchased by Chinese collectors in 2005－2006 were from the same dealer lived in Hanyuan，who declared that all the specimens were captured from the mountains around Hanyuan County．Beside Prismognathus prossi，most of the specimens sold by that dealer to the Chinese collectors belong to the species more or less endemic to western Sichuan， such as Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus，Lucanus boileaui，Lucanus kraatzi，Prismognathus triapicalis and Prismognathus arcuatus．In the followed years（2007－2009），a large stock of specimens of Prismognathus prossi were collected by Mr．Yang Xiao－Dong and Mr．Lin Wen－Xin from Si－ping of Yingjing，the nearby area of Hanyuan．On the other hand，the Linzhi area of southeastern Tibet was explored by some friends of ours during 2005－2009 and no specimen of Prismognathus prossi was captured．All these evidences indicate that the true locality of ...
Prismognathus prossi is for sure in western Sichuan and the locality of Lucanus lhasaensis provided by the dealer cannot be true; it is possible that the sole type specimen of Lucanus lhasaensis came from Sichuan as well. ...
Identification. Lucanus lhasaensis was compared with Lucanus maculifemoratus maculifemoratus f. hopei and Lucanus maculifemoratus boileaui (actually an independent species from Lucanus maculifemoratus, with marked differences in both male and female genitalia) in the original description, however the male specimen identified by Schenk as “Lucanus maculifemoratus boileaui” (Schenk 2006a: fig. 5b) actually belongs to Lucanus dybowski dybowski, with a locality of “Tibet (Xizang), Moto”, which is obviously a fake datum. The unique holotype of Lucanus lhasaensis exhibits the following particular characters which are not found in Lucanus boileaui and Lucanus dybowski: 1) mandible without a major inner tooth, but with a small basal tooth on dorsal surface of the mandible and protruding a little beyond inner margin of the mandible; 2) only three small teeth appeared in medial part of the mandible and as large as the basal tooth; it also has the following characters which are shared by Lucanus dybowski dybowski: 3) mandible nearly straight from base to apex and markedly incurved at terminal 1//4;41 / 4 ; 4 ) frontal ridge of the head distinct but not markedly raised in middle; 5) lateral ridges of the head abruptly concave at the position above eyes; 6) all tibiae black. Among the specimens from Sichuan examined, some accord with all the above-mentioned characters but are larger in size with more inflated lateral ridges of the head, representing the large-sized form of Lucanus lhasaensis, the others have the basal inner tooth better-marked and longer, but still much shorter than in Lucanus dybowski dybowski from other provinces of China. An examination of male genitalia proves all these specimens from Sichuan to belong in Lucanus dybowski. ...
Lucanus dybowski lhasaensis (stat. nov.) is proved to be sympatric with Lucanus boileaui in western Sichuan, it can be distinguished from the latter by the following external characters: 1) frontal ridge of the head distinct and even in height throughout, not raised in middle and obsolete at lateral sides as in Lucanus boileaui; 2) lateral ridges of the head near the position above eyes more abruptly concave in dorsal view and markedly downcurved in lateral view, not gradually concave in dorsal view and flat in lateral view as in Lucanus boileaui; 3) all tibiae especially mesotibiae and metatibiae black, not yellow as in Lucanus boileaui. ...
The combination of the sexes was not based upon any field observation. The female specimen examined was purchased from the same dealer alongside the male specimens; an examination of female genitalia proved it to belong in Lucanus dybowski. ...
Length of body. Male: 56.5 mm for holotype (Schenk 2006a); 54-74mm54-74 \mathrm{~mm} (examined by us). Female: 33.2 mm (examined by us). ...
Records. So far no specimen of this taxon has been captured by any friends of ours from the field; all the known specimens were purchased from various dealers and local collectors in western Sichuan alongside the specimens of Lucanus boileaui. A friend of ours told us that his specimens were directly purchased from the local collectors at Ya-an when the insects were still living. Besides the specimens in our hands, we also examined the photos of some other specimens ...
provided by our friends from Sichuan．Therefore the record of this taxon from Sichuan should be reliable and this taxon is sympatric with Lucanus boileaui in nature． ...
A male specimen labeled from＂San－gang，Wuyishan，Fujian＂in collection of Mr．Wu has been examined；it cannot be distinguished from the specimens from Sichuan．However the collecting data may be fake data as the specimen was not collected by a named collector，but was just found in the collection of a college and suspected to be collected by a student．This record is rather doubtful and is not adopted herein as a record of ssp．lhasaensis from Fujian． ...
Lucanus ferriei：Miwa，1931：319－320，fig． 1 for male and female，Hualien，Taiwan．（Misidentification）． ...
Lucanus taiwanus Miwa，1936：2，type male，Hualien，Taiwan；Kurosawa，1966：figs．8， 10 for males，fig． 9 for female，all from Sungkang，Taiwan． ...
Lucanus maculifemoratus taiwanus：Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994：215，pl．13，figs．102－14－102－18 for males， figs．19－20 for females，all from Taiwan；Zhang，2007：44－45，figs．for male，female and natural history． ...
Identification．This taxon was illustrated and misidentified as Lucanus ferriei by Miwa （1931）and subsequently recognized as a new species．The original figure of the male（Miwa 1931） is useful and the following characters can be found for the large males：1）mandibles nearly as long as head plus pronotum（from all other Lucanus from Taiwan except Lucanus formosanus）；2） mandible with many small inner teeth but without a major tooth beyond the middle（from Lucanus formosanus）；3）apical fork of the mandible deeply bifid，with inner branch only slightly shorter than outer branch（from all other Lucanus from Taiwan except Lucanus swinhoei）；4）lateral ridges of the head inflated posteriorly for a noticeable distance and rounded at posterior corners（from all other Lucanus from Taiwan）；5）clypeolabrum not protruding forwards nor bifid at tip（from Lucanus formosanus）．All the large and medium－sized specimens from Taiwan examined accord with the above－mentioned characters，and an examination of male genitalia prove them to belong in Lucanus dybowski．The small－sized males were identified by an examination of male genitalia； they can be separated from the same－sized specimens of other Lucanus from Taiwan by the following characters：1）mandible nearly straight from base to tip and abruptly bent inwards behind apical fork；2）mandible without clear inner teeth，at most with very few minute denticles；3） ...
apical fork always appeared but with inner branch markedly shorter than outer branch. ...
The original description of female of this taxon was not informative and the figure (Miwa 1931) was only rough hand drawing and misleading in having a marked posterior margin of the canthus. Kurosawa (1966) published a photograph of the female correctly and pointed out that the female of Lucanus kanoi differs from the female of Lucanus taiwanus in having “the sides of pronotum” “not so strongly swollen anteriorly”, “the posterior angles of pronotum” “not so strongly angulate, but rather rounded”, and “the entirely black legs”. This comparative description of the female of Lucanus dybowski taiwanus (stat. nov.) was confirmed by the latter works (Mizunuma & Nagai 1994, Zhang 2007). The female specimens of Lucanus dybowski taiwanus examined in this work accord with Kurosawa’s description; they have no difference in external characters and only have very few differences in female genitalia from the specimens of Lucanus dybowski dybowski from northern China. ...
Delimitation of species in the maculifemoratus group. ...
A comparison of genital characters for most of the known taxa of the maculifemoratus group is presented in table 5 . A count of the dissimilarities in male and female genitalia between most taxa of the maculifemoratus group is shown in table 6. Three males and three females of Lucanus maculifemoratus maculifemoratus from Hokkaido of Japan have been dissected for a comparison. ...
Table 5. Genital differences among most taxa of the maculifemoratus group. ...
Species ...
maculi- ...
dybowski ...
kanoi ...
kurosawai ...
fanjing- ...
Subspecies ...
maculi- ...
dybowski ...
lhasaensis ...
taiwanus ...
kanoi ...
piceus ...
ogakii ...
kurosawai ...
fanjing- ...
Ventral plate of basal piece ...
long, not hollowed ...
obsolete ...
obsolete, or short and hollowed ...
obsolete ...
long, hollowed ...
long, hollowed ...
long, hollowed ...
obsolete ...
obsolete ...
Ventral plate of ninth segment ...
even in width or slightly constricted ...
markedly or slightly constricted ...
slightly constricted , or even in width ...
markedly constricted ...
markedly ...
markedly ...
markedly ...
slightly ...
even in width ...
Cephalic process of paramere ...
obsolete or slender ...
stout ...
slender or stout ...
stout or slender ...
stout ...
stout ...
slender ...
stout ...
stout ...
Flagellum ...
shorter ...
medium ...
longer ...
longer ...
shorter ...
shorter ...
medium ...
shorter ...
longer ...
Apical duct /basal belt in flagellum ...
1.0
1.5-1.7
1.6-2.0
1.3-1.8
1.3-1.4
1.4
1.8
1.2
1.4
Species maculi- dybowski kanoi kurosawai fanjing-
Subspecies maculi- dybowski lhasaensis taiwanus kanoi piceus ogakii kurosawai fanjing-
Ventral plate of basal piece long, not hollowed obsolete obsolete, or short and hollowed obsolete long, hollowed long, hollowed long, hollowed obsolete obsolete
Ventral plate of ninth segment even in width or slightly constricted markedly or slightly constricted slightly constricted , or even in width markedly constricted markedly markedly markedly slightly even in width
Cephalic process of paramere obsolete or slender stout slender or stout stout or slender stout stout slender stout stout
Flagellum shorter medium longer longer shorter shorter medium shorter longer
Apical duct /basal belt in flagellum 1.0 1.5-1.7 1.6-2.0 1.3-1.8 1.3-1.4 1.4 1.8 1.2 1.4| Species | maculi- | dybowski | | | kanoi | | | kurosawai | fanjing- |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Subspecies | maculi- | dybowski | lhasaensis | taiwanus | kanoi | piceus | ogakii | kurosawai | fanjing- |
| Ventral plate of basal piece | long, not hollowed | obsolete | obsolete, or short and hollowed | obsolete | long, hollowed | long, hollowed | long, hollowed | obsolete | obsolete |
| Ventral plate of ninth segment | even in width or slightly constricted | markedly or slightly constricted | slightly constricted , or even in width | markedly constricted | markedly | markedly | markedly | slightly | even in width |
| Cephalic process of paramere | obsolete or slender | stout | slender or stout | stout or slender | stout | stout | slender | stout | stout |
| Flagellum | shorter | medium | longer | longer | shorter | shorter | medium | shorter | longer |
| | | | | | | | | | |
| Apical duct /basal belt in flagellum | 1.0 | 1.5-1.7 | 1.6-2.0 | 1.3-1.8 | 1.3-1.4 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.2 | 1.4 |
Table 5 (continued) ...
Species ...
maculi- ...
dybowski ...
kanoi ...
kurosawai ...
fanjing- ...
Subspecies ...
maculi- ...
dybowski ...
lhasaensis ...
taiwanus ...
kanoi ...
piceus ...
ogakii ...
kurosawai ...
fanjing- ...
Apex of paramere in lateral view ...
hollowed at dorsal margin ...
hollowed ...
hollowed ...
hollowed ...
hollowed ...
hollowed ...
hollowed ...
hollowed ...
hollowed ...
Lateral angles of last tergite in female ...
pointed ...
distinct ...
distinct ...
distinct ...
indistinct ...
indistinct ...
indistinct ...
indistinct ...
indistinct ...
Spermathecal duct/ spermatheca ...
3.0-3.6
2.6
3.0
3.0
2.5
2.4-2.5
2.5
1.5
3.0
Spermathecal duct/ hemisternite ...
1.7-2.0
1.5
1.5
1.8-2.0
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.0
1.3
Spermathecal gland vs. spermatheca ...
markedly longer ...
nearly as long as ...
nearly as long as ...
nearly as long as ...
nearly as long as ...
nearly as long as ...
nearly as long as ...
nearly as long as ...
markedly longer ...
Spermatheca ...
less curved ...
less curved less curved ...
less curved ...
more curved ...
more curved ...
more curved ...
more curved ...
more curved ...
Central conjunction of ninth tergites ...
markedly protruding ...
markedly protruding ...
markedly ...
markedly ...
markedly ...
weakly ...
weakly ...
markedly ...
weakly ...
Size of hemisternite or spermatheca ...
small ...
small ...
small ...
small ...
small ...
small ...
small ...
small ...
large ...
Species maculi- dybowski kanoi kurosawai fanjing-
Subspecies maculi- dybowski lhasaensis taiwanus kanoi piceus ogakii kurosawai fanjing-
Apex of paramere in lateral view hollowed at dorsal margin hollowed hollowed hollowed hollowed hollowed hollowed hollowed hollowed
Lateral angles of last tergite in female pointed distinct distinct distinct indistinct indistinct indistinct indistinct indistinct
Spermathecal duct/ spermatheca 3.0-3.6 2.6 3.0 3.0 2.5 2.4-2.5 2.5 1.5 3.0
Spermathecal duct/ hemisternite 1.7-2.0 1.5 1.5 1.8-2.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.3
Spermathecal gland vs. spermatheca markedly longer nearly as long as nearly as long as nearly as long as nearly as long as nearly as long as nearly as long as nearly as long as markedly longer
Spermatheca less curved less curved less curved less curved more curved more curved more curved more curved more curved
Central conjunction of ninth tergites markedly protruding markedly protruding markedly markedly markedly weakly weakly markedly weakly
Size of hemisternite or spermatheca small small small small small small small small large| Species | maculi- | dybowski | | | kanoi | | | kurosawai | fanjing- |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Subspecies | maculi- | dybowski | lhasaensis | taiwanus | kanoi | piceus | ogakii | kurosawai | fanjing- |
| Apex of paramere in lateral view | hollowed at dorsal margin | hollowed | hollowed | hollowed | hollowed | hollowed | hollowed | hollowed | hollowed |
| Lateral angles of last tergite in female | pointed | distinct | distinct | distinct | indistinct | indistinct | indistinct | indistinct | indistinct |
| Spermathecal duct/ spermatheca | 3.0-3.6 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.5 | 2.4-2.5 | 2.5 | 1.5 | 3.0 |
| Spermathecal duct/ hemisternite | 1.7-2.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.8-2.0 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 1.0 | 1.3 |
| Spermathecal gland vs. spermatheca | markedly longer | nearly as long as | nearly as long as | nearly as long as | nearly as long as | nearly as long as | nearly as long as | nearly as long as | markedly longer |
| Spermatheca | less curved | less curved less curved | | less curved | more curved | more curved | more curved | more curved | more curved |
| Central conjunction of ninth tergites | markedly protruding | markedly protruding | markedly | markedly | markedly | weakly | weakly | markedly | weakly |
| Size of hemisternite or spermatheca | small | small | small | small | small | small | small | small | large |
As shown in the tables, Lucanus maculifemoratus from Japan is rather equally different from all taxa of the maculifemoratus group from China in genitalia, and is different from Lucanus dybowski dybowski, Lucanus dybowski lhasaensis and Lucanus dybowski taiwanus at least in 7 characters, which are markedly more than the differences found between Lucanus kanoi, Lucanus dybowski and Lucanus kurosawai, thus it is not reasonable to treat Lucanus dybowski dybowski, Lucanus dybowski lhasaensis and Lucanus dybowski taiwanus as subspecies of Lucanus maculifemoratus. Although a practiced phylogenetic analysis (Huang, unpublished data) placed the branch of Lucanus dybowski dybowski, Lucanus dybowski lhasaensis and Lucanus dybowski taiwanus as sister to Lucanus maculifemoratus, the branch consisting of Lucanus maculifemoratus, Lucanus dybowski dybowski, Lucanus dybowski lhasaensis and Lucanus dybowski taiwanus is only weakly supported by very few characters whereas the branch consisting of Lucanus dybowski ...
dybowski, Lucanus dybowski lhasaensis and Lucanus dybowski taiwanus is well supported by much more characters. ...
Table 6. Values of dissimilarities in genitalia between taxa of the maculifemoratus group. ...
As shown in the tables, of the 13 genital characters accounted, only two are different between Lucanus dybowski dybowski and Lucanus dybowski lhasaensis, only three are different between Lucanus dybowski dybowski and Lucanus dybowski taiwanus. Some of these different characters may not be constant as only a few specimens have been examined, and all these different characters belong to the “continuous” characters and are relevant to the length of the membranous structures in male and female genitalia. Therefore it is more reasonable to consider Lucanus dybowski dybowski, Lucanus dybowski lhasaensis and Lucanus dybowski taiwanus as conspecific. To combine Lucanus dybowski dybowski, Lucanus dybowski lhasaensis and Lucanus dybowski taiwanus into a single species, the following reasons have been considered in addition to the limited difference in genitalia: 1) all these taxa are allopatric in distribution; 2) there is no constant difference in external features of female between these taxa; 3) The males of these taxa are separated by only very few blunt differences in external characters. ...
Similarly, Lucanus kanoi ogakii (stat. nov.), Lucanus kanoi kanoi and Lucanus kanoi piceus are allopatric in Taiwan and are hardly different from one another by no more than four characters in both male and female genitalia. Only three different characters are found in male genitalia and no different character is found in female genitalia between Lucanus kanoi ogakii and Lucanus kanoi piceus. The females of these three taxa are hardly distinguished from one another only by shape of the pronotum; the males of them are only slightly distinguished by very few blunt characters. Moreover, there are some new populations of Lucanus kanoi found from various localities of Taiwan and each population seems to be a little different from the already known populations. All these facts suggest that Lucanus kanoi kanoi, Lucanus kanoi piceus and Lucanus kanoi ogakii belong to a species complex which is currently under speciation. A proved delimitation of species among all these taxa and populations of Lucanus kanoi and Lucanus ogakii should be based upon the experiments of cross breeding, which are however impossible at present. ...
By an operative standard of species delimitation used for other species in this study, all the populations of Lucanus kanoi and Lucanus kanoi ogakii are tentatively included into a single species. This is different from the case of Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus szetschuanicus, in which either of Lucanus fairmairei and Lucanus szetschuanicus has a constant appearance of external features and genitalia in a rather wide distributional range. ...
Male genital characters of Lucanus dybowski (Pl. 13, figs. 3-6; pl. 14, figs. 4-8). The following characters are found in all of the three subspecies of Lucanus dybowski: 1) ventral plate of the basal piece obsolete or very short, with middle part deeply hollowed (from Lucanus maculifemoratus, Lucanus boileaui); 2) cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view well marked and usually stouter than that of Lucanus maculifemoratus and Lucanus boileaui; 3) flagellum always longer than that of Lucanus maculifemoratus, Lucanus kanoi and Lucanus kurosawai, but shorter than that of Lucanus boileaui; 4) apical part of the flagellum in proportion to basal belt of the flagellum longer than that of Lucanus maculifemoratus, but shorter than that of Lucanus boileaui; 5) dorsal margin of the paramere in lateral view not hollowed before the upcurved apex of the paramere as in Lucanus maculifemoratus; 6) basal piece more oblong and not triangular as in Lucanus boileaui; 7) paramere in proportion to basal piece shorter and smaller than that of Lucanus boileaui; 8) paramere in dorsal view with caudal margin not so oblique as that of Lucanus boileaui; 9) penis shorter than paramere, not longer than paramere as in Lucanus boileaui; 10) penis markedly shorter and wider than that of Lucanus boileaui; 11) ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment without a wide longitudinal membranous band (from Lucanus boileaui). Four males of ssp. dybowski from Liaoning, Shaanxi and Hubei, four males of ssp. lhasaensis from Sichuan, and three males of ssp. taiwanus from Taiwan were dissected. ...
Female genital characters of Lucanus dybowski (Pl. 28, figs. 2-4). The following characters are found in all three subspecies of Lucanus dybowski: 1) spermathecal duct 2.6-3.0 times as long as spermatheca; 2) spermathecal duct 1.5-2.0 times as long as hemisternite; 3) spermatheca nearly 0.7 times as long as hemisternite; 4) spermatheca sclerotized (from Lucanus boileaui); 5) spermathecal duct weakly sclerotized (from Lucanus boileaui); 6) spermathecal gland markedly wider than spermatheca (from Lucanus boileaui); 7) spermathecal gland nearly as long as spermatheca; 8) spermatheca less curved and more opened than that of Lucanus kanoi, Lucanus kurosawai and Lucanus ogakii; 9) central conjunction of the ninth tergites markedly protruding posteriorly; 10) size of the female genitalia markedly smaller than that of Lucanus fanjingshanus; 11) last abdominal tergite with lateral angles distinct but not pointed as in Lucanus maculifemoratus; 12) last abdominal ventrite excavated in middle (from Lucanus boileaui). Four females of ssp. dybowski from Liaoning and Hubei, two females of ssp. taiwanus from Taiwan and one female of ssp. lhasaensis from Sichuan were dissected. ...
Male external characters of Lucanus dybowski. The following characters are found in large and medium-sized males and are stated mainly in comparison with Lucanus maculifemoratus, Lucanus boileaui and Lucanus kanoi: 1) mandible slightly incurved from base to terminal 1//31 / 3 and markedly bent inwards there (from Lucanus fanjingshanus); 2) a basal tooth more or less appeared ...
near base of the mandible, directly more or less basad, oblique to the mandible, not nearly upright to the mandible as in Lucanus maculifemoratus (with exceptions) and Lucanus kanoi; 3) mandible nearly as long as head plus pronotum (from Lucanus kanoi); 4) frontal ridge of the head distinct at lateral sides and slightly raised at middle, not markedly raised at middle as in Lucanus maculifemoratus, nor indistinct at lateral sides as in Lucanus boileaui; 5) lateral ridges of the head above eyes abruptly concave in dorsal view and downcurved in lateral view, not gradually concave in dorsal view and flat in lateral view as in Lucanus boileaui and Lucanus kanoi; 6) mesotibiae and metatibiae always black, not bright yellowish brown as in Lucanus boileaui; 7) dorsal surface of the body with a marked pubescence (from Lucanus kanoi); 8) size usually markedly larger than that of Lucanus kanoi. ...
For small-sized males: 1) mandible nearly straight from base to terminal 1//41 / 4 and abruptly bent inwards there, not bent at middle or a little beyond middle as in Lucanus maculifemoratus and Lucanus kanoi; 2) frontal ridge of the head distinct, not obscure or obsolete as in Lucanus boileaui; 3) mesotibiae and metatibiae uniform black, not partly yellowish brown as in Lucanus boileaui. ...
Female external characters. A comparison between Lucanus maculifemoratus, Lucanus boileaui and all the Chinese species of the maculifemoratus group is stated in table 7. ...
Table 7. Female external characters of the maculifemoratus group and Lucanus boileaui ...
Species ...
ma dy ...
fa ...
kak a
ku ...
bo ...
Subspecies ...
ma dy ...
ta ...
lh ...
fa ...
kak a
pi ...
og ...
ku ...
bo ...
Female external character states ...
Inner tooth of the left mandible single-pointed ...
*
*
*
*
Inner tooth of the left mandible double-pointed ...
* *
*
*
*
*
Mesofemora and metafemora uniform dark ...
*
*
*
*
Meso- and meta- femora striped with yellowish brown ...
*
*
*
*
*
Anterior angles of the head usually sharp or distinct ...
*
*
*
*
Anterior angles of the head usually indistinct ...
*
*
*
*
*
Posterior margin of the canthus more or less marked ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Posterior margin of the canthus absent ...
*
Punctures on the head larger and coarser ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
Punctures on the head smaller and finer ...
*
*
*
Pronotum often wider at anterior 1/3 and somewhat angled there ...
*
*
*
Pronotum not wider at anterior 1//31 / 3 and evenly rounded there ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Anterior angles of the pronotum usually blunter (not constant) ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Anterior angles of the pronotum usually sharper (not constant) ...
*
*
*
Metasternum sometimes with a longer pubescence ...
*
*
*
Metasternum with a shorter pubescence ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
Species ma dy fa ka ku bo
Subspecies ma dy ta lh fa ka pi og ku bo
Female external character states
Inner tooth of the left mandible single-pointed * * * *
Inner tooth of the left mandible double-pointed * * * * * *
Mesofemora and metafemora uniform dark * * * *
Meso- and meta- femora striped with yellowish brown * * * * *
Anterior angles of the head usually sharp or distinct * * * *
Anterior angles of the head usually indistinct * * * * *
Posterior margin of the canthus more or less marked * * * * * * * *
Posterior margin of the canthus absent *
Punctures on the head larger and coarser * * * * * *
Punctures on the head smaller and finer * * *
Pronotum often wider at anterior 1/3 and somewhat angled there * * *
Pronotum not wider at anterior 1//3 and evenly rounded there * * * * * * *
Anterior angles of the pronotum usually blunter (not constant) * * * * * * *
Anterior angles of the pronotum usually sharper (not constant) * * *
Metasternum sometimes with a longer pubescence * * *
Metasternum with a shorter pubescence * * * * * * | Species | ma dy | | | fa | $k a$ | | | ku | bo |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Subspecies | ma dy | ta | lh | fa | $k a$ | pi | og | ku | bo |
| Female external character states | | | | | | | | | |
| Inner tooth of the left mandible single-pointed | | | | | * | * | * | * | |
| Inner tooth of the left mandible double-pointed | * * | * | * | * | | | | | * |
| Mesofemora and metafemora uniform dark | | | | * | * | * | * | | |
| Meso- and meta- femora striped with yellowish brown | * | * | * | | | | | * | * |
| Anterior angles of the head usually sharp or distinct | | | | * | | * | * | * | |
| Anterior angles of the head usually indistinct | * | * | * | | * | | | | * |
| Posterior margin of the canthus more or less marked | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
| Posterior margin of the canthus absent | | | | | | | | | * |
| Punctures on the head larger and coarser | | | | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| Punctures on the head smaller and finer | * | * | * | | | | | | |
| Pronotum often wider at anterior 1/3 and somewhat angled there | * | | | * | | | * | | |
| Pronotum not wider at anterior $1 / 3$ and evenly rounded there | * | * | * | | * | * | | * | * |
| Anterior angles of the pronotum usually blunter (not constant) | * | * | * | * | * | | * | * | |
| Anterior angles of the pronotum usually sharper (not constant) | * | | | | | * | | | * |
| Metasternum sometimes with a longer pubescence | | | | | | | * | * | * |
| Metasternum with a shorter pubescence | * | * | * | * | * | * | | | |
The anterior angle of the canthus is individually varied in Lucanus dybowski，and is not constantly different among the species of the maculifemoratus group． ...
Subspecific classification．Three subspecies of Lucanus dybowski are recognized：ssp． dybowski from Heilongjiang，Liaoning，Jilin，Beijing，Tianjin，Hebei，Shanxi，Gansu，Shaanxi， Hubei and Chongqing；ssp．lhasaensis from Sichuan；ssp．taiwanus from Taiwan．A key to these subspecies can be found in the key to Chinese Lucanus taxa at the end of this paper．All the known subspecies of Lucanus maculifemoratus are restricted to Japan：ssp．maculifemoratus from Hokkaido and Honshu；ssp．adachii Tsukawaki（1995）from Izu Islands；ssp．balachowskyi Lacroix （1968）from Mukoda Island．The genitalia of both Lucanus maculifemoratus adachii and Lucanus maculifemoratus balachowskyi have not been examined． ...
Morphological distance．The closest species of Lucanus dybowski is Lucanus maculifemoratus from Japan，which is followed by Lucanus kanoi and Lucanus kurosawai． Lucanus ferriei from Amamioshima Island is supposed to be very close too but has not been examined in male and female genitalia．Lucanus boileaui from Sichuan exhibits many differences in both male and female genitalia and is remoter from Lucanus dybowski in both morphological distance and phylogenetic distance． ...
Type material．Holotype（Pl．41，fig．1；pl．14，fig．1）：CHINA：Guizhou Province：widehat(sigma)\widehat{\sigma} ，Tongren City，Mount Fanjing－shan，1775m，18．VII．2009，W．－X．Lin leg．（SHNU）．Paratypes（Pl．41，fig．2； pl．48，figs．10－12）：CHINA：Guizhou Province： 1 widehat(sigma)(CHH)1 \widehat{\sigma}(\mathrm{CHH}) ，same data as holotype； 3 widehat(sigma) widehat(sigma),13 \widehat{\sigma} \widehat{\sigma}, 1 q （CCCC），Tongren City，Mount Fanjing－shan， 1700 m ，VII．2008，W．－X．Lin \＆W．－I．Chou leg．； 1 q （CCCC），Tongren City，Mount Fanjing－shan， 1500 m ，VII．2009，local collector leg．，purchased by X．－D．Yang at Fanjing－shan on 14．XI．2009． ...
Etymology．This new species is named after the type locality． ...
Diagnosis．This new species is similar to Lucanus dybowski，but can be easily distinguished by the following external characters：1）male mandible slightly incurved at basal 1//31 / 3 and then straight to apex，not bent at terminal 1//3;21 / 3 ; 2 ）frontal ridge of the male head more raised at whole length；3）male head more vertical and less transverse；4）lateral ridges of the male head in dorsal view gradually concave，and in lateral view flat and not downcurved；5）two posterior lobes formed by lateral ridges of the male head closer to each other at the posterior ends；6）pubescence on the dorsal surface of male denser and longer；7）mesofemora and metafemora of female uniform black，not striped with yellowish brown；8）anterior angles of the female head distinct． ...
The differences in male and female genitalia between Lucanus fanjingshanus and other species of the maculifemoratus group can be found in table 5. ...
Male genital characters (Pl. 14, figs. 1-3). The following characters are stated in comparison with Lucanus maculifemoratus, Lucanus dybowski and Lucanus boileaui: 1) ventral plate of the basal piece obsolete with middle part deeply hollowed and not beyond the caudal margin of the basal piece (from Lucanus maculifemoratus, Lucanus boileaui); 2) ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment even in width before the caudal expansion (from Lucanus dybowski); 3) cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view well marked and stouter than that of Lucanus maculifemoratus and Lucanus boileaui; 4) flagellum always longer than that of Lucanus maculifemoratus, but shorter than that of Lucanus boileaui; 5) constricted apical part of the flagellum in proportion to basal belt of the flagellum longer than that of Lucanus maculifemoratus, but shorter than that of Lucanus boileaui; 6) dorsal margin of the paramere in lateral view not hollowed before the upcurved apex of the paramere as in Lucanus maculifemoratus; 7) basal piece more oblong and not triangular as in Lucanus boileaui; 8) paramere in proportion to basal piece shorter and smaller than that of Lucanus boileaui; 9) paramere in dorsal view with caudal margin not so oblique as that of Lucanus boileaui; 10) penis shorter than paramere, not longer than paramere as in Lucanus boileaui; 11) penis markedly shorter and wider than that of Lucanus boileaui; 12) ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment without a wide longitudinal membranous band (from Lucanus boileaui). Three male specimens of Lucanus fanjingshanus from Fanjing-shan were dissected. ...
Female genital characters (Pl. 30, figs. 1, 2). The following characters are stated in comparison with Lucanus maculifemoratus, Lucanus dybowski and Lucanus boileaui: 1) spermathecal duct 3.0 times as long as spermatheca; 2) spermathecal duct 1.3 times as long as hemisternite; 3) spermatheca nearly 0.7 times as long as hemisternite; 4) spermatheca sclerotized (from Lucanus boileaui); 5) spermathecal duct weakly sclerotized (from Lucanus boileaui); 6) spermathecal gland markedly wider than spermatheca (from Lucanus boileaui); 7) spermathecal gland markedly longer than spermatheca (from Lucanus dybowski, Lucanus boileaui); 8) spermatheca more curved than that of Lucanus maculifemoratus and Lucanus dybowski; 9) central conjunction of the ninth tergites weakly protruding posteriorly (from Lucanus maculifemoratus, Lucanus dybowski); 10) size of the female genitalia markedly larger than that of Lucanus maculifemoratus and Lucanus dybowski; 11) last abdominal tergite with lateral angles indistinct (from Lucanus maculifemoratus); 12) last abdominal ventrite excavated in middle (from Lucanus boileaui). Two females of Lucanus fanjingshanus from Fanjing-shan were dissected. ...
Male external characters. The following characters are stated in comparison with Lucanus maculifemoratus, Lucanus dybowski and Lucanus boileaui: 1) mandible slightly incurved at basal 1//31 / 3 and then straight to the incurved apical fork, not bent at terminal 1//31 / 3 (from Lucanus maculifemoratus, Lucanus dybowski, Lucanus boileaui); 2) a minute basal tooth appeared near base of the mandible, markedly shorter than all other inner teeth (from Lucanus boileaui); 3) mandible nearly as long as head plus pronotum; 4) apical fork of the mandible bifid laterally, with ...
outer branch somewhat longer than inner branch；5）all inner teeth except basal tooth confined to medial part of the mandible，3－5 in number，mostly as long as inner branch of the apical fork；6） frontal ridge of the head markedly raised at whole length，slightly concave in dorsal view（from Lucanus maculifemoratus，Lucanus dybowski，Lucanus boileaui）；7）head more vertical and less transverse than that of Lucanus maculifemoratus，Lucanus dybowski and Lucanus boileaui；8） lateral ridges of the head continuous from anterior angles of the head to posterior margin of the head（from Lucanus maculifemoratus，Lucanus dybowski），weakly inflated laterally and markedly inflated posteriorly，forming a pair of posterior lobes；9）clypeolabrum in dorsal view only weakly beyond the frontal margin of the head and rounded at tip；10）clypeolabrum in anterodorsal view shorter and thinner than that of Lucanus maculifemoratus，Lucanus dybowski and Lucanus boileaui； 11）mesotibiae and metatibiae always black（from Lucanus boileaui）；12）dorsal surface of the body with a dense yellow pubescence． ...
Female external characters．The following characters are stated in comparison with Lucanus boileaui，Lucanus maculifemoratus and Lucanus dybowski：1）mesofemora and metafemora uniform black（from Lucanus boileaui，Lucanus maculifemoratus，Lucanus dybowski）； 2）posterior margin or the canthus clearly marked，not absent（from Lucanus boileaui）；3）anterior angle of the canthus indistinct or absent；4）anterior angles of the head sharp（from Lucanus boileaui，Lucanus maculifemoratus，Lucanus dybowski）；5）punctures and sculptures on dorsal surface of the head like in Lucanus boileaui，larger and coarser than in Lucanus dybowski and Lucanus maculifemoratus；6）anterior angles of the pronotum blunter with lateral margins behind angles more rounded than those of Lucanus maculifemoratus and Lucanus boileaui；7）pronotum wider at anterior 1／3 than in Lucanus boileaui，Lucanus maculifemoratus and Lucanus dybowski， only slightly narrower than at lateral angles；8）pubescence on metasternum shorter than that of Lucanus boileaui．A comparison with more species as stated in table 7. ...
Length of body．Male： 46-65mm46-65 \mathrm{~mm} ； 58 mm in holotype．Female： 36-38mm36-38 \mathrm{~mm} ． ...
Morphological distance．This new species is equally different from most of the species in the maculifemoratus group． ...
Lucanus kanoi Kurosawa，1966：339，pl．1，figs． 1,2 for males，fig． 3 for female，holotype male，Sungkang， Nantou Pref．，C．Formosa；Imanishi，1990：16，fig．3－3 for male genitalia；Hirasawa \＆Akiyama，1990：pl． 5，figs． 12 for male，fig． 13 for female，pl．6，figs．15， 17 for male；Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994：214，pl．12， figs．100－1－100－4 for males，fig．100－5 for female，all from Taiwan；Sakaino，1995：figs．2b，3b，4b for males，fig． 6 for male genitalia；Zhang，2007：46－48，figs．for male，female and natural history． ...
Identification. This taxon was originaly described on a series of specimens from Sungkang, Nantou Pref. of Taiwan. It was compared with the minor form of Lucanus taiwanus (a subspecies of Luanus dybowski) by Kurosawa (1966) in the original description: “in the male, 1) the body above seemingly glabrous because of the inconsicuous hairs, 2) the smaller body, 3) the shorter, more robust, and more strongly arcuate mandibles having the apical teeth sharply and similarly furcate, and, in the female, 1) the sides of pronotum which are not so strongly swollen anteriorly, causing the anterior angles sharper and more distinctly produced than those of taiwanus, and are rather broadly rounded and not angulate at the posterior third where the pronotum becomes widest, 2 ) the posterior angles of pronotum which are not so strongly angulate, but rather rounded, and 3 ) the entirely black legs”. The specimens from the type locality examined in this work accord with this description. The combination of the sexes given by Kurosawa was also confirmed by the latter works (Hirasawa & Akiyama 1990, Mizunuma & Nagai 1994, Zhang 2007) and by the junior author’s field observation. ...
The long description and the original figures (Kurosawa 1966) of Lucanus kanoi reveal the following characters, which distinguish Lucanus kanoi from the other Lucanus from Taiwan: 1) length of body about 31-48mm31-48 \mathrm{~mm} for male, 33-34mm33-34 \mathrm{~mm} for female, markedly large than in Lucanus miwai and Lucanus datunensis; 2) clypeolabrum, lateral ridges and frontal ridge of the male head not markedly protruding (from Lucanus formosanus); 3) dorsal color of the male body “entirely chocolate-brown” (from Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus miwai, Lucanus datunensis); 4) male head in proportion to pronotum smaller than in Lucanus swinhoei; 5) male mandible with only sparse denticles, and with well marked apical fork (from Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus miwai, Lucanus datunensis); 6) female mandible with “a distinct inferior tooth” and with a clear gap behind apex of the mandible, the inner tooth without broad inner edge (from Lucanus swinhoei, Lucanus datunensis, Lucanus miwai); 7) female canthus without a distinct anterior angle (from Lucanus formosanus). ...
Most of the latterly described taxa of the maculifemoratus group from Taiwan except Lucanus kurosawai are strictly allopatric with Lucanus kanoi and are treated herein as subspecies of Lucanus kanoi. According to the original description of Lucanus kurosawai (Sakaino 1995), there are differences in “hairs of body surface” and “conformation of clypeus” between Lucanus kanoi and Lucanus kurosawai; “hairs of body surface longer and more conspicuous” in Lucanus kurosawai than in Lucanus kanoi, clypeus “dilatatus (sic! probably meaning dilated) and truncate” in Lucanus kurosawai but “attenuate and acutangulate” in Lucanus kanoi. In original description of Lucanus kanoi (Kurosawa 1966), the head, pronotum and elytra were described to be “scattered with inconspicuous, recumbent, short, greyish” or “yellowish-grey hairs”, with the hairs on the pronotum “becoming denser towards the sides”, and with the hairs on elytra “only recognizable laterally, causing seemingly glabrous elytra”, the clypeus (clypeolabrum) of Lucanus kanoi was ...
described to be＂abased，obsoletely but transversely ridged just below mandibles in the larger ones （specimens），with the sides gradually attenuate to the apex which is broadly rounded，but the transverse ridge almost absent and the sides somewhat angulate just below mandibles in smaller ones（specimens）＂．Kurosawa＇s（1966）description of pubescence and clypeolabrum for Lucanus kanoi generally matchs Sakaino＇s（1995）description for Lucanus kanoi，thus Sakaino（1995）made no mistake in identifying Lucanus kanoi．Besides the differences stated by Sakaino（1995），the following difference is found between the holotypes of Lucanus kanoi and Lucanus kurosawai： basal tooth of the mandibles well isolated from the neibouring teeth in Lucanus kanoi，but closely associated with one or two teeth in Lucanus kurosawai．An examination of more specimens proved this difference is constant in most specimens but with a few exceptions：Lucanus kanoi always has the basal tooth not closely associated with other tooth，whereas Lucanus kurosawai usually has at least one of the basal teeth（left or right）closely associated with one or two teeth but occasionally has all basal teeth isolated in small specimens． ...
Length of body．Male： 31-48mm31-48 \mathrm{~mm}（Kurosawa 1966）； 57 mm （Zhang 2007）； 42-53mm42-53 \mathrm{~mm} （examined by us）．Female： 33-34mm33-34 \mathrm{~mm}（Kurosawa 1966）；34－37mm（examined by us）． ...
Lucanus kanoi piceus Kurosawa，1966：342，holotype male，Kuhsha，I－Lan Pref．，N．Formosa（Taiwan）， paratype male，Mt．Lalashan，Taipei Pref．；Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994：214，pl．12，figs．100－6 for male from Mt．Rarashan，Taiwan． ...
Identification．This taxon was described on two males，one as holotype from Kuhsha，I－lan Pref．，another as paratype from Mt．Lalashan，Taipei Pref．．The original description（Kurosawa 1966）is short and quoted herein：＂Different from the nominate race from central Formosa in the ...
following details: 1) Body blackish, piceous; 2) elytra more nitidous, and more sparsely covered with finer smaller punctures; and 3) hairs of elytra finer and more inconspicuous". ...
Some of the specimens from Taiping-shan, I-lan examined accord with the original description in all characters, but other specimens from Taiping-shan have the reddish brown dorsal color, not black as in the original description. An examination of male genitalia proved the redder specimens are conspecific with the blacker specimens. All the four males from Lalashan examined have a reddish brown dorsal color, not piceous as in the original description. Specimens from other localities also have the dorsal color of the body varied from reddish brown to black. Thus the dorsal color of the body is not a constant character for separating ssp. kanoi and ssp. piceus. Besides the characters 2 and 3 stated by Kurosawa (1966), the clypeolabrum is also a good character to separate ssp. kanoi and ssp. piceus; the clypeolabrum is longer and narrower, with labrum not clearly separated from clypeus at lateral sides in ssp. kanoi, but is shorter and wider, with labrum clearly separated from clypeus at lateral sides by the clearly marked lateral angles of clypeus in ssp. piceus. Specimens from North Chatian-shan, South Chatian-shan, Lidong-shan, Yuanyang-hu and Siyuan have been identified as ssp. piceus because all of them exhibit the above-mentioned characters for ssp. piceus, especially the character in clypeolabrum. ...
The separation between Lucanus kanoi piceus and the latterly described Lucanus kurosawai and Lucanus ogakii (treated as Lucanus kanoi ogakii herein) can be simply based upon the type localities, as all these three taxa are found in their localities all alone. In external features, Lucanus kanoi piceus was described by Kurosawa (1966) to have elytra more shining and “hairs of elytra finer and more incospicuous” than that of Lucanus kanoi kanoi, thus the elytra of Lucanus kanoi piceus should be more shining and less haired than that of Lucanus kurosawai. The original description of Lucanus kanoi ogakii (Imanishi 1990, as Lucanus ogakii) however did not provide any useful characters to separate Lucanus kanoi ogakii from Lucanus kanoi piceus; and an identification can be only based uopn the localities and topotypes. ...
An examination of some topotypes and many specimens of Lucanus kanoi kanoi, Lucanus kanoi piceus, Lucanus kanoi ogakii and Lucanus kurosawai with a dissection of male and female genitalia came to the following conclusions: 1) Lucanus kurosawai markedly differs from Lucanus kanoi kanoi, Lucanus kanoi piceus and Lucanus kanoi ogakii by some good characters in both male and female genitalia; 2) Lucanus kanoi kanoi, Lucanus kanoi piceus and Lucanus kanoi ogakii have no difference in female genitalia, and have only very few different characters in male genitalia from one another; 3) Lucanus kurosawai can be separated from Lucanus kanoi kanoi, Lucanus kanoi piceus and Lucanus kanoi ogakii in males by a longer and denser yellow pubescence on dorsal surface of the body, by lateral corners of the clypeus not beyond inner margin of the mandibles, and by basal tooth of the mandible usually closely associated with other tooth; 4) Lucanus kanoi kanoi can be separated from Lucanus kanoi piceus and Lucanus kanoi ogakii in males by the more hairy and less shining dorsal surface of the body, by the longer and thinner clypeolabrum, and by the absence of the lateral angles of the clypeus; 5) Lucanus kanoi ogakii can be separated from Lucanus kanoi piceus in males by the indistinct frontal ridge of the ...
head，and by the flat and non－cupped vertex behind the frontal ridge of the head． ...
The female of Luanus kanoi piceus was not described in the original description，but the female specimens from Siyuan－yakou，I－lan Pref．，northern Taiwan generally match the female specimens of Lucanus kanoi kanoi from Sungkang in central Taiwan in both external features and female genitalia． ...
Length of body．Male： 31-35mm31-35 \mathrm{~mm}（Kurosawa 1966）； 35-45mm35-45 \mathrm{~mm}（examined by us）．Female： 33-34mm33-34 \mathrm{~mm}（examined by us）． ...
Records．This taxon has been recorded on reliable specimens from Lalashan，Lidong－shan， North Chatian－shan，South Chatian－shan，Lake Yuanyang－hu，Taiping－shan and Siyuan as shown in plate 40. ...
Lucanus ogakii Imanishi，1990：15，figs．1，2－1a for male holotype，fig．2－1b for male paratype，figs．3－1，3－2 for male genitalia，Piru，Hualian Pref．，Formosa；Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994：214，pl．12，figs． 101－1－101－4 for males，fig．101－5 for female，all from Pilu，Hualien，Taiwan；Zhang，2007：48－49，figs． for male，female and natural history． ...
Lucanus masumotoi Hirasawa \＆Akiyama，1990：55，pl．5，figs．9， 10 for male，fig． 11 for female，pl．6，figs． 14， 16 for male，between Pilu and Shenmu，Hualien，Taiwan；Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994： 214. （Synonymised by Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994）． ...
Lucanus masumotoi masumotoi：Sakaino \＆Yu，1993：15，figs．9－10 for male． ...
Lucanus masumotoi chuyunshanus Sakaino \＆Yu，1993：15，figs．7－8 for male holotype，Mt．Chuyunshan， Kaohsiung，Taiwan．（Synonym？） ...
Lucanus ogakii chuyunshanus：Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994：122；Zhang，2007：49，discussion on subspecies． （Synonym？） ...
Identification．This taxon was originally described as an independent species on a series of small males from＂Piru，Hualiar Pref．＂of Taiwan．The original description（Imanishi 1990）is not in comparison with the similar taxa and is also applicable to Lucanus kanoi kanoi，Lucanus kanoi piceus and Lucanus kurosawai．Only at the end of the paper，Imanishi stated：＂this species is similar to Lucanus kanoi Y．Kurosawa from Formosa，but it can be distinguished from the latter in the following points：1）clypeus is broad，not projecting acutely at apex，2）there is only one ...
internal tooth in mandibles, 3) femora and tibiae are black, 4) elytra are broad and rounded". However, the characters 2 and 4 are individually varied in Lucanus kanoi ogakii, and the characters 3 and 4 are individually varied in Lucanus kanoi kanoi; only character 1 is somewhat useful in distinguishing Lucanus kanoi ogakii from Lucanus kanoi kanoi, but is useless in separating Lucanus kanoi ogakii from Lucanus kanoi piceus or Lucanus kurosawai. Fortunately there is only one species known from Pilu area matching the description of Lucanus kanoi ogakii, thus the separating of these similar taxa can be simply based upon the localities. A study of the topotypes has been discussed in “Identification” under Lucanus kanoi piceus. ...
The combination of the sexes was given by Mizunuma & Nagai (1994) and was confirmed by Zhang (2007) and our field observation. As there is no similar species found in the type locality of Lucanus kanoi ogakii, the combination of the sexes is easy to fix. An examination of female genitalia shows that Lucanus kanoi ogakii has no difference in female genitalia from Lucanus kanoi kanoi and Lucanus kanoi piceus. ...
Synonyms. Lucanus masumotoi Hirasawa & Akiyama (1990) described from the same area as that of Lucanus ogakii was determined by Mizunuma & Nagai (1994) as a junior synonym of Lucanus ogakii. ...
Sakaino & Yu (1993) described Lucanus masumotoi chuyunshanus on a single male specimen, which has “body entirely reddish-brown, with elytra strongly tinged with red; femora distinctly ornamented with yellowish brown stripes on the under surface”. According to Zhang (2007), a population similar to ssp. ogakii was discovered from Xiangyang, an intermediate area between the type localities of Lucanus ogakii and Lucanus masumotoi chuyunshanus, and Xiangyang is connected to the type locality of Lucanus masumotoi chuyunshanus by continuous mountain ranges without any geographical isolation, thus there is no good reason to separate Lucanus ogakii into two subspecies. According to an examination of specimens by us, most male specimens from Pilu are blackish brown (Pl. 47, figs. 8-10) but one male (Pl. 47, fig. 7) exhibits reddish brown dorsal surface of the body and brownish red elytra, hardly distinguishable from the holotype of Lucanus masumotoi chuyunshanus. A male specimen from Xiangyang-buluo, Taitung examined (Pl. 47, fig. 6) has dorsal surface of the body not redder than the reddish brown specimen from Pilu (Pl. 47, fig. 7). The yellowish brown stripes on the femora are commonly found in specimens from Pilu, thus cannot be used as a diagnostic character. Therefore we hold the same opinion with Zhang (2007) that Lucanus masumotoi chuyunshanus is probably a synonym of Lucanus ogakii. However the formal revision will be made at best when more specimens from Chuyushan are available. ...
Delimitation of specie. Lucanus kanoi kanoi, Lucanus kanoi piceus and Lucanus kanoi ogakii are treated as subspecies of a single species because of the discussion in “Delimitation of species in the maculifemoratus group”. Lucanus kanoi piceus shares more external characters with ...
Lucanus kanoi ogakii than with Lucanus kanoi kanoi, but shares more genital characters with Lucanus kanoi kanoi than with Lucanus kanoi ogakii. The separation between the known subspecies is only confined to very few characters. For a better understanding of this species, a detailed map of all the stable localities is given (Pl. 61, fig. 2). ...
The distributional range of Lucanus kurosawai seems to overlap the distributional range of Lucanus kanoi at Nantou and Taichung according to Sakaino’s (1995) work; however these two species have not been captured from the same localities by any collectors in Taiwan. Some of the localities given by Sakaino (1995) for Lucanus kurosawai need to be confirmed. ...
Male genital characters of Lucanus kanoi (Pl. 15, figs. 1-5). The following characters are found in all three subspecies of Lucanus kanoi, and are stated in comparison with Lucanus kurosawai: 1) ventral plate of the basal piece clearly marked and rather long, with middle part shallowly hollowed and well beyond caudal margin of the basal piece (from Lucanus kurosawai); 2) ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment markedly constricted before the caudal expansion (from Lucanus kurosawai); 3) cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view stout in ssp. kanoi and ssp. piceus, but slender in ssp. ogakii; 4) flagellum nearly as long as that of Lucanus kurosawai. Two males of Lucanus kanoi kanoi from Sungkang, three males of Lucanus kanoi piceus from Taiping-shan, and two males of Lucanus kanoi ogakii from Pilu were dissected. ...
Female genital characters of Lucanus kanoi (Pl. 29, figs. 1-3). The following characters are found in all three subspecies of Lucanus kanoi: 1) spermathecal duct nearly 2.5 times as long as spermatheca; 2) spermathecal duct 1.5 times as long as hemisternite; 3) spermatheca nearly 0.5-0.7 times as long as hemisternite; 4) spermatheca sclerotized; 5) spermathecal duct weakly sclerotized; 6) spermathecal gland markedly wider than spermatheca; 7) spermathecal gland nearly as long as spermatheca; 8) spermatheca as in Lucanus kurosawai, more curved than that of Lucanus dybowski; 9) central conjunction of the ninth tergites weakly or markedly protruding posteriorly; 10) size of the female genitalia markedly smaller than that of Lucanus fanjingshanus; 11) last abdominal tergite with lateral angles indistinct; 12) last abdominal ventrite excavated in middle. Two females of Lucanus kanoi kanoi from Sungkang, two females of Lucanus kanoi piceus from Taiping-shan, and one female of Lucanus kanoi ogakii from Pilu were dissected. ...
Male external characters of Lucanus kanoi. The following characters are found in all three subspecies of Lucanus kanoi, and are stated in comparison with Lucanus kurosawai and Lucanus dybowski: 1) mandible nearly straight or slightly incurved from base to middle and markedly incurved at middle or a little beyond middle (from Lucanus dybowski); 2) basal tooth of the mandibles well separated from the neighboring tooth, not closely associated with other tooth as in Lucanus kurosawai; 3) basal tooth of the mandible usually closer to base than in Lucanus kurosawai; 4) clypeolabrum protruding well beyond the inner margin of the mandibles, or at least with lateral angles of the clypeus clearly beyond the inner margin of the mandibles (from Lucanus kurosawai); 5) dorsal surface of the whole body with a markedly shorter and sparser pubescence than that of Lucanus dybowski and Lucanus kurosawai. ...
Female external characters of Lucanus kanoi. As stated in table 7. ...
Morphological distance．The closest species of Lucanus kanoi is Lucanus kurosawai，which is followed by Lucanus dybowski．A male specimen（Pl．40，fig．1）collected from Tuling，I－lan was identified by W．－I．Chou as a hybrid between Lucanus dybowski taiwanus and Lucanus kanoi piceus as it accords with the hybrids bred by some Beetle enthusiasts in Taiwan（Chou，personal comm．）． ...
Subspecies．Three subspecies of Lucanus kanoi are recognized：ssp．piceus from northern Taiwan，ssp．kanoi from central Taiwan，and ssp．ogakii from eastern Taiwan． ...
Lucanus kurosawai Sakaino，1995：6，figs．2a，3a，4a，pl．2，figs．1－5 for males，fig． 5 for male genitalia， holotype male，Sungkang，Nantou Hsien，Taiwan；Zhang，2007：50－51，figs．for male，female and natural history． ...
Identification．The discussion on the original description of Lucanus kurosawai and the basis of identification can be found in＂Identification＂under Lucanus kanoi kanoi． ...
The combination of the sexes was based upon the field observation that both sexes were captured together from the same locality at same night and no similar species was captured in the same locality．An examination of female genitalia proves the female to be different from all the other Lucanus from Taiwan． ...
Male genital characters（Pl．15，fig．6）．The male genitalia of Lucanus kurosawai are very similar to those of Lucanus kanoi，and only very few differences are found as follows：1）ventral plate of the basal piece obsolete with middle part deeply hollowed and not beyond the caudal margin of the basal piece；2）cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view well marked and as wide as in Lucanus kanoi kanoi and Lucanus kanoi piceus，not very thin as in Lucanus kanoi ogakii；3）flagellum slightly shorter than in Lucanus kanoi，more markedly shorter than that of Lucanus kanoi ogakii；4）flagellum constricted at midpoint，not constricted markedly before the midpoint as in Lucanus kanoi，causing the apical part of the flagellum much shorter than that of Lucanus kanoi．Two male specimens Lucanus kurosawai from Guanwu and Anma－shan were dissected． ...
Female genital characters（Pl．29，fig．4）．The following characters are stated in comparison ...
with Lucanus kanoi：1）spermathecal duct 1.5 times as long as spermatheca（from Lucanus kanoi）； 2）spermathecal duct 1.0 times as long as hemisternite（from Lucanus kanoi）；3）spermatheca nearly 0.6 times as long as hemisternite；4）spermatheca sclerotized；5）spermathecal duct weakly sclerotized；6）spermathecal gland markedly wider than spermatheca；7）spermathecal gland nearly as long as spermatheca；8）spermatheca markedly curved；9）central conjunction of the ninth tergites markedly protruding posteriorly；10）last abdominal tergite with lateral angles indistinct； 11）last abdominal ventrite excavated in middle．One female specimen of Lucanus kurosawai from Hsinchu was dissected． ...
Male external characters．The following characters are stated in comparison with Lucanus kanoi and Lucanus dybowski：1）size usually markedly smaller than that of Lucanus dybowski；2） mandible nearly straight or slightly incurved from base to middle and markedly incurved a little beyond middle（from Lucanus dybowski）；3）basal tooth of the mandibles usually closely associated with neighboring tooth（from Lucanus kanoi，Lucanus dybowski）；4）clypeolabrum short，with lateral angles of the clypeus not beyond the inner margin of the mandibles（from Lucanus kanoi，Lucanus dybowski）；5）dorsal surface of the whole body with a markedly longer and denser pubescence than that of Lucanus kanoi． ...
Female external characters．As stated in table 7. ...
Length of body．Male： 27-45mm27-45 \mathrm{~mm}（Zhang 2007）．Female： 24-37mm24-37 \mathrm{~mm}（Zhang 2007）． ...
Morphological distance．The closest species of Lucanus kurosawai is Lucanus kanoi，which is followed by Lucanus dybowski． ...
Records．This taxon was originaly described on a series of specimens from several localities of Central Taiwan．The type locality is at Sungkang，Nantou Preferture of Taiwan and the other localities include Anma－shan，Wuling，Songquangang，Hewang－shan and the Sun and Moon Lake． Zhang（1993）recorded one male of this species as an unidentified species from Shishan working station（Xinyi of Nantou Pref．）．However the type locality at Sungkang and most of the other localities given by Sakaino（1995）except Anma－shan have not been confirmed by any newly collected specimens．In our collection some males were collected from Alishan and Shanlinxi respectively． ...
Lucanus boileavi Planet，1897：205－206，fig． 1 for major male from Mou－Pin（now Baoxing，western Sichuan），fig． 2 for minor male from Pin－Lou－Chan；Planet，1897：226，figs．1， 2 for females；Planet， 1902：24，Thibet，fig． 11 for male，28，fig． 12 for female，pl．5，figs．for males； ...
Lucanus boileaui: Didier, 1949: pl. 14, figs. 1-6 for males, fig. 7 for female; Didier & Seguy, 1953: 78. ...
Lucanus maculifemoratus ab. boileaui: Benesh, 1960: 144. ...
Lucanus maculifemoratus boileaui: Mizunuma & Nagai, 1994: pl. 12, fig. 13 for male from Emeishan, Sichuan. ...
Specimens examined. Sichuan Province: 5 widehat(0) widehat(0),4!in q5 \widehat{0} \widehat{0}, 4 \notin q (CHH), Gan-zi Pref., Lu-ding County, Mo-xi, East slope of Gongga-shan, Hailuogou National Park, 2100 m , 14-16. VII. 2006, H. Lu leg.; 2 widehat(sigma) widehat(sigma)2 \widehat{\sigma} \widehat{\sigma} (CYXW), Ya-an City, Hanyuan County, purchased by Y.-X. Wu from a dealer lived in Hanyuan; 2 widehat(sigma) widehat(sigma)2 \widehat{\sigma} \widehat{\sigma} (CCCC), Yan-an City, Tianquan County, Erlangshan, VII. 2007, Y.-D. Yang leg.; 1 widehat(sigma)1 \widehat{\sigma} (CCCC), Shimian County, Liziping, 2100 m , VII.2008; 1 widehat(sigma)1 \widehat{\sigma} (CCCC), Tianquan County, Labahe Nature Reserve, 2060m, VII.2007. ...
Identification. Lucanus boileaui was originally described on two males from “Thibet” (now western Sichuan Province), a major male from Mou-Pin (now Baoxing) and a minor male from Pin-Lou-Chan, Ya Tcheou (now Ya-an). The original description and figures (Planet 1897b) reveal the following characters in male: 1) “profemora completely black and shiny”, “protibiae of a beautiful yellow, very closely black-rimmed at their outer edge”, “mesofemora and metafemora above and below a beautiful bright yellow and shiny”, “mesotibiae and metatibiae of the same yellow, very finely edged with black at their inner edge”; 2) “mandibles much shorter (than in Lucanus dybowski), general appearance more like in Lucanus maculifemoratus”, “large lower tooth rather long and placed as high as in Lucanus maculifemoratus, but more slender than the two preceding species (Lucanus maculifemoratus and Lucanus dybowski)”; 3) “head not only without frontal carina as in the latter species (Lucanus dybowski), but also without the notch on the lateral ridge above eye”. In a latter paper (Planet 1902), Lucanus boileaui was described in comparison with Lucanus dybowski and Lucanus maculifemoratus: Lucanus boileaui with mandibles more rounded, frontal carina of the head absent, and lateral ridges of the head continuous; Lucanus dybowski with mandibles straighter, frontal carina of the head absent, and lateral ridges of the head with an indentation; Lucanus maculifemoratus with mandibles more or less curved, frontal carina of the head more or less broad and vertical, and lateral ridges of the head with a sharp notch. Therefore, the yellow tibiae, the absence of the frontal carina on the head and the continuous lateral ridges of the head can be regarded as the basis of identification for Lucanus boileaui. ...
There are actually two species known in western Sichuan, both of which are similar to Lucanus dybowski in external morphology: one has mandibles somewhat more rounded inwards, frontal ridge of the head absent or only traceable in middle and always obscure at lateral sides, lateral ridges of the head above eyes more gradually concave in dorsal view and flat in lateral view, and tibiae striped with yellow, matching the original description of Lucanus boileaui; another has mandibles somewhat straighter, frontal ridge of the head always distinct at lateral sides and weakly raised at middle but not forming a marked carina as in Lucanus maculifemoratus, lateral ridges of the head above eyes abruptly concave in dorsal view and downcurved in lateral view, forming an indentation, and tibiae uniform black, matching the original description of Lucanus lhasaensis. An ...
examination of male genitalia proved Lucanus boileaui to be independent from Lucanus dybowski and proved Lucanus lhasaensis to be conspecific with Lucanus dybowski. ...
The original description (Planet 1897b) and figures of females (Planet 1897c) reveal that the females of Lucanus boileaui have the posterior margin of the canthus entirely absent and all femora striped with yellow. This description of female was confirmed by our field observation and an examination of female genitalia. Both sexes of Lucanus boileaui were captured together from the same locality (Hailuogou National Park) at the same night. And an examination of female genitalia shows that the spermathecal duct of Lucanus boileaui is extremely long (probably the longest in the whole genus Lucanus) and matches the extreme long flagellum in male genitalia of Lucanus boileaui. ...
Male genital characters (Pl. 10, fig. 4). 1) Ventral plate of the basal piece well marked, with middle part not hollowed and well beyond the caudal margin of the basal piece (from Lucanus dybowski); 2) ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment even in width before the caudal expansion (from Lucanus dybowski); 3) cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view small and slender (from Lucanus dybowski); 4) flagellum extremely long, markedly longer than that of any other Lucanus species, with apex not enlarged; 5) basal belt of the flagellum nearly 1.5 times as long as penis; 6) basal piece somewhat triangular in shape (from Lucanus dybowski); 7) penis somewhat longer than paramere (from Lucanus dybowski); 8) dorsal margin of the paramere in lateral view not hollowed before the upcurved apex of the paramere as in Lucanus maculifemoratus; 9) paramere in dorsal view with caudal margin oblique and with apex more produced than that of Lucanus dybowski; 10) paramere larger in proportion to basal piece than that of Lucanus dybowski; 11) ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment with a wide longitudinal membranous band (from Lucanus dybowski). Three male specimens of Lucanus boileaui from western Sichuan were dissected. ...
Female genital characters (Pl. 30, fig. 3). 1) Spermathecal duct more than 4.0 times as long as hemisternite; 2) spermatheca in natural shape nearly 1.5 times as long as hemisternite; 3) spermatheca membranous in most part and only weakly sclerotized at tip; 4) spermathecal duct membranous; 5) spermathecal gland markedly thinner than spermatheca; 6) spermathecal gland markedly shorter than spermatheca; 7) spermatheca strongly curved as a circle; 8) central conjunction of the ninth tergites weakly protruding posteriorly; 9) size of the hemisternite markedly smaller than that of Lucanus fanjingshanus; 10) hemisternite like that of Lucanus dybowski in shape; 11) last abdominal tergite with lateral angles distinct but not pointed as in Lucanus maculifemoratus; 12) last abdominal ventrite not excavated in middle. Two females of Lucanus boileaui from western Sichuan were dissected ...
Male external characters. The following characters are found in large and medium-sized males and are stated in comparison with Lucanus maculifemoratus and Lucanus dybowski: 1) mandible slightly incurved from base to terminal 1//31 / 3 and markedly bent inwards there; 2) a basal tooth more or less appeared near base of the mandible, directly more or less basad, oblique to the mandible, not nearly upright to the mandible as in Lucanus maculifemoratus (with exceptions); 3) ...
frontal ridge of the head obsolete at lateral sides and not markedly raised at middle（from Lucanus maculifemoratus and Lucanus dybowski）；4）lateral ridges of the head above eyes gradually concave in dorsal view and flat in lateral view（from Lucanus maculifemoratus and Lucanus dybowski）；5）mesotibiae and metatibiae bright yellowish brown（from Lucanus dybowski）． ...
For small－sized males：1）mandible nearly straight from base to terminal 1//41 / 4 and abruptly bent inwards there，not bent at middle or a little beyond middle as in Lucanus maculifemoratus；2） frontal ridge of the head obsolete（from Lucanus dybowski）；3）mesotibiae and metatibiae partly yellowish brown（from Lucanus dybowski）． ...
Female external characters．The following characters are stated in comparison with Lucanus dybowski and Lucanus maculifemoratus：1）mesofemora and metafemora more or less striped with yellowish brown；2）posterior margin of the canthus absent（from Lucanus maculifemoratus and Lucanus dybowski）；3）anterior angles of the head indistinct；4）punctures and sculptures on dorsal surface of the head larger and coarser than those of Lucanus maculifemoratus and Lucanus dybowski；5）anterior angles of the pronotum sharper with lateral margins behind angles less rounded than those of Lucanus dybowski；6）pubescence on metasternum usually longer than that of Lucanus dybowski．A comparison with more species as stated in table 7. ...
Length of body．Male： 39-60mm39-60 \mathrm{~mm} ．Female： 29-30mm29-30 \mathrm{~mm} ． ...
Morphological distance．The closest species of Lucanus boileaui in morphological distance is uncertain at present，as the female characters of Lucanus ludivinae are unknown．In the practiced phylogenetic analysis，Lucanus ludivinae is placed as sister to Lucanus boileaui． ...
Nomenclature．This species was named after M．H．Boileau，but in the original description （Planet 1897b）and subsequent works by the same author（Planet 1897c，1902），the specific name was wrongly spelled as＂boileavi＂．In the latter works（Didier 1949，Didier \＆Seguy 1953a， Benesh 1960，etc．），the specific name was amended into＂boileaui＂．According to the code 32．5．1 in the forth edition of＂International Code of Zoological Nomenclature＂，the name＂boileavi＂is an incorrect original spelling and should be corrected，and the name＂boileaui＂is valid． ...
Lucanus ludivinae Boucher，1998：178－180，fig． 1 for male holotype，fig． 3 for male genitalia，District de Baoshan，Nu－shan（E．Gaoligong Shan）；Araya，2001：17－18，figs．59－60 for male holotype． ...
Identification．This species was described on a male specimen from＂E Gaoligong Shan， ...
District Baoshan", NW Yunnan, without exact locality. The figure of the holotype in original description (Boucher 1998) is a hand drawing, and the photograph of the holotype was latterly published by Araya (2001). Boucher (1998) considered this species as an affinity of Lucanus manai Bomans & Miyashita from Myanmar and stated that this species shows resemblance to the taiwanus group including Lucanus kanoi and Lucanus miwai. The original description, the hand drawing of male genitalia and the photograph of the holotype reveal the following characters in male: 1) length of body 34 mm ; 2) elytra very dark brown to almost black; 3) head, pronotum and legs completely uniform pale black on both surfaces except for the satin bright femora; 4) dorsal surface of the body with a fine and visible pubescence; 5) ventral surface of the body with an abundant pubescence, especially on metasternum; 6) mandible nearly as long as head plus pronotum; 7) mandible nearly straight from base to middle and incurved a little beyond middle; 8) a basal tooth appeared on the mandible, not longer than other inner teeth; 9) mandible with 3-5 inner teeth beside basal tooth, sparsely distributed from basal tooth to apical fork; 10) apical fork of the mandible narrowly opened at an acute angle; 11) frontal ridge of the head indistinct at middle; 12) lateral ridges of the head not inflated laterally or posteriorly, forming rounded angles at posterolateral corners; 13) clypeolabrum in dorsal view short and transverse, a little pointed in obtuse angle at tip; 14) antennal club formed by antennomeres 7-107-10; 15) pronotum gradually widened posteriorly, with evenly convex lateral margins; 16) aedeagus somewhat triangular, gradually widened from cephalic base to caudal ends of parameres; 17) ventral plate of the basal piece clearly marked and not hollowed at middle; 18) cephalic process of the paramere stout; 19) basal belt of the flagellum not longer than penis; 20) flagellum at least twice as long as aedeagus; 21) apex of flagellum not enlarged; 22) penis nearly as long as paramere; 23) penis rather wide, wider than paramere in ventral view. ...
Only one male specimen is available to us. It matches nearly all the above-mentioned characters including all the male genital characters except for the external characters 2 and 6. Because the length of the mandible and the color of the elytra are usually individually variable in many Lucanus species, and because this newly collected male specimen accords with all the remaining characters and especially all the male genital characters, it was identified as Lucanus ludivinae. ...
Male genital characters (Pl. 10, fig. 6; pl. 66, fig. 12). The male genitalia of Lucanus ludivinae are very similar to those of Lucanus boileaui, and are also similar to those of Noseolucanus species in shape of the aedeagus. The following genital characters of Lucanus ludivinae are stated in comparison with Lucanus boileaui: 1) aedeagus somewhat triangular, gradually widened from cephalic base to caudal ends of parameres; 2) ventral plate of the basal piece well marked and not hollowed at middle; 3) cephalic process of the paramere stout (from Lucanus boileaui); 4) basal belt of the flagellum not longer than penis (from Lucanus boileaui); 5) flagellum at least twice as long as aedeagus, but markedly shorter than that of Lucanus boileaui; 6) apex of the flagellum not enlarged; 7) penis nearly as long as paramere; 8) penis rather wide, wider than paramere in ventral view (from Lucanus boileaui); 9) paramere shorter and thinner than that ...
of Lucanus boileaui；10）ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment abruptly widened behind the cephalic base，then even in width to the caudal expansion，not constricted；11）ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment with a wide membranous stripe． ...
Male external characters．In addition to the external characters already listed in ＂Identification＂，the following character is also found：clypeolabrum in anterodorsal view triangular at tip，with lateral angles distinct and a little beyond inner margin of the mandibles． ...
Length of body．Male： 34 mm for holotype（Boucher 1998）； 34 mm （examined by us）． ...
Morphological distance．The female characters of Lucanus ludivinae are still unknown．The closest species of Lucanus ludivinae is supposed to be Lucanus boileaui．A practiced phylogenetic analysis（Huang，unpublished data）placed Lucanus boileaui as sister to Lucanus ludivinae． However many species of Lucanus from Myanmar were not included in the analysis．Nevertheless， Lucanus ludivinae seems not to be an affinity of Lucanus manai，because a very similar species of Lucanus manai，Lucanus nosei Nagai，for which the male genitalia have been illustrated by Zilioli （1999），does not share any important genital characters with Lucanus ludivinae． ...
Records．This species was recorded from Chudurazi，Myanmar in Pame＇s home page （Anonymous 2006），with a male specimen illustrated． ...
Lucanus lunifer Westwood in Hope，1839：55，pl．9，fig． 4 for male，type male，Himalaya；Planet，1898：107， figs．for male and female；Planet，1902：12，fig． 5 for male，fig． 6 for female，pl．3，figs．for males； Gravely，1915：412，W．Himalayas（Simla，Dehra Dun，Mussoorie，Naini Tal），Assam（Khasi Hills）， text－fig．lb for clypeus of female；Arrow，1950：45－46，United province（Dehra Dun，Mussorie），Sikkim （Gopaldhara，Rungbong Valley），Bengal（Kurseong），Punjab（Dalhousie），Burma，Tibet（by W．Savage Landor），pl．3，fig． 3 for male，pl．5，fig． 1 for female；Lacroix，1971：555，fig． 1 for male，fig． 9 for female；Zhang，1981：341－342，specimens from Zhangmu，SC Tibet，2500m，and Cuona，SE Tibet， 2500 m ；Araya，2001：18，figs．61， 62 for holotype male． ...
Lucanus rugifrons Hope \＆Westwood，1845：4，9，type female，Himalayas；Parry，1864：72；Araya，2001： 19－20，fig． 72 for female holotype ．（Synonymised by Parry，1864）． ...
Specimens examined．None． ...
Identification．The photograph of the male type was published by Araya（2001），which can be regarded as the basis of identification in addition to the original description．A key to Indian species was provided by Arrow（1950），which is very useful to distinguish this species from the ...
similar species from the Himalayas．A more thorough study of Lucanus lunifer in comparison with all other taxa of the lunifer group was given by Lacroix（1971）．However，the male genitalia of this species have not been examined． ...
Length of body．Male： 47-82mm47-82 \mathrm{~mm}（Arrow 1950）．Female： 33-43mm33-43 \mathrm{~mm}（Arrow 1950）． ...
Records．Arrow（1950）recorded this species from Tibet for the first time．Subsequently Zhang（1981）reported this species from Zhangmu and Cuona，both on the south slope of the Great Himalaya；his description for male specimens matches the holotype of Lucanus lunifer（Araya 2001）in several important characters：all tibiae reddish brown；head nearly as wide as body （elytra）；front ridge of the head nearly straight and slightly raised medially；posterior ridge of the head interrupted at central 1//31 / 3 ；posterolateral ridges of the head rounded and protruding posteriorly； clypeus forked in dorsal view；mandibles slightly longer than head plus pronotum，incurved and down－curved at basal 1//41 / 4 ，forked at terminal end，with a spine－like major inner tooth at middle； major inner tooth of the mandible nearly upright to the mandible；the area between the inner tooth and the apical fork of the mandible minutely and obtusely serrate，often with a few tiny denticles． This record seems to be rather reliable for Chinese fauna． ...
Nomenclature．According to Benesh（1960），＂Lucanus lunifer is generally credited to Hope； in the description，however，appears the following：Descriptions of Insects figured in plates 9 and 10，by J．O．Westwood＂． ...
Subspecies．According to Mizunuma \＆Nagai（1994：213），Lucanus franciscae Lacroix， 1971 was downgraded to a subspecies of Lucanus lunifer，but no further discussion was given． Lacroix（1970）reveals some differences in both sexes between the above－mentioned two taxa．To reveal the true relationship between them needs an examination of male and female genitalia for both taxa． ...
Lucanus victorius Zilioli，2002：209－213，figs．1－2 for male genitalia，fig． 3 for male holotype and female paratype，Sichuan，Daxue Shan，＂Yinjing＂（fake locality）． ...
Identification．The original description（Zilioli 2002b）and photograph of male holotype ...
reveal the following characters in large and medium-sized males: 1) mandible somewhat longer than head plus pronotum, nearly straight from base to apical 1//41 / 4 and bent inward there, with basal part not swollen interiorly; 2) major inner tooth appeared near the apical fork of the mandible; 3) no clear tooth appeared in basal and medial areas of the mandible, only a few minute denticles appeared behind the major inner tooth but absent before the major tooth; 4) apical fork of the mandible shallowly bifid with inner branch markedly shorter than outer branch; 5) frontal ridge of the head distinct but not markedly raised, concave in dorsal view; 6) lateral ridges of the head not inflated laterally or posteriorly, convergent posteriorly and rounded at posterolateral corners; 7) clypeolabrum protruding for a long distance beyond the frontal margin of the head and deeply bifid at terminal tip, with two branches widely opened and rather long; 8) dorsal surface of the whole body with a dense pubescence; 9) pubescence on elytra forming longitudinal stripes, not evenly distributed; 10) penis nearly as long as paramere and somewhat wider than paramere; 11) basal belt of the flagellum nearly as long as penis; 12) flagellum nearly twice as long as aedeagus; 13) apex of the flagellum markedly enlarged. Nearly all specimens from southwestern Yunnan examined match all the above-mentioned characters, except for a small-sized male specimen. The small-sized specimen was identified by an examination of male genitalia; it exhibits the following characters not found in large and medium-sized specimens: 1) mandible nearly as long as head plus pronotum; 2) mandible slightly and gradually incurved from base to tip; 3) major inner tooth absent; 4) some minute denticles appeared a little beyond middle and behind apical fork; 5) apical fork of the mandible nearly obsolete, with inner branch very short; 6) clypeolabrum transverse and only slightly beyond the frontal margin of the head, excavated at terminal end. ...
The female originally described by Zilioli (2002) was confirmed by the field observation by Zhang. Both sexes of Lucanus victorius were captured from the same locality at same nights. At the habitat of this species, some specimens of Lucanus fryi and Lucanus laminifer were also collected and they were easily recognized. ...
Male genital characters (Pl. 17, fig. 4; pl. 66, fig. 6). The following characters are stated in comparison with Lucanus thibetanus, Lucanus furcifer, and Lucanus fryi: 1) ventral plate of the basal piece clearly defined, with middle part deeply hollowed and weakly beyond the caudal margin of the basal piece (from Lucanus thibetanus, Lucanus furcifer, Lucanus fryi); 2) cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view markedly stouter than that of Lucanus thibetanus, Lucanus furcifer and Lucanus fryi; 3) paramere in lateral view not broadly rounded at apex as in Lucanus thibetanus, and weakly protruding dorsally, not markedly upcurved as in Lucanus furcifer and Lucanus fryi; 4) penis wider at caudal end, not constricted near caudal end as in Lucanus furcifer; 5) flagellum nearly as long as Lucanus thibetanus, shorter than that of Lucanus fryi, but longer than that of Lucanus furcifer; 6) basal belt of the flagellum markedly shorter than that of Lucanus thibetanus, Lucanus furcifer and Lucanus fryi; 7) size of aedeagus slightly larger than that of Lucanus fryi, markedly larger than that of Lucanus thibetanus and Lucanus furcifer. Two male specimens of Lucanus victorius from southwestern Yunnan were dissected. ...
Female genital characters (Pl. 31, fig. 7). The female genitalia of the lucifer group vary little ...
among different species, with the marked difference only found in length of the spermathecal duct. The following characters of Lucanus victorius are stated in comparison with Lucanus thibetanus, Lucanus furcifer, and Lucanus fryi: 1) spermathecal duct 3.5-3.8 times as long as hemisternite (from Lucanus furcifer and Lucanus fryi); 2) spermatheca sclerotized, wider than that of Lucanus fryi; 3) spermathecal duct membranous; 4) spermathecal gland markedly wider than spermatheca; 5) spermathecal gland nearly as long as spermatheca or somewhat longer; 6) spermatheca markedly curved; 7) central conjunction of the ninth tergites weakly protruding posteriorly (from Lucanus fryi); 8) size of the hemisternite markedly smaller than that of Lucanus fryi and Lucanus thibetanus; 9) last abdominal tergite with lateral angles distinct; 10) last abdominal ventrite slightly excavated in middle. One female of Lucanus victorius from Yunnan was dissected. ...
Male external characters. As stated in “Identification”. For more details see “Delimitation of species in the lunifer group” below. ...
Female external characters. The female of Lucanus victorius can be easily distinguished from all other species in the lunifer group by having a markedly shorter and wider body. More comparisons are stated in table 7. The following characters of Lucanus victorius are stated only in comparison with Lucanus lunifer and Lucanus thibetanus: 1) inner tooth of the mandible double-pointed but with the points indistinct (from Lucanus thibetanus); 2) dorsal tooth of the mandible visible, but less marked than in Lucanus lunifer; 3) anterior angles of the head distinct but not pointed; 4) canthus with both anterior and posterior angles pointed and with lateral margins concave; 5) lateral margin of the head between anterior angle of the head and anterior angle of the canthus markedly concave; 6) clypeolabrum transverse (from Lucanus thibetanus), with lateral corners of clypeus rounded (from Lucanus thibetanus), and with labrum very short (from Lucanus thibetanus) and concave at terminal end; 7) apical fork of the protibia markedly longer than that of Lucanus lunifer, but shorter than that of Lucanus thibetanus. The female of Lucanus lunifer was well illustrated by Arrow (1950) and Lacroix (1971). ...
Length of body. Male: 46.7-66.5mm46.7-66.5 \mathrm{~mm} (Zilioli 2002b); 47-63mm47-63 \mathrm{~mm} (examined by us). Female: 28.5 mm (Zilioli 2002b); 32 mm (examined by us). ...
Morphological distance. Most of the species in the lunifer group have not been examined in male and female genitalia, thus the closest species of Lucanus victorius is supposed to be Lucanus lunifer and Lucanus franciscae, both of which exhibit many similar external characters. ...
Correction to type locality. The type locality given in the original description is “Sichuan, Daxue Shan, Yinjing”. However, there is no place called “Yinjing” in Sichuan, thus “Yinjing” can only be explained as an incorrect spelling of Yingjing. The Yingjing County belongs to the Ya-an City in western Sichuan and there is no certain mount properly called “Da-xue-shan” in Yingjing County. In Chinese, “Da-xue-shan” is used widely for the high mount covered by snows at top, and there are several mounts called “Da-xue-shan” in the area around Ya-an, Chengdu and Kangding. So far there is no record of this species from Sichuan by the Chinese collectors. The mountains around Yingjing have been explored by some friends of ours for several years but no specimen of this species has been captured. Recently three males and two females of this ...
mysterious species were unexpectedly collected by Mr．Zhang Wei－Wei，a good friend of ours from the Xima Township of the Yingjiang County in southwestern Yunnan．A further male specimen was also found in a stock of specimens sold by a dealer from the area around the south part of the China－Myanmar frontier．Therefore the type data in the original description should be incorrect．It is possible that＂Yinjing＂in the label for the type series was misspelled from Yingjiang and misunderstood as a locality in Sichuan． ...
Lucanus thibetanus Planet，1898：277－278，fig．for female，Siao－lou，Thibet（on route between Yan－an and Luding，Sichuan）；Planet，1902：24，fig． 10 for female，Siao－lou；Lacroix，1971：563，564，fig． 5 for male ＂allotype＂，Thibet（Tibetan area in the current western Sichuan），569，fig． 13 for female． ...
Specimens examined．Sichuan Province： 1 widehat() widehat()1 \widehat{ } \widehat{ }（CYXW），Ya－an City，Hanyuan County，purchased by Y．－X．Wu from a dealer lived in Hanyuan； 1 widehat(0),1!in1 \widehat{0}, 1 \notin（CPYL），Ya－an City，purchased by P．－Y．Liu from a dealer lived in Ya－an； 1 widehat() widehat()1 \widehat{ } \widehat{ }（CCCC），Shimian County， 1500 m ，VII．2008； 1⊈1 \nsubseteq（CHH），Gan－zi Pref．，Luding County，East slope of Gongga－shan Mountains，Hailuogou National Park， 2000 m ， 28．VII．2006，L．Tang leg． ...
Identification．This taxon was described on a female collected from Siao－lou（western Sichuan）．It was compared with the female of Lucanus lunifer and the following characters were stated（Planet 1898）：＂1）overall body shape narrower；2）Elytra parallel substantially，remarkably elongated and more apparently in contrast with the thorax as the latter is very short；3）mandibles narrow，a little less clearly securiform；4）lamellae of the antenna much shorter，even shorter than in female of Lucanus tetraphylles；5）shape of the prothorax cut square instead of being rounded． As for legs，they have substantially the same conformation as those of females of Lucanus lunifer． Regarding the color，it is full of deep black and matte appearance，a little dull；it is possible that when the insect is fresh it is partly modified by coating hair，because the specimen on which this description is made is obviously rubbed but has a few layers of hairs near the edge of elytra＂．The original figure of the female type reveals the following characters not described by Planet：1） apical fork of the protibia very long，with a shallow excavation at end，and with two branches markedly rounded；2）canthus with both anterior and posterior angles distinct；3）lateral angles of the pronotum remote from posterior margin of the pronotum．Based upon these three characters， the female type of Lucanus thibetanus is easily separated from the other two Lucanus species found in the same area，Lucanus boileaui and Lucanus dybowski lhasaensis．All the remaining species of Lucanus found in the same area of western Sichuan belong to the Lucanus fortunei group and are easily distinguishable．The female specimens from western Sichuan examined by us ...
match all the above－mentioned characters in the original description，thus they are identified as Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus． ...
The male of this taxon was described by Lacroix（1971）for the first time．The male is similar to Lucanus lunifer and other species of the lunifer group as Planet（1898）suspected．And so far there is only one species of the lunifer group known from western Sichuan．Therefore there is no confusion on the combination of the sexes of Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus． ...
Length of body．Male： 58 mm （Lacroix 1971）； 45-76mm45-76 \mathrm{~mm}（examined by us）．Female： 40 mm （Lacroix 1971）； 43 mm （examined by us）． ...
Lucanus furcifer Arrow，1950：46－48，partium，＂Type（from Yunnan）in the British Museum＂and specimens from＂Yunnan＂． ...
Lucanus pseudosingularis Didier \＆Seguy，1953：31，figs．3， 7 for male androtype from Yunnan，fig． 5 for female gynetype from＂Pe－yen－Tsin＂（between Kunming and Dali，northern Yunnan）；Lacroix，1971：362， figs．6，6b for males，fig． 14 for female． ...
Lucanus singularis：Lacroix，1971：partium，＂allotype male：Yunnan．coll．British Museum．type du Lucanus furcifer Arrow，synonyme de Lucanus singularis Planet＂．（Misidentification）． ...
Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus：Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994：pl．11，fig．92－1 for male，fig．92－2 for female，all from Yunnan．（Misidentification）． ...
Lucanus thibetanus katsurai Mizunuma，1994：7，213，fig． 1 for male characters，pl．138，fig．92－3 for male holotype from Sapa，N．Vietnam；Gillet，1999：figs．1， 2 for male，figs． 3,4 for female，all from N／E Haba Mts．，Yunnan；Katsura \＆Giang，2002：figs．1a－1e for males，fig．1f for female，all from Sapa， northern Vietnam．syn．nov． ...
Province: 1 widehat() widehat() widehat()1 \widehat{ } \widehat{ } \widehat{ } (CCCC), Muli County, Liziping, 2481 m , 2.VIII.2008, X.-D. Yang leg. ...
Identification. This taxon was described as an independent species on a male “androtype” from Yunnan (with no exact locality) and a female “gynetype” from “Pe-yen-Tsin”, northern Yunnan. These two specimens are the only known syntypes. The male “androtype” (Didier & Seguy 1953b: figs. 3, 7) was illustrated and compared with an “androcotype” of Lucanus furcifer from Sikkim (Didier & Seguy 1953b: figs. 2, 6); and the female “gynetype” was illustrated and compared with the gynetype (actually the holotype) of Lucanus singularis. The following characters in male syntype can be read from the original description and the figures: 1) mandible nearly as long as head plus pronotum, markedly incurved at basal 2//52 / 5 and then slightly curved to apical fork; 2) basal part of the mandible swollen interiorly and minutely dentate; 3) major inner tooth appeared near the apical 1//31 / 3 of the mandible and as long as width of the mandible; 4) major inner tooth of the mandible preceded and followed by small denticles; 5) apical fork opened in a right angle but with branches markedly shorter than those of Lucanus furcifer; 6) clypeolabrum protruding for a long distance beyond frontal margin of the head, bifid at tip with lateral margins widened anteriorly; 7) lateral ridges of the head inflated posteriorly but not laterally, forming blunt angles at posterior ends, not so rounded as in Lucanus furcifer. The female syntype originally described and illustrated (Didier & Seguy 1953b) exhibits the following characters: 1) mandible with at least two points on the inner edge and a clear dorsal tooth; 2) head with anterior angle distinct, and with both anterior and posterior angles of the canthus pointed; 3) apical fork of the protibia deeply excavated at end with the two branches rather long and pointed. ...
In a latter work, Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis (stat. nov.) was compared with all taxa of the lunifer group by Lacroix (1971), among which the most similar taxa are Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus from “Siao-lou” (western Sichuan) and Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri Lacroix (stat. nov.) from “Lout-si-kiang” (Nujiang valley, northwestern Yunnan) and “Tsekou” (Lancang valley, northwestern Yunnan). The differences between Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus, Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis and Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri were said to be found chiefly in the following characters: 1) outer branch of the apical fork of the male mandible slender and conical in Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis but stout and truncated at inner side in Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus and Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri; 2) posterior angle of the male pronotum distinct in Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus and Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis but rounded in Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri; 3) lateral margins of the male clypeolabrum parallel in Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus but oblique in Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis and Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri; 4) apical fork of the female protibia less opened and with branches more rounded in Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus, more opened and with branches pointed in Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis and Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri. ...
One (pl. 48, fig. 6) of the males from Pe-yen-tsin (the only known exact locality for one of the syntypes) examined by us match all the characters originally described and illustrated for the male syntype (Didier & Seguy 1953b: 31, fig.7). The other two males from Pe-yen-tsin examined by us are smaller and a little different in some details. A good number of males from other localities of ...
Yunnan（except Nujiang）examined generally agree with the specimens from Pe－yen－tsin and all the forms have been dissected for an examination of male genitalia；they belong to the same species．The female specimens from Yunnan（except Nujiang）examined exhibit noticeable individual variation in shape of protibia and in shape of canthus；however they have been proved to belong in the same species by the examination of genitalia．Six of the female specimens were collected from Pe－yen－tsin，the only known exact locality for syntype of pseudosingularis，they do not differ constantly from the females from other localities in Yunnan（except Nujiang）．We have not examined any specimens from the Lancang valley of Yunnan．Most of the females examined were captured alongside the males by the light traps from the same localities（Pe－yen－tsin， Hutiaoxia，Dawei－shan，Fen－shui－ling）at the same nights and there was no other species of the lunifer group found at these localities． ...
Length of body．Male： 70 mm for＂androtype＂（Didier \＆Seguy 1953b）；62mm（Lacroix 1971）； 52.5-75mm52.5-75 \mathrm{~mm}（examined by us）．Female： 38 mm for＂gynetype＂（Didier \＆Seguy 1953b）； 36 mm （Lacroix 1971）； 34.5-43.3mm34.5-43.3 \mathrm{~mm}（examined by us）． ...
Synonym．Lucanus thibetanus katsurai Mizunuma from Vietnam is considered as a junior synonym of Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis，because of the discussion in＂Subspecies and synonym of Lucanus thibetanus＂below． ...
Distribution．Yunnan except the valleys of Nu－jiang and Lancang－jiang（Pe－yen－tsin＊， Chuxiong Pref．；Shuangbai，Chuxiong Pref．；Hutiaoxia；Baishuitai，Zhongdian；Haba，Zhongdian； Dawei－shan，Pingbian；Fenshuiling，Jinping），southern Sichuan（Muli）；northern Vietnam（Sapa）． ...
Lucanus singularis：Planet，1903：12，fig． 1 for male，fig． 2 for female，Lout－si－kiang（Nujiang，Yunnan）． （Misidentification）． ...
Lucanus furcifer Arrow，1950：46－48，partium for specimens from＂Szechuen：Ouy－Sy＂（Ouy－Sy referring to Weixi in valleys of the Lancang River，northwestern Yunnan）． ...
Lucanus gennestieri Lacroix，1971：565，fig． 7 for male，fig． 15 for female，male holotype，female allotype and female paratype from Lou－Tse－Kiang（Nujiang Valley，northwestern Yunnan），a male paratype and a female paratype from Tsekou（in valleys of the Lancang River）． ...
Identification．This taxon was described as an independent species on one pair of specimens ...
from＂Lou－Tse－Kiang＂and one pair of specimens from＂Tsekou＂，with a male from Lou－Tse－Kiang（Nujiang）as holotype．Probably due to his poor knowledge on Chinese geography， Lacroix（1971）wrongly stated both＂Lou－Tse－Kiang＂and＂Tsekou＂as localities of＂Sutchuen＂； ＂Lou－Tse－Kiang＂actually referred to the current Nujiang River in northwestern Yunnan，the upper waters of Salween，whilst＂Tsekou＂was a famous locality in valleys of the Lancang River（the Mekong）in northwestern Yunnan．Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri（stat．nov．）was originally described in comparison with Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus and Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis with both sexes illustrated． ...
Most of the fully developed male specimens from Nujiang examined by us match all the characters described for the male holotype of Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri；the other male specimens with some variations have been proved to be the same species by an examination of male genialia；and the small sized males have been identified by an examination of male genitalia． The female specimens collected from the same localities of the males examined by us differ a little from the female paratype illustrated by Lacroix（1971），however match the most characters of that paratype．Because there are only two species of the Lucanus lunifer group（Lucanus thibetanus and Lucanus fryi）found in all the localities in the Nujiang valley explored by our expedition，and because the female genitalia of the specimens from Nujiang match those of Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus and Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis，We believed that the combination of the sexes of Lucanus thibetanus genestieri in this work is correct． ...
Length of body．Male： 69 mm for holotype（Lacroix 1971）； 51-74mm51-74 \mathrm{~mm}（examined by us）． Female： 35 mm （Lacroix 1971）； 32-46mm32-46 \mathrm{~mm}（examined by us）． ...
Records．The record of this species from Sichuan（＂Sutchuen＂or＂Szechuan＂）is due to the incorrect knowledge of Lacroix（1971）who wrongly regarded Lou－Tse－Kiang and Tse－kou as localities in Sichuan．This mistake was followed by Maes (1992,2008)(1992,2008). ...
Distribution．Northwestern Yunnan（valleys of the Nujiang River＊；valleys of the Lancang River）． ...
Identification．The population from Fanjingshan，Guizhou is similar to ssp．thibetanus in shape of the clypeolabrum，the brighter tibiae and the strongly down－curved mandibles in large－sized males，but is similar to ssp．pseudosingularis in shape of the apex of the male mandible， ...
the lateral ridges of the male head and especially the acute apical fork of the female protibia. ...
Length of body. Male: 58-75mm58-75 \mathrm{~mm} (examined by us). Female: 36-43mm36-43 \mathrm{~mm} (examined by us). ...
Distribution. Guizhou (Fanjing-shan). ...
Delimitation of species in the lunifer subgroup (already defined in “Species groups in the genus Lucanus”). ...
Lacroix (1971) revised the external characters of the Lucanus lunifer subgroup and summarized all the differences in external characters between species of the lunifer subgroup into a table. However, some of the characters used by Lacroix (1971) are considered by us as individually variable and useless, and some other characters used by Lacroix were not clearly defined but only roughly described; a detailed discussion on these questionable characters is as follows, with the characters used by Lacroix quoted. ...
Posterior angle of the male pronotum: distinct (all taxa except Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri); rounded (Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri). Lacroix (1971) used this character to distinguish Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri from all other taxa in the lunifer subgroup. However, this character is blunt, changing in different views and individually variable in the entire genus Lucanus. ...
Clypeolabrum (“epistome”) of female: transverse and expanded in the middle (Lucanus lunifer, Lucanus franciscae, Lucanus villosus); transverse and semicircular (Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis); subrectangular and trident (Lucanus fryi); with median projection and flat at anterior margin (Lucanus singularis); with median projection and rounded at anterior margin (Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus, Lucanus gennestieri). Such a description of the characters in clypeolabrum is not accurate and somewhat misleading. The clypeolabrum of Lucanus is composed of a clypeus at base and a labrum at tip, the clypeus and labrum are fussed but distinguishable. A more accurate description of the characters in female clypeolabrum of the lunifer subgroup is as follows. 1) Clypeus: wider (Lucanus victorius, Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus, Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis, Lucanus fryi); thinner (Lucanus furcifer). 2) Lateral corners of the clypeus: angled (Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus, Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis, Lucanus fryi); rounded (Lucanus victorius, Lucanus furcifer); 3) Labrum: longer (Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus, Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis); slightly shorter (Lucanus fryi, Lucanus furcifer); markedly shorter (Lucanus victorius); 4) frontal margin of the labrum: more constricted from base (Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus, Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis); less constricted from base (Lucanus fryi, Lucanus furcifer, Lucanus victorius). The shape of the frontal margin of the labrum is individually variable, it can be flat, or convex, or concave in the same species (such as in Lucanus fryi, Lucanus furcifer). ...
Frontal carina of the female head: convex; concave. This character used by Lacroix (1971) is very blunt and useless, as only Lucanus fryi has a more or less traceable frontal ridge on the head of female whereas Lucanus thibetanus and Lucanus furcifer have no such frontal ridge. ...
Margin anterior to eye: tri-sinuate (Lucanus lunifer, Lucanus villosus, Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis); with rounded projection (Lucanus fryi, Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus); continuous to frontal margin of the head (Lucanus franciscae, Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri, Lucanus singularis). ...
Posterior angle of the canthus: prominent, with sharp angle (Lucanus lunifer, Lucanus villosus, Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis, Lucanus fryi); obsolete (“continuous”) (Lucanus singularis); prominent, with angle hardly marked (Lucanus franciscae, Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus, Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri). ...
These two characters (No. 4 and No.5) used by Lacroix were apparently based upon very few specimens; they are not accurate at least in Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis, Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri and Lucanus fryi, for which a good number of specimens have been examined by us. Lacroix’s (1971) description for Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus was apparently based upon very few specimens, as one of the two females examined by us possesses the sharply pointed anterior angle of the head as in some specimens of Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis. Only Lucanus singularis is clearly separated from all other species of the lunifer subgroup and it is excluded from this subgroup (see “Species groups in genus Lucanus” and discussions under Lucanus singularis). For each of Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis, Lucanus furcifer and Lucanus fryi examined, the anterior angle of the head can be sharply pointed or obtusely angled or rounded, the anterior angle of the canthus can be sharply pointed or somewhat rounded, and the posterior angle of the canthus can be sharply pointed or right-angled, or occasionally absent. Therefore the frequently well marked anterior angle of the head and the frequently clearly marked anterior and posterior angles of the canthus are only considered by us as one of the characters to recognize the lunifer subgroup, but are useless for separating species in the lunifer subgroup. ...
6) Thorax of female: wide, with rounded lateral angles (Lucanus lunifer); wide, with acute lateral angles (Lucanus franciscae, Lucanus villosus, Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis); narrowed beyond the lateral angles (Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus); narrow in front, flared up towards the acute lateral angles (Lucanus singularis); narrow in front, flared up towards the rounded lateral angles (Lucanus fryi, Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri). This character used by Lacroix (1971) was probably based upon very few specimens, as the shape of pronotum is noticeably individually varied at least in Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis, Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri and Lucanus fryi for which a good number of specimens have been examined by us. ...
7) Apical fork of the female protibia: wide, with strong branches (Lucanus lunifer, Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis); arched, with acute branches (Lucanus villosus); elongated, with shifted branches (Lucanus fryi); short, with rounded branches (Lucanus singularis, Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus); elongated, with rounded branches (Lucanus franciscae, Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri). This character used by Lacroix (1971) is very useful for most taxa, but it should be used more carefully with a definition of ranges of the individual variations. In case of Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis, the width of the apical fork and the length of the branches (or the depth of the excavation at tip of the apical fork) are all individually varied but in a limited degree. ...
The length of the apical fork and the shape of branches seem to be rather constant for most species and used in this work. ...
After a more careful definition of external characters, all the known differences in external characters between the taxa of the lunifer subgroup are summarized into table 8 instead of Lacroix’s table (Lacroix 1971). For some species the male and female genital characters are also included. A count of the dissimilarities in all characters between the taxa of the lunifer subgroup is shown in table 9. Lucanus singularis is excluded from the lunifer subgroup by having an obsolete anterior angle of the canthus in female and some different characters in male (see “Species groups in genus Lucanus” and discussions under Lucanus singularis). ...
Table 8. Differences among taxa of the lunifer subgroup (Abbreviations: lun, lunifer; fra, franciscae; vic, victorius; thi, thibetanus; pse, pseudosingularis; gen, gennestieri; isa, isaki; fur, furcifer; vil, villosus; fry, fryi). ...
Species ...
lun fra ...
vic ...
vil ...
thi ...
fur fry ...
Subspecies ...
lun fra ...
vic ...
vil ...
thi ...
pse gen ...
isa ...
fur ...
fry ...
Male external character states ...
Mandible markedly bent at middle or a little before middle ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
Mandible nearly straight or slightly incurved in medial part ...
*
*
*
Major inner tooth at about apical 1//31 / 3 of the mandible ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Major inner tooth just behind apical fork of the mandible ...
*
Major inner tooth markedly shorter than width of the mandible ...
*
*
Major inner tooth nearly as long as width of the mandible ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Mandible with denticles just behind major inner tooth ...
*
*
*
*
*
Mandible without denticles just behind major inner tooth ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
Basal area of the mandible more or less serrate ...
*
*
*
*
*
Basal area of the mandible not serrate ...
*
*
*
*
Outer branch of mandibular fork slender and conical ...
*
*
*
*
*
Outer branch of mandibular fork stout and truncated ...
*
*
*
*
*
Clypeolabrum short ...
*
Clypeolabrum long ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Clypeolabrum in large males widened anteriorly ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
Clypeolabrum in large males nearly even in width ...
*
*
*
*
Lateral ridges of the head markedly inflated laterally ...
*
*
*
*
Lateral ridges of the head not or weakly inflated laterally ...
*
*
*
*
*
Lateral ridges forming rounded posterior corners in large males ...
*
*
*
*
*
Lateral ridges forming angled posterior corners in large males ...
*
*
*
*
Elytra with a marked pubescence ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Elytra without a marked pubescence ...
*
Species lun fra vic vil thi fur fry
Subspecies lun fra vic vil thi pse gen isa fur fry
Male external character states
Mandible markedly bent at middle or a little before middle * * * * * *
Mandible nearly straight or slightly incurved in medial part * * *
Major inner tooth at about apical 1//3 of the mandible * * * * * * * *
Major inner tooth just behind apical fork of the mandible *
Major inner tooth markedly shorter than width of the mandible * *
Major inner tooth nearly as long as width of the mandible * * * * * * *
Mandible with denticles just behind major inner tooth * * * * *
Mandible without denticles just behind major inner tooth * * * * * *
Basal area of the mandible more or less serrate * * * * *
Basal area of the mandible not serrate * * * *
Outer branch of mandibular fork slender and conical * * * * *
Outer branch of mandibular fork stout and truncated * * * * *
Clypeolabrum short *
Clypeolabrum long * * * * * * * *
Clypeolabrum in large males widened anteriorly * * * * * *
Clypeolabrum in large males nearly even in width * * * *
Lateral ridges of the head markedly inflated laterally * * * *
Lateral ridges of the head not or weakly inflated laterally * * * * *
Lateral ridges forming rounded posterior corners in large males * * * * *
Lateral ridges forming angled posterior corners in large males * * * *
Elytra with a marked pubescence * * * * * * * *
Elytra without a marked pubescence * | Species | lun fra | vic | vil | thi | | | | fur fry | |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Subspecies | lun fra | vic | vil | thi | pse gen | | isa | fur | fry |
| Male external character states | | | | | | | | | |
| Mandible markedly bent at middle or a little before middle | | | | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| Mandible nearly straight or slightly incurved in medial part | * | * | * | | | | | | |
| Major inner tooth at about apical $1 / 3$ of the mandible | * | | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| Major inner tooth just behind apical fork of the mandible | | * | | | | | | | |
| Major inner tooth markedly shorter than width of the mandible | * | * | | | | | | | |
| Major inner tooth nearly as long as width of the mandible | | | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| Mandible with denticles just behind major inner tooth | | * | | | * | * | | * | * |
| Mandible without denticles just behind major inner tooth | * | | * | * | * | * | * | | |
| Basal area of the mandible more or less serrate | | | | * | * | * | * | * | |
| Basal area of the mandible not serrate | * | * | * | | | | | | * |
| Outer branch of mandibular fork slender and conical | * | * | * | | * | | | * | |
| Outer branch of mandibular fork stout and truncated | * | | | * | | * | * | | * |
| Clypeolabrum short | | | * | | | | | | |
| Clypeolabrum long | * | * | | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| Clypeolabrum in large males widened anteriorly | * | * | | | * | * | * | * | |
| Clypeolabrum in large males nearly even in width | * | | * | * | | | | | * |
| Lateral ridges of the head markedly inflated laterally | | | * | | | | * | * | * |
| Lateral ridges of the head not or weakly inflated laterally | * | * | | * | * | * | | | |
| Lateral ridges forming rounded posterior corners in large males | * | | * | | | | * | * | * |
| Lateral ridges forming angled posterior corners in large males | | * | | * | * | * | | | |
| Elytra with a marked pubescence | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
| Elytra without a marked pubescence | * | | | | | | | | |
Table 8 (continued) ...
Species ...
lun ...
fra ...
vic ...
vil ...
thi ...
fur ...
fry ...
Subspecies ...
lun ...
fra ...
vic ...
vil ...
thi ...
pse gen ...
isa ...
fur ...
fry ...
Male external character states ...
Elytra with longitudinal stripes of pubescence ...
*
*
*
Elytra without longitudinal stripes ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Tibiae in dorsal view bright reddish brown ...
*
*
*
*
*
Tibiae in dorsal view black or at most dark reddish brown ...
*
*
*
*
*
Female external character states ...
Body shorter and stouter ...
*
Body longer and slenderer ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Mandible nearly as long as head ...
*
Mandible markedly shorter than head ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Clypeus wider ...
*
*
*
Clypeus thinner ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Clypeus with lateral corners angled ...
*
*
*
*
*
Clypeus with lateral corners rounded ...
*
*
*
*
*
Labrum long and well marked ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Labrum short, obsolete ...
*
*
*
Labrum slightly constricted from base to tip ...
*
*
?
*
*
Labrum markedly constricted from base to tip ...
*
*
*
?
Inner tooth of the mandible single-pointed ...
*
Inner tooth of the mandible double-pointed ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Apical fork of the protibia usually markedly longer ...
*
*
Apical fork of the protibia usually slightly longer ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
Apical fork of the protibia shorter ...
*
*
Apical fork of the protibia with branches acute at tip ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Apical fork of the protibia with branches rounded at tip ...
*
*
Male genital character states ...
Ventral plate of the basal piece absent ...
?
?
?
*
*
*
?
*
*
Ventral plate of the basal piece clearly defined ...
?
?
*
?
?
Cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view very thin ...
?
?
?
*
*
?
*
Cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view wider ...
?
?
?
*
?
Cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view markedly stout ...
?
?
*
?
?
*
Paramere in lateral view broadly rounded at apex ...
?
?
?
*
*
*
?
Paramere in lateral view not broadly rounded at apex ...
?
?
*
?
?
*
*
Penis markedly constricted near caudal end ...
?
?
?
?
*
Penis not markedly constricted near caudal end ...
?
?
*
?
*
*
*
?
*
Species lun fra vic vil thi fur fry
Subspecies lun fra vic vil thi pse gen isa fur fry
Male external character states
Elytra with longitudinal stripes of pubescence * * *
Elytra without longitudinal stripes * * * * * * *
Tibiae in dorsal view bright reddish brown * * * * *
Tibiae in dorsal view black or at most dark reddish brown * * * * *
Female external character states
Body shorter and stouter *
Body longer and slenderer * * * * * * * * *
Mandible nearly as long as head *
Mandible markedly shorter than head * * * * * * * * *
Clypeus wider * * *
Clypeus thinner * * * * * * *
Clypeus with lateral corners angled * * * * *
Clypeus with lateral corners rounded * * * * *
Labrum long and well marked * * * * * * *
Labrum short, obsolete * * *
Labrum slightly constricted from base to tip * * ? * *
Labrum markedly constricted from base to tip * * * ?
Inner tooth of the mandible single-pointed *
Inner tooth of the mandible double-pointed * * * * * * * * *
Apical fork of the protibia usually markedly longer * *
Apical fork of the protibia usually slightly longer * * * * * *
Apical fork of the protibia shorter * *
Apical fork of the protibia with branches acute at tip * * * * * * * * *
Apical fork of the protibia with branches rounded at tip * *
Male genital character states
Ventral plate of the basal piece absent ? ? ? * * * ? * *
Ventral plate of the basal piece clearly defined ? ? * ? ?
Cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view very thin ? ? ? * * ? *
Cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view wider ? ? ? * ?
Cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view markedly stout ? ? * ? ? *
Paramere in lateral view broadly rounded at apex ? ? ? * * * ?
Paramere in lateral view not broadly rounded at apex ? ? * ? ? * *
Penis markedly constricted near caudal end ? ? ? ? *
Penis not markedly constricted near caudal end ? ? * ? * * * ? *| Species | lun | fra | vic | vil | thi | | | | fur | fry |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Subspecies | lun | fra | vic | vil | thi | pse gen | | isa | fur | fry |
| Male external character states | | | | | | | | | | |
| Elytra with longitudinal stripes of pubescence | * | * | * | | | | | | | |
| Elytra without longitudinal stripes | | | | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| Tibiae in dorsal view bright reddish brown | * | * | | * | | | | * | * | |
| Tibiae in dorsal view black or at most dark reddish brown | | | * | | * | * | * | | | * |
| Female external character states | | | | | | | | | | |
| Body shorter and stouter | | | * | | | | | | | |
| Body longer and slenderer | * | * | | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| Mandible nearly as long as head | | | | | | | | | | * |
| Mandible markedly shorter than head | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
| Clypeus wider | * | * | * | | | | | | | |
| Clypeus thinner | | | | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| Clypeus with lateral corners angled | | | | | * | * | * | * | | * |
| Clypeus with lateral corners rounded | * | * | * | * | | | | | * | |
| Labrum long and well marked | | | | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| Labrum short, obsolete | * | * | * | | | | | | | |
| Labrum slightly constricted from base to tip | | | | * | | * | | ? | * | * |
| Labrum markedly constricted from base to tip | | | | | * | * | * | ? | | |
| Inner tooth of the mandible single-pointed | | | | * | | | | | | |
| Inner tooth of the mandible double-pointed | * | * | * | | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| Apical fork of the protibia usually markedly longer | | | | * | | | | | | * |
| Apical fork of the protibia usually slightly longer | | * | * | | * | * | * | * | | |
| Apical fork of the protibia shorter | * | | | | | | | | * | |
| Apical fork of the protibia with branches acute at tip | * | * | * | * | | * | * | * | * | * |
| Apical fork of the protibia with branches rounded at tip | | | | | * | | | | | * |
| Male genital character states | | | | | | | | | | |
| Ventral plate of the basal piece absent | ? | ? | | ? | * | * | * | ? | * | * |
| Ventral plate of the basal piece clearly defined | ? | ? | * | ? | | | | ? | | |
| Cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view very thin | ? | ? | | ? | * | | * | ? | * | |
| Cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view wider | ? | ? | | ? | | * | | ? | | |
| Cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view markedly stout | ? | ? | * | ? | | | | ? | | * |
| Paramere in lateral view broadly rounded at apex | ? | ? | | ? | * | * | * | ? | | |
| Paramere in lateral view not broadly rounded at apex | ? | ? | * | ? | | | | ? | * | * |
| Penis markedly constricted near caudal end | ? | ? | | ? | | | | ? | * | |
| Penis not markedly constricted near caudal end | ? | ? | * | ? | * | * | * | ? | | * |
Table 8 (continued) ...
Species ...
lun fra vic vil thi ...
fur fry ...
Subspecies ...
lun fra vic vil thi pse gen isa fur fry ...
Species lun fra vic vil thi fur fry
Subspecies lun fra vic vil thi pse gen isa fur fry | Species | lun fra vic vil thi | fur fry |
| :--- | :--- | ---: |
| Subspecies | lun fra vic vil thi pse gen isa fur fry | |
As shown in the tables, of the 11 genital characters accounted, none is different between Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus and Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis, only one in male genitalia is different between Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis and Lucanus thibetanus ...
thibetanus or Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri. Of all the characters accounted, only two or four are different between Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus, Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri and Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis. Because all these three taxa are allopatric in distribution, it is reasonable to consider all of them as conspecific. Moreover, a newly discovered population from Guizhou exhibits an intermediate appearance in external characters between the already known subspecies. Lucanus thibetanus isaki Nagai from northern Myanmar exhibits more differences in external characters from all other subspecies and has not been examined in genitalia; its taxonomic position is uncertain at present. ...
In Lacroix’s (1971) work, the differences between males of Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus, Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri and Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis are restricted to the following three characters: 1) apical fork of the mandible conical or truncated; 2) lateral sides of the clypeolabrum parallel or oblique; 3) posterior angles of the pronotum distinct or rounded. However, the specimens those are different in these three characters share all the same genital characters. The allopatric distribution of all these three taxa in China was overlooked by Lacroix (1971) because of his poor knowledge in Chinese geography. All the detailed localities stated in the literatures are allopatric for these three taxa, except for the male “androtype” of Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis, which was only known from “Yunnan”. However the female “gynetype” of Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis was collected from “Pe-Yin-Tsin”, a famous collecting locality between Kunming and Dali in northern Yunnan. These two specimens, the “androtype” and the “gynetype” are the only syntypes for this taxon; and if a lectotype designation is required for Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis, the female “gynetype” is more appropriate because its locality is accurate and in details. The male “androtype” of Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis is supposed to be collected from some part of Yunnan except the valleys of the Nujiang River and the Lancang River, because of its external appearance. ...
In case of Lucanus lunifer and Lucanus franciscae, only three characters are different between them, and they are allopatric in distribution. It is possible these two taxa are conspecific as Mizunuma & Nagai (1994) considered. However a final determination should be based upon an examination of male and female genitalia. ...
Male genital characters of Lucanus thibetanus (Pl. 16, figs. 1-5). The following characters are found in all the three subspecies of Lucanus thibetanus and the unnamed population from Guizhou examined, and are stated in comparison with Lucanus victorius, Lucanus furcifer, and Lucanus fryi: 1) ventral plate of the basal piece absent (from Lucanus victorius), with caudal margin of the basal piece usually weakly defined (from Lucanus fryi) and excavated at middle; 2) cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view markedly thinner than that of Lucanus victorius and Lucanus fryi, very slender in ssp. gennestieri and ssp. thibetanus as that of Lucanus furcifer, somewhat wider in ssp. pseudosingularis; 3) paramere in lateral view broadly rounded (from Lucanus victorius, Lucanus furcifer and Lucanus fryi); 4) penis wider at caudal end, not constricted near caudal end as in Lucanus furcifer; 5) flagellum nearly as long as that of Lucanus victorius, shorter than that of Lucanus fryi, but longer than that of Lucanus furcifer; 6) basal belt of ...
the flagellum narrower than that of Lucanus fryi and Lucanus victorius, nearly as long as that of Lucanus fryi, markedly longer than that of Lucanus furcifer and Lucanus victorius; 7) size of aedeagus smaller than that of Lucanus victorius and Lucanus fryi, but markedly larger than that of Lucanus furcifer. Two males of Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus from western Sichuan, six males of Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis from Yunnan and southern Sichuan, two males of the population from Guizhou, and three males of Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri from Nujiang were dissected, and they show no difference in most characters. ...
Female genital characters of Lucanus thibetanus (Pl. 31, figs. 1-6). The following characters are found in all the three subspecies of Lucanus thibetanus and the unnamed population from Guizhou examined, and are stated in comparison with Lucanus victorius, Lucanus furcifer, and Lucanus fryi: 1) spermathecal duct 2.8-3.7 times as long as hemisternite (from Lucanus furcifer and Lucanus fryi); 2) spermatheca sclerotized, wider than that of Lucanus fryi; 3) spermathecal duct membranous; 4) spermathecal gland markedly wider than spermatheca; 5) spermathecal gland nearly as long as spermatheca or somewhat longer; 6) spermatheca markedly curved; 7) central conjunction of the ninth tergites weakly protruding posteriorly (from Lucanus fryi); 8) size of the hemisternite markedly larger than that of Lucanus furcifer and Lucanus victorius; 9) last abdominal tergite with lateral angles distinct; 10) last abdominal ventrite slightly excavated in middle. One female of Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus from western Sichuan, six females of Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis from Yunnan, two females of the population from Guizhou and one female of Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri from Nujiang were dissected, and they only show some variation in length of the spermathecal duct and shape of the hemisternite. ...
Male external characters of Lucanus thibetanus. The following characters for large and medium-sized males are found in all the three subspecies of Lucanus thibetanus and the population from Guizhou examined, and are stated in comparison with Lucanus furcifer, Lucanus lunifer, Lucanus franciscae, Lucanus villosus and Lucanus fryi: 1) mandible markedly bent inwards nearly at basal 2//52 / 5 and then slightly incurved towards apical fork (from Lucanus lunifer, Lucanus franciscae and Lucanus villosus); 2) major inner tooth appeared at about apical 1//31 / 3 of the mandible, nearly as long as width of the mandible (from Lucanus lunifer and Lucanus franciscae); 3) apical fork less opened with branches shorter than those of Lucanus furcifer and Lucanus lucifer; 4) basal area of the mandible more or less swollen interiorly and finely serrate (from Lucanus lunifer, Lucanus franciscae, Lucanus villosus and Lucanus fryi); 5) clypeolabrum markedly protruding forwards (from Lucanus villosus) and stouter than that of Lucanus franciscae; 6) lateral ridges of the head more or less angled at posterior corners (from Lucanus franciscae, Lucanus villosus, Lucanus fryi and Lucanus furcifer); 7) dorsal surface of the body with a marked pubescence (from Lucanus fryi). ...
Female external characters of Lucanus thibetanus. The following characters are found in all the three subspecies of Lucanus thibetanus and the population from Guizhou examined, and are stated in comparison with Lucanus furcifer and Lucanus fryi: 1) mandible markedly shorter than head (from Lucanus fryi); 2) anterior angle of the head distinct, often pointed (from Lucanus fryi ...
and Lucanus furcifer); 3) clypeolabrum longer and wider at base than that of Lucanus furcifer, with labrum longer and more protruding than that of Lucanus fryi, and with lateral corners of clypeus angled (from Lucanus furcifer); 4) punctures on the head and pronotum larger and more closely distributed than those of Lucanus furcifer; 5) apical fork of the protibia markedly longer than that of Lucanus furcifer, but shorter than that of Lucanus fryi; 6) dorsal surface of the body with a marked pubescence (from Lucanus fryi). ...
The female of Lucanus thibetanus can be separated from the females of Lucanus franciscae and Lucanus villosus (both are illustrated in Lacroix 1971) by having inner tooth of the mandibles double-pointed (single-pointed in Lucanus villosus), clypeolabrum less transverse (than in Lucanus franciscae), and pronotum less rounded near anterior angles (than in Lucanus franciscae). ...
Morphological distance. Most of the species in the lunifer subgroup have not been examined in male and female genitalia. The closest species of Lucanus thibetanus is supposed to be Lucanus furcifer. ...
Subspecies and synonym of Lucanus thibetanus. The original description of Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis was based upon a medium-sized male from “Yunnan” and a female from “Pe-Yen-Tsin”, on route between Dali and Kunming, northern Yunnan. In a latter work (Lacroix 1971), a large-sized male was illustrated alongside the medium-sized male, and there was noticeable individual variation in the length and openness of the apical fork of the mandible, the length and shape of the clypeolabrum, the position of the inner tooth of the mandible, the curvature of the mandible, and the size of the minute denticles near base of the mandible. Such individual variation is often found in other species of the lunifer subgroup, such as Lucanus furcifer (Pl. 42, figs.1-4). ...
The description of Lucanus thibetanus katsurai was based upon a single male from Sapa, northern Vietnam, which represents a medium-sized form; it was in comparison with the nominotypical subspecies and was quoted here: “mandible slenderer, with a inner tooth at apical 1//31 / 3 (behind apex in the latter), with apical divarication narrow (distinctly broadened in the latter); clypeus projected, with apical divarication fully wide-angled”. In a latter paper, a new material was obtained from the type locality (Chapa, Vietnam) and five other males and a female were illustrated by Katsura & Giang (2002), representing the large-sized, medium-sized and small-sized males respectively. The characters employed by Mizunuma (1994: 7) to distinguish Lucanus thibetanus katsurai become blunt and useless for the large-sized males. And there is no marked difference between the large-sized male of Lucanus thibetanus katsurai from Vietnam (Katsura & Giang 2002: fig. 1a) and the large-sized male specimen of Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis from Yunnan (Lacroix 1971: fig. 6b). ...
The original figure of the female “gynetype” of Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis is a hand drawing and is useless for a detailed comparison. However 6 females of this taxon from Pe-yen-tsin, the type locality of pseudosingularis, and many females from other areas of Yunnan including 11 females from Pingbian and Jinping, southern Yunnan (very close to the type locality of katsurai in northern Vietnam), have been examined by us. These female specimens exhibit ...
noticeable individual variation in shape of the pronotum (Pl. 58, figs. 2-6) and the detailed shape of the apical fork of the protibia and such variation is not in correspondence with the localities. An examination of female genitalia confirmed these females to belong in the same species. Moreover, many males from both northern Yunnan and southern Yunnan have been examined and show no geographical variation, and there is no difference in male genitalia between the population from northern Yunnan (Pl. 16, fig. 3) and the population from southern Yunnan (Pl. 16, fig. 4). Therefore there is no constant difference between the populations of Yunnan (except Nujiang) and northern Vietnam in both sexes, and Lucanus thibetanus katsurai (syn. nov.) is regarded as a junior synonym of Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis. ...
Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus from western Sichuan is now proved to be a comparatively rarer subspecies, with only very few specimens of both sexes recorded in the literatures. It is also scant in the collections of Chinese collectors. The difference between ssp. thibetanus and ssp. pseudosingularis is minute but rather constant in the large-sized males and the females: 1) lateral ridges of the male head more convergent posteriorly and oblique toward the center of the head in ssp. thibetanus than in ssp. pseudosingularis; 2) lateral margins of the male clypeolabrum more parallel in ssp. thibetanus than in ssp. pseudosingularis; 3) outer branch of the apical fork of the male mandible stouter and truncated in ssp. thibetanus but slender and rather conical in ssp. pseudosingularis; 4) apical fork of the female protibia with branches more rounded in ssp. thibetanus than in ssp. pseudosingularis. ...
Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri was described on the basis of one pair of specimens from the Nujiang valley (Lou-Tse-Kiang) and one pair of specimens from the Lancang valley (Tsekou), with the unique male from Nujiang as holotype. We have not examined any specimens from Lancang valley; however we have examined more than 100 specimens of both sexes from the Nujiang valley and made the follow conclusions. 1) The shape of the apical fork of the male mandible (truncated or conical) and the shape of the posterior angle of the male pronotum (rounded or distinct) do not work as good characters to separate ssp. gennestieri from ssp. pseudosingularis, they are very slight in appearance and quite variable in individuals. 2) The obscure anterior angle of the canthus and the very long apical fork of the protibia in the original figure of the female paratype (Lacroix 1971: 569, fig. 15) are misleading, as most females newly examined have the distinct anterior angle of the canthus and the short apical fork of the protibia. 3) The males from Nujiang can be separated from the same-sized males from other areas of Yunnan by the following combination of characters: clypeolabrum less opened in front, with lateral tips closer and frontal excavation shallower (in accordance with the figures in Lacroix, 1971); frontal ridge of the head more elevated in anterior view; inner edge of the mandible usually without small teeth just inside of the major tooth (in accordance with the figures in Lacroix, 1971); lateral ridges of the head often (not always) inflated more laterally. 4) The females from Nujiang can be separated from the females from other areas of Yunnan by the lateral angle of the pronotum more protruded and much sharper (in accordance with the figures in Lacroix, 1971). The geographical boundary between ssp. gennestieri and ssp. pseudosingularis is unknown at present. ...
A new population of Lucanus thibetanus was recently found in the Mount Fan－jing－shan， Guizhou；it is similar to ssp．thibetanus in shape of the clypeolabrum，the brighter tibiae and the strongly down－curved mandibles in large－sized males，but is similar to ssp．pseudosingularis in shape of the apex of the male mandible，the lateral ridges of the male head and especially the acute apical fork of the female protibia．An examination of male and female genitalia proves this population to belong in Lucanus thibetanus．This population cannot be included into any known subspecies and currently placed into an unnamed subspecies．However，we inclined to reject the subspecies concept in the classification of lucanidae，and the intermediate appearance of the population from Guizhou strongly supports that all the known Chinese subspecies of Lucanus thibetanus belong in one species． ...
Lucanus thibetanus isaki Nagai（2000）described from Kachin，northern Myanmar has not been examined by us；it is separated from all other subspecies by having the laterally inflated lateral ridges and the rounded posterior corners of the head and the bright reddish brown tibiae in males．The male and female genitalia of Lucanus thibetanus isaki have not been examined，thus the taxonomic position of this taxon is uncertain． ...
Lucanus furcifer Arrow，1950：46，partium for specimens from Sikkim（Lachen Lachung），pl．3，fig． 4 for male from Sikkim；Didier \＆Seguy，1953：30，fig． 2 for male head，fig． 6 for male androcotype；Huang， 2006：14，18，Hanmi，Motuo，southeastern Tibet． ...
Lucanus singularis：Lacroix，1971：566，partium for＂paratype： 1 male，forme mineure，region thibetaine， Lacheng－Lachung（Lacheng－Lachung is a locality in Sikkim，not Tibet）＂，fig． 8 for male；Schenk 2009：7， fig． 1 for male from Sikkim，fig． 2 for male from Bhutan．（Misidentification）． ...
Identification．In the original description of Lucanus furcifer，Arrow（1950）stated＂Type （from Yunnan）in the British Museum＂but did not mention the gender of this specimen；his figure （Arrow 1950：pl．3，fig．4）however belongs to a male specimen，of which the locality was not given．In a latter paper by Didier \＆Seguy（1953b），a male＂androcotype＂from Sikkim（＂Lachen Lachnung＂），which was mentioned in Arrow＇s original description，was figured，matching the male figured by Arrow（1950）in all characters．In Lacroix＇s（1971）work，the＂type＂of Lucanus furcifer was declared to be a male from Yunnan deposited in British Museum but was not illustrated，and a figure of a male from Sikkim was reproduced from Didier \＆Seguy＇s（1953b）paper．Arrow（1950） did not specifically exclude any specimens listed in his description out of the type series or state ...
any specimens as variations or doubtful specimens, thus all the specimens mentioned in Arrow’s (1950) original description should be regarded as syntypes, according to the Code 72.1 and the Code 72.4.1 in the fourth edition of “International Code of Zoological Nomenclature”. It is obvious that the male figured by Arrow (1950: pl. 3, fig. 4) was collected from Sikkim, not from Yunnan, and the “type” from Yunnan has never been illustrated in the literatures. Arrow (1950: 46) believed that his Lucanus furcifer represents the species illustrated by Planet (1903: figs. 1, 2) as Lucanus singularis, which however is not conspecific with the species illustrated by Arrow (1950: pl. 3, fig. 4). Actually Arrow (1950) made a mistake to mix two different species into a single taxon, and his description of Lucanus furcifer is applicable to both species: a Sikkim species represented by the figure of male in Arrow (1950: pl. 3, fig. 4) and the figure of male in Didier & Seguy (1953b: figs. 2, 6); and a Yunnan species represented by the figures of male and female in Planet (1903: figs. 1, 2) and the figures of male and female in Didier & Seguy (1953b: figs. 3, 5, 7). Therefore a lectotype designation is required to fix the names, and it is necessary to select a syntype from Sikkim as lectotype, because the only figured specimen in the original description (Arrow 1950: pl. 3, fig. 4) belongs to the Sikkim species and the identifications of Lucanus furcifer in all the latter works (Didier & Seguy1953b, Lacroix 1971) are based upon this figure (Arrow 1950: pl. 3, fig. 4), and because the Yunnan species has been described under the other two names, Lucanus pseudosingularis Didier & Seguy (1953b) and Lucanus gennestieri Lacroix (1971). If we select a syntype of Lucanus furcifer from Yunnan as lectotype, Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis or Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri will be a synonym of Lucanus furcifer and the Sikkim species will be an undescribed species. Therefore, we strongly suggest that the lectotype designation in future should be based upon a male syntype from Sikkim, at best the specimen photographed and published in the original description (Arrow 1950: pl. 3, fig. 4); if the specimen figured by Arrow (1950) cannot be traced, another syntype from “Lachen Lachnung”, Sikkim illustrated and mentioned by Didier & Seguy (1953b) as “androcotype” in “Mus. Paris” (Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris) should be selected, because such specimen from Lachen Lachung was mentioned in the original description (Arrow 1950) and because this specimen was illustrated in the literature. ...
In the present study, the identification of Lucanus furcifer is based upon the original figure of male of Lucanus furcifer for Sikkim species (Arrow 1950: pl. 3, fig. 4). ...
All the female specimens of Lucanus furcifer described or illustrated in the literatures are not well grounded. As discussed above, there were actually two species mixed in the original description of Lucanus furcifer (Arrow 1950). The description of the female given by Arrow (1950) is short and applicable to both species mixed, and Arrow gave no data for the female specimens on which the description was based. Lacroix (1971) noticed that Arrow (1950) made a mistake in identifying the species in Planet’s (1903) figures from Yunnan as the Sikkim species, but he wrongly combined the male of the Sikkim species illustrated by Arrow (1950: pl. 3, fig. 4) and the female holotype (the unique type specimen) of Lucanus singularis (Planet, 1890: fig. 9) from eastern India (“Indes Orientales”) into a single species. In a recent expedition made by the senior ...
author to southeastern Tibet, a good number of males and females of a Lucanus species were collected together from the same place at same nights, thus the combination of the sexes is fixed; the males have been identified as Lucanus furcifer with all external characters matching the original figure of Lucanus furcifer (Arrow 1950: pl. 3, fig. 4), the females are however different from the holotype of Lucanus singularis in several important characters. This new evidence reveals that the three taxa, Lucanus singularis, Lucanus furcifer and Lucanus pseudosingularis (herein treated as Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis) represent three different species. ...
Male genital characters (Pl. 16, fig. 6; pl. 17, fig. 5). The following characters are found in specimens from Motuo and are stated in comparison with Lucanus victorius, Lucanus thibetanus, and Lucanus fryi: 1) ventral plate of the basal piece absent (from Lucanus victorius), with caudal . margin of the basal piece usually not defined; 2) cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view markedly thinner than that of Lucanus victorius and Lucanus fryi; 3) penis narrower near caudal end, constricted at caudal end (from Lucanus victorius, Lucanus fryi and Lucanus thibetanus); 4) flagellum shorter than that of Lucanus fryi, Lucanus thibetanus and Lucanus victorius; 5) basal belt of the flagellum narrower than that of Lucanus fryi and Lucanus victorius, markedly shorter than that of Lucanus fryi and Lucanus thibetanus; 6) size of aedeagus smaller than that of Lucanus victorius, Lucanus fryi and Lucanus thibetanus. Three males of Lucanus furcifer from Motuo were dissected, and they show no variation in all characters. ...
Female genital characters (Pl. 32, figs. 1, 2). The following characters are found in specimens from Motuo and are stated in comparison with Lucanus thibetanus, Lucanus victorius, and Lucanus fryi: 1) spermathecal duct 2.0-3.0 times as long as hemisternite (from Lucanus thibetanus, Lucanus victorius and Lucanus fryi); 2) spermatheca sclerotized, wider than that of Lucanus fryi; 3) spermathecal duct membranous; 4) spermathecal gland markedly wider than spermatheca; 5) spermathecal gland nearly as long as spermatheca or somewhat longer; 6) spermatheca markedly curved; 7) central conjunction of the ninth tergites weakly protruding posteriorly (from Lucanus fryi); 8) size of the hemisternite markedly smaller than that of Lucanus fryi and Lucanus thibetanus; 9) last abdominal tergite with lateral angles distinct; 10) last abdominal ventrite slightly excavated in middle. Three females of Lucanus furcifer from Motuo were dissected and they show some variation in length of the spermathecal duct and shape of the hemisternite. ...
Male external characters. The following characters for large-sized males are found in Arrow’s (1950) original figure of Lucanus furcifer and also in specimens from Motuo, they are stated in comparison with Lucanus thibetanus (including ssp. thibetanus, ssp. pseudosingularis, ssp. gennestieri and ssp. isaki), Lucanus lunifer, Lucanus franciscae, Lucanus villosus and Lucanus fryi: 1) mandible markedly longer than head plus pronotum; 2) mandible markedly bent inwards at basal 2//52 / 5 and then slightly incurved towards apical fork (from Lucanus lunifer, Lucanus franciscae and Lucanus villosus); 3) major inner tooth appeared at about apical 1//31 / 3 of the mandible, nearly as long as width of the mandible (from Lucanus lunifer and Lucanus franciscae); 4) apical fork very widely opened in a right angle, with both branches longer than those of Lucanus ...
thibetanus, Lucanus franciscae, Lucanus villosus and Lucanus fryi; 5) basal area of the mandible swollen interiorly and finely serrate (from Lucanus lunifer, Lucanus franciscae, Lucanus villosus and Lucanus fryi); 6) minute denticles appeared behind the major inner tooth (from Lucanus lunifer, Lucanus franciscae, Lucanus villosus and Lucanus fryi), but not continued to the basal area; 7) clypeolabrum markedly protruding forwards (from Lucanus villosus) and widely bifid at tip (from Lucanus villosus, Lucanus fryi and Lucanus franciscae); 8) lateral ridges of the head markedly inflated laterally (from Lucanus lunifer, Lucanus franciscae and all Chinese subspecies of Lucanus thibetanus) and very rounded at posterior tips (from all Chinese subspecies of Lucanus thibetanus); 9) dorsal surface of the body with a marked pubescence (from Lucanus fryi). ...
Female external characters. The following characters are found in specimens from Motuo, and are stated in comparison with Lucanus thibetanus and Lucanus fryi: 1) mandible markedly shorter than head (from Lucanus fryi); 2) anterior angle of the head usually indistinct (from Lucanus thibetanus); 3) clypeolabrum shorter and narrower than that of Lucanus thibetanus and Lucanus fryi, with lateral corners of clypeus indistinct (from Lucanus thibetanus); 4) punctures on the head and pronotum smaller and more sparsely distributed than those of Lucanus fryi and Lucanus thibetanus; 5) apical fork of the protibia markedly shorter than that of Lucanus fryi and Lucanus thibetanus; 6) dorsal surface of the body with a marked pubescence (from Lucanus fryi). ...
The female of Lucanus furcifer can be separated from the females of Lucanus franciscae and Lucanus villosus (both are illustrated in Lacroix 1971) by having inner tooth of the mandibles double-pointed (single-pointed in Lucanus villosus), clypeolabrum less transverse (than in Lucanus franciscae), and pronotum less rounded near anterior angles (than in Lucanus franciscae). ...
Length of body. Male: 42-81mm42-81 \mathrm{~mm} for specimens from Motuo (examined by us). Female: 28-41mm28-41 \mathrm{~mm} for specimens from Motuo (examined by us). ...
Morphological distance. Most of the species in the lunifer subgroup have not been examined in male and female genitalia, thus the closest species of Lucanus furcifer is supposed to be Lucanus thibetanus. ...
Synonym. Lacroix (1971) treated Lucanus furcifer as a synonym of Lucanus singularis, but he did not give any evidence to combine the female holotype of Lucanus singularis (Planet 1900a: fig. 9; Didier & Seguy 1953b: figs. 1, 4; Lacroix 1971: fig. 16) and the male “androcotype” of Lucanus furcifer from Sikkim (Didier & Seguy1953b: figs. 2, 6; Lacroix 1971: fig. 8) into the same species. As discussed above, there are two species mixed in the original description of Lucanus furcifer and in the type series. And if we select the Sikkim species to represent Lucanus furcifer as we strongly suggested, the female of Lucanus furcifer as we discovered from Tibet and described in this work is definitely different from the holotype of Lucanus singularis. And if we select the Yunnan species to represent Lucanus furcifer, Lucanus furcifer will be a senior synonym of Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis or Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri, and the female of Lucanus furcifer is definitely different from the holotype of Lucanus singularis too. In all cases Lucanus furcifer cannot be a synonym of Lucanus singularis. ...
Records. As discussed above, there are two species mixed in the original description of ...
Lucanus furcifer，and the species from Sikkim should be selected to represent Lucanus furcifer to fix all the previous works（Arrow 1950，Didier \＆Seguy 1953b，Lacroix 1971）．Therefore all the records of Lucanus furcifer from Yunnan（including＂Ouy－sy＂，now called Weixi，in the valleys of the Lancang River）belong to Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis or Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri instead． ...
Lucanus fryi Boileau，1911：431，pl．34，fig． 3 for＂male major＂，fig． 4 for＂male minor＂，＂Burmah，Ruby Mines＂；Arrow，1950：48，Burma（Ruby Mines；Kambaiti），pl．4，fig． 3 for male，pl．5，fig． 3 for female； Didier \＆Séguy，1952：pl．17，figs．2， 3 for males from Birmanie；Lacroix，1971：561，fig． 4 for male，fig． 12 for female；Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994：213，pl．11，figs．93－1－93－3 for males，fig．93－4 for female，all from N．Thailand；Araya，2001：15，figs．38－39 for male＂paratype＂． ...
Identification．This species was described on a series of male and female specimens from Ruby Mines，Burma．The original description（Boileau 1911）was rather long and in comparison with Lucanus singularis，for which the identification might be based upon Planet＇s paper in 1903. The species identified as Lucanus singularis by Boileau（1911）should belong to Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri Lacroix as the only work dealing with the male of Lucanus singularis was Planet＇s paper in 1903，in which one pair of Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri were misidentified as Lucanus singularis．The original figures of Lucanus fryi for a large－sized male and a small－sized male are perfect hand drawings，from which some important characters can be read．In addition to this original information，Araya（2001）published a photograph of a small－sized＂paratype＂ （probably a syntype）deposited in Museum National d＇Histoire Naturelle，Paris． ...
The original description and figures reveal the following characters in large－sized male：1） mandible markedly bent a little before middle； 2 ）major inner tooth at about apical 1//31 / 3 of the ...
mandible; 3) major inner tooth nearly as long as width of the mandible; 4) basal area of the mandible not serrate; 5) outer branch of the apical fork of the mandible stout and truncated at inner margin behind tip; 6) clypeolabrum long; 7) clypeolabrum in large males nearly even in width; 8) lateral ridges of the head markedly inflated laterally; 9) lateral ridges of the head forming rounded posterior corners; 10) elytra without a marked pubescence; 11) tibiae in dorsal view dark brown. Compared with the large-sized male, the small-sized male has major inner tooth obsolete, apical fork shorter and narrowly opened, clypeolabrum shorter and wider, lateral ridges of the head only weakly inflated. ...
The specimens from Yunnan examined by us match all the above-mentioned characters, which are sufficient for distinguishing Lucanus fryi from all other species in the lunifer subgroup. However the specimens from the type locality have not been examined in genitalia. ...
The original description for female is not informative as most of the species in lunifer subgroup were not compared. A female specimen was subsequently photographed and published by Arrow (1950), and a detailed comparison in females between Lucanus fryi and other species in lunifer subgroup was given by Lacroix (1971). Arrow’s photograph and Lacroix’s (1971) comparative description was confirmed by our field observation that both sexes were captured in good numbers from the same localities at same nights. ...
Male genital characters (Pl. 17, figs. 1-3). The following characters are stated in comparison with Lucanus victorius, Lucanus furcifer, and Lucanus thibetanus: 1) ventral plate of the basal piece absent (from Lucanus victorius); 2) caudal margin of the basal piece not defined at middle (from Lucanus thibetanus), somewhat oblique at lateral sides; 3) dorsal plates of the basal piece wider than in Lucanus furcifer; 4) cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view markedly wider than that of Lucanus thibetanus and Lucanus furcifer; 5) paramere in lateral view not broadly rounded (from Lucanus thibetanus); 6) penis not markedly constricted near caudal end as in Lucanus furcifer; 7) flagellum longer than that of Lucanus victorius, Lucanus thibetanus and Lucanus furcifer; 8) basal belt of the flagellum wider than that of Lucanus thibetanus and Lucanus furcifer, markedly longer than that of Lucanus furcifer and Lucanus victorius; 9) size of aedeagus markedly larger than that of Lucanus thibetanus and Lucanus furcifer. Two males of Lucanus fryi from Tengchong were dissected, and they show no variation in all characters. ...
Female genital characters (Pl. 32, fig. 3). The following characters are stated in comparison with Lucanus thibetanus, Lucanus furcifer, and Lucanus victorius: 1) spermathecal duct 5.2-5.7 times as long as hemisternite (from Lucanus furcifer, Lucanus thibetanus and Lucanus victorius); 2) spermatheca sclerotized, thinner than that of Lucanus furcifer, Lucanus thibetanus and Lucanus victorius; 3) spermathecal duct membranous; 4) spermathecal gland markedly wider than spermatheca; 5) spermathecal gland nearly as long as spermatheca or somewhat longer; 6) spermatheca markedly curved; 7) central conjunction of the ninth tergites markedly protruding posteriorly (from Lucanus furcifer, Lucanus thibetanus and Lucanus victorius); 8) size of the hemisternite markedly larger than that of Lucanus furcifer and Lucanus victorius; 9) last abdominal tergite with lateral angles distinct; 10) last abdominal ventrite slightly excavated in ...
middle．Three females of Lucanus fryi from Yunnan and southeastern Tibet were dissected． ...
Male external characters．As stated in＂Identification＂and in table 7. ...
Female external characters．As stated in table 7．For a quick identification，the following three characters are very useful：1）mandible often nearly as long as head；2）frontal ridge of the head rather clearly defined；3）apical fork of the protibia markedly longer than most other species of the lunifer subgroup． ...
Length of body．Male： 43.8-69.5mm43.8-69.5 \mathrm{~mm} for type series（Boileau 1911）；39－70mm（Arrow 1950）； 50-70mm50-70 \mathrm{~mm}（examined by us）．Female： 33.5 mm for type series（Boileau 1911）；31－45mm（Arrow 1950）； 39-43mm39-43 \mathrm{~mm}（examined by us）． ...
Morphological distance．Lucanus fryi seems to be equally different from all other species in the lunifer subgroup． ...
Subspecies．A subspecies，schepanskii was recently described by Schenk（2008b）from northeastern India，with only small－sized males recorded．The male of ssp．schepanskii was described to differ from ssp．fryi in having 1）femora and tibiae with reddish－brown stains on both surfaces，not dark brown as in ssp．fryi；2）clypeolabrum shorter and wider than in ssp．fryi． However the female paratype of ssp．schepanskii illustrated by Schenk（2008b：fig．5）may not belong to Lucanus fryi，with a shorter mandible，an indistinct anterior angle of the canthus，a short apical fork of the protibia and a noticeable gap between apex and inner tooth of the mandible， which have not been found in the confirmed female specimens of Lucanus fryi．Some female specimens from Chayu（Pl．52，fig．3；pl．56，fig．9），an adjacent area of northeastern India，have been examined by us and they exhibit no difference from the females from Yunnan（Pl．52，figs．1， 2；Pl．56，fig．8）and Burma（Arrow，1950：pl．5，fig．3）．The males from Tibet examined by us can not be separated from the specimens from Yunnan． ...
Lucanus singularis Planet，1900：11，fig．for female type，Indes orientales（？）；Planet，1902：22，fig． 9 for female type，Indes orientales（？）；Didier，1949：plate 13，fig． 5 for female；Arrow，1950：62，translation of Planet＇s original description；Didier \＆Seguy，1953：29，figs．1， 4 for female；Lacroix，1971：566－567， partium，holotype female from Indes orientales，fig． 16 for female． ...
Leg. ...
Identification. This species was described on a single female probably from eastern India. Planet (1900a) was not sure about this type locality and added a question mark to it. In the original description, Lucanus singularis was chiefly compared with Lucanus lunifer and the differences were stated as follows: 1) thorax “much less convex, more angular at the median angles (lateral angles) and much more contracted in front” than in Lucanus lunifer; 2) thorax “much finely bordered” than in Lucanus lunifer; 3) mandibles “proportionally longer and that their inner edge, instead of being securiform, presents two distinct and separate teeth”; 4) clypeolabrum (“epistome”) “longer and more slender”; 5) “granulation of the head less deep”; 6) elytra “more regularly parallel”; 7) “lamellae of the antenna shorter”; 8) legs have “their granulation and punctuation” “much feebler”. In addition, “the color of this female is entirely black, the thorax and elytra are smooth and shining”. ...
This female holotype was transferred from Boileau to Didier and then deposited in Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris (Lacroix 1971). Didier & Seguy (1953b) gave an supplementary description for this holotype: 1) 36 mm long and 15 mm wide; 2) head highly granular, in shape of trapezium, a little depressed between the eyes; 3) eye divided by a thick canthus for half length; 4) carina before eye not prominent, forming a blunt angle; 5) mandibles stout, with two well separated blunt inner teeth, an acute terminal tooth, and a preapical dentil on upper surface of the mandible; 6) prothorax with prominent lateral angles; 7) protibiae widened, flattened, deeply sculptured, with blunt lateral teeth, and with apical tooth stout and depressed at extremity; 8) body entirely black, prothorax and elytra smooth and brilliant. ...
Lacroix (1971) examined the holotype and gave a further comparative description as follows. Female total length: 39 mm (somewhat longer than that given by Didier & Seguy 1953b). Color black, thorax and elytra smooth and shiny, with a short pubescence. Similar to the female of Lucanus franciscae, but distinguished from all the similar taxa by the follow points: 1) head slender, less transverse than that of Lucanus lunifer, with granulation shallower; 2) frontal edge of the head convex, slightly raised, extending laterally to the very rounded angles before eyes and a straight canthus nicking one third of the eye in its diameter; 3) mandible elongate, with two obtuse teeth on inner edge sharp and spaced; 4) clypeolabrum long and slender in contrast to Lucanus lunifer; 5) lamellae of the antennal club short; 6) pronotum slightly convex, narrowed towards the front, unlike in Lucanus lunifer and enlarged to an acute lateral angle; 7) elytra parallel, extended and sub-oval, appeared smooth on the disc, with longitudinal lines of a fine punctuation as in the male (of Lucanus furcifer); 8) legs same-structured as in Lucanus lunifer, darker in color than in male (of Lucanus furcifer), with weaker granulation and punctuation. ...
This species has been known only on the unique female holotype, all the additional specimens reported and identified as this species in latter works (Planet 1903; Lacroix 1971) actually belong to other species. However, Arrow (1950) suspected that a female specimen from “Zayul” (Chayu, southeastern Tibet) might belong to this species. We have examined four males and 15 females of a species from Chayu and come to the same conclusion as that of Arrow (1950). The females from ...
Chayu examined match most of the above-mentioned characters in the holotype of Lucanus singularis, but differ from the latter in having lateral angles of the pronotum less acute and less protruding laterally. A comparison between Chayu specimens and the original figure of the holotype shows two more differences: 1) pronotum at lateral angles wider than elytra in holotype but narrower than elytra in Chayu specimens; 2) head in proportion to pronotum markedly longer in holotype than in Chayu specimens. But in the figure of holotype latterly published by Lacroix (1971) who examined the holotype, the head in proportion to pronotum in the holotype is the same as in Chayu specimens. Nevertheless, the specimens from Chayu match the holotype in shape of clypeolabrum (figured in Lacroix 1971), length of the apical fork of the protibia, shape of the apical fork of the protibia, double-pointed inner tooth of the mandible, clearly marked dorsal tooth of the mandible, indistinct anterior angle of the head, indistinct anterior angle and obsolete posterior angle of the canthus, short and blunt thorns and teeth on the tibiae, and the black color on dorsal surface of the whole body. All these characters are considered as important diagnostic characters in the genus Lucanus. We believed that if these specimens from Chayu do not belong in Lucanus singularis, they must be the closest species of Lucanus singularis in morphological distance. A final conclusion should be based upon an examination in female genitalia of the holotype. ...
The combination of the sexes was based upon the field observation that both sexes were captured from the same locality at same nights and only Lucanus fryi and Eolucanus pani (Huang) were also found in the same area. ...
Possible male genital characters (Pl. 17, fig. 6; pl. 18, fig. 4). The following characters are stated in comparison with Lucanus imitator and Lucanus furcifer: 1) ventral plate of the basal piece absent; 2) caudal margin of the basal piece not defined at middle, markedly oblique at lateral sides; 3) dorsal plates of the basal piece absent; 4) cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view slender; 5) paramere in lateral view somewhat more rounded than in Lucanus furcifer; 6) penis nearly as wide as paramere in dorsal view, wider at caudal end than in Lucanus furcifer, not constricted near caudal end as in Lucanus furcifer, with cephalic part not so deeply hollowed as in Lucanus imitator; 7) flagellum nearly as long as that of Lucanus imitator, markedly shorter than that of Lucanus furcifer and other species of the lunifer subgroup; 8) aedeagus as large as that of Lucanus imitator and Lucanus furcifer, smaller than that of other species of the lunifer subgroup; 9) aedeagus somewhat slenderer than that of Lucanus imitator. Two males of Lucanus singularis from Chayu were dissected, and they show no difference in all characters. ...
Possible female genital characters (Pl. 32, fig. 6). The following characters are stated in comparison with Lucanus imitator and Lucanus furcifer: 1) spermathecal duct like in Lucanus imitator, nearly twice as long as hemisternite, markedly shorter than in Lucanus furcifer and all other species of the lunifer subgroup; 2) spermatheca sclerotized, nearly as wide as in Lucanus imitator, wider than that of Lucanus furcifer and all other species of the lunifer subgroup; 3) spermathecal duct membranous; 4) spermathecal gland nearly as wide as spermatheca; 5) spermathecal gland nearly as long as spermatheca; 6) spermatheca markedly curved; 7) central ...
conjunction of the ninth tergites weakly protruding posteriorly; 8) hemisternite with caudal part slightly longer than in Lucanus imitator and Lucanus furcifer; 9) last abdominal tergite with lateral angles rounded and indistinct; 10) last abdominal ventrite slightly excavated in middle. The difference between Lucanus singularis and Lucanus imitator is very slight. Two females from Chayu were dissected and they show no variation in all characters. ...
Possible male external characters. The male of Lucanus singularis is very similar to Lucanus dohertyi, Lucanus sukkiti and Lucanus westermanni. The following characters are stated in comparison with them: 1) mandible shorter than head plus pronotum even in large-sized males (from the lunifer subgroup); 2) mandible straight from base to middle and incurved at middle; 3) mandible not swollen or serrate at basal part; 4) major inner tooth appeared at apical 1//3;51 / 3 ; 5 ) major inner tooth triangular and stout, somewhat shorter than width of the mandible; 6) major inner tooth not associated with small teeth or minute denticles on both anterior and posterior sides (from Lucanus dohertyi and Lucanus sukkiti); 7) apical fork of the mandible slightly marked in large-sized male but absent in small-sized male, with branches markedly shorter than in the lunifer subgroup; 8) frontal ridge of the head in dorsal view concave, not convex at middle as in Lucanus westermanni; 9) lateral ridges of the head slightly inflated laterally, but not inflated posteriorly as in Lucanus westermanni, forming the broadly rounded posterolateral corners; 10) clypeolabrum in dorsal view only slightly beyond frontal margin of the head (from the lunifer subgroup), transverse, broad and sinuate at tip in large-sized males (from Lucanus dohertyi and Lucanus sukkiti); 11) clypeolabrum in anterodorsal view markedly protruding beyond inner margins of the mandibles, longer in large-sized males but markedly shorter in small-sized males, triangular and sharply pointed at tip, with lateral corners pointed (unknown in Lucanus dohertyi, Lucanus sukkiti and Lucanus westermanni); 12) dorsal surface of the whole body with a markedly denser pubescence than in Lucanus dohertyi, Lucanus sukkiti and Lucanus westermanni. ...
Female external characters. As stated in “Identification”. The female of Lucanus singularis externally differs from the females of the lunifer subgroup in having: 1) canthus with anterior angle absent and with posterior angle obsolete; 2) teeth on protibiae and thorns on mesotibiae and metatibiae markedly shorter and blunter; 3) apical fork of the protibia with branches rounded at tip as in Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus, but different from all other taxa in the lunifer subgroup. ...
The female of Lucanus singularis is somewhat similar to the female of Lucanus imitator, but differs from the latter in having 1) anterior angle of the canthus absent; 2) punctures on the head smaller and finer; 3) pronotum in anterior half markedly narrower than at lateral angels; 4) protibia with shorter apical fork; 5) all tibiae uniform dark brown and concolorous with body. ...
The clypeolabrum of Lucanus singularis is very similar to that of Lucanus thibetanus in shape, but markedly smaller in size, with clypeus bluntly angled at lateral corners, and with labrum abruptly constricted from base to tip and flat at tip. ...
Length of body. Male: 38-50mm38-50 \mathrm{~mm} for specimens from Chayu. Female: 36-39mm36-39 \mathrm{~mm} for holotype (Didier & Seguy 1953b; Lacroix 1971); 32-38mm for specimens from Chayu. ...
Morphological distance. The closest species of Lucanus singularis is supposed to be ...
Lucanus sukkiti Fukinuki from northern Myanmar，Lucanus dohertyi Boileau from northeastern India and Lucanus westermanni Hope \＆Westwood from northern India，but not to be the species of the lunifer subgroup． ...
Synonym．Lacroix（1971）wrongly stated Lucanus furcifer Arrow as a junior synonym of Lucanus singularis．For more discussion see＂Synonym＂under Lucanus furcifer． ...
Records．As discussed above，nearly all the previous records of this species from China except that by Arrow（1950）from＂Zayul＂were all misidentifications of male specimens belonging to other species．The Tibetan area of Chayu is just to the north of the Indian Mishimi Hills and shares the same fauna with the later，thus this species is hopeful to be found in the Mishimi Hills． ...
41．Lucanus imitator（Boucher et Huang，1991）短颚深山 ...
（Pl．2，fig．15；pl．4，fig．31；pl．17，fig．7；pl．30，fig．4；pl．42，fig．13；pl．52，fig．16；pl．58，fig．10； pl．60，fig．2；pl．65，fig．9；pl．66，fig．19） ...
Pseudolucanus imitator Boucher et Huang，1991：32，36，fig． 2 for holotype male，figs．12，14，16，18， 20 for male characters，figs．22， 24 for male genitalia，＂Tangmai＂，Xizang；Huang，2006：25，27，discussion on synonym． ...
Lucanus imitator：Maes，1992：21． ...
Pseudolucanus bicolor Schenk，1996：509，fig． 1 for male holotype；Huang，2006：25，27．（Synonymised by Huang，2006） ...
Pseudolucanus tricolor Schenk，1996：511．（Incorrect subsequent spelling）． ...
Identification．This species was described on a single male collected by Prof．F．－S．Li from ＂Zhamo＂（Bomi，southeastern Tibet）．It was compared with Lucanus capreolus from America in the original description（Boucher \＆Huang 1991）as both of them share many similar external characters．The male genitalia of them however are very different so that Boucher \＆Huang（1991） treated Lucanus imitator as a monotypic species group． ...
The original description and figures reveal the following characters of Lucanus imitator in male：1）length of the body 38 mm ，length of the mandible 7.2 mm ；2）mandible slightly longer than head，markedly incurved at middle；3）major inner tooth appeared at apical 1//41 / 4 ，short and slender； 4）apical fork of the mandible absent，replaced by an incurved sharp apex；5）no other inner tooth or denticles beside the major inner tooth on the mandible；6）frontal ridge of the head clearly defined，but lateral ridges of the head blunter and not inflated laterally or posteriorly；7） ...
clypeolabrum transverse in dorsal view, only slightly beyond the frontal margin of the head; 8) all tibiae bright reddish brown and in contrast with the black femora; 9) dorsal surface of the body dark reddish brown and brighter on elytra, almost glabrous, without apparent pubescence; 10) ventral plate of the basal piece in male genitalia absent; 11) caudal margin of the basal piece not defined at middle; 12) penis almost as wide as paramere; 13) flagellum only slightly longer than aedeagus. The specimens from Dongjiu and Bomi examined match all the above-mentioned characters, thus were identified as Lucanus imitator. ...
The female was not described in the literature. Mr. X.-Y. Zhu fortunately captured both sexes of this day-activating species from the same habitat in Bomi on same days. The female shares many similar characters with male in having a stout body-shape and reddish brown tibiae in contrast with the black femora. ...
Male genital characters (Pl. 17, fig. 7; pl. 66, fig. 19). The following characters are stated in comparison with Lucanus singularis, Lucanus atratus and Lucanus confusus: 1) ventral plate of the basal piece absent (from Lucanus atratus); 2) caudal margin of the basal piece not defined at middle (from Lucanus atratus and Lucanus confusus), less oblique at lateral sides than in Lucanus singularis; 3) dorsal plates of the basal piece visible (from Lucanus singularis, Lucanus atratus and Lucanus confusus); 4) cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view slender; 5) aedeagus wider and stouter than in Lucanus atratus and Lucanus confusus; 6) penis nearly as wide as paramere in dorsal view, shorter than in Lucanus atratus, not constricted near caudal end, with cephalic part deeply hollowed as in Lucanus atratus (from Lucanus singularis and Lucanus confusus); 7) flagellum nearly as long as that of Lucanus singularis, markedly longer than that of Lucanus atratus and Lucanus confusus. Two males of Lucanus imitator from Dongjiu and Bomi were dissected, and they show no difference in all characters. In male genitalia Lucanus imitator is more similar to Lucanus singularis and Lucanus smithii than to other species including Lucanus atratus and Lucanus confusus. ...
Female genital characters (Pl. 30, fig. 4). The following characters are stated in comparison with Lucanus singularis and Lucanus furcifer: 1) spermathecal duct like in Lucanus singularis, nearly twice as long as hemisternite, markedly shorter than in Lucanus furcifer and all other species of the lunifer subgroup; 2) spermatheca sclerotized, wider than that of Lucanus furcifer and all other species of the lunifer subgroup; 3) spermathecal duct membranous; 4) spermathecal gland nearly as wide as spermatheca; 5) spermathecal gland nearly as long as spermatheca; 6) spermatheca markedly curved; 7) central conjunction of the ninth tergites weakly protruding posteriorly; 8) hemisternite with caudal part slightly shorter than in Lucanus singularis; 9) last abdominal tergite with lateral angles rounded and indistinct; 10) last abdominal ventrite slightly excavated in middle. One female of Lucanus imitator from Bomi was dissected. In female genitalia Lucanus imitator is very similar to Lucanus singularis. ...
Male external characters. As stated in “Identification”. In addition, the prosternal process of Lucanus imitator is somewhat inflated ventrally and a little lower than procoxae, like in species of the lunifer subgroup. ...
Female external characters．1）Mandible markedly shorter than head，with inner tooth double－pointed，and with a dorsal tooth；2）anterior angle of the head indistinct，canthus with anterior angle visible and with posterior angle weakly marked；3）clypeolabrum in anterodorsal view wider than in Lucanus singularis，with lateral corners of the clypeus obtusely angled，with labrum gradually constricted from base to tip and broader at tip than in Lucanus singularis；4） punctures on the head larger and coarser than those of Lucanus singularis；5）pronotum rounded at anterior half and only slightly wider at lateral angles，with lateral angles distinct but not sharp；6） apical fork of the protibia very shorter，even shorter than in Lucanus singularis and Lucanus furcifer，with branches blunt at tip；7）teeth on protibiae and thorns on mesotibiae and metatibiae like in Lucanus singularis，markedly shorter and blunter than in species of the lunifer subgroup；8） elytra shorter in proportion to pronotum than that of Lucanus singularis；9）dorsal surface of the body dark brown，glabrous and shiny，without a marked pubescence；10）all tibiae in dorsal view partly bright reddish brown and in contrast with the black femora；11）mesofemora and metafemora uniform black，not striped with yellowish brown or reddish brown；12）metasternum with a dense yellow pubescence like in Lucanus singularis． ...
The female of Lucanus imitator is clearly separable from the females of all other Lucanus species by having the bright reddish brown tibiae in greater contrast with the black femora．It is similar to the female of Eolucanus prometheus（Boucher \＆Huang）from the adjacent area，but can be easily distinguished from the latter by the following characters：1）mandible shorter and stouter， with inner tooth thick and double－pointed，and with a dorsal tooth；2）punctures and sculptures on the head larger and coarser；3）pronotum more broadly rounded at anterior half，more sharply pointed at lateral angles，and somewhat rounded at posterior angles；4）protibiae not finely dentate； 5）all tibiae wider and all tarsi shorter． ...
Length of body．Male： 38 mm for holotype（Boucher \＆Huang 1991）； 40-43mm40-43 \mathrm{~mm}（examined by us）．Female： 29.5 mm （examined by us）． ...
Morphological distance．The closest species of Lucanus imitator seems to be Lucanus smithii，which is followed by Lucanus singularis．However，the female of Lucanus smithii has not been examined by us．In male genitalia Lucanus imitator is more similar to Lucanus smithii and Lucanus singularis than to Lucanus atratus and Lucanus confusus（both of which exhibit a short mandible as in Lucanus imitator）．The external similarity between Lucanus imitator from Tibet and Lucanus capreolus from America is due to a parallel evolution． ...
Synonym．Lucanus bicolor Schenk was described from the same area and proved to be a junior synonym of Lucanus imitator． ...
Lucanus smithii Parry，1862：108，India；Parry，1864：10，pl．10，fig． 2 for male． ...
Lucanus smithi: Gravely, 1915: 413, text-fig. le for left mandible of female; Arrow, 1950: 49, pl. 4, fig. 4 for male, pl. 5 , fig. 7 for female; Lacroix & Bomans, 1973: figs. 2, 2a for males; Mizunuma & Nagai, 1994: 214, pl.12, figs. 99-1, 99-2 for males from Darjeeling, India, fig. 99-3 for male from Bhutan, fig. 99-4 for female from N. India. ...
Lucanus vicinus: Planet, 1900: 164, figs. for male and female; Planet, 1902: 63, fig. 31 for male, fig. 32 for female, pl.14, figs. for males; Didier & Séguy, 1952: pl.20, figs. 1-8 for males, fig. 9 for female, fig. 10 for male antenna, fig. 11 for female antenna, fig. 12 for male palpus. (Misidentification). ...
Specimens examined. Xizang (Tibet): 1 widehat() widehat() widehat((CHH))1 \widehat{ } \widehat{ } \widehat{(C H H)}, Linzhi Pref., Motuo County, 80K,1800m80 \mathrm{~K}, 1800 \mathrm{~m}, VIII.2005, L. Tang leg. ...
Identification. This species was originally described from northern India and subsequently illustrated and re-described by the same author (Parry 1864). The description (Parry 1864) and the figure of male (Parry 1864) reveal the following characters: 1) mandible markedly incurved at basal 1//31 / 3, then straight toward apex of the mandible and incurved at apical fork; 2) major inner tooth a little beyond the middle of the mandible, preceded by a small tooth and followed by a minute tooth; 3) apical fork short and narrowly opened, with upper and lower branches subequal in length; 4) clypeolabrum triangular at tip and slightly excavated at lateral sides; 5) dorsal surface of mandibles, head, thorax and elytra with a short and scattered pubescence; 6) lateral ridges of the head evenly rounded and slightly inflated laterally and posteriorly; 7) femora and tibiae partly reddish brown; 8) metatibia with two teeth; 9) head as long as and as wide as pronotum. ...
Arrow (1950) published a photograph of the male specimen that matches Parry’s (1864) description and figure, and provided a more thorough description and a key to recognize the species. The added characters include: 10) dorsal color of the whole body chocolate-brown; 11) club of the antenna consisting of four equally long joints and the preceding one not produced; 12) prosternum very short and rounded behind; 13) head flat above, densely granular; 14) frontal ridge of the head nearly straight; 15) lateral ridges widely interrupted at posterior part; 16) pronotum and elytra very finely and densely punctured. Arrow also discussed the individual variation of the male: “in a very small male the head is not wider than the thorax, the mandibles are short, slightly curved, and have only a single internal tooth situated towards the end”; “in larger examples this tooth is preceded and followed by smaller teeth and the tip is laterally compressed and bifurcated”; “the largest specimens have the mandibles broad, strongly rounded in the basal half, with the post-median tooth broad at the base and closely preceded and followed by two or sometimes three small teeth”. ...
Lacroix & Bomans (1973) compared Lucanus smithii with Lucanus westermanni Hope & Westwood, Lucanus dohertyi Boileau, Lucanus didieri Planet and Lucanus bruanti Lacroix, and place all these species into the westermanni group (sensu Lacroix & Bomans 1973). ...
The male specimen from southeastern Tibet examined accords with most of the above-mentioned characters of Lucanus smithii described by Parry (1864) and Arrow (1950), however it is a little different in the more curved outer margin of the mandible near the major tooth. ...
This identification needs to be confirmed by a comparison of male genitalia in future, and the male specimen from India should be examined. ...
The combination of the sexes for Lucanus smithii was given by Planet (1900b) for the first time, but the specific name was misidentified. This combination of the sexes was followed by many of the latter works (Gravely 1915, Arrow 1950, Didier & Seguy 1952, Mizunuma & Nagai 1994). The female of Lucanus smithii, unlike all other Indian Lucanus, exhibits a typical mandible of the fortunei group. Therefore Lucanus smithii seems to be a mixture of the fortunei group and the lunifer group; however the combination of the sexes for this species still needs to be confirmed by field observations. ...
Possible male genital characters (Pl. 18, fig. 5). The male genitalia of Lucanus smithii have not been described in the literatures. The following characters were found in the Tibetan specimen that is tentatively identified as Lucanus smithii: 1) ventral plate of the basal piece absent (from all species in the fortunei group); 2) caudal margin of the basal piece not defined at middle (from all species in the fortunei group); 3) dorsal plates of the basal piece visible and rather big; 4) cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view very slender; 5) aedeagus wide and stout; 6) penis nearly as wide as paramere in dorsal view, gradually narrowed towards caudal end; 7) flagellum somewhat longer than that of Lucanus imitator; 8) ventral plate of the ninth segment not constricted before the caudal expansion; 9) lateral angles of the last abdominal tergite very indistinct. One male of Lucanus smithii from Motuo, southeastern Tibet was dissected. In male genitalia Lucanus smithii is very similar to Lucanus imitator and Lucanus singularis, considerably different from all species in the fortunei group. ...
Male external characters. As stated in “Identification”. In addition, the prosternal process of Lucanus smithii is more or less inflated ventrally and lower than procoxae; clypeolabrum in anterodorsal view nearly as long as in Lucanus singularis and longer than in Lucanus imitator, and rounded at tip, not pointed as in Lucanus singularis nor flat as in Lucanus imitator. ...
Length of body. Male: 25-46mm25-46 \mathrm{~mm} for specimens from India, Bhutan and Sikkim (Arrow 1950); 48.5 mm for specimen from Tibet. Female: 26-29mm (Arrow 1950). ...
Morphological distance. This species seems to be very close to Lucanus imitator in male characters, but is closer to the fortunei group in the female characters. The current combination of the sexes in the literatures was not well based upon the field observations. ...
Nomenclature. This species was named after Frederick Smith, a well-known English Hymenopterist, and the original spelling of the specific name was “smithii”, not “smithi”. According to the code 33.4 in the forth edition of “International Code of Zoological Nomenclature”, “smithi” should be regarded as an incorrect subsequent spelling and invalid. ...
Lucanus didieri Planet，1927：106，fig． 1 for male，fig． 2 for male antenna，type male，Pe－Yen－Tsin（On route between Kunming and Dali）；Didier \＆Seguy，1952：pl．15，fig． 1 for male type；Lacroix \＆Bomans， 1973：pl．1，fig． 4 for male holotype，fig． 2 for male genitalia taken from holotype；Mizunuma \＆Nagai， 1994：309，pl．147，fig． 104 for male holotype，Yunnan；Araya，2001：14，figs．31－32 for male holotype． ...
Specimens examined．None． ...
Identification．This species was described on a single male from＂Pe－Ye－Tsin＂，a famous type locality for many species of Insecta，situated in the current Chu－xiong Prefecture between Dali and Kunming，northern Yunnan．The original description（Planet 1927），the photographs of the holotype（Mizunuma 1994，Araya 2001）and the figure of the male genitalia taken from the holotype（Lacroix \＆Bomans 1973）reveal the following characters in male：1）mandible slightly longer than head but shorter than head plus pronotum，gently curved at middle；2）major inner tooth appeared at about apical 1//31 / 3 of the mandible，minute and indistinct； 3 ）mandible without apical fork and denticles；4）frontal ridge of the head distinct but not raised；5）lateral ridges of the head distinct，but not inflated laterally or posteriorly，bluntly angled at posterolateral corners；6） clypeolabrum in dorsal view transverse and very short，hardly beyond the frontal margin of the head；7）dorsal surface of the whole body dark brown and shiny，with legs concolorous with the body；8）head with a weak pubescence but elytra rather glabrous；9）aedeagus shorter and stouter than that of all other Lucanus from China；10）dorsal plate of the basal piece very large and wide； 11）ventral plate of the basal piece clearly defined and not hollowed at middle，well beyond the caudal margin of the basal piece；12）paramere slender and constricted at apex；13）penis very short，no more than half the length of paramere，near as wide as paramere；14）flagellum a little longer than aedeagus；15）caudal end of the flagellum abruptly enlarged and much wider than the duct． ...
Length of body．Male： 31.5 mm （a male sold on internet）-36.5 mm （Planet 1927）． ...
Morphological distance．The closest species of Lucanus didieri is unknown．In external features，Lucanus didieri is somewhat similar to Lucanus miwai，Lucanus adelmae，Lucanus koyamai，Lucanus miyashitai，Lucanus maedai and Lucanus satoi from Taiwan，Myanmar， Thailand and Indo－China．But in male genitalia，Lucanus didieri is markedly different from Lucanus miwai，Lucanus adelmae and Lucanus koyamai；the male genitalia of Lucanus miyashitai， Lucanus maedai and Lucanus satoi are still unknown． ...
Records．A male specimen was sold on the internet and the photo was available and identified by us as Lucanus didieri，but the collecting locality was not mentioned．This newly collected male is a little smaller than the holotype，with mandible slightly shorter but with major ...
inner tooth a little longer，otherwise as in holotype． ...
Ma（1988）recorded this species from Linzhi and Chayu，southeastern Tibet，but gave no illustration or further information．Such record is considered by us as an unreliable record because there were many misidentifications in Ma＇s works（1988，1992a，1992b）and such a distribution for Lucanus didieri is rather unbelievable． ...
Lucanus hayashii Nagai，2000：88，pl．19，fig． 1 for male holotype from Kushin，northeast Putao，＂Katctin＂，N． Myanmar． ...
Lucanus hansi Zilioli，2000：41，figs． 1,2 for male genitalia，fig． 3 for male holotype from N－Kachin，Putao， （Nord Burma），Myanmar．syn．nov． ...
Identification．This species was originally described from Kachin state of northern Myanmar． The original description and photograph（Nagai 2000）reveal the following characters in male：1） mandible longer than head but not longer than head plus pronotum，straight from base to apical 1//51 / 5 and markedly incurved at apical fork；2）major inner tooth appeared a little behind the middle， short and triangular，not associated with denticles；3）mandible not even in width or narrowed towards apex，but expanded at the major inner tooth and narrowed towards apex and base of the mandible；4）mandible with inner margin slightly angled at apical 1//31 / 3 ，without any other denticle or tooth；5）apical fork with inner or lower branch much shorter than outer or upper branch；6） frontal ridge of the head distinct but not keeled，markedly concave in dorsal view，leaving a longer cupped area behind clypeolabrum；7）lateral ridges of the head markedly inflated laterally and forming rounded angles at posterolateral corners；8）clypeolabrum hardly beyond frontal margin of the head，triangular at anterior half，and parallel sided at posterior half；9）femora and tibiae reddish brown；10）body densely covered by yellow pubescence except for elytra． ...
The single male specimen from the valley of the Dulong－jiang River at the China－Myanmar frontier matches all the above－mentioned characters thus was identified as Lucanus hayashii．The original description and photograph of Lucanus hansi Zilioli from the same area accord with the characters described for Lucanus hayashii thus was treated as a junior synonym of the latter．The male genitalia of Lucanus hayashii taken from a specimen from Myanmar were illustrated by Zilioli（2000a）thus a comparison in male genitalia between the specimens from Yunnan and from Myanmar is possible herein．The specimen from Yunnan accords with the specimen from Myanmar in shape of the whole aedeagus，the size and shape of paramere and penis，the clearly defined ventral plate of the basal piece，the absence of the dorsal plates of the basal piece；the ...
length and marked width of basal belt in flagellum and the very thin duct in flagellum. The only difference is found in the ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment (termed as “gonosomite” in Zilioli 2000a), which is gradually widened from cephalic base to the caudal expansion in specimen from Myanmar but is markedly constricted before the caudal expansion in specimen from Yunnan. ...
Male genital characters (Pl. 18, fig. 6). 1) General shape of the aedeagus like in most species of the fortunei group; 2) dorsal plates of the basal piece absent; 3) ventral plate of the basal piece clearly defined, moderately long and deeply hollowed; 4) cephalic process of the paramere rather stout; 5) paramere in lateral view broadly rounded at apex and not markedly upcurved; 6) penis in ventral view nearly as long and wide as paramere; 7) flagellum markedly longer than aedeagus, with basal belt very wide and in great contrast with the very thin duct beyond the belt. ...
Male external characters. As stated in “Identification” above. ...
Length of body. Male: 50 mm for holotype (Nagai 2000); 43-68.8mm43-68.8 \mathrm{~mm} (Zilioli 2000a); 50 mm for specimen from Yunnan. ...
Morphological distance. The closest species of Lucanus hayashii is supposed to be Lucanus manai Bomans & Miyashita, Lucanus nyishwini Nagai and Lucanus nosei Nagai from northern Myanmar. These four species seem to constitute a small group and are closely allied to the fortune ii group, as they are characterized by a few particular characters in male mandibles and share some similar characters in male genitalia and female mandibles with the species of the fortunei group. However the female genitalia of these Burmese species have not been examined. ...
Synonym. The publication date of “Notes on Eurasian Insects-3” is May 20, 2000; a Japanese entomologist, Dr. Y. Imura told us that he was not sure about the correct date of publication, but so far as he knew, it was not delayed. On the other hand, Prof. L. Bartolozzi (personal communication) told us that the publication date of Zilioli’s paper in “Ann. Mus. civ. St. nat. Ferrara” 1999 Vol. 2 was in September 2000. Therefore Lucanus hansi should be regarded as a junior synonym of Lucanus hayashii. Relevant to these two publications, some other synonyms are found and discussed in Appendix 4 of this paper. ...
Unreliable records of Lucanus species for Chinese fauna ...
1. Lucanus formosus Didier 1925 ...
Records for China. The female cotype of this species (Pl. 62, fig. 15) was described from Pe-Yen-Tsing, northern Yunnan, but the male type was described from Xieng Khouang, Laos. The combination of the sexes in the type series by Didier (1925) is short in evidence, as the locality of the female cotype, Pe-Ye-Tsing is situated in the northern Yunnan, a little remote from the locality of the male type in Laos, and the female cotype exhibits an extensive yellowish brown coloring on elytra and an evenly rounded pronotum, which are female characters of Lucanus delavayi and not found in Lucanus cyclommatoides. The female cotype of Lucanus formosus should belongs to Lucanus delavayi, thus Didier’s (1925) record of Lucanus formosus from China was based upon a ...
misidentification. Bomans (1989) recorded " 3 females- 14-1514-15 vi and 14 viii 1946 " for Lucanus formosus from Kuatun, Fujian, but gave no further discussion; his record is unbelievable and most likely is a misidentification of other species. ...
Notes. This species is very similar to Lucanus cyclommatoides, a further research on the taxonomy of both species is necessary. According to the photographs of the male types published by Araya (2001), Lucanus formosus seems to be a little different from Lucanus cyclommatoides in having a longer head, shorter elytra and shorter metatarsi. ...
Distribution. Northern Laos. ...
2. Lucanus westermanni Hope & Westwood 1845 ...
Records for China. Only Zhang (1981: 342) reported the females of this species from Zhangmu, SC Tibet at 2250 m for Chinese fauna. However Zhang’s (1981) description of female specimen was short and scant in diagnostic characters; it is impossible to identify the specimens with his description. Therefore the record of this species for China is not reliable. Mae’s (2008) record of this species from Sichuan (Siao-Lou) and Fujian (“At Chong”) is unreasonable. ...
Notes. This species was fully discussed in Arrow’s (1950) fundamental work on Indian fauna, with keys to Indian species for both sexes provided. This species was revised by Lacroix & Bomans (1973) with several other species grouped in the Lucanus westermanni group (sensu Lacroix & Bomans 1973). The type of this species was photographed and published in color by Araya (2001). ...
Distribution. Sikkim, northern India, Bhutan. ...
3. Lucanus cambodiensis Didier 1925 ...
Records for China. Zhang (1981: 342) reported the males of this species from Chayu, SE Tibet at 2300 m for Chinese fauna. However, Lucanus cambodiensis was originally described on a single female specimen from Cambodia and it remains a questionable species with males still unknown. According to Araya (2001) who photographed and published the holotype, Lucanus cambodiensis is probably a synonym of Lucanus speciosus Didier described from the same area. Thus the record of this species for China must be a misidentification of some other species. ...
On the other hand, Zhang’s (1981) description for males from Chayu matches the males of Lucanus singularis described herein. ...
Distribution. Cambodia. ...
4. Lucanus villosus Hope 1831 ...
Records for China. Ma (1992) reported this species from Yunnan for Chinese fauna. Only one female specimen was recorded as being collected from Yaojiaping, Lushui (central Gaoligong Mountains) at 2400 m on 4 June 1981; however the descriptions were given by Ma (1992) for both male and female. It is probable that Ma’s description for male was not based upon an examination of specimens from China but just obtained from the literature. Ma’s description for female is short, ...
simple and applicable to Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri that is distributed in northwestern Yunnan. Because Lucanus villosus has been known only from Nepal and has not been discovered from Myanmar between Nepal and China, and because the females of the similar Lucanus species are difficult to be identified, the record of this species from Yaojiaping, Lushui by Ma (1992) is considered as unreliable and not adopted herein. ...
Notes. This species was fully discussed in Arrow’s (1950) fundamental work on Indian fauna, with keys to Indian species for both sexes provided, and with photo of male type illustrated. This species was revised by Lacroix (1971) with several other species grouped in the Lucanus lunifer group (sensu Lacroix 1971). ...
Distribution. Nepal. ...
5. Lucanus koyamai Akiyama & Hirasawa 1990 ...
Records for China. Schenk (2009c) reported this species from Yunnan for Chinese fauna. A male specimens illustrated was said to be collected by “local collector” from “province Yunnan, Dali, Nanjian county, Wuliang Shan” during “16.-28.VI. 2008”. A male specimen was also found by us in the collection of Mr. L. Wu, it was purchased from an insect dealer in Fuzhou and labeled from Yunnan as well. However in our opinion, any record for Chinese fauna should be based upon the specimens collected by the honest collectors instead of the “local collectors” or anonymous collectors, and specimens purchased from the dealers cannot be considered as basis of a real record. Some insect dealers in China have good contact with foreign dealers and offer species out of China but usually give wrong labels to specimens. ...
Notes. This species was originally described from northern Thailand. ...
Distribution. Thailand. ...
Key to males of Lucanus species from China ...
For all species of Lucanus the males can be easily distinguished from the females by the following characters: 1) mandible markedly longer than head; 2) pronotum with lateral margins nearly parallel, not markedly rounded; 3) head not markedly narrower than pronotum. ...
Mandible without a long inner tooth. Mandible with a small backward tooth a little behind middle at least in large and medium-sized specimens. Mandible slightly outcurved near base. Ventral plate of the basal piece in male genitalia very long. ...
Mandible slightly bent inwards near base. Lower branch of the mandibular fork closer to apex of the mandible. Frontal ridge of the head forming a crest. Protibia usually with 3-4 teeth beside apical fork. Dorsal surface of the body with a marked pubescence in fresh specimens. ...
Mandible markedly bent inwards near base. Lower branch of the mandibular fork remoter from apex of the mandible. Frontal ridge of the head not forming a crest. Protibia usually with more than four teeth beside apical fork. Dorsal surface of the body without a marked pubescence. ...
Clypeolabrum in dorsal view protruding markedly beyond the head and bifid at tip. Mandible with a small backward tooth within the middle at least in large or medium-sized specimens ...
Clypeolabrum in dorsal view protruding slightly beyond the head and not bifid at tip. Mandible without a small backward tooth near the middle. ...
Clypeolabrum markedly double-pointed or bifid at terminal end at least in large or medium-sized specimens ...
Clypeolabrum single-pointed, or flat, or slightly sinuate at terminal end ...
Inner margin of the mandible more or less serrate at sub-basal area ...
Inner margin of the mandible smooth at sub-basal area, not serrate at all ...
Lateral ridges of the head markedly inflated laterally and forming the rounded posterior corners at least in large and medium-sized specimens. Tibiae in dorsal view bright reddish brown. Caudal margin of the basal piece in male genitalia not defined. Penis with lateral margins concave near caudal end. Aedeagus not longer than 5.0 mm . ...
Lateral ridges of the head hardly inflated laterally and forming the angled posterior corners at least in large and medium-sized specimens. Tibiae in dorsal view dark brown, at most dark reddish brown. Caudal margin of the basal piece in male genitalia more or less defined. Penis with lateral margins convex near caudal end. Aedeagus longer than 5.5 mm . ...
Clypeolabrum with lateral margins oblique. ...
Clypeolabrum with lateral margins nearly parallel in large-sized specimens. L. thibetanus thibetanus ...
Clypeolabrum more opened in front, with lateral tips more widely separated and central excavation deeper. Frontal ridge of the head less elevated in anterior view. L. thibetanus pseudosingularis ...
Clypeolabrum less opened in front, with lateral tips closer and central excavation shallower. Frontal ridge of the head more elevated in anterior view. ...
Mandible markedly bent at middle or a little beyond middle. Outer branch of the apical fork of the mandible stout and truncated in large and medium-sized specimens. Clypeolabrum with lateral margins nearly parallel in large males. Lateral ridges of the head markedly inflated laterally. Elytra without a marked pubescence. ...
Mandible nearly straight in medial part. Outer branch of the apical fork of the mandible slender and conical. Clypeolabrum with lateral margins oblique. Lateral ridges of the head not inflated laterally. Elytra with a marked pubescence and striped in fresh specimens. ...
Mandible gently curved or nearly straight at basal 1//31 / 3 and with a narrowly opened apical fork. Major inner tooth just behind apical fork of the mandible. Mandible with denticles just behind major inner tooth in large and medium-sized specimens. Clypeolabrum with branches longer. L. victorius ...
Mandible bent inwards at basal 1/3 and with a widely opened apical fork. Major inner tooth at middle or a little beyond middle. Mandible without denticles just behind major inner tooth. Clypeolabrum with branches shorter. ...
Elytra uniform in color. 16 ...
Elytra not uniform in color, yellowish brown in most part and margined with black, or black in most part and marked with yellowish brown patches or colorings. ...
Protibia usually with two or three denticles beside apical fork. Tibiae always bright yellowish brown. Elytra always with very thin black margins. Head and pronotum with a marked pubescence. Length of body always smaller than 42 mm . ...
L. delavayi ...
Protibia always with three or more denticles beside apical fork. All tibiae usually dark in color, sometimes yellowish brown. Elytra usually with wide black margins. Head and pronotum without a marked pubescence. Length of body sometimes larger than 42 mm ...
Size larger, often with a length of body larger than 42 mm . Black margin along suture usually thinner. Dorsal surface of head and pronotum usually redder. Mandibles longer in proportion to body. Distributed in central China ...
L. parryi laetus ...
Size smaller, with a length of body always smaller than 42 mm . Black margin along suture usually wider. Dorsal surface of the head and pronotum usually blacker. Mandibles shorter in proportion to body. Restricted to eastern China ...
Mandible with outer margin straight from base to apical fork, wider at point of the major inner tooth and gradually narrowed anteriorly and posteriorly. ...
Mandible with outer margin more or less incurved, and not gradually narrowed from major inner tooth to base. ...
Major inner tooth (the longest tooth) markedly within the midpoint of the mandible, or mandible without a marked major tooth but with a basal tooth (or a conjoined double teeth) within midpoint which is remote from all other teeth. ...
Major inner tooth at or beyond midpoint of the mandible, or mandible neither with a marked major tooth nor with a basal tooth (single-pointed or double-pointed) which is remote from all other teeth ...
Basal inner tooth of the mandible nearly as long as all other inner teeth and nearly as long as width of the mandible ...
Basal inner tooth of the mandible not as long as all other inner teeth, or not nearly as long as width of the mandible ...
Head markedly wider than pronotum. .20 ...
Head narrower than or as wide as pronotum. 27 ...
Inner teeth of the mandible except the major tooth equal in length and placed side by side. Thorns on mesotibiae short and 2-3 in number, thorns on metatibiae indistinct and 1-2 in number. Head, mandible and pronotum with a sparse and short pubescence, elytra almost glabrous. ...
Inner teeth of the mandible except the major tooth not equal in length and placed irregularly. Thorns on mesotibiae long and 3-5 in number, thorns on metatibiae distinct and 3-4 in number. Head, mandible and pronotum with a dense and long pubescence, elytra with a marked pubescence ...
Basal tooth of the mandible nearly as long as other inner teeth. L. fujianensis ...
Basal tooth of the mandible markedly longer than other inner teeth. .22 ...
Restricted to Taiwan. Outer margin of basal 1//31 / 3 of the mandible usually slightly curved. Major inner tooth usually remoter from base. Minute inner teeth always continued to major inner tooth. Penis in ventral view not markedly concave at lateral margins near caudal end. L. swinhoei ...
Restricted to Chinese continent. Outer margin of basal 1//31 / 3 of the mandible always straight. Major inner tooth usually closer to base. Minute inner teeth sometimes not continued to major inner tooth. Penis in ventral view markedly concave at lateral margins near caudal end. ...
Mandible slightly incurved at base and then straight to the incurved apical fork, not bent at terminal 1//31 / 3. Frontal ridge of the head markedly raised at whole length. Head nearly 1.5 times as wide as long. Clypeolabrum in anterodorsal view shorter and thinner. ...
Mandible not curved at base but incurved at terminal 1//31 / 3. Frontal ridge of the head not raised at whole length. Head nearly twice as wide as long. Clypeolabrum in anterodorsal view longer and wider ...
Frontal ridge of the head obscure or interrupted at lateral sides. Lateral ridges of the head not downcurved in lateral view. Mesotibiae and metatibiae always bright yellowish brown. Ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment with wide membranous stripe. Penis not shorter than paramere. Paramere pointed at inner caudal corners. Flagellum more than 7 times as long as aedeagus, with apex not enlarged ...
Frontal ridge of the head distinct at whole length. Lateral ridges of the head downcurved in lateral view. Mesotibiae and metatibiae always dark brown or black. Ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment without wide membranous stripe. Penis markedly shorter than paramere. Paramere rounded at inner caudal corners. Flagellum only slightly longer than aedeagus, with apex enlarged .25 (L. dybowski) ...
Lateral ridges of the head markedly inflated laterally ...
Lateral ridges of the head not inflated laterally L. dybowski taiwanus ...
Femora yellower. Basal tooth of the mandible always well marked and long L. dybowski dybowski ...
Femora redder. Basal tooth of the mandible obsolete or very short. L. dybowski lhasaensis ...
Mandibular fork absent, or with inner branch obsolete and much shorter than outer branch. .28 ...
Mandibular fork clearly marked, with inner branch at most slightly shorter than outer branch. 31 ...
Mandible with the bending point not beyond the apical 1//31 / 3. Lamellae of the antennal club nearly as long as the width of the mandible at middle. Tibiae usually bright yellowish brown ...
Mandible with the bending point beyond the apical 1//31 / 3. Lamellae of the antennal club shorter than width of the mandible at middle. Tibiae black or red ...
Dorsal surface of the body without a marked pubescence. Labrum not longer than wide. Tibiae usually redder and brighter. ...
Dorsal surface of the body with a marked pubescence. Labrum somewhat longer than wide. Tibiae blacker and darker. .small form of LL. dybowski ...
Restricted to Taiwan. Penis in ventral view not markedly concave at lateral margins near caudal end. small form of LL. swinhoei ...
Distributed in Chinese continent. Penis in ventral view markedly concave at lateral margins near caudal end. small form of LL. continentalis ...
Head nearly 1.5 times as wide as long. Mandible incurved at base then straight to apex and slightly curved at apical fork. ...
Head nearly twice as wide as long. Mandible nearly straight at base and markedly incurved somewhat beyond middle, with the bending point well behind apical fork. ...
Dorsal surface of the body with a dense pubescence, elytra clearly haired .33 ...
Dorsal surface of the body with a sparse pubescence, elytra nearly glabrous .35 ...
Bending point of the mandible not beyond apical 1//31 / 3 of the mandible. Basal tooth of the mandible somewhat beyond the basal 1//31 / 3 of the inner margin of the mandible. ...
Bending point of the mandible well beyond the apical 1//31 / 3 of the mandible. Basal tooth of the mandible not beyond the basal 1//31 / 3 of the inner margin of the mandible. ...
Frontal ridge of the head obscure. Mesotibiae and metatibiae usually partly yellowish brown. Apex of flagellum in male genitalia not enlarged. Flagellum more than three times as long as aedeagus. Penis not markedly shorter than paramere. Ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment with a wide membranous stripe small form of LL. boileaui ...
Frontal ridge of the head distinct. Mesotibiae and metatibiae dark brown or black. Apex of flagellum in male genitalia enlarged. Flagellum no more than twice as long as aedeagus. Penis markedly shorter than paramere. Ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment without a wide membranous stripe. .small form of LL. dybowski ...
Restricted to Taiwan. Apex of flagellum in male genitalia enlarged. Flagellum no more than twice as long as aedeagus. Penis markedly shorter than paramere. Ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment without a wide membranous stripe ...
Distributed in Yunnan. Apex of flagellum in male genitalia not enlarged. Flagellum more than twice as long as aedeagus. Penis not markedly shorter than paramere. Ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment with a wide membranous stripe. ...
Frontal ridge of the head obscure. Vertex behind frontal ridge flat and not cupped. Cephalic process of the paramere obsolete and very slender. ...
Frontal ridge of the head distinct. Vertex behind frontal ridge cupped. Cephalic process of the paramere in dorsal view stout. ...
Lateral angles of the clypeus absent. Labrum longer than wide. Dorsal surface of the body with a denser pubescence, elytra duller. ...
Lateral angles of the clypeus distinct. Labrum wider than long. Dorsal surface of the body with a sparse pubescence, elytra shiny. L. kanoi piceus ...
Mandible smooth, at most with only one inner tooth beside apex or apical fork, without any more teeth or distinct denticles. ...
Mandible at least with two teeth or distinct denticles beside apex or apical fork. .44 ...
Mandible with inner tooth markedly within apical 1//31 / 3. … 40 ...
Mandible with inner tooth nearly at apical 1//31 / 3 or beyond it … 41 ...
Head and pronotum with a visible yellow pubescence. Ventral plate of the basal piece in male genitalia relatively shorter at middle. Flagellum longer. Penis in ventral view twice as long as wide. smallest form of LL. fairmairei ...
Head and pronotum almost glabrous. Ventral plate of the basal piece in male genitalia relatively longer at middle. Flagellum shorter. Penis in ventral view three times as long as wide smallest form of LL. szetschuanicus ...
Outer margin of the mandible more incurved, with the apical part and basal part in a right or acute angle. … 42 ...
Outer margin of the mandible less incurved, with the apical part and basal part in an obtuse angle … 43 ...
Elytra blacker, with a denser yellow pubescence. Mandible markedly longer than head. Lateral ridges of the head clearly defined at posterior corners. Mesotibiae and metatibiae dark L. singularis ...
Elytra redder, almost glabrous. Mandible slightly longer than head. Lateral ridges of the head ill-defined at posterior corners. Mesotibiae and metatibiae bright reddish brown .L. imitator ...
Inner tooth of the mandible thin or indistinct. Dorsal surface of the body with a marked pubescence. Distributed in Yunnan L. didieri ...
Inner tooth of the mandible stout. Dorsal surface of the body with a weak pubescence. Distributed in the Himalayas … small form of L. smithii ...
Mandible without a major inner tooth which is markedly longer or wider than all other teeth … 45 ...
Mandible with a major tooth which is longer or wider than all other teeth. … 53 ...
Apical fork of the mandible with inner branch markedly longer than outer branch. … L. kurosawai ...
Apical fork of the mandible with inner branch nearly as long as or shorter than outer branch … 46 ...
Inner teeth or denticles concentrated on the mandible and not occupying one third of the whole length of the mandible … 47 ...
Inner teeth or denticles occupying at least one third of the whole length of the mandible. … 51 ...
Mandible at most three forth as long as head plus pronotum. Dorsal surface of the whole body glabrous or at most with a very short pubescence. … 48 ...
Mandible more than three forth longer than the head plus pronotum. Dorsal surface of the whole body with a very long pubescence … 50 ...
Mandible more curved as a whole, with outer margin at base in a right angle with outer margin at apex; dorsal surface of the head and pronotum glabrous; dorsal surface of the elytra shiny and black. Black form of LL. parryi parryi ...
Mandible less curved, with outer margin at base in an obtuse angle with outer margin at apex. Dorsalsurface of the head and pronotum with a tiny pubescence. Dorsal surface of the elytra dull, blackishbrown or reddish brown. … 49 ...
Mandible usually with outer margin very rounded. Elytra usually reddish brown. Labrum hardly beyondfrontal margin of the head and transverse. Ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment not constricted ...
before the caudal expansion. Paramere nearly 0.8 times as long as basal piece. Penis stouter, 3.0-3.53.0-3.5 times as long as wide. Restricted to Taiwan ...
L. datunensis ...
Mandible always with outer margin less curved. Elytra usually blackish brown. Labrum well beyond frontal margin of the head and as long as wide. Ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment markedly constricted before the caudal expansion. Paramere nearly 0.6 times as long as basal piece. Penis slenderer, at least 4 times as long as wide. Restricted to southeastern China. ...
Outer margin of the mandible at base in a right angle with outer margin of the mandible at apex. Cephalic process of paramere very long. ...
Outer margin of the mandible at base in an obtuse angle with outer margin of the mandible at apex. Cephalic process of paramere obsolete and very short ...
Dorsal surface of the whole body with a very long pubescence. Elytra markedly haired. Mandible markedly shorter than head plus pronotum, heavily bent at medially part, with inner teeth sparsely distributed and slenderer. Penis stout, nearly twice as long as wide ...
Dorsal surface of the whole body at most with a very short pubescence. Elytra nearly glabrous. Mandible usually not markedly shorter than head plus pronotum, slightly bent at medially part, with inner teeth densely distributed and stouter. Penis slender, more than 3 times as long as wide ...
Mandible gradually incurved at whole length and gradually narrowed towards apex, with the conjoined inner margin of the inner teeth smoothly incurved. Ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment not constricted before the caudal expansion. Ventral plate of the basal piece usually illdefined. ...
L. klapperichi ...
Mandible more or less straighter at medial part and abruptly incurved near apex, abruptly narrowed before the apical 1//31 / 3 of the mandible, with the conjoined inner margin of the inner teeth often convex. Ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment markedly constricted before the caudal expansion. Ventral plate of the basal piece usually clearly defined ...
Clypeolabrum in dorsal view well beyond frontal margin of the head, with the outer part nearly as long as wide ...
Clypeolabrum in dorsal view hardly beyond frontal margin of the head, with the outer part transverse and very short. ...
All tibiae bright reddish brown ...
All tibiae dark brown. ...
Head nearly as wide as pronotum. ...
Head apparently wider than pronotum. ...
Mandible heavily bent inwards at basal 2//52 / 5, with apex and base nearly in a right angle ...
Mandible at most slightly incurved at basal 2//52 / 5, with apex and base in an obtuse angle ...
Mandible with very distinct denticles beside the major inner tooth. ...
Mandible with all denticles indistinct or obsolete. ...
Dorsal surface of the whole body without a marked pubescence. Penis slender, more than 4 times as long as wide in ventral view. Apex of flagellum only slightly enlarged ...
Dorsal surface of the whole body with a marked pubescence. Penis nearly twice as long as wide in ...
Frontal ridge of the head distinct and raise at whole length. Mandible gradually narrowed from base to apex. Dorsal surface of the body bright reddish brown or yellowish brown. Elytra dull and hairy ...
Frontal ridge of the head obscure or absent. Mandible abruptly constricted beyond inner tooth. Dorsal surface of the body dark brown. Elytra shiny and almost glabrous ...
Dorsal surface of the body redder. Mandible not bent at basal 1//31 / 3. ...
Dorsal surface of the body yellower. Mandible markedly bent at basal 1/3 L. cyclommatoides ...
Head and pronotum with a visible yellow pubescence. Ventral plate of the basal piece relatively shorter at middle. Flagellum longer. Penis in ventral view twice as long as wide ...
Head and pronotum almost glabrous. Ventral plate of the basal piece relatively longer at middle. Flagellum shorter. Penis in ventral view three times as long as wide ...
Major inner tooth of the mandible longer, the distance between tip of the tooth and outer margin of the mandible more than twice as long as the smallest width of the mandible behind major tooth ...
Major inner tooth of the mandible shorter, the distance between tip of the tooth and outer margin of the mandible at most twice as long as the smallest width of the mandible behind major tooth ...
Head and pronotum without a conspicuous yellow pubescence ...
Head and pronotum with a dense yellow pubescence ...
Mandible without distinct denticles just before major tooth, and usually with denticles more extended to base. Penis nearly twice as long as wide ...
Mandible with distinct denticles just before major tooth, and usually with denticles less extended to base. Penis more than 4 times as long as wide ...
Elytra bright orange-brown. Lateral ridges of the head only weakly inflated laterally, forming a rounded right angle at posterolateral corner. Frontal ridge of head weakly raised in middle L. cyclommatoides ...
Elytra dark reddish brown or dark brown. Lateral ridges of the head markedly inflated laterally, protruding into a blunt angle at lateral corner or posterolateral corner. Frontal ridge of the head markedly raised in middle. ...
Head with a longer pubescence, elytra with a dense pubescence. Mandible markedly longer than head plus pronotum. Lateral ridges of the head protruding into angles at posterolateral corners. Frontal ridge of the head in anterior view rounded. Ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment constricted before caudal expansion. Aedeagus twice as long as wide in ventral view. Paramere in lateral view markedly upcurved L. kraatzi ...
Head with a shorter pubescence, elytra almost glabrous. Mandible hardly longer than head plus pronotum. Lateral ridges of the head protruding into angles at lateral corners. Frontal ridge of the head in anterior view flat. Ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment not constricted before caudal expansion. Aedeagus three times as long as wide in ventral view. Paramere in lateral view hardly upcurved .L. fairmairei ...
Major inner tooth of the mandible markedly inflated on both inner and outer sides and pentagonal in shape. Apical fork of the mandible very narrowly opened with branches very short and subequal in length ...
L. klapperichi ...
Major inner tooth of the mandible at most only inflated on inner side and not pentagonal in shape. Apical fork of the mandible widely opened, or narrowly opened but with branches not subequal in length ...
Mandible evenly curved at whole length and less curved as a whole; outer branch of the apical fork longer than or as long as the distance between tip of the major tooth and outer margin of the mandible ...
Mandible abruptly curved at some part and more curved as a whole, or outer branch of the apical fork shorter than the distance between tip of the major tooth and outer margin of the mandible ...
Elytra with a very sparse pubescence, nearly glabrous at a glance 70 ...
Elytra with a very dense pubescence 74 ...
Mandible with large denticles immediately behind major inner tooth. Protibiae with two or three denticles beside apical fork ...
Mandible with small denticles or no denticle immediately behind major inner tooth. Protibiae usually with more than five denticles beside apical fork ...
Mandible slightly incurved at basal 1//31 / 3 but markedly incurved and downcurved beyond the major inner tooth. Denticles within major inner tooth interrupted. Lateral ridges of the head more inflated laterally, forming lateral angles more anteriorly. Metatarsi longer than metatibia. Penis nearly 3.0 times as long as wide. Ventral plate of the basal piece ill-defined with middle part not beyond caudal margin of the basal piece. L. wuyishanensis ...
Mandible markedly incurved at basal 1//31 / 3 but not incurved just beyond major inner tooth. Denticles within major inner tooth continuous. Lateral ridges of the head forming lateral angles more posteriorly. Metatarsi as long as metatibia. Penis nearly 4.0 times as long as wide. Ventral plate of the basal piece clearly defined with middle part well beyond caudal margin of the basal piece ...
Mandible shorter than or nearly as long as head plus pronotum, with small denticles densely distributed and continued just behind major tooth of the mandible. Frontal ridge of the head not rising at middle. Lateral ridges of the head bent in obtuse angle at posterolateral corner and rather straight before the angle. Ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment constricted before the caudal expansion. Cephalic process of the paramere shorter. L. parryi laetus ...
Mandible more or less longer than head plus pronotum, with small denticles sparsely distributed and not continued just behind major tooth of the mandible. Frontal ridge of the head rising at middle. Lateral ridges of the head rounded or bent in acute or right angle at posterolateral corner and concaved before the angle. Ventral plate of the ninth abdominal segment not constricted before the caudal expansion. Cephalic process of the paramere longer. ...
Mandible bent inwards just behind major tooth. Major inner tooth usually shorter than width of the mandible. Denticles on the mandible very distinct and close to base of the mandible. Lateral ridges of the head forming the rounded lateral angles at lateral corners. Ventral plate of the basal piece nearly as long as wide, with middle part remote from caudal margin of the basal piece. Penis three times as long as wide L. szetschuanicus ...
Mandible bent inwards remotely behind major tooth. Major inner tooth usually as long as width of the ...
mandible. Denticles on the mandible indistinct and remoter from base of the mandible. Lateral ridges of the head forming the blunt lateral angles at lateral corners. Ventral plate of the basal piece very short, with middle part slightly beyond caudal margin of the basal piece. Penis twice as long as wide. ...
Dorsal surface of the whole body including legs bright orange-brown ...
Dorsal surface of the whole body dark brown or dark reddish brown, somewhat yellowish due to the dense pubescence, but not orange-brown ...
Lateral ridges of the head markedly inflated posterolaterally into acute angles at posterolateral corners. .L. kraatzi ...
Lateral ridges of the head angled at lateral corners, or broadly rounded, or slightly inflated laterally and rounded at posterolateral corners ...
Mandible with continuous and densely distributed denticles from apex to basal 1//5-1//41 / 5-1 / 4 of the mandible. Apex of the flagellum in male genitalia extremely enlarged and much wider than basal belt of the flagellum ...
Mandible with denticles interrupted or sparse at some part. Apex of the flagellum in male genitalia weakly enlarged and much thinner than basal belt of the flagellum. ...
Major inner tooth of the mandible triangular and not inflated on inner side, more directed forwards and not vertical to the mandible. Mandible with only very short and minute denticles. Apex of elytra very rounded. ...
Major inner tooth of the mandible more or less inflated on inner side, vertical to the mandible and not directed forwards. Mandible with a few denticles at least 1//31 / 3 times as long as major inner tooth. Apex of elytra somewhat acute ...
Size larger in same-developed specimens. Apical fork of the mandible with branches shorter in same-developed specimens. Head slightly more transverse. Distributed in Indo-China and Yunnan L. fukinukiae ...
Size smaller in same-developed specimens. Apical fork of the mandible with branches longer in same-developed specimens. Head slightly less transverse. Distributed in Chongqing and Guizhou. L. liuyei ...
Key to females of Lucanus species from China ...
For all species of Lucanus the females can be easily distinguished from the males by the following characters: 1) mandible as most as long as head; 2) pronotum with lateral margins markedly rounded or arched; 3) head markedly narrower than pronotum. ...
Inner tooth of the right mandible without broad inner ridge but single-pointed or double-pointed, and with a distinct gap between the anterior tip and apex of the mandible. ...
Inner tooth of the right mandible with broad and flat inner ridge and with the anterior tip just behind apex of the mandible and not forming a gap. ...
Inner tooth of the mandibles very close to apex of the mandibles and forming a narrow V-shaped gap behind apex. Dorsal surface of the head with a deep transversal groove before posterior margin of the head. ...
Inner tooth of the mandibles remoter from apex of the mandible and forming a broad and widely opened gap behind apex. Dorsal surface of the head without a deep transversal groove. ...
Metafemora more or less with yellowish brown stripe or smudge ...
Metafemora uniform dark brown or black. ...
Anterior angle of the pronotum right-angled and very sharp. Hemisternite elongated and not widened at caudal end. Spermatheca as long as hemisternite. Spermathecal duct membranous ...
Anterior angle of the pronotum rounded or blunt. Hemisternite markedly widened at caudal end. Spermatheca markedly shorter than hemisternite. Spermathecal duct weakly sclerotized near spermatheca ...
Posterior angle or posterior margin of the canthus absent. Spermathecal duct more than 5 times as long as hemisternite. Spermatheca longer than hemisternite and membranous in most part ...
Posterior angle or posterior margin of the canthus present. Spermathecal duct no more than 3 times as long as hemisternite. Spermatheca markedly shorter than hemisternite and sclerotized ...
Inner tooth of the mandibles, especially the left mandible single-pointed. Punctures on dorsal surface of the head large and coarse, causing surface of the head very bumpy. Anterior angle of the head usually very distinct. Metasternum with a very long pubescence. Spermathecal duct 1.5 times as long as spermatheca. Spermathecal duct nearly as long as hemisternite. Spermatheca markedly curved and U-shaped. ...
Inner tooth of the mandibles always double-pointed. Punctures on dorsal surface of the head small and fine, causing surface of the head rather flat. Anterior angle of the head usually indistinct. Metasternum with a short pubescence. Spermathecal duct 2.5-3.0 times as long as spermatheca. Spermathecal duct 1.5-2.0 times as long as hemisternite. Spermatheca weakly curved and L-shaped. ...
Canthus with a sharp anterior angle behind anterior angle of the head, with lateral margin of the head between these two angles concave or excavated. ...
Canthus without a sharp anterior angle behind anterior angle of the head, with lateral margin of the head before eye smooth or bluntly bent. ...
Inner tooth of the mandibles markedly double-pointed and with a distinct notch between the two points at least in one of the mandibles. Metasternum always with a dense and long pubescence in fresh specimens. Hemisternite always widened at caudal part. ...
Inner tooth of the mandibles weakly double-pointed and without a distinct notch between the two points in both mandibles. Metasternum sometimes without a dense and long pubescence in fresh specimens. Hemisternite sometimes not widened at caudal part. ...
Apical fork of protibiae very long. Frontal ridge and lateral ridges of the head distinct. Mandible usually as long as head. Lateral angles of pronotum blunt. Spermathecal duct 5.0-6.0 times as long as hemisternite. Central conjunction of the ninth tergites markedly protruding posteriorly ...
Apical fork of protibiae long or short. Frontal ridge and lateral ridges of the head usually indistinct. ...
Mandible more or less shorter than head. Lateral angles of pronotum blunt or sharp. Spermathecal duct less than 4 times as long as hemisternite. Central conjunction of the ninth tergites weakly protruding posteriorly. ...
10. Clypeolabrum as a whole twice wider than long, with labrum shorter than clypeus and broad at terminal end. Elytra no more than 1.5 times as long as wide … 11 ...
Clypeolabrum as a whole only slightly wider than long, with labrum markedly longer than clypeus and rather narrow at terminal end. Elytra usually more than 1.5 times as long as wide … 12 ...
Apical fork of the protibia longer. Restricted to Yunnan … L. victorius ...
Apical fork of the protibia shorter (Lacroix 1971). Restricted to the Himalayas L. lunifer ...
Clypeus with lateral corners rounded. Apical fork of the protibia shorter, at most as long as wide. Metasternum with a pale yellowish grey pubescence. Head and pronotum with a very sparse pubescence. … L. furcifer ...
Clypeus with lateral corners angled. Apical fork of the protibia longer, markedly longer than wide. Metasternum with a yellower pubescence. Head and pronotum with a denser pubescence … 13 (L. thibetanus) ...
Apical fork of the protibia with branches rounded at tip. L. thibetanus thibetanus ...
Apical fork of the protibia with branches acute at tip. … 14 ...
Lateral angle of the pronotum less protruded. L. thibetanus pseudosingularis ...
Lateral angle of the pronotum more protruded L. thibetanus gennestieri ...
Dorsal surface of the head, pronotum and elytra with a marked pubescence. Elytra no more than 1.5 times as long as wide. Hemisternite markedly widened at caudal part, not elongated as a whole. L. victorius ...
Dorsal surface of the head, pronotum and elytra without a marked pubescence. Elytra slightly or markedly more than 1.5 times as long as wide. Hemisternite not markedly widened at caudal part, but very elongated as a whole. … 16 ...
Attachment point of the spermathecal gland remote from entrance of the spermatheca. … L. hermani ...
Attachment point of the spermathecal gland close to entrance of the spermatheca. … 17 ...
Central conjunction of the ninth tergites extremely broad at caudal end. Spermathecal duct 2.0-2.3 times as long as hemisternite. Spermatheca nearly as long as hemisternite. Enlarged caudal part of the hemisternite markedly shorter. Lateral margins of the pronotum less rounded … L. formosanus ...
Central conjunction of the ninth tergites not extremely broad at caudal end. Spermathecal duct 1.0-1.3 times as long as hemisternite. Spermatheca markedly shorter than hemisternite. Enlarged caudal part of the hemisternite longer. Lateral margins of the pronotum more rounded … 18 ...
Branches of apical fork of the protibia obtuse at tip. Metasternum without a dense pubescence. Spermatheca with bent-over part shorter and bifid at tip … L. planeti ...
Branches of apical fork of the protibia acute at tip. Metasternum with a dense pubescence. Spermatheca with bent-over part longer and rounded at tip. … L. laminifer ...
Right mandible with a distinct dorsal tooth. Spermathecal duct membranous. … 20 ...
Hemisternite very elongated and not markedly widened at caudal part. Spermatheca bifid at tip. Metasternum without a dense pubescence ...
Hemisternite not elongated but markedly widened at caudal part. Spermatheca rounded at tip. Metasternum with a dense pubescence. ...
Thorns on mesotibiae and metatibiae very long and sharp. Distributed in Yunnan and Sichuan ...
Thorns on mesotibiae and metatibiae very short and blunt, no more than three on mesotibiae. Distributed in southeastern Tibet. ...
Punctures on dorsal surface of the head larger and coarser, causing surface of the head rather bumpy. Pronotum angled at posterior 2//52 / 5, with lateral margins behind lateral angles not concave. ...
Punctures on dorsal surface of the head smaller and finer, causing surface of the head rather flat. Pronotum angled at posterior 1//31 / 3, with lateral margins behind lateral angles markedly concave ...
Inner tooth of the left mandible nearly single-pointed, like in Lucanus parryi. Spermatheca J-shaped, with bent-over part shorter. ...
Inner tooth of the left mandible clearly double-pointed, not like in Lucanus parryi. Spermatheca nearly U-shaped, with bent-over part relatively longer. ...
Elytra black and dusted with bright yellowish brown coloring. ...
Elytra uniform in color ...
Dorsal surface of the whole body with a very dense yellow pubescence ...
Dorsal surface of the whole body at most with a very weak pubescence. ...
Canthus with anterior angle very sharp and outside of eye. Mandible with outer margin not evenly curved and very weakly curved at medial part. Metafemora uniform dark. ...
Canthus with anterior angle blunt and not outside of eye. Mandible with outer margin rather evenly curved and markedly curved at medial part. Metafemora more or less with bright yellowish brown stripe or smudge ...
Dorsal surface of the head heavily granulated and very bumpy. Spermathecal duct 1.5-2.01.5-2.0 times as long as spermatheca. Spermatheca nearly 0.9-1.10.9-1.1 times as long as hemisternite. ...
Dorsal surface of the head weakly granulated and rather flat. Spermathecal duct markedly shorter than spermatheca. Spermatheca nearly 1.5 times as long as hemisternite ...
Pronotum at anterior 1//31 / 3 almost as wide as or wider than at posterior 1//31 / 3, or markedly produced near anterior 1/3 ...
Pronotum at anterior 1/3 narrower than at posterior 1/3 and not produced near anterior 1/3 ...
Size smaller, length of the body usually 25-27mm25-27 \mathrm{~mm}, at most 29 mm . Restricted to Taiwan L. miwai ...
Size larger, body usually longer than 29 mm , very occasionally 28-29mm28-29 \mathrm{~mm}. Out of Taiwan 30 ...
Pronotum with anterior part more sharply widened laterally, causing the lateral margin behind the anterior angle more broadly rounded. ...
Pronotum with anterior part less sharply widened laterally, causing the lateral margin behind the anterior ...
angle less rounded. ...
Dorsal surface of the head with a weak pubescence. Protibia with inner branch of the apical fork outcurved. Spermatheca very long, markedly longer than hemisternite. ...
Dorsal surface of the head glabrous. Protibia with inner branch of the apical fork straighter. Spermatheca short, not longer than hemisternite ...
Pronotum at anterior 1//31 / 3 slightly wider than at posterior 1//31 / 3. Anterior angle of the canthus usually not outside of eye. ...
Pronotum at anterior 1//31 / 3 as wide as at posterior 1//31 / 3. Anterior angle of the canthus usually outside of eye. ...
Metafemora uniform dark or with dark reddish brown stripe or coloring. ...
Metafemora more or less with bright yellowish brown stripe or smudge ...
Dorsal surface of the whole body black, at most with reddish tingle. Spermatheca very long, matching the length of hemisternite. ...
Dorsal surface of the whole body reddish brown. Spermatheca markedly shorter than hemisternite ...
Spermathecal duct nearly twice as long as spermatheca. Spermathecal gland at least as long as spermatheca. Attachment point of the spermathecal gland markedly closer to entrance of the spermatheca. Apical fork of the protibia with branches wider and blunter. Distributed in Fujian and Zhejiang ...
Spermathecal duct only slightly longer than spermatheca. Spermathecal gland markedly shorter than spermatheca. Attachment point of the spermathecal gland markedly remoter from entrance of the spermatheca. Apical fork of the protibia with branches thinner and acuter. Restricted to Guangdong. ...
Elytra with a slight pubescence. Clypeolabrum in dorsal view flat at tip. Protibia with branches of the apical fork stout and blunt at tip. ...
Elytra almost glabrous. Clypeolabrum in dorsal view pointed at tip. Protibia with branches of the apical fork slender and acute at tip. ...
Outer margin of the mandibles more rapidly incurved in a shorter radius. Spermatheca somewhat J-shaped, with the portion before bending point longer. Attachment point of the spermathecal gland markedly remoter from entrance of the spermatheca ...
Outer margin of the mandibles less incurved. Spermatheca somewhat U-shaped with the portion before bending point shorter. Attachment point of the spermathecal gland markedly closer to entrance of the spermatheca ...
Restricted to Taiwan. Length of the body usually 23-26mm23-26 \mathrm{~mm}, at most 27 mm . Apical fork of the protibia as long as wide. Anterior angle of the canthus usually markedly outside of eye ...
Out of Taiwan. Length of the body usually longer than 27 mm . Apical fork of the protibia longer than wide. Anterior angle of the canthus at most as far as eye ...
Genus Eolucanus Kurosawa 拟深山属 ...
45．Eolucanus gracilis（Albers）短颚拟深山 ...
（Pl．61，fig．1；pl．66，fig．17） ...
Lucanus gracilis Albers，1889：319，type＂female＂（actually male：Arrow 1950），Sikkim；Arrow，1950：61－62， plate 5，fig． 8 for male from Sikkim，record for 1 female from Rongshar Valley of Tibet，10000ft，June 1924，by Major R．W．G．Hingston，record of 2 females from Yatong，Tibet，10500ft，by Mr．A．E．Hobson； Kurosawa，1970：159，new subgenus Eolucanus，figs．1a，1b for protibia，pl．1，fig． 1 for male，fig． 2 for female，all from Nepal；Boucher \＆Huang，1991：35，male from Nepal，figs． 5 for male mandible，fig． 9 for male genitalia；Zhang，1981：341，specimens from Zhangmu，SC Tibet，3350m；Mizunuma \＆Nagai， 1994：pl．7，fig．75－1 for male，figs．75－2，75－3 for females，all from Sikkim． ...
Eolucanus gracilis：Kikuta，1986： 135. ...
Specimens examined．None ...
Identification．This species was originally described on a male from Sikkim，which was wrongly regarded by Albers（1889）as a female．Arrow（1950）examined this type specimen and gave a thorough description and a key to recognize this species from other Lucanus from Indian areas．Arrow＇s（1950）description can be regarded as the basis of identification for this species． The male genitalia of this species were examined and illustrated by Boucher \＆Huang（1991）． Based upon these works（Arrow 1950，Boucher \＆Huang 1991），the identification of Eolucanus gracilis can be made on a comparative description of characters stated in the table 10 below． ...
Characters in comparison．As all the species of Eolucanus are closely related and share many similar characters，a comparative description of all characters is more appropriate for a better understanding of their differences．The characters used in table 10 are mostly gathered from the original descriptions，the revisional works based upon type materials（Arrow 1950，Boucher \＆ Huang 1991，Boucher 1994）and the examination of type materials．Some characters are not readable in the literatures thus are attached with question marks in the table． ...
Table 10．Differences among species of Eolucanus（Abbreviations：gra，gracilis；obe，oberthuri； ker，kerleyi；pan，pani；les，lesnei；min，mingyiae；pro，prometheus；dav，davidis）． ...
Characters ...
gra obe ker pan les min pro dav ...
Male external character states ...
Mandible with a sharp tooth just behind apex in large males ...
Mandible with a sharp tooth at terminal 1／3 in large males ...
＊ ...
＊ ...
Mandible with a sharp tooth at bending point in large males ...
＊ ...
Mandible at most with blunt protuberance ...
＊＊ ...
＊ ...
＊ ...
Mandible as long as head ...
＊＊ ...
＊ ...
＊ ...
＊ ...
＊ ...
＊ ...
Mandible markedly shorter than head ...
＊ ...
Mandible bent inwards about at middle of the inner margin ...
＊ ...
＊ ...
＊ ...
＊ ...
＊ ...
Mandible bent inwards nearer base of the inner margin ...
＊ ...
＊ ...
＊ ...
Clypeolabrum narrow ...
＊ ...
Characters gra obe ker pan les min pro dav
Male external character states
Mandible with a sharp tooth just behind apex in large males
Mandible with a sharp tooth at terminal 1／3 in large males ＊ ＊
Mandible with a sharp tooth at bending point in large males ＊
Mandible at most with blunt protuberance ＊＊ ＊ ＊
Mandible as long as head ＊＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊
Mandible markedly shorter than head ＊
Mandible bent inwards about at middle of the inner margin ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊ ＊
Mandible bent inwards nearer base of the inner margin ＊ ＊ ＊
Clypeolabrum narrow ＊ | Characters | gra obe ker pan les min pro dav | | | | | | | |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Male external character states | | | | | | | | |
| Mandible with a sharp tooth just behind apex in large males | | | | | | | | |
| Mandible with a sharp tooth at terminal 1／3 in large males | ＊ | | | ＊ | | | | |
| Mandible with a sharp tooth at bending point in large males | | | | | ＊ | | | |
| Mandible at most with blunt protuberance | | | ＊＊ | | | ＊ | ＊ | |
| Mandible as long as head | | | ＊＊ | ＊ | ＊ | ＊ | ＊ | ＊ |
| Mandible markedly shorter than head | ＊ | | | | | | | |
| Mandible bent inwards about at middle of the inner margin | | | | ＊ | ＊ | ＊ | ＊ | ＊ |
| Mandible bent inwards nearer base of the inner margin | ＊ | ＊ | ＊ | | | | | |
| Clypeolabrum narrow | ＊ | | | | | | | |
Table 10 (continued) ...
Characters ...
gra obe ker pan les min pro dav ...
Clypeolabrum wide ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Clypeolabrum triangular at anterior margin and pointed at middle ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
Clypeolabrum rounded at anterior margin and not pointed at middle ...
*
*
Clypeolabrum very sharply pointed at middle ...
*
*
Dorsal surface of the head extremely shiny ...
*
Dorsal surface of the head more shiny ...
*
*
Dorsal surface of the head less shiny ...
*
*
*
*
*
Pronotum wider at posterior margin than at anterior margin ...
*
*
Pronotum not wider at posterior margin than at anterior margin ...
Pronotum not swollen immediately behind anterior angle ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Dorsal surface of elytra shiny black or brown, not metallic nor coppery ...
*
*
*
*
Dorsal surface of the elytra metallic or coppery ...
*
*
*
*
Elytra more elongated ...
*
Elytra less elongated ...
*
* *
*
*
*
*
Elytra wider in proportion to pronotum ...
*
Elytra thinner in proportion to pronotum ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Metasternum with orange pubescence ...
?
?
?
*
Metasternum with pale yellow pubescence ...
?
?
?
*
*
*
*
Apical fork of the protibia long ...
*
*
*
*
*
Apical fork of the protibia short ...
*
*
*
Tibiae and tarsi longer ...
*
*
*
Tibiae and tarsi shorter ...
*
*
*
*
*
Femora and tibiae black ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Femora and tibiae more or less dark reddish brown ...
*
Tibia with a few larger denticles ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
Tibia with all denticles same-sized ...
*
*
Female external character states ...
Clypeolabrum in dorsal view narrower and longer ...
*
?
?
*
*
Clypeolabrum in dorsal view narrower and shorter ...
?
?
*
Clypeolabrum in dorsal view wider ...
*
?
*
?
Pronotum wider in proportion to head ...
*
*
*
Pronotum narrower in proportion to head ...
*
*
*
*
*
Pronotum markedly concave between lateral angle and posterior angle ...
*
*
*
Pronotum slightly concave between lateral angle and posterior angle ...
*
*
*
*
*
Femora and tibiae black ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Characters gra obe ker pan les min pro dav
Clypeolabrum wide * * * * * * *
Clypeolabrum triangular at anterior margin and pointed at middle * * * * * *
Clypeolabrum rounded at anterior margin and not pointed at middle * *
Clypeolabrum very sharply pointed at middle * *
Dorsal surface of the head extremely shiny *
Dorsal surface of the head more shiny * *
Dorsal surface of the head less shiny * * * * *
Pronotum wider at posterior margin than at anterior margin * *
Pronotum not wider at posterior margin than at anterior margin * * * * * *
Pronotum swollen immediately behind anterior angle *
Pronotum not swollen immediately behind anterior angle * * * * * * *
Dorsal surface of elytra shiny black or brown, not metallic nor coppery * * * *
Dorsal surface of the elytra metallic or coppery * * * *
Elytra more elongated *
Elytra less elongated * * * * * * *
Elytra wider in proportion to pronotum *
Elytra thinner in proportion to pronotum * * * * * * *
Metasternum with orange pubescence ? ? ? *
Metasternum with pale yellow pubescence ? ? ? * * * *
Apical fork of the protibia long * * * * *
Apical fork of the protibia short * * *
Tibiae and tarsi longer * * *
Tibiae and tarsi shorter * * * * *
Femora and tibiae black * * * * * * *
Femora and tibiae more or less dark reddish brown *
Tibia with a few larger denticles * * * * * *
Tibia with all denticles same-sized * *
Female external character states
Clypeolabrum in dorsal view narrower and longer * ? ? * *
Clypeolabrum in dorsal view narrower and shorter ? ? *
Clypeolabrum in dorsal view wider * ? * ?
Pronotum wider in proportion to head * * *
Pronotum narrower in proportion to head * * * * *
Pronotum markedly concave between lateral angle and posterior angle * * *
Pronotum slightly concave between lateral angle and posterior angle * * * * *
Femora and tibiae black * * * * * * *| Characters | gra obe ker pan les min pro dav | | | | | | | |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Clypeolabrum wide | | * | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| Clypeolabrum triangular at anterior margin and pointed at middle | * | | | * | * | * | * | * |
| Clypeolabrum rounded at anterior margin and not pointed at middle | | * | * | | | | | |
| Clypeolabrum very sharply pointed at middle | | | | | * | | * | |
| Dorsal surface of the head extremely shiny | | | | | | | * | |
| Dorsal surface of the head more shiny | | | | | * | * | | |
| Dorsal surface of the head less shiny | * | * | * | * | | | | * |
| Pronotum wider at posterior margin than at anterior margin | * | | | | | | * | |
| Pronotum not wider at posterior margin than at anterior margin | | * | * | * | * | * | | * |
| Pronotum swollen immediately behind anterior angle | | | | * | | | | |
| Pronotum not swollen immediately behind anterior angle | * | * | * | | * | * | * | * |
| Dorsal surface of elytra shiny black or brown, not metallic nor coppery | | * | * | * | | | | * |
| Dorsal surface of the elytra metallic or coppery | * | | | | * | * | * | |
| Elytra more elongated | * | | | | | | | |
| Elytra less elongated | | * | * * | | * | * | * | * |
| Elytra wider in proportion to pronotum | * | | | | | | | |
| Elytra thinner in proportion to pronotum | * | * | * | * | * | * | | * |
| Metasternum with orange pubescence | ? | ? | ? | * | | | | |
| Metasternum with pale yellow pubescence | ? | ? | ? | | * | * | * | * |
| Apical fork of the protibia long | | * | * | * | | * | | * |
| Apical fork of the protibia short | * | | | | * | | * | |
| Tibiae and tarsi longer | | | | | * | * | * | |
| Tibiae and tarsi shorter | * | * | * | * | | | | * |
| Femora and tibiae black | * | * | * | * | * | * | | * |
| Femora and tibiae more or less dark reddish brown | * | | | | | | | |
| Tibia with a few larger denticles | | * | * | * | * | * | | * |
| Tibia with all denticles same-sized | * | * | | | | | | |
| Female external character states | | | | | | | | |
| Clypeolabrum in dorsal view narrower and longer | * | | ? | | ? | * | | * |
| Clypeolabrum in dorsal view narrower and shorter | | | ? | | ? | | * | |
| Clypeolabrum in dorsal view wider | | * | ? | * | ? | | | |
| Pronotum wider in proportion to head | * | | | | | | * | * |
| Pronotum narrower in proportion to head | | * | * | * | * | * | | |
| Pronotum markedly concave between lateral angle and posterior angle | | | | * | * | * | | |
| Pronotum slightly concave between lateral angle and posterior angle | * | * | * | | | | * | * |
| Femora and tibiae black | * | * | * | * | * | * | | * |
Table 10 (continued) ...
Characters ...
gra obe ker pan les min pro dav ...
Femora and tibiae more or less with a brown tingle ...
*
Protibia stouter ...
*
*
*
*
*
Protibia slenderer ...
* * *
Apical fork of the protibia longer ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
Apical fork of the protibia shorter ...
*
*
Apical fork of the protibia with branches sharply pointed ...
*
*
*
*
Apical fork of the protibia with branches blunt ...
*
*
*
Apical fork of the protibia with branches broadly rounded ...
*
Metasternum with orange pubescence ...
?
?
?
*
Metasternum with pale yellow pubescence ...
?
?
?
*
*
*
*
Male genital character states ...
Ventral surface of basal piece with a longitudinal membranous stripe ...
?
?
?
*
?
Ventral surface of basal piece without membranous area ...
?
?
?
?
*
*
*
Paramere in dorsal view with caudal margin convex ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
Paramere in dorsal view with caudal margin concave or straight ...
*
Cephalic part of paramere in dorsal view more oblique ...
*
*
*
Cephalic part of paramere in dorsal view less oblique ...
*
*
*
*
*
Ventral plate of basal piece hardly concave at caudal margin ...
*
*
*
*
Ventral plate of basal piece markedly concave at caudal margin ...
*
*
*
*
Ventral plate of basal piece longer ...
*
*
*
*
Ventral plate of basal piece shorter ...
*
*
*
*
Flagellum more than 3 times as long as aedeagus ...
*
*
*
Flagellum 2.5-3.0 times as long as aedeagus ...
*
Flagellum no more than twice as long as aedeagus ...
*
*
*
*
Basal belt of the flagellum markedly longer than aedeagus ...
*
Basal belt of the flagellum not longer than aedeagus ...
*
*
*
*
*
*
Basal belt not defined as flagellum gradually narrowed to tip ...
*
Female genital character states ...
Hemisternite thinner and slenderer ...
?
?
?
?
*
*
Hemisternite wider and stouter ...
?
?
?
*
?
*
Spermatheca narrower and even in width throughout ...
?
?
?
?
*
*
Spermatheca wider and even in width throughout ...
?
?
?
?
*
Spermatheca enlarged at terminal end ...
?
?
?
*
?
Spermathecal duct nearly 2.5 times as long as hemisternite ...
?
?
?
?
*
Spermathecal duct nearly twice as long as hemisternite ...
?
?
?
?
*
Spermathecal duct slightly longer than hemisternite ...
?
?
?
*
?
*
Characters gra obe ker pan les min pro dav
Femora and tibiae more or less with a brown tingle *
Protibia stouter * * * * *
Protibia slenderer * * *
Apical fork of the protibia longer * * * * * *
Apical fork of the protibia shorter * *
Apical fork of the protibia with branches sharply pointed * * * *
Apical fork of the protibia with branches blunt * * *
Apical fork of the protibia with branches broadly rounded *
Metasternum with orange pubescence ? ? ? *
Metasternum with pale yellow pubescence ? ? ? * * * *
Male genital character states
Ventral surface of basal piece with a longitudinal membranous stripe ? ? ? * ?
Ventral surface of basal piece without membranous area ? ? ? ? * * *
Paramere in dorsal view with caudal margin convex * * * * * * *
Paramere in dorsal view with caudal margin concave or straight *
Cephalic part of paramere in dorsal view more oblique * * *
Cephalic part of paramere in dorsal view less oblique * * * * *
Ventral plate of basal piece hardly concave at caudal margin * * * *
Ventral plate of basal piece markedly concave at caudal margin * * * *
Ventral plate of basal piece longer * * * *
Ventral plate of basal piece shorter * * * *
Flagellum more than 3 times as long as aedeagus * * *
Flagellum 2.5-3.0 times as long as aedeagus *
Flagellum no more than twice as long as aedeagus * * * *
Basal belt of the flagellum markedly longer than aedeagus *
Basal belt of the flagellum not longer than aedeagus * * * * * *
Basal belt not defined as flagellum gradually narrowed to tip *
Female genital character states
Hemisternite thinner and slenderer ? ? ? ? * *
Hemisternite wider and stouter ? ? ? * ? *
Spermatheca narrower and even in width throughout ? ? ? ? * *
Spermatheca wider and even in width throughout ? ? ? ? *
Spermatheca enlarged at terminal end ? ? ? * ?
Spermathecal duct nearly 2.5 times as long as hemisternite ? ? ? ? *
Spermathecal duct nearly twice as long as hemisternite ? ? ? ? *
Spermathecal duct slightly longer than hemisternite ? ? ? * ? * | Characters | gra obe ker pan les min pro dav | | | | | | | |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Femora and tibiae more or less with a brown tingle | * | | | | | | | |
| Protibia stouter | * | * | * | | | | * | * |
| Protibia slenderer | * * * | | | | | | | |
| Apical fork of the protibia longer | | * | * | * | * | * | | * |
| Apical fork of the protibia shorter | * | | | | | | * | |
| Apical fork of the protibia with branches sharply pointed | * | | | * | * | | * | |
| Apical fork of the protibia with branches blunt | | * | | | | * | | * |
| Apical fork of the protibia with branches broadly rounded | * | | | | | | | |
| Metasternum with orange pubescence | ? | ? | ? | * | | | | |
| Metasternum with pale yellow pubescence | ? | ? | ? | | * | * | * | * |
| Male genital character states | | | | | | | | |
| Ventral surface of basal piece with a longitudinal membranous stripe | ? | ? | ? | * | ? | | | |
| Ventral surface of basal piece without membranous area | ? | ? | ? | | ? | * | * | * |
| Paramere in dorsal view with caudal margin convex | * | * | * | | * | * | * | * |
| Paramere in dorsal view with caudal margin concave or straight | * | | | | | | | |
| Cephalic part of paramere in dorsal view more oblique | * | | | | * | * | | |
| Cephalic part of paramere in dorsal view less oblique | | * | * | * | | | * | * |
| Ventral plate of basal piece hardly concave at caudal margin | * | * | * | * | | | | |
| Ventral plate of basal piece markedly concave at caudal margin | | | | | * | * | * | * |
| Ventral plate of basal piece longer | | | * | * | | | * | * |
| Ventral plate of basal piece shorter | * | * | | | * | * | | |
| Flagellum more than 3 times as long as aedeagus | | * | | | | * | | * |
| Flagellum 2.5-3.0 times as long as aedeagus | | | | | | | * | |
| Flagellum no more than twice as long as aedeagus | * | | * | * | * | | | |
| Basal belt of the flagellum markedly longer than aedeagus | | * | | | | | | |
| Basal belt of the flagellum not longer than aedeagus | | | * | * | * | * | * | * |
| Basal belt not defined as flagellum gradually narrowed to tip | * | | | | | | | |
| Female genital character states | | | | | | | | |
| Hemisternite thinner and slenderer | ? | ? | ? | | ? | * | | * |
| Hemisternite wider and stouter | ? | ? | ? | * | ? | | * | |
| Spermatheca narrower and even in width throughout | ? | ? | ? | | ? | * | * | |
| Spermatheca wider and even in width throughout | ? | ? | ? | | ? | | | * |
| Spermatheca enlarged at terminal end | ? | ? | ? | * | ? | | | |
| Spermathecal duct nearly 2.5 times as long as hemisternite | ? | ? | ? | | ? | | | * |
| Spermathecal duct nearly twice as long as hemisternite | ? | ? | ? | | ? | * | | |
| Spermathecal duct slightly longer than hemisternite | ? | ? | ? | * | ? | | * | |
Length of body．Male： 31 mm （Arrow 1950）； 27.0-31.0mm27.0-31.0 \mathrm{~mm}（Mizunuma \＆Nagai 1994）． Female： 28.0-29.2mm28.0-29.2 \mathrm{~mm}（Mizunuma \＆Nagai 1994）． ...
Morphological distance．This species seems to be equally different from all other species in Eolucanus． ...
Records．Arrow＇s（1950）and Zhang＇s（1981）records of this species from south－central Tibet are believable．However，Ma＇s（1988：271）record from Linzhi，southeastern Tibet at 3050 m is unbelievable；this record may be only a misidentification of the females belonging to some other species． ...
Pseudolucanus davidis Deyrolle，1878：93，pl．4，fig． 1 for female，fig． 2 for male，type male，Mou－pin （Sichuan）；Planet，1895：145，figs．for male and female；Planet，1899：16，fig． 5 for male，fig． 6 for female，pl．2，fig． 1 for male，fig． 2 for female；Planet，1902：97，pl．2，fig． 1 for male，fig． 2 for female； Didier，1952：pl．10，figs．1－5，7， 9 for males，figs．6， 8 for females；Boucher \＆Huang，1991：fig． 3 for male mandible，fig． 7 for male genitalia taken from＂holotype＂． ...
Lucanus davidis：Benesh，1960：140；Kurosawa，1970：160；Mizunuma \＆Nagai，1994：pl．138，fig．77－1 for male，figs．77－2 for female，all from Hailuogou，Sichuan；Araya，2001：12，figs．21， 22 for type male，figs． 23－24 for type female． ...
Identification．This species was originally described on a series of male and female specimens from＂central China＂．Araya（2001）examined one male syntype and one female syntype deposited in Museum National d＇Histoire Naturelle，Paris and the syntypes were labeled from＂Mou－pin＂in western Sichuan．Boucher \＆Huang（1991）published the figure of male genitalia taken from＂holotype＂，which might be a syntype．The original description and figure （Deyrolle \＆Fairmaire 1878），the photographs of the syntypes（Araya 2001）and the figure of male genitalia taken from a syntype（Boucher \＆Huang 1991）should be regarded as basis of ...
identification for Eolucanus davidis．Specimens from western Sichuan examined match all the characters including the male genital characters in the above－mentioned descriptions．Specimens from Gansu and Chongqing examined match the specimens from western Sichuan，and one male and one female from Gansu have been dissected and their genital characters match the genital characters found in specimens from Sichuan．So far there is only one species of Eolucanus found in western Sichuan． ...
Characters．As stated in table 10 under＂Characters in comparison＂of Eolucanus gracilis． Four males from western Sichuan and Gansu and two females from Sichuan and Gansu have been dissected． ...
Length of body．Male： 33 mm （Deyrolle \＆Fairmaire 1878）； 28 mm for a syntype（Araya 2001）； 28.5-36mm28.5-36 \mathrm{~mm}（examined by us）．Female： 26 mm （Deyrolle \＆Fairmaire 1878）； 29.5 mm for syntype（Araya 2001）； 31-31.5mm31-31.5 \mathrm{~mm}（examined by us）． ...
Morphological distance．The closest species of Eolucanus davidis seems to be Eolucanus mingyiae，which is followed by Eolucanus lesnei． ...
Records．Ma＇s（1988）records of this species from Linzhi and Chayu are unbelievable． Specimens from Gansu and Chongqing have been dissected and they have no difference from the populations from Sichuan． ...
Pseudolucanus lesnei Planet，1905：212，figs．1－2 for male，Yunnan；Didier \＆Seguy，1953：27；Boucher \＆ Huang，1991：fig． 4 for male mandible，fig． 8 for male genitalia taken from holotype． ...
Lucanus lesnei：Arrow，1950：60，pl．4，fig． 6 for male，fig． 10 for female，Mishimi Hills；Kurosawa，1970： 160；Araya，2001：17，figs．57， 58 for male type，Yunnan． ...
Eolucanus lesnei：Kikuta，1986： 135. ...
Specimens examined．Myanmar： 13 全 widehat(0)\widehat{0}（CCCC），purchased by Y．－F．Mou from Taiwan，no other data． ...
Identification．This species was described on a single male from＂Yunnan＂without exact locality．The holotype was dissected and the male genitalia were illustrated by Boucher \＆Huang （1991），and the holotype was photographed and published by Araya（2001）．These two latter works can be regarded as the basis of identification for this species． ...
Length of body．Male： 33.9 mm for type（Araya 2001）； 28-34mm28-34 \mathrm{~mm}（Arrow 1950）．Female： 29-32mm29-32 \mathrm{~mm}（Arrow 1950）． ...
Morphological distance．The closest species of Eolucanus lesnei seems to be Eolucanus mingyiae，but the female genitalia of Eolucanus lesnei have not been examined yet． ...
Records．This species was originally described from Yunnan without the detailed locality． The record of this species by Zhang（1981）from Chayu，southeastern Tibet needs to be confirmed， as a few specimens examined by us from that area belong to Eolucanus pani．However the discovery of this species from Chayu may not be astonishing as this species was recorded surely by Arrow（1950）from the Mishimi Hills of India，the adjacent area of Chayu．The records of this species by Ma（1988）from Linzhi，southeastern Tibet，and by Ma（1992）from Wolong，western Sichuan are most likely the misidentifications of Eolucanus prometheus and Eolucanus davidis respectively．However one male reported by Ma（1992）from Yaojiaping，Lushui（central part of the Gaoligong－shan Mountains，western Yunnan）at 2550 m on 24 May 1981 probably belongs to Eolucanus lesnei，though no figure and description was given．We have examined one female of Eolucanus mingyiae and five females of an Eolucanus probably belonging to Eolucanus lesnei from Yaojiaping collected by our friend in July 2010 but have not seen any males．These specimens suspected to be Eolucanus lesnei possess very metallic elytra like those of males from Myanmar．However we are not sure about this combination of the sexes as we have not examined the specimens of both sexes from the same localities．The ture identy of specimens from Yaojiaping needs to be confirmed in future． ...
This species is probably restricted to the Gaoligong Mountains on west of the Nujiang River （Salween）in China，and extended to Northern Myanmar and Mishimi Hills of India in distribution． In the more eastern mountain ranges along the Lancang River（Mekong）and the Jinsha River （Yangtse）there occurs Eolucanus mingyiae only． ...
Distribution．Eastern India（Mishimi Hills），northern Myanmar（Kachin）；Yunnan＊（？Lushui， central Gaoligong－shan Mountains）． ...
Lucanus mingyiae Huang，2006：14，figs．3，8C，9C，10C，11A，11B for male，figs．4，8D，9D，10D for female， figs． 16 （not 14）， 18 for male genitalia，Haba Snow Mts．，Zhongdian，NW Yunnan． ...
Identification．The specimens from Zhongdian，Yunnan examined belong to the type series． ...
Characters．As stated in table 10 under＂Characters in comparison＂of Eolucanus gracilis． Three males and one female in type series have been dissected． ...
Length of body．Male： 26-33mm26-33 \mathrm{~mm} ．Female： 29.3 mm ． ...
Morphological distance．The closest species of Eolucanus mingyiae is Eolucanus lesnei． ...
Distribution．Northwestern Yunnan（Yangtse valley，Zhongdian；Lancang valley，Weixi； Nujiang valley）． ...
Lucanus pani Huang，2006：16，figs．6，8F，9F，10F，11C，11D for male，figs．7，8G，9G，10G for female，figs． 14 （not 16）， 19 for male genitalia，holotype male，Hanmi，Motuo County，SE Tibet． ...
Identification．The specimens from Motuo examined belong to the type series，the specimens from Chayu examined match all the characters found in type specimens from Motuo． ...
Characters．As stated in table 10 under＂Characters in comparison＂of Eolucanus gracilis． Four males from Motuo and Chayu and two females from Motuo and Chayu have been dissected． ...
Length of body．Male： 28-30mm28-30 \mathrm{~mm} for specimens from Motuo； 32-33mm32-33 \mathrm{~mm} for specimens from Chayu．Female： 31.0-31.5mm31.0-31.5 \mathrm{~mm} for specimens from Motuo； 32 mm for specimen from Chayu． ...
Morphological distance．The closest species of Eolucanus pani is not determined，because the female genitalia of Eolucanus oberthuri and Eolucanus kerleyi have not been examined． ...
Records．The report of＂Lucanus lesnei＂by Zhang（1981）from Chayu was most likely a misidentification of Eolucanus pani，because a few specimens examined by us from the same area were proved to be Eolucanus pani instead of Eolucanus lesnei，and because all the species of Eolucanus from China are found to be allopatric with one another．However the description of the male in Zhang＇s（1981）report accords with the characters of Eolucanus lesnei in having a right－angled tooth below the incurved portion of mandible．It is necessary to examine more specimens from Chayu in the future for this record of Eolucanus lesnei． ...
Pseudolucanus prometheus Boucher \＆Huang，1991：32，fig． 1 for male holotype，fig． 6 for male mandible， fig． 10 for male genitalia，holotype male，Bomi（southeastern Tibet）；Ma，1999：153，fig．for holotype． ...
Lucanus prometheus：Huang，2006：figs．5，8E，9E，10E for female from Linzhi． ...
Specimens examined．Xizang（Tibet）： 2 widehat(theta)^( widehat(theta)),2!inO∼(CHH)2 \widehat{\theta}^{\widehat{\theta}}, 2 \notin \underset{\sim}{O}(\mathrm{CHH}) ，Linzhi Pref．，Linzhi County，East slope of Mount Sejila－shan，ca． 3000 m ，25－30．VII．2006，G．Pan leg．； 19 （CHH），Linzhi Pref．， Linzhi County，West slope of Mount Sejila－shan，ca．2700m，3．VIII．2005，D．－K．Zhou leg． ...
Identification．This species was described on a single male collected from Bomi， southeastern Tibet．The original description and the figure of male genitalia（Boucher \＆Huang 1991）and the photograph of the holotype（Ma 1999）can be regarded as the basis of identification for Eolucanus prometheus．Specimens from Linzhi examined match all the external and genital characters described in the literatures． ...
Characters．As stated in table 10 under＂Characters in comparison＂of Eolucanus gracilis． Two males and two females from Linzhi have been dissected． ...
Length of body．Male： 32.2 mm for holotype（Boucher \＆Huang 1991）；32－36mm（examined by us）．Female： 28.5-31.5mm28.5-31.5 \mathrm{~mm}（examined by us）． ...
Morphological distance．Eolucanus prometheus seems to be equally different from other species of Eolucanus． ...
Pseudolucanus denticulus Boucher，1996：441，figs．1－5 for female holotype from＂Chaine Gaoligong， frontier sino－birmane＂；Nagai，2000：94，figs．31－33 for female from＂Katctin＂，Myanmar． ...
Lucanus denticulus：Araya \＆Tanaka，1998：26：335；Krajcik，2001：77；Araya，2001：13，figs．27， 28 for female holotype；Krajcik，2003： 102. ...
Noseolucanus rugosus Araya \＆Tanaka，1998：335，figs．1－3 for male holotype，figs．4－9 for male characters， ＂Katcin＂，northern Myanmar；Nagai，2000：95，fig． 34 for male，＂Katctin＂；Araya，2004：41，fig． 1 for male from＂Katcin＂，Myanmar，fig． 2 for male head，figs．3－5 for male genitalia．（Synonymised by Huang 2006，Araya \＆Hosoya 2008）． ...
Noseolucanus denticulus：Huang，2006：11，19－21 discussion on generic classification；Araya \＆Hosoya， 2008：108，situation of breeding，figs．1－4 for female holotype，figs．5－8 for male and females from Kachin，Myanmar． ...
Gongshan County, Dulong valley, Maku, 2000m, 2-4.VI.2009, X.-Y. Zhu leg. (During daytime); 1 & (CCCC), Nujiang Pref., Gongshan County, Dulong valley, VI.2006, Y.-F. Hsu leg. (during daytime); Xizang (Tibet): 1 widehat(delta)1 \widehat{\delta} (CCCC), Linzhi Pref., Chayu County, Shang-Chayu, 14.VII.2005, A.-M. Shi leg.; MYANMAR: Kachin state: 1 widehat(sigma),1oint1 \widehat{\sigma}, 1 \oint (CCCC), ex. coll. W.-I. Chou, purchased from some dealer in Japan. ...
Identification. This amazing species was described as a species of Pseudolucanus on a single female from some place in the Gaoligong-shan Mountains near the China-Myanmar frontier. The original description and figures (Boucher 1995) and the photograph of the holotype (Araya 2001) can be regarded as the basis of identification for this species. Two female specimens from the northern part of the Gaoligong-shan Mountains examined by us match all the characters described for the holotype thus were identified as Noseolucanus denticulus. The female specimens from Kachin states of northern Myanmar are identical with the specimens from Yunnan in all characters including female genital characters. ...
The male of this species was described by Araya & Tanaka as a new genus and a new species, Noseolucanus rugosus from northern Myanmar, but nobody had been convinced that the male of Noseolucanus rugosus represents the male of Pseudolucanus denticulus until the second species of this amazing genus was found by Huang (2006) from southeastern Tibet. A recent breeding experiment (Araya & Hosoya 2008) also confirmed the combination of the sexes. The male specimens from Yunnan and southeastern Tibet (new locality) examined by us match all the characters including the genital characters found in specimens from northern Myanmar. ...
Characters in comparison. A comparative description of characters is stated in table 11 as follows. ...
Table 11. Differences between Noseolucanus denticulus and Noseolucanus zhengi. ...
Characters ...
Noseolucanus denticulus ...
Noseolucanus zhengi ...
External characters for both sexes ...
Majority of the canthus ...
outside eyes and wide ...
not outside eyes and thin ...
Posterior margin of the canthus ...
well marked and long ...
absent ...
Lateral margins of the head behind eyes ...
abruptly swollen ...
gradually widened posteriorly ...
Elytra ...
slightly long than wide ...
much more elongated ...
Elytra ...
browner and darker ...
redder and brighter ...
Longitudinal striae on the elytra ...
regular ...
irregular ...
All tibiae ...
shorter and stouter ...
longer and slenderer ...
Male external characters ...
Length of body ...
19-22mm19-22 \mathrm{~mm}
26 mm ...
Head ...
much shorter than pronotum ...
as long as pronotum ...
Head ...
narrower than elytra ...
as wide as elytra ...
Pronotum with lateral angles ...
obtusely angled ...
absent ...
Posterior 1/3 of the pronotum ...
concaved at lateral margins ...
slightly convex at lateral margins ...
Characters Noseolucanus denticulus Noseolucanus zhengi
External characters for both sexes
Majority of the canthus outside eyes and wide not outside eyes and thin
Posterior margin of the canthus well marked and long absent
Lateral margins of the head behind eyes abruptly swollen gradually widened posteriorly
Elytra slightly long than wide much more elongated
Elytra browner and darker redder and brighter
Longitudinal striae on the elytra regular irregular
All tibiae shorter and stouter longer and slenderer
Male external characters
Length of body 19-22mm 26 mm
Head much shorter than pronotum as long as pronotum
Head narrower than elytra as wide as elytra
Pronotum with lateral angles obtusely angled absent
Posterior 1/3 of the pronotum concaved at lateral margins slightly convex at lateral margins| Characters | Noseolucanus denticulus | Noseolucanus zhengi |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| External characters for both sexes | | |
| Majority of the canthus | outside eyes and wide | not outside eyes and thin |
| Posterior margin of the canthus | well marked and long | absent |
| Lateral margins of the head behind eyes | abruptly swollen | gradually widened posteriorly |
| Elytra | slightly long than wide | much more elongated |
| Elytra | browner and darker | redder and brighter |
| Longitudinal striae on the elytra | regular | irregular |
| All tibiae | shorter and stouter | longer and slenderer |
| Male external characters | | |
| Length of body | $19-22 \mathrm{~mm}$ | 26 mm |
| Head | much shorter than pronotum | as long as pronotum |
| Head | narrower than elytra | as wide as elytra |
| Pronotum with lateral angles | obtusely angled | absent |
| Posterior 1/3 of the pronotum | concaved at lateral margins | slightly convex at lateral margins |
Table 11 (continued) ...
Characters ...
Noseolucanus denticulus ...
Noseolucanus zhengi ...
Lateral margins of the anterior 2//32 / 3 of the pronotum ...
nearly straight ...
evenly convex ...
Pronotum ...
wider at lateral angles ...
wider at anterior 1/3 ...
Pronotum ...
slightly wider than elytra ...
markedly wider than elytra ...
Transversal wrinkles on head and pronotum ...
wider, deeper and sparser ...
thinner, shallower and denser ...
Female external characters ...
Length of body ...
19-24mm19-24 \mathrm{~mm}
21.5-25.7mm21.5-25.7 \mathrm{~mm}
Posterior angle of the pronotum ...
more protruding laterally ...
less protruding laterally ...
Apical fork of the protibia ...
longer and larger ...
shorter and smaller ...
Male genital characters ...
Dorsal plates of the 9^("th ")9^{\text {th }} abdominal segment ...
widely separated ...
touched ...
Caudal part of ventral plate of 9^("th ")9{ }^{\text {th }} segment ...
not partly membranous ...
partly membranous ...
Dorsal plates of the basal piece ...
nearly absent ...
large ...
Paramere in dorsal or ventral view ...
less pointed at inner apex ...
more pointed at inner apex ...
Terminal part of the flagellum ...
partly sclerotized ...
membranous except for frames ...
Terminal part of the flagellum ...
thick, not depressed ...
depressed ...
Female genital characters ...
Spermathecal duct ...
relatively shorter ...
relatively longer ...
Accessory gland ...
without a pair of hooks ...
with a pair of hooks at terminal end ...
Spermatheca ...
as a large pouch ...
much thinner and curved ...
Spermathecal gland ...
shorter ...
longer ...
Characters Noseolucanus denticulus Noseolucanus zhengi
Lateral margins of the anterior 2//3 of the pronotum nearly straight evenly convex
Pronotum wider at lateral angles wider at anterior 1/3
Pronotum slightly wider than elytra markedly wider than elytra
Transversal wrinkles on head and pronotum wider, deeper and sparser thinner, shallower and denser
Female external characters
Length of body 19-24mm 21.5-25.7mm
Posterior angle of the pronotum more protruding laterally less protruding laterally
Apical fork of the protibia longer and larger shorter and smaller
Male genital characters
Dorsal plates of the 9^("th ") abdominal segment widely separated touched
Caudal part of ventral plate of 9^("th ") segment not partly membranous partly membranous
Dorsal plates of the basal piece nearly absent large
Paramere in dorsal or ventral view less pointed at inner apex more pointed at inner apex
Terminal part of the flagellum partly sclerotized membranous except for frames
Terminal part of the flagellum thick, not depressed depressed
Female genital characters
Spermathecal duct relatively shorter relatively longer
Accessory gland without a pair of hooks with a pair of hooks at terminal end
Spermatheca as a large pouch much thinner and curved
Spermathecal gland shorter longer| Characters | Noseolucanus denticulus | Noseolucanus zhengi |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Lateral margins of the anterior $2 / 3$ of the pronotum | nearly straight | evenly convex |
| Pronotum | wider at lateral angles | wider at anterior 1/3 |
| Pronotum | slightly wider than elytra | markedly wider than elytra |
| Transversal wrinkles on head and pronotum | wider, deeper and sparser | thinner, shallower and denser |
| Female external characters | | |
| Length of body | $19-24 \mathrm{~mm}$ | $21.5-25.7 \mathrm{~mm}$ |
| Posterior angle of the pronotum | more protruding laterally | less protruding laterally |
| Apical fork of the protibia | longer and larger | shorter and smaller |
| Male genital characters | | |
| Dorsal plates of the $9^{\text {th }}$ abdominal segment | widely separated | touched |
| Caudal part of ventral plate of $9{ }^{\text {th }}$ segment | not partly membranous | partly membranous |
| Dorsal plates of the basal piece | nearly absent | large |
| Paramere in dorsal or ventral view | less pointed at inner apex | more pointed at inner apex |
| Terminal part of the flagellum | partly sclerotized | membranous except for frames |
| Terminal part of the flagellum | thick, not depressed | depressed |
| Female genital characters | | |
| Spermathecal duct | relatively shorter | relatively longer |
| Accessory gland | without a pair of hooks | with a pair of hooks at terminal end |
| Spermatheca | as a large pouch | much thinner and curved |
| Spermathecal gland | shorter | longer |
Length of body. Male: 16.45-21.2mm16.45-21.2 \mathrm{~mm} (Araya & Tanaka 1998, Araya 2004); 19-22mm (examined by us). Female: 21.1 mm (Araya 2001) - 22 mm (Boucher 1995) for holotype; 19-24mm (examined by us). ...
Synonym. Noseolucanus rugosus based upon a male was proved by Huang (2006) and Araya & Hosoya (2008) to be a junior synonym of Pseudolucanus denticulus base upon a female. The combination of the sexes was confirmed by the discovery of the second specie in Noseolucanus (Huang 2006), and by a breeding experiment (Araya & Hosoya 2008). ...
Records. The female holotype was recorded from Gaoligong-shan at Yunnan-Myanmar border, without exact locality. The Gaoligong-shan Mountains occupy a vast area extended from the extreme northwest of Yunnan to the southwestern Yunnan along the China-Myanmar frontier. In a recent expedition made by our friends to the upper Nujiang valley and the Dulong valley in Gongshan County, a few specimens of this interesting species were captured: one male from Qiqi on the east slope of the Gaoligong-shan Mountains; two males and one female from Maku, Bapo ...
and Kongdang on the west slope of the Gaoligong－shan Mountains．Beside these records，a worn male specimen was also found in the collection made by Mr．Shi Ai－Min from Chayu，southeastern Tibet in 2005. ...
Identification．Only the type series was known to us． ...
Characters．As stated in table 11 under＂Characters in comparison＂of Noseolucanus denticulus． ...
Length of body．Male： 26 mm ．Female： 21.5-25.7mm21.5-25.7 \mathrm{~mm} ． ...
Distribution．Southeastern Tibet（Motuo＊）． ...
Acknowledgements ...
We wish to express our hearty thanks to the following friends and colleagues who helped us with specimens：Mr．Wen－Xuan Bi，Shanghai，Mr．Yong－Xiang Wu，Shanghai，Dr．Liang Tang， Shanghai，Mr．Jia－Yao，Hu，Shanghai，Mr．Wang Xu，Shanghai，Mr．Jian－Qing Zhu，Shanghai，Mr． Zi－Wei Yin，Shanghai，Mr．Xiao－Yu Zhu，Zhenjiang，Mr．Yue Huang，Nanjing，Mr．Peng－Yu Liu， Fuzhou，Mr．Cheng－Hui Zhan，Shantou，Mr．Wei－Wei Zhang，Chongqing，Mr．Hui Lu，Beijing，Mr． Min Li，Fuzhou，Mr．Long Wu，Fuzhou，Mr．Xiao－Dong Yang，Luzhou，Mr．Hai－Cheng Shan， Shenyang，Dr．Ai－Min Shi，Nanchong，Mr．Ben－Yong Mao，Dali． ...
We also thank the following friends in Taiwan who helped us with specimens mostly collected from Taiwan：Mr．Wen－Xin Lin，Mr．Kai－Yun Zhang，Mr．Jin－Jie Luo，Dr．Chun－Lin Li， Mr．Zi－Wen Chen，Mr．Ying－Fan Mou，Mr．Can－Rong Chen，Mr．Hong－Quan Zhuo，Dr．Zhi－Jian Lu， Dr．Li－Wei Wu． ...
Special thanks are due to Prof．Luca Bartolozzi，Italy，who helped us with important and rare literatures for many times；Dr．Michele Zilioli，Italy and Dr．Klaus－Dirk Schenk，Germany，who sent us reprints of their papers and allowed us to reproduce the figures of type specimens in this book；Prof．Guo－Dong Ren，Baoding，who gave us many helps during our research；Profs．Li－Zhen ...
Li and Mei-Jun Zhao, Shanghai, who gave the senior author many helps; Prof. Yu-Feng Hsu and Dr. Wen-I Chou, Taiwan, who helped us with literatures and specimens; Dr. Kohei Kubota, Japan, who sent us the specimens of Lucanus maculifemoratus for a comparative study; Dr. Hans Riefenstahl, Germany who helped us with literatures published in Germany; Dr. Hiroyuki Yoshitomi, Japan, Dr. Yuki Imura, Japan, Dr. Masaya Yago, Japan and Dr. Yoshinobu Uemura, Japan, who helped with literatures published in Japan; Mr. Kiyotami Fukinuki sent us reprint of his paper. ...
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Appendix 1. Selected important specimens numbered (in accordance with the numbers of plates and figures of the habitus) for combining the figures and labeled with the collecting data. ...
No. 34-1: pl. 34, fig. 1; pl. 1, fig. 1; Longyan, S. Fujian, ex.coll. Z.-J.Wu. ...
No. 34-2: pl. 34, fig. 2; pl. 1, fig. 2; Kuatun, Wuyishan, Fujian, VIII.2008, Z.-W. Yin leg. ...
No. 34-3: pl. 34, fig. 3; Kuocangshan, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 17.VII.2007, W. Xu leg. ...
No. 34-4: pl. 34, fig. 4; pl. 7, fig. 1; Kuatun, Wuyishan, Fujian, VIII.2008, Z.-W. Yin leg. ...
No. 34-5: pl. 34, fig. 5; pl. 1, fig. 3; Nanling, Guangdong, VII.2008, X.-Y. Zhu leg. ...
No. 34-11: pl. 34, fig. 11; pl. 1, fig. 5; pl. 7, figs. 3, 6; Meihua-shan, Guihe, Longyan, Fujian, VI.2007, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 34-12: pl. 34, fig. 12; pl. 1, fig. 6; Kuatun, Wuyishan, Fujian, VIII.2008, Z.-W. Yin leg. ...
No. 34-13: pl. 34, fig. 13; pl. 1, fig. 7; pl. 7, fig. 2; Fengyang-shan, Zhejiang, VIII. 2007. ...
No. 34-14: pl. 34, fig, 14; pl. 8, fig. 1; Fengyang-shan, Longquan, Zhejiang, VIII. 2007. ...
No. 35-1: pl. 35, fig. 1; pl. 1, fig. 10; pl. 8, fig. 4; Meihuashan, Guihe, Longyan, Fujian, VI.2007, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 35-2: pl. 35, fig. 2; pl. 1, fig. 11; Meihuashan, Guihe, Longyan, Fujian, VI.2007, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 35-3: pl. 35, fig. 3; pl. 1, fig. 12; Luoyuan, Fuzhou, Fujian, VI.2003, M. Li leg. ...
No. 35-4: pl. 35, fig. 4; pl. 1, fig. 13; Meihuashan, Guihe, Longyan, Fujian, VI.2007, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 35-7: pl. 35, fig. 7; pl. 1, fig. 9; pl. 8, fig. 3; Pinglin, Taipei, Taiwan, VI. 2005, C.-C. Chen leg. ...
No. 35-10: pl. 35, fig. 10; pl. 1, fig. 14; pl. 8, fig. 2; Nanling Reserve, Guangdong, VI. 2008, C.-H. Zhan leg. ...
No. 35-11: pl. 35, fig. 11; pl. 2, fig. 3; pl. 9, fig. 6; Kuocang-shan, Taizhou, Zhejiang, VII.2007, W. Xu leg. ...
No. 35-12: pl. 35, fig. 12; pl. 1, fig. 4; Kuatun, Wuyishan, Fujian, VII.2009, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 35-14: pl. 35, fig. 14; pl. 1, fig. 17; pl. 10, fig. 3; Cingjing, Ren-ai, Nantou Pref., Taiwan, III. 1998. ...
No. 35-15: pl. 35, fig. 15; pl. 1, fig. 16; pl. 8, fig. 5; Datun-shan, Taipei, Taiwan, VI.2004, Z.-W. Chen leg. ...
No. 36-1: pl. 36, fig. 1; pl. 2, fig. 1; Wuyanling, Taishun, Zhejiang, VIII.2004, L. Tang leg. ...
No. 36-2: pl. 36, fig. 2; pl. 2, fig. 2; Kuocang-shan, Taizhou, Zhejiang, VII.2007, W. Xu leg. ...
No. 36-3: pl. 36, fig. 3; pl. 9, fig. 5; Kuocang-shan, Taizhou, Zhejiang, VII.2007, W. Xu leg. ...
No. 36-4: pl. 36, fig. 4; pl. 2, fig. 5; pl. 9, fig. 4; Tianping-shan, Sangzhi, Hunan, V.2008, Y.-Q. Zuo leg. ...
No. 36-5: pl. 36, fig. 5; pl. 2, fig. 4; pl. 9, fig. 3; Jinfo-shan, Chongqing, VI.2000, W.-I. Chou leg. ...
No. 36-6: pl. 36, fig. 6; pl. 2, fig. 7; pl. 9, fig. 2; Fanjing-shan, Tongren, Guizhou, VI. 2008, X.-D. Yang leg. ...
No. 36-7: pl. 36, fig. 7; pl. 2, fig. 6; Ya-an, Sichuan, no detailed data. ...
No. 36-8: pl. 36, fig. 8; pl. 2, fig. 8; pl. 9, fig. 1; Ya-an, Sichuan, no detailed data. ...
No. 36-10: pl. 36, fig. 10; pl. 1, fig. 15; pl. 8, fig. 6; Sanming, Fujian, no detailed data. ...
No. 36-11: pl. 36, fig. 11; pl. 2, fig. 9; Fenshuiling, Jinping, Yunnan, VII.2006, B.-Y. Mao leg. ...
No. 36-12: pl. 36, fig. 12; pl. 18, fig. 6; Maku, Dulong-jiang, Yunnan, VIII.2009, H.-C. Shan leg. ...
No. 37-1: pl. 37, fig. 1; pl. 11, fig. 1; Dawei-shan, Pingbian, Yunnan, VI. 2008. ...
No. 37-2: pl. 37, fig. 2; pl. 11, fig. 3; Dawei-shan, Pingbian, Yunnan, VI. 2008. ...
No. 37-3: pl. 37, fig. 3; pl. 11, fig. 2; Dawei-shan, Pingbian, Yunnan, VI. 2008. ...
No. 37-4: pl. 37, fig. 4; pl. 11, fig. 4; Dawei-shan, Pingbian, Yunnan, VI. 2008. ...
No. 37-5: pl. 37, fig. 5; pl. 2, fig. 11; Nankang Pass, Liuhe, Tengchong, Yunnan, VI.2005, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 37-6 (holotype of L. liuyei): pl. 37, fig. 6; pl. 11, fig. 5; Jinfo-shan, Chongqing, VI. 2007, X.-D. Yang leg. ...
No. 37-7 (paratype of L. liuyei): pl. 37, fig. 7; pl. 2, fig. 12; pl. 11, fig. 8; Fanjing-shan, Tongren, Guizhou, VII.2009, W.-X. Lin leg. ...
No. 37-8 (paratype of L. liuyei): pl. 37, fig. 8; Jinfo-shan, Chongqing, VI. 2007, X.-D. Yang leg. ...
No. 37-9 (paratype of L. liuyei): pl. 37, fig. 9; pl. 2, fig. 13; pl. 11, fig. 6; Fanjing-shan, Tongren, Guizhou, VII.2009, W.-X. Lin leg. ...
No. 37-11: pl. 37, fig. 11; pl. 10, fig. 5; Fenshuiling Nature Reserve, Jinping, Yunnan, VI.2009. ...
No. 38-1: pl. 38, fig. 1; pl. 12, fig. 7; Dayao-shan, Jinxiu, Guangxi, no detailed data. ...
No. 38-2: pl. 38, fig. 2; pl. 12, fig. 6; Hekou, Yunnan, no detailed data. ...
No. 38-3: pl. 38, fig. 3; pl. 12, fig. 5; Mangdang-shan, Nanping, Fujian, VII.2009, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 38-6: pl. 38, fig. 6; pl. 12, fig. 2; Shangbaling, Taoyuan, Taiwan, VII.1997, J.-D. Huang leg. ...
No. 38-8: pl. 38, fig. 8; pl. 12, fig. 1; Lidong-shan, Hsinchu, Taiwan, VI.2005, C.-C. Chen leg. ...
No. 38-9: pl. 38, fig. 9; pl. 18, fig. 2; Enshi, Hubei, no detailed data. ...
No. 38-10: pl. 38, fig. 10; pl. 18, fig. 3; Shuicheng, Guizhou, VII.2004. ...
No. 38-11: pl. 38, fig. 11; pl. 2, fig. 16; Jingangtai, Xinyang, Henan; VI.2006. ...
No. 38-12: pl. 38, fig. 12; pl. 2, fig. 17; Tianmu-shan, Lin-an, Zhejiang, VI.2008, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 38-15: pl. 38, fig. 15; pl. 18, fig. 1; Tianmu-shan, Lin-an, Zhejiang, VI.2008, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 39-1: pl. 39, fig. 1; pl. 3, fig. 1; pl. 13, fig. 1; Hokkaido, Japan, VII.2006, R. Kubota leg. ...
No. 39-2: pl. 39, fig. 2; pl. 3, fig. 2; pl. 13, fig. 6; Shenyang, Liaoning, VIII. 2006. ...
No. 39-3: pl. 39, fig. 3; pl. 3, fig. 3; pl. 14, fig. 5; Houzhenzi, Zhou-zhi, Shaanxi, VIII. 2008. ...
No. 39-5: pl. 39, fig. 5; pl. 3, fig. 4; pl. 13, fig. 5; Xingshan, Hubei, VII.2008, J.-S. Wu leg. ...
No. 39-6: pl. 39, fig. 6; pl. 3, fig. 7; pl. 13, fig. 3; Siyuan-yakou, I-lan, Taiwan, V.1998, C.C. Chen leg. ...
No. 39-7: pl. 39, fig. 7; pl. 3, fig. 6; pl. 13, fig. 4; Shangbaling, Taoyuan, Taiwan, VII.1989, J.-D. Huang leg. ...
No. 39-8: pl. 39, fig. 8; pl. 3, fig. 7; pl. 14, fig. 4; Siyuan-yakou, I-lan, Taiwan, V.1998, C.-C. Chen leg. ...
No. 39-9: pl. 39, fig. 9; pl. 14, fig. 6; Ya-an, Sichuan, no detailed data. ...
No. 39-10: pl. 39, fig. 10; pl. 14, fig. 7; “Wuyishan” (maybe fake data). ...
No. 39-11: pl. 39, fig. 11; pl. 14, fig. 8; Ya-an, Sichuan, no detailed data. ...
No. 39-12: pl. 39, fig. 12; pl. 3, fig. 5; Hanyuan, Sichuan, no detailed data. ...
No. 39-14: pl. 39, fig. 14; pl. 10, fig. 4: Hailuogou, Luding, Sichuan, VII.2006, H. Lu leg. ...
No. 39-15: pl. 39, fig. 15; pl. 2, fig. 18; pl. 10, fig. 6; Yaojiaping, Lushui, Yunnan, VII.2005, B.-Y. Mao & T.-S. Xu leg. ...
No. 40-2: pl. 40, fig. 2; pl. 3, fig. 11; pl. 15, fig. 1; Sungkang, Nantou, Taiwan, V.2007. ...
No. 40-3: pl. 40, fig. 3; pl. 3, fig. 12; pl. 15, fig. 2; Sungkang, Nantou, Taiwan, V.2007. ...
No. 40-4: pl. 40, fig. 4; pl. 3, fig. 22; pl. 15, fig. 5; Pilu, Hualien, Taiwan, VI.1995, W.-I. Chou leg. ...
No. 40-5: pl. 40, fig. 5; pl. 3, fig. 27; pl. 15, fig. 6; Guanwu, Hsinchu, Taiwan, VI.1995, C.-C. Chen leg. ...
No. 40-6: pl. 40, fig. 6; pl. 3, fig. 17; pl. 15, fig. 4; Taiping-shan, I-lan, Taiwan, VI.1993, J.-J. Luo leg. ...
No. 41-1 (holotype of LL. fanjingshanus): pl. 41, fig. 1; pl. 3, fig. 9; pl. 14, fig. 1; Fanjing-shan, Tongren, Guizhou, VII.2009, W.-X. Lin leg. ...
No. 41-2 (paratype of LL. fanjingshanus): pl. 41, fig. 2; pl. 3, fig. 10; pl. 14, fig. 2; Fanjing-shan, Tongren, Guizhou, VII.2008, W.-X. Lin leg. ...
No. 41-3: pl. 41, fig. 3; pl. 2, fig. 10; pl. 10, fig. 1; Daming-shan, Guangxi, no detailed data. ...
No. 41-5: pl. 41, fig. 5; pl. 18, fig. 5; 80K, Motuo, Tibet, VIII.2005, L.Tang leg. ...
No. 41-6: pl. 41, fig. 6; pl. 16, fig. 1; Hanyuan, Sichuan, no detailed data. ...
No. 41-8: pl. 41, fig. 8; pl. 16, fig. 2; Fanjing-shan, Guizhou, VII.2008, W.-X. Lin leg. ...
No. 41-9: pl. 41, fig. 9; Pianma, Gaoligongshan, Lushui, W. Yunnan, VII.2010, local collector. ...
No. 41-10: pl. 41, fig. 10; Fenshuiling Nature Reserve, Jinping, S. Yunnan, 11.V. 2010, X.-D. Yang leg. ...
No. 41-11: pl. 41, fig. 11; pl. 1, fig. 20; Hanyuan, Sichuan, VIII. 2005. ...
No. 41-12: pl. 41, fig. 12; pl. 1, fig. 19; pl. 10, fig. 2; Liziping, Shimian, Sichuan, VII. 2008. ...
No. 42-2: pl. 42, fig.2; pl. 17, fig. 5; Hanmi, Motuo, Tibet, VIII.2005, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 42-4; pl. 42, fig. 4; pl. 16, fig. 6; Hanmi, Motuo, Tibet, VIII.2005, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 42-5: pl. 42, fig.5; pl. 17, fig. 1; Nankang Pass, Liuhe, Tengchong, VI.2005, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 42-6: pl. 42, fig.6; pl. 17, fig. 2; Nankang Pass, Liuhe, Tengchong, VI.2005, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 42-7: pl. 42, fig.7; pl. 17, fig. 3; Nankang Pass, Liuhe, Tengchong, VI.2005, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 42-10: pl. 42, fig.10; pl. 17, fig. 4; Tongbiguan, Yingjiang, Yunnan, VI.2009, W.-W. Zhang leg. ...
No. 42-11: pl. 42, fig. 11; pl. 2, fig. 19; pl. 18, fig. 4; Upper-Chayu, Chayu, Tibet, VII.2005, A.-M. Shi leg. ...
No. 42-12: pl. 42, fig.12; pl. 2, fig. 20; pl. 17, fig. 6; Upper-Chayu, Chayu, Tibet, VII.2005, A.-M. Shi leg. ...
No. 42-13: pl. 42, fig.13; pl. 17, fig. 7; Dongjiu, Linzhi, Tibet, VIII.2005, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 43-3: pl. 43, fig. 3; pl. 19, fig. 2; Hailuogou, Luding, Sichuan, VII.2006, H. Lu leg. ...
No. 43-5: pl. 43, fig. 5; pl. 19, fig. 3; Chayu, Tibet, VII.2005, A.-M. Shi leg. ...
No. 43-6: pl. 43, fig. 6; pl. 2, fig. 24; pl. 19, fig. 4; Chayu, Tibet, VII.2005, A.-M. Shi leg. ...
No. 43-7 (paratype of E. mingyiae): pl. 43, fig. 7; pl. 19, fig. 5; Hutiaoxia, Zhongdian, Yunnan, VI.2004, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 43-8 (holotype of E. mingyiae): pl. 43, fig. 8; Hutiaoxia, Zhongdian, Yunnan, VI.2004, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 43-9: pl. 43, fig. 9; pl. 19, fig. 6; Sejila, Linzhi, Tibet, VIII.2006, G. Pan leg. ...
No. 44-1 (paratype of N. zhengi): pl. 44, fig. 1; pl. 2, fig. 23; pl. 20, fig. 3; Hanmi to Dayandong, Motuo, Tibet, VIII.2005, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 44-2 (paratype of N. zhengi): pl. 44, fig. 2; pl. 4, fig. 66; pl. 26, fig. 4; pl. 59, fig. 10; Hanmi, Motuo, Tibet, VIII.2005, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 44-3: pl. 44, fig. 3; pl. 2, fig. 21; pl. 5, figs. 1-6; pl. 6, fig. 1; pl. 20, fig. 1; Qiqi, Gongshan, Yunnan, VI.2009, L. Ding leg. ...
No. 44-4: pl. 44, fig. 4; pl. 2, fig. 22; pl. 20, fig. 2; Chayu, Tibet, VII.2005, A.-M. Shi leg. ...
No. 44-544-5 : pl. 44 , fig. 5 ; pl. 4 , fig. 67 ; pl. 5 , figs. 7-107-10; pl. 26 , fig. 3 ; pl. 59 , fig. 12; Maku, Dulong-jiang, Yunnan, VI.2009, X.-Y. Zhu leg. ...
No. 45-2: pl. 45, fig. 2; pl. 7, fig. 4; Xianfengling, Wuyishan Nature Reserve, Fujian, VIII.2008, Z.-W. Yin leg. ...
No. 45-3: pl. 45, fig. 3; pl. 7, fig. 5; Xianfengling, Wuyishan Nature Reserve, Fujian, VIII.2008, Z.-W. Yin leg. ...
No. 45-6: pl. 45, fig. 6; pl. 7, fig. 10; Xianfengling, Wuyishan Nature Reserve, Fujian, VIII.2008, Z.-W. Yin leg. ...
No. 45-14: pl. 45, fig. 14; pl. 7, figs. 11, 14; Yejiachang, Wuyishan, Jiangxi, VIII.2008, Z.-W. Yin leg. ...
No. 47-13: pl. 47, fig. 13; pl. 15, fig. 3; Taiping-shan, I-lan, Taiwan, VI. 1998. ...
No. 48-11: pl. 48, fig. 11; pl. 14, fig. 3; Fanjing-shan, Tongren, Guizhou, VII.2008, W.-I. Chou leg. ...
No. 49-2: pl. 49, fig. 2; pl. 19, fig. 1; Zhouqu, Gansu, VII.1999, W.-I. Chou leg. ...
No. 50-1: pl. 50, fig. 1; pl. 4, fig. 3; pl. 53, fig. 1; pl. 21, fig. 1; Kuatun, Fujian, VIII. 2008, Z.-W. Yin leg. ...
No. 50-2: pl. 50, fig. 2; pl. 4, fig. 2; pl. 53, fig. 2; pl. 21, fig. 2; Daheng, Nanping, Fujian, V. 2007, P.-Y. Liu leg. ...
No. 50-3: pl. 50, fig. 3; pl. 4, fig. 1; Daheng, Nanping, Fujian, V. 2008, P.-Y. Liu leg. ...
No. 50-4: pl. 50, fig. 4; pl. 4, fig. 5; pl. 53, fig. 4; pl. 21, fig. 3; Dazhulan, Wuyishan Nature Reserve, Fujian, VII.2009, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 50-5: pl. 50, fig. 5; pl. 4, fig. 7; Nanling, Guangdong, VI.2007, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 50-6: pl. 50, fig. 6; pl. 4, fig. 8; pl. 53, fig. 5; pl. 21, fig. 4; Nanling, Guangdong, VI. 2008, C.-H. Zhan leg. ...
No. 50-7: pl. 50, fig. 7; pl. 4, fig. 9; pl. 53, fig. 7; pl. 22, fig. 1; Pinglin, Taipei, Taiwan, VI. 2005, C.-C. Chen leg. ...
No. 50-8: pl. 50, fig. 8; pl. 4, fig. 10; pl. 53, fig. 8; pl. 22, fig. 2; Meihuashan, Guihe, Longyan, VI.2007, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 50-9: pl. 50, fig. 9; pl. 4, fig. 11; pl. 53, fig. 9; pl. 22, fig. 3; Nanling, Guangdong, VI. 2008, C.-H. Zhan leg. ...
No. 50-1050-10 : pl. 50 , fig. 10 ; pl. 4 , fig. 12 ; pl. 53 , fig. 6 ; pl. 24 , fig. 1 ; Luobading, Sanming, Fujian, VII.2006, P.-Y. Liu leg. ...
No. 50-11: pl. 50, fig. 11; pl. 55, fig. 10; pl. 24, fig. 4: Daming-shan, Guangxi, no detailed data. ...
No. 50-12: pl. 50, fig. 12; pl. 4, fig. 64; pl. 55, fig. 1; pl. 24 fig. 2; Zhushi, Guizhou, VIII.2008, J.-Q. Zhu leg. ...
No. 50-13: pl. 50, fig. 13; pl. 4, fig. 13; pl. 53, fig. 10; pl. 23, fig. 5; Kuocang-shan, Taizhou, Zhejiang, VII.2007, W. Xu leg. ...
No. 50-15: pl. 50, fig. 15; pl. 4, fig. 15; Jinfo-shan, VII.2008, X.-D. Yang leg. ...
No. 50-1650-16 : pl. 50 , fig. 16 ; pl. 4 , fig. 16 ; pl. 54 , fig. 2 ; pl. 23 , fig. 6 ; Jinfo-shan, Chongqing, VI.2009, Y. Huang leg. ...
No. 50-17: pl. 50, fig. 17; pl. 23, fig. 4; Fanjing-shan, Tongren, Guizhou, VI.2008, W.-X. Lin leg. ...
No. 50-18: pl. 50, fig. 18; pl. 23, fig. 2; pl. 55, fig. 12; Dayi, Sichuan, VI.2000, W.-I. Chou leg. ...
No. 50-19: pl. 50, fig. 19; pl. 53, fig. 11; pl. 22, fig. 4; Datun-shan, Taipei, Taiwan, VI.2004, Z.-W. Chen leg. ...
No. 50-20: pl. 50, fig. 20; pl. 53, fig. 12; pl. 24, fig. 3; North Dongyan-shan, Nantou, Taiwan, V.2007. ...
No. 50-21: pl. 50, fig. 21; pl. 54, fig. 7; pl. 25, fig. 1; Dawei-shan, Pingbian, Yunnan, VI. 2008. ...
No. 50-22: pl. 50, fig. 22; pl. 4, fig. 26; pl. 54, fig. 10; pl. 25, fig. 3; Nankang Pass, Liuhe, Tengchong, Yunnan, VI.2005, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 50-23: pl. 50, fig. 23; pl. 4, fig. 28; pl. 54, fig. 12; pl. 25, fig. 4; Jinfo-shan, Chongqing, VI.2009, Y. Huang leg. ...
No. 50-24: pl. 50, fig. 24; pl. 4, fig. 30; pl. 25, fig. 5; Fanjing-shan, Tongren, Guizhou, VII.2009, W.-X. Lin leg. ...
No. 51-2: pl. 51, fig. 2; pl. 4, fig. 52; pl. 57, fig. 2; pl. 28, fig. 1; Hokkaido, Japan, VII.2006, R. Kubota leg. ...
No. 51-3: pl. 51, fig. 3; pl. 4, fig. 53; pl. 57, fig. 4; pl. 28, fig. 4; Shennongjia, Hubei, VII.1980, S. Liu leg. ...
No. 51-4: pl. 51, fig. 4; pl. 57, fig. 5; pl. 28, fig. 2; Ya-an, Sichuan, no detailed data. ...
No. 51-5: pl. 51, fig. 5; pl. 4, fig. 54; pl. 57, fig. 6; pl. 28, fig. 3; Shangbaling, Taoyuan, Taiwan, VII.1989, J.-D. Huang leg. ...
No. 51-7: pl. 51, fig. 7; pl. 4, fig. 56; pl. 57, fig. 8; pl. 30, fig. 4; Hailuogou, Luding, Sichuan, VII.2006, H. Lu leg. ...
No. 51-9: pl. 51, fig. 9; pl. 4, fig. 58; pl. 57, fig. 11; pl. 30, fig. 1; Fanjing-shan, Tongren, Guizhou, VII.2008, W.-X. Lin leg. ...
No. 51-10: pl. 51, fig. 10; pl. 4, fig. 59; pl. 57, fig. 12; pl. 30, fig. 2; Fanjing-shan, Guizhou, VII.2009, purchased from local collector. ...
No. 51-11: pl. 51, fig. 11; pl. 4, fig. 62; pl. 55, fig. 4; pl. 29, fig. 3; Pilu, Hualien, Taiwan, VII.1987, C.-C. Chen leg. ...
No. 51-12: pl. 51, fig. 12; pl. 4, fig. 63; pl. 55, fig. 7; pl. 29, fig. 4; Guanwu, Hsinchu, Taiwan, V.1997, C.-C. Chen leg. ...
No. 51-13: pl. 51, fig. 13; pl. 4, fig. 50; pl. 56, fig. 4; pl. 27, fig. 2; Mangdang-shan, Nanping, Fujian, VII.2009, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 51-14: pl. 51, fig. 14; pl. 4, fig. 47; pl. 56, fig. 3; pl. 27, fig. 1; Tongbiguan, Yingjiang, Yunnan, VI.2008, W.-W. Zhang leg. ...
No. 51-15: pl. 51, fig. 15; pl. 4, fig. 45; pl. 56, fig. 1; pl. 27, fig. 3; Lidong-shan, Hsinchu, Taiwan, VI. 2005, C.-C. Chen leg. ...
No. 51-16: pl. 51, fig. 16; pl. 4, fig. 46; pl. 56, fig. 2; Lidong-shan, Hsinchu, Taiwan, VI. 2005, C.-C. Chen leg. ...
No. 51-17: pl. 51, fig. 17; pl. 4, fig. 60; pl. 55, fig. 8; pl. 29, fig. 1; Sungkang, Nantou, Taiwan, V.2007, C.-C.Chen leg. ...
No. 51-18: pl. 51, fig. 18; pl. 4, fig. 61; pl. 55, fig. 9; pl. 29, fig. 2; Siyuan-yakou, I-lan, Taiwan, V.1998, H.-N. Huang leg. ...
No. 51-19: pl. 51, fig. 19; pl. 4, fig. 49; pl. 56, fig. 7; pl. 27, fig. 4; Daming-shan, Guangxi, no detailed data. ...
No. 51-20: pl. 51, fig. 20; pl. 4, fig. 57; pl. 55, fig. 2; pl. 31, fig. 7; Tongbiguan, Yingjiang, Yunnan, VI.2009, W.-W. Zhang leg. ...
No. 51-21: pl. 51, fig. 21; pl. 4, fig. 23; pl. 55, fig. 5; pl. 26, fig. 2; Jingangtai, Xinyang, Henan, VII. 2007. ...
No. 51-22: pl. 51, fig. 22; pl. 55, fig. 6; pl. 26, fig. 1; Tianmu-shan, Zhejiang, VII.2008, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 51-23: pl. 51, fig. 23; pl. 4, fig. 25; Kuatun, Fujian, VII.2009, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 51-24: pl. 51, fig. 24; pl. 4, fig. 24; Tianmu-shan, Zhejiang, VII. 2008, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 52-1: pl. 52, fig. 1; pl. 4, fig. 44; pl. 32, fig. 4; Nankang Pass, Liuhe, Tengchong, Yunnan, VI. 2005, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 52-2: pl. 52, fig. 2; pl. 4, fig. 43; pl. 56, fig. 8; pl. 32, fig. 3; Nankang Pass, Liuhe, Tengchong, Yunnan, VI. 2005, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 52-4: pl. 52, fig. 4; pl. 4, figs. 40, 41; pl. 58, fig. 7; pl. 32, fig. 1; Hanmi, Motuo, Tibet, VIII.2005, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 52-6: pl. 52, fig. 6; pl. 58, fig. 9; pl. 32, fig. 2; Hanmi, Motuo, Tibet, VIII.2005, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 52-7: pl. 52, fig. 7; pl. 4, fig. 34; pl. 58, fig. 1; pl. 31, fig. 1; Hailuogou, Luding, Sichuan, VII. 2006, L. Tang leg. ...
No. 52-8: pl. 52, fig. 8; pl. 4, fig. 37; pl. 31, fig. 2; Annan, Baishuitai, Zhongdian, Yunnan, VI.2004, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 52-9: pl. 52, fig. 9; pl. 58, fig. 5; pl. 31, fig. 4; Dawei-shan, Pingbian, Yunnan, VII. 2008. ...
No. 52-10: pl. 52, fig. 10; pl. 58, fig. 6; pl. 31, fig. 5; Dawei-shan, Pingbian, Yunnan, VII. 2008. ...
No. 52-11: pl. 52, fig. 11; pl. 4, fig. 35; pl. 58, fig. 4; pl. 31, fig. 6; Fanjing-shan, Guizhou, VII. 2008, W.-X. Lin leg. ...
No. 52-12: pl. 52, fig. 12; pl. 58, fig. 2; Yaojiaping, Gaoligongshan, Lushui, W. Yunnan, 29.VI.2010, X.-D. Yang leg. ...
No. 52-13: pl. 52, fig. 13; pl. 59, fig. 1; pl. 33, fig. 1; Hailuogou, Luding, Sichuan, VII.2006, H. Lu leg. ...
No. 52-15: pl. 52, fig. 15; pl. 59, fig. 3; pl. 33, fig. 2; Hutiaoxia, Zhongdian, Yunnan, VI.2004, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 52-16: pl. 52, fig. 16; pl. 4, fig. 31; pl. 58, fig. 10; pl. 30, fig. 3; Bomi, Tibet, VII.2009, X.-Y. Zhu leg. ...
No. 52-17: pl. 52, fig. 17; pl. 4, fig. 32; pl.58, fig. 11; pl. 32, fig. 5; Chayu, Tibet, 19.VII.2005, A.-M. Shi leg. ...
No. 52-18: pl. 52, fig. 18; pl. 58, fig. 12; Chayu, Tibet, 19.VII.2005, A.-M. Shi leg. ...
No. 52-21: pl. 52, fig. 21; pl. 4, fig. 65; pl. 59, fig. 6; pl. 33, fig. 4; Chayu, Tibet, VII.2005, A.-M. Shi leg. ...
No. 52-22: pl. 52, fig. 22; pl. 59, fig. 7; pl. 33, fig. 3; Sejila, Linzhi, Tibet, VIII.2006, G. Pan leg. ...
No. 54-4: pl. 54, fig. 4; pl. 23, fig. 1; Siping, Yingjing, Sichuan, VIII.2007, X.-D. Yang leg. ...
No. 54-6: pl. 24, fig. 5; Daming-shan, Guangxi, no detailed data. ...
No. 54-9: pl. 54, fig. 9; pl. 4, fig. 29; Jinfo-shan, Chongqing, VI.2009, Y. Huang leg. ...
No. 54-11: pl. 54, fig. 11; pl. 4, fig. 27; Nankang Pass, Tengchong, Yunnan, VII.2005, H. Huang leg. ...
No. 56-11: pl. 56, fig. 11; Shuangbai, Chuxiong Pref., N. Yunnan, 4.VII.2000, W.-I. Chou leg. ...
No. 58-3: pl. 58, fig. 3; pl. 4, fig. 38; pl. 31, fig. 3; Hutiaoxia, Zhongdian, Yunnan, VI.2004, H. Huang leg. ...
The following specimens have their genitalia illustrated but have their habitus not illustrated. ...
Pl. 11, fig. 7: Lucanus liuyei widehat(delta)\widehat{\delta}, Fanjing-shan, Tongren, Guizhou, VII.2009, W.-X. Lin leg. ...
Pl. 12, fig. 3: Lucanus hermani widehat(delta)\widehat{\delta}, Wanmulin, Jian-ou, Fujian, VII.1986, S.-G. Shen leg. ...
Pl. 12, fig. 4: Lucanus hermani widehat(sigma)\widehat{\sigma}, Wanmulin, Jian-ou, Fujian, VII.1986, S.-G. Shen leg. ...
Pl. 13, fig. 2: Lucanus maculifemoratus widehat(sigma)\widehat{\sigma}, Hokkaido, Japan, VII.2006, R. Kubota leg. ...
Pl. 16, fig. 3; Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis widehat(sigma)\widehat{\sigma}, Hutiaoxia, Zhongdian, Yunnan, VI.2004, H. Huang leg. ...
Pl. 16, fig. 4: Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis widehat(sigma)\widehat{\sigma}, Dawei-shan, Pingbian, Yunnan, V. 2009, X.-D. Yang leg. ...
Pl. 16, fig. 5; Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri delta\delta, Qiqi, Gongshan, Yunnan, V. 2009, H.-C. Shan leg. ...
Pl. 20, fig. 4: Lucanus imitator widehat(0)\widehat{0}, Bomi, Tibet, VII.2009, X.-Y. Zhu leg. ...
Pl. 23, fig. 3: Lucanus fairmairei ^(@){ }^{\circ}, Siping, Yingjing, Sichuan, VIII.2007, X.-D. Yang leg. ...
Pl. 25, fig. 2: Lucanus fukinukiae ?, Dawei-shan, Pingbian, Yunnan, VI. 2008. ...
Appendix 2. Reproduction of some original figures in the references (Plates 62-66) ...
Some of the original figures in the references are reproduced herein to complete the discussions in identifying the species. Only the figures in the original descriptions of Chinese taxa and the figures in the works concerning the type materials are selected. The aim to reproduce these figures is to give a full discussion on the taxonomy of Chinese Lucanus taxa for scientific purpose. ...
Appendix 3. A list of taxa not included in the catalogues of Benesh (1960) and of Krajcik (2001,2008)(2001,2008) ...
Lucanus hildegardae Zilioli (2002a) ...
Type locality: “China, Shaanxi, Dinling”. ...
Type depository: holotype in the collection of the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, Italy. ...
2. Lucanus victorius Zilioli (2002b) ...
Type locality: “China, Sichuan, Daxue Shan mts, Yinjing”. ...
Type depository: holotype in the collection of the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, Italy. ...
3. Lucanus dirki Schenk (2002) ...
Type locality: “China, West-Yunnan, Dali Chang Mt.”. ...
Type depository: holotype in the collection of K.-D. Schenk, Wehretal, Germany. ...
4. Lucanus schenki Schenk (2002) ...
Type locality: “Myanmar, Kachin State, Zonpanailong”. ...
Type depository: holotype in the collection of K.-D. Schenk, Wehretal, Germany. ...
5. Lucanus satoi Nagai & Tsukamoto (2003) ...
Type locality: “Xam Neua, Houa Phan Prov., Northeast Laos”. ...
Type depository: holotype in the collection of the Entomological Laboratory, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan. ...
6. Lucanus maedai Nagai & Tsukamoto (2003) ...
Type locality: “near Lashio, Shan-state, Myanmar”. ...
Type depository: holotype in the collection of the Entomological Laboratory, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan. ...
7. Lucanus adelmae Zilioli (2003a) ...
Type locality: “W Myanmar, Saga-in”. ...
Type depository: holotype in the collection of Kiyotami Fukinuki, Hiroshima, Japan. ...
8. Lucanus brivioi Zilioli (2003b) ...
Type locality: “China, Fujian, Wuyi shan mts”. ...
Type depository: holotype in the collection of the Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano, Italy. ...
9. Lucanus sukkiti Fukinuki (2004) ...
Type locality: “Tunzang, N. Chin Hills, Myanmar”. ...
Type depository: holotype in the collection of K. Fukinuki, Japan. ...
10. Lucanus xerxes Kral (2004) ...
Type locality: “Zagro Mts. of Iran”. ...
Type depository: holotype in the collection of “Czech Republic, Prague, National Museum (Natural History)”. ...
11. Lucanus fonti Zilioli (2005) ...
Type locality: “CHINA, Zhejiang, Siming Shan”. ...
Type depository: holotype in the collection of K. Fukinuki, Hiroshima, Japan. ...
12. Lucanus lhasaensis Schenk (2006a) ...
Type locality: “China, Tibet (Xizang), Linzhi, Fa-Mu-Dui”. ...
Type depository: holotype in the collection of K.-D. Schenk, Wehretal, Germany. ...
13. Lucanus wemckeni Schenk (2006b) ...
Type locality: “Nord-Indien, Arunachal Pradesh, Distrikt Along”. ...
Type depository: holotype in “der entomologischen Sammlung der Universitat Kassel”. ...
14. Lucanus angusticornis inclinatus Schenk (2008b) ...
Type locality: “China, Yunnan, Linchang City, Mt. Daxueshan”. ...
Type depository: holotype in K.-D. Schenk’s private collection, Wehretal, Germany. ...
15. Lucanus fryi schepanskii Schenk (2008b) ...
Type locality: “Nord-Indien, Arunachal Pradesh, Distrikt Bomdila”. ...
Type depository: holotype in K.-D. Schenk’s private collection, Wehretal, Germany. ...
16. Lucanus nyishwini bretschneideri Schenk (2008b) ...
Type locality: “Nord-Indien, Arunachal Pradesh, Distrikt Along”. ...
Type depository: holotype in K.-D. Schenk’s private collection, Wehretal, Germany. ...
17. Lucanus fujianensis Schenk (2008b) ...
Type locality: “China, Fujian, Umgebung Guangze, Wuyi Shan”. ...
Type depository: holotype in K.-D. Schenk’s private collection, Wehretal, Germany. ...
18. Lucanus dongi Maeda (2009) ...
Type locality: “Contum Province, central Vietnam”. ...
Type depository: holotype in the collection of the Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, Odawara. ...
19. Lucanus ngheanus Okuda (2009) ...
Type locality: “Nghe An Province, central Vietnam”. ...
Type depository: holotype in the Osaka Museum of Natural History, Japan. ...
20. Lucanus brivioi guangxii Schenk (2009a) ...
Type locality: “China, Guangxi”. ...
Type depository: holotype in A. Kirchner’s private collection, Reichertshofen, Germany. ...
21. Lucanus planeti guangxii Schenk (2009c) ...
Type locality: “China, Guangxi”. ...
Type depository: holotype in K.-D. Schenk’s private collection, Wehretal, Germany. ...
22. Lucanus deuvei pakistanicus Schenk (2009c) ...
Type locality: “Pakistan, North West Frontier Prov., nw Mingora”. ...
Type depository: holotype in K.-D. Schenk’s private collection, Wehretal, Germany. ...
Appendix 4. Two new synonyms in the genus Lucanus ...
1. Lucanus nosei Nagai ...
Lucanus nosei Nagai, 2000: 94, plate 20, figs. 27-30 for males, northwest Kachin, Myanmar (publication date: May 2000). ...
Lucanus werneri Zilioli, 2000: 43, figs. 4, 5 for male genitalia, fig. 8 for male holotype, N-Kachin, Myanmar (publication date: September 2000). syn. nov. ...
Notes. There is no difference between the two taxa according to the descriptions and the figures. The publication date of Zilioli’s paper in “Ann. Mus. Civ. St. nat. Ferrara vol. 2 (1999)” was in September 2000 and later than that of Nagai’s paper in May 2000, thus Lucanus werneri Zilioli is considered as a junior synonym of Lucanus nosei Nagai. ...
2. Lucanus prossi Zilioli ...
Lucanus prossi Zilioli, 2000: 53, fig. 1 for male holotype, fig. 3 for male genitalia, northern Myanmar, Kaching state, Zee Lon Pong, Naungmun area, 90 km NE of Putao (publication date: February 2000). ...
Lucanus szetschuanicus lati Nagai, 2000: 91, figs. 13-16 for males and female, N. Myanmar, Katctin, Northeast Putao, Karadap (publication date: May 2000). syn. nov. ...
Notes. There is no difference between the two taxa according to the descriptions and the figures. The publication date of Zilioli’s paper in “Entomologische Zeitschrift Stuttgart 110(2)” was in February 2000 and earlier than that of Nagai’s paper in May 2000, thus Lucanus szetschuanicus lati Nagai is considered as a junior synonym of Lucanus prossi Zilioli. According to the figure of male genitalia provided by Zilioli (2000: fig. 3), this species is independent from both Lucanus fairmairei Planet and Lucanus szetschuanicus Hanus from China in having a noticeably longer flagellum in the male genitalia. ...
Plate 4. Clypeolabrum of female. 1-4-L. fortunei; 5-8-L. klapperichi; 9-L. swinhoei; 10L. continentalis; 11-L. fujianensis; 12-L. kirchneri; 13, 14-L. fonti; 15, 16-L. szetschuanicus; 17-19- L. fairmairei; 20- L. deuveianus; 21- L. miwai; 22- L. datunensis; 23- L. parryi laetus; 24, 25-L. parryi parryi; 26, 27-L. fukinukiae; 28-30-L. liuyei; 31-L. imitator; 32, 33-L. singularis; 34-L. thibetanus thibetanus; 35-L. thibetanus ssp.; 36-38-L. thibetanus pseudosingularis; 39-42-L.furcifer; 43,44-L.fryi; 45,46-L.formosanus; 47, 48-L. laminifer; 49- L. planeti; 50,51- L. hermani; 52- L. maculifemoratus; 53- L. dybowski dybowski; 54, 55- L. dybowski taiwanus; 56- L. boileaui; 57- L. victorius; 58, 59- L. fanjingshanus; 60-L. kanoi kanoi; 61-L. kanoi piceus; 62-L. kanoi ogakii; 63-L. kurosawai; 64-L. kraatzi kraatzi; 65-E. pani; 66-N. zhengi; 67-N. denticulus. ...
Plate 5 ...
Plate 5. Maxilla and labium. 1-10-N. denticulus; 1, male maxilla; 2-4, male labium; 5, 6, enlarged male ligula; 7 , female maxilla; 8-108-10, female labium. 11-17- L\boldsymbol{L}. fortunei; 11 , male maxilla; 12-14, male labium; 15, female maxilla; 16, 17, female labium. 18-24- L. hermani; 18, male maxilla; 19-21, male labium; 22, female maxilla; 23, 24, female labium. 25-31- L. parryi parryi; 25, male maxilla; 26-28, male labium; 29, female maxilla; 30, 31, female labium. 32-37- L. furcifer; 32, male maxilla; 33, 34, male labium; 35, female maxilla; 36, 37, female labium. Scale bar 1 mm for all. ...
Plate 6 ...
Plate 6. Hindwing of male. 1-Noseolucanus denticulus; 2-Eolucanus prometheus; 3-Lucanus parryi; 4-Lucanus hermani; 5-Prismognathus davidis; 6-Neolucanus nitidus; 7-Neolucanus sinicus; 8-Dorcus titanus platymelus; 9-Dorcus curvidens; 10-Dorcus rubrofemoratus; 11-Aesalus zhejiangensis; 12-Platycerus yingqii; 13-Aegus dispar; 14-Figulus binodulus; 15- Nigidionus parryi; 16- Cyclommatus scutellaris. Scale bar 10 mm for all. ...
Plate 7 ...
Plate 7. Male genitalia consisting of last abdominal tergite (lt), of last abdominal ventrite (lv), of the ninth abdominal segment (v9,d9), of aedeagus in ventral (av), dorsal (ad) and lateral (al) views, of penis in ventral (pv) and lateral (pl) views, of flagellum (f), and of the enlarged apex of the flagellum (af). 1, 7-18- Lucanus fortunei; 1 (34-4); 7 & 17 (45-12); 8 (45-10); 9 (45-9); 10 (45-6); 11 & 14 (45-14); 12 & 18 (45-8); 13 (45-11); 15 & 16 (45-7). 2-6-Lucanus klapperichi; 2(34-13); 3& 6 (34-11); 4(45-2);5(45-3)4(45-2) ; 5(45-3). Scale bar 1 mm for all. Abbreviations: v9c, ventral plate of the ninth segment constricted before caudal expansion; v9n, ventral plate of the ninth segment not constricted before caudal expansion; vbw, ventral plate of the basal piece well developed; vbo, ventral plate of the basal piece obsolete. Number of specimen in (). ...
Plate 8. Male genitalia. 1 (34-14)-L. wuyishanensis. 2 (35-10)-L. fujianensis. 3 (35-7)-L. swinhoei. 4 (35-1)-L. continentalis. 5 (35-15)-L.datunensis. 6(36-10)-L. kirchneri. Scale bar 1 mm for all. Abbreviations: lt, last abdominal tergite; lv, last abdominal ventrite; v9, ninth segment in ventral view; d9, ninth segment in dorsal view; av, aedeagus in ventral view; ad, aedeagus in dorsal view; al, aedeagus in lateral view; pv, penis in ventral view; pl, penis in lateral view; f, flagellum; af, apex of the flagellum; quad\quad v9c, ventral plate of the ninth segment constricted before caudal expansion; v 9 n , ventral plate of the ninth segment not constricted before caudal expansion; vbw, ventral plate of the basal piece well developed; vbo, ventral plate of the basal piece obsolete; clc, caudal part of lateral margin of penis concave; cln, caudal part of lateral margin of penis not concave. ...
Plate 9 ...
Plate 9. Male genitalia. 1 (36-8), 2 (36-6)-Lucanus fairmairei. 3 (36-5), 4 (36-4)-Lucanus szetschuanicus. 5 (36-3), 6 (35-11)-Lucanus fonti. Scale bar 1 mm for all. Abbreviations: lt, last abdominal tergite; lv, last abdominal ventrite; v9, ninth segment in ventral view; d9, ninth segment in dorsal view; av, aedeagus in ventral view; ad, aedeagus in dorsal view, al, aedeagus in lateral view; pv, penis in ventral view; pl, penis in lateral view; f, flagellum; af, apex of the flagellum; cp, caudal pouch of the penis; dp, dorsal pouch of the penis; vbl, ventral plate of the basal piece longer; vbs, ventral plate of the basal piece shorter; afl, apex of the flagellum larger; afs, apex of the flagellum smaller; fl, flagellum longer; fs, flagellum shorter. ...
Plate 10 ...
Plate 10. Male genitalia. 1 (41-3)- L. deuveianus. 2 (41-12)- L. kraatzi kraatzi. 3 (35-14)- L. miwai. 4 (39-14)-L. boileaui. 5 (37-11)-L. nobilis. 6 (39-15)-L. ludivinae. Scale bar 1 mm for all. Abbreviations: vbl, ventral plate of the basal piece longer; vbs, ventral plate of the basal piece shorter; vbi, ventral plate of the basal piece ill-defined; clc, caudal part of lateral margin of penis concave; cln, caudal part of lateral margin of penis not concave; apu, apex of the paramere markedly upcurved; apn, apex of the paramere not markedly upcurved; dbl, dorsal plates of the basal piece large; dbo, dorsal plates of the basal piece obsolete; cpl, cephalic process of the paramere longer; cpo, cephalic process of the paramere obsolete; v 9 m , ventral plate of the ninth segment with wide membranous stripe. ...
Plate 11 ...
Plate 11. Male genitalia. 1 (37-1), 2 (37-3), 3 (37-2), 4 (37-4)-Lucanus fukinukiae. 5 (37-6), 6 (37-9), 7, 8 (37-7)-Lucanus liuyei. Scale bar 1 mm for all. Abbreviations: lt, last abdominal tergite; lv, last abdominal ventrite; v9, ninth segment in ventral view; d9, ninth segment in dorsal view; av, aedeagus in ventral view; ad, aedeagus in dorsal view; al, aedeagus in lateral view; pv, penis in ventral view; pl, penis in lateral view; f, flagellum; af, apex of the flagellum. ...
Plate 12. Male genitalia. 1 (38-8), 2(38-6)-Lucanus formosanus. 3, 4, 5 (38-3)-Lucanus hermani. 6 (38-2), 7 (38-1)- Lucanus planeti. Scale bar 1 mm for all. Abbreviations: 1t, last abdominal tergite; lv, last abdominal ventrite; v9, ninth segment in ventral view; d9, ninth segment in dorsal view; av, aedeagus in ventral view; ad, aedeagus in dorsal view, al, aedeagus in lateral view; pv, penis in ventral view; pl, penis in lateral view; f, flagellum; af, apex of the flagellum. ...
Plate 13. Male genitalia. 1 (39-1),2- Lucanus maculifemoratus maculifemoratus. 3(39-6),4(39-7)Lucanus dybowski taiwanus. 5 (39-5), 6 (39-2)—Lucanus dybowski dybowski. Scale bar 1 mm for all. Abbreviations: cp , caudal pouch of the penis; dp, dorsal pouch of the penis; vbw, ventral plate of the basal piece well developed; vbo, ventral plate of the basal piece obsolete; cpo, cephalic process of the paramere obsolete; cpw, cephalic process of the paramere well developed; dmh, dorsal margin of the paramere hollowed; dmn, dorsal margin of the paramere not hollowed. ...
Plate 14. Male genitalia. ... 1\mathbf{1} (41-1; holotype), 2\mathbf{2} (41-2), 3\mathbf{3} (48-11)- Lucanus fanjingshanus. ...
4 (39-8)-Lucanus dybowski taiwanus. ...
5 (39-3)- Lucanus dybowski dybowski. ...
6 (39-9), 7 (39-10), 8 (39-11)-Lucanus dybowski lhasaensis. Scale bar 1 mm for all. ...
Plate 15. Male genitalia. 1(40-2), 2(40-3)- Lucanus kanoi kanoi. 3(47-13), 4(40-6)- Lucanus kanoi piceus. 5(40-4)- Lucanus kanoi ogakii. 6(40-5)- Lucanus kurosawai. Scale bar 1 mm for all. Abbreviations: dp, dividing point of the flagellum; vbb, ventral plate of the basal piece with middle part beyond the caudal margin of the basal piece; vbn, ventral plate of the basal piece with middle part not beyond the caudal margin of the basal piece; cps, cephalic process of the paramere slender; cpw, cephalic process of the paramere wide. ...
Plate 16 ...
Plate 16. Male genitalia. 1 (41-6)- Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus. 2 (41-8)- Lucanus thibetanus ssp. (Guizhou). 3,4-Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis. 5-Lucanus thibetanus gennestieri. 6 (42-4)-Lucanus furcifer. Scale bar 1 mm for all. Abbreviations: vba, ventral plate of the basal piece absent; cpt, cephalic process of the paramere thinner; cpw, cephalic process of the paramere wider. ...
Plate 17. Male genitalia. 1 (42-5), 2 (42-6), 3(42-7)-Lucanus fryi. 4 (42-10)-Lucanus victorius. 5 (42-2)-Lucanus furcifer. 6 (42-12)-Lucanus singularis. 7 (42-13)-Lucanus imitator. Scale bar 1 mm for all. Abbreviations: vba, ventral plate of the basal piece absent; vbw, ventral plate of the basal piece well marked; cpt, cephalic process of the paramere thinner; cpw, cephalic process of the paramere wider; dbl, dorsal plates of the basal piece large. ...
Plate 18. Male genitalia. 1 (38-15)- Lucanus parryi parryi. 2 (38-9), 3 (38-10)- Lucanus parryi laetus. 4 (42-11)-Lucanus singularis. 5 (41-5)-Lucanus smithii. 6 (36-12)-Lucanus hayashii. Scale bar 1 mm for all. ...
Plate 19 ...
Plate 19. Male genitalia. 1 (49-2), 2 (43-3)-Eolucanus davidis. 3 (43-5), 4 (43-6)-Eolucanus pani. 5 (43-7)-Eolucanus mingyiae. 6 (43-9)- Eolucanus prometheus. Scale bar 1 mm for all. Abbreviations: 1t, last abdominal tergite; lv, last abdominal ventrite; v9, ninth segment in ventral view; d9, ninth segment in dorsal view; av, aedeagus in ventral view; ad, aedeagus in dorsal view, al, aedeagus in lateral view; pv, penis in ventral view; pl, penis in lateral view; f, flagellum; af, apex of the flagellum. ...
Plate 20. Male genitalia. 1(44-3), 2(44-4)-Noseolucanus denticulus. 3(44-1)-Noseolucanus zhengi. ...
4-Lucanus imitator. Scale bar 1 mm for all. Abbreviations: pdl, penis in dorsolateral view; f , flagellum; af, apex of the flagellum; fc, flagellum constricted in width at some part; fn, flagellum not constricted in width at any part; quad v9g\quad v 9 g, ventral plate of the ninth segment gradually widened; quad v9a\quad v 9 a, ventral plate of the ninth segment abruptly widened; Ita, last tergite angled at outer margin; ltn, last tergite not angled at outer margin; cpm, central part of penis in ventral view membranous; cps, central part of penis in ventral view sclerotized; app, apex of the paramere produced; cpo, cephalic process of paramere obsolete; cpw, cephalic process of paramere well marked; dbl, dorsal plates of the basal piece large; dbs, dorsal plates of the basal piece small; dpw, dorsal pouch of the penis well marked; dpa, dorsal pouch of the penis absent. ...
Plate 21. Female genitalia consisting of last abdominal tergite (lt), of last abdominal ventrite (lv), of the sclerotized caudal part of genitalia in ventral view, of the sclerotized caudal part of genitalia in dorsal view, of the genitalia in ventral view in dark ground, and of spermatheca in bright ground. 1 (50-1), 2\mathbf{2} (50-2)-Lucanus fortunei. 3\mathbf{3} (50-4), 4\mathbf{4} (50-6)-Lucanus klapperichi. Scale bar 1 mm for all. Abbreviations: hh, hemisternite; ch,caudal part of hemisternite; t9, ninth tergite; p9, ninth pleurite; h9, hemisternite of ninth segment; ct9, central conjunction of the ninth tergites; s, spermatheca; sg, spermathecal gland; sd, spermathecal duct; ag, accessory gland; mo, median oviduct; es, entrance of spermatheca; ce, center of the last ventrite excavated at posterior margin; are, attachment point of the spermathecal gland remote from entrance of the spermatheca; seo, sclerite at entrance of the ostium. ...
Plate 22. Female genitalia. 1 (50-7)- Lucanus swinhoei. 2 (50-8)- Lucanus continentalis. 3 (50-9)- Lucanus fujianensis. 4\mathbf{4} (50-19)- Lucanus datunensis. Scale bar 1 mm for all. Abbreviations: lt, last abdominal tergite; lv, last abdominal ventrite; ct9, central conjunction of the ninth tergites; s, spermatheca; sg, spermathecal gland; sd, spermathecal duct; ag, accessory gland; mo, median oviduct; es, entrance of the spermatheca; as, attachment point of the spermathecal gland. ...
Plate 23 ...
Plate 23. Female genitalia. 1(54-4),2(50-18),3,4(50-17)\mathbf{1}(54-4), \mathbf{2}(50-18), \mathbf{3}, \mathbf{4}(50-17) - Lucanus fairmairei. 5(50-13)\mathbf{5}(50-13) Lucanus fonti. quad6\quad \mathbf{6} (50-16)-Lucanus szetschuanicus. Scale bar 1 mm for all. ...
Plate 24. Female genitalia. 1 (50-10)-Lucanus kirchneri. 2 (50-12)-Lucanus kraatzi. 3 (50-20)Lucanus miwai. 4 (50-11), 5 (54-6)-Lucanus deuveianus. Scale bar 1 mm for all. Abbreviations: ce, center of last ventrite excavated at outer margin; cn, center of last ventrite not excavated at outer margin; lad, lateral angles of last tergite distinct; lap, lateral angles of last tergite pointed. ...
Plate 25 ...
Plate 25. Female genitalia. 1 (50-21), 2, 3 (50-22)-Lucanus fukinukiae. 4 (50-23), 5 (50-24)- ...
Lucanus liuyei. Scale bar 1 mm for all. Abbreviations: s, spermatheca; sg, spermathecal gland; sd, spermathecal duct; ag, accessory gland; mo, median oviduct; es, entrance of the spermatheca; as, attachment point of the spermathecal gland. ...
Plate 26. Female genitalia. 1 (51-22)-Lucanus parryi parryi. 2 (51-21)-Lucanus parryi laetus. 3 (44-5)-Noseolucanus denticulus. 4\mathbf{4} (44-2)-Noseolucanus zhengi. Scale bar 1 mm for all. Abbreviations: ce, center of the last ventrite excavated at posterior margin; as, attachment point of the spermathecal gland; eo, entrance of the ostium; he, hooked cephalic end of accessory gland. ...
Plate 27. Female genitalia. ...
1 (51-14)-Lucanus laminifer. ...
2 (51-13)-Lucanus hermani. 3 (51-15)-Lucanus formosanus. 4 (51-19)-Lucanus planeti. Scale bar 1 mm for all. Abbreviations: ct9w, central conjunction of the ninth tergites very wide; ct9t, central conjunction of the ninth tergites very thin; cn, center of the last ventrite not excavated on outer margin; ace, attachment point of the spermathecal gland close to entrance of the spermatheca. ...
Plate 28. Female genitalia. 1(51-2)- Lucanus maculifemoratus. 2 (51-4)- Lucanus dybowski Ihasaensis. 3 (51-5)-Lucanus dybowski taiwanus. 4 (51-3)-Lucanus dybowski dybowski. Scale bar 1 mm for all. Abbreviations: It, last abdominal tergite; lv, last abdominal ventrite; ch, caudal part of hemisternite; ct9, central conjunction of the ninth tergites; s, spermatheca; sg, spermathecal gland; sd, spermathecal duct; ssd, sclerotized spermathecal duct; ag, accessory gland; mo, median oviduct; es, entrance of the spermatheca; as, attachment point of the spermathecal gland; lad, lateral angles of last tergite distinct; lap, lateral angles of last tergite pointed. ...
Plate 29 ...
Plate 29. Female genitalia. 1 (51-17)- Lucanus kanoi kanoi. 2 (51-18)- Lucanus kanoi piceus. 3(51-11)-Lucanus kanoi ogakii. 4 (51-12)-Lucanus kurosawai. Scale bar 1 mm for all. ...
Plate 30 ...
Plate 30. Female genitalia. 1 (51-9), 2 (51-10)- Lucanus fanjingshanus. 3 (52-16)- Lucanus boileaui. 4 (51-7)- Lucanus imitator. Scale bar 1 mm for all. ...
Plate 31. Female genitalia. 1 (52-7)-Lucanus thibetanus thibetanus. 2 (52-8), 3 (58-3), 4 (52-9), 5 (52-10)- Lucanus thibetanus pseudosingularis. 6 (52-11)- Lucanus thibetanus ssp. (Guizhou). 7 (51-20) - Lucanus victorius. Scale bar 1 mm for all. Abbreviations: 1 t , last abdominal tergite; lv, last abdominal ventrite; seo, sclerite at entrance of the ostium; ct9, central conjunction of the ninth tergites; s, spermatheca; sg, spermathecal gland; sd, spermathecal duct; ag, accessory gland; mo, median oviduct. ...
Plate 32. Female genitalia. 1 (52-4), 2 (52-6)-Lucanus furcifer. 3 (52-2), 4 (52-1)-Lucanus fryi. 5 (52-17)-Lucanus singularis. Scale bar 1 mm for all. ...
Plate 33 ...
Plate 33. Female genitalia. 1(52-13)-Eolucanus davidis. 2(52-15)-Eolucanus mingyiae. 3 (52-22)-Eolucanus prometheus. 4(52-21)-Eolucanus pani. Scale bar 1 mm for all. Abbreviations: lt, last abdominal tergite; lv, last abdominal ventrite; h, hemisternite; s, spermatheca; sg, spermathecal gland; sd, spermathecal duct; ag, accessory gland; mo, median oviduct; seo, sclerite at entrance of ostium; es, entrance of spermatheca; as, attachment point of spermathecal gland. ...
Plate 40. Habitus of male. 1- Hybrid of L. kanoi piceus and L. dybowski taiwanus; 2,3L. kanoi kanoi (Sungkang, Nantou); 4- L. kanoi ogakii (Pilu, Hualien); 5- L. kurosawai (Guanwu, Hsinchu); 6-15- L. kanoi piceus (6, Taiping-shan, I-lan; 7, Yuanyang-hu, Hsinchu; 8, 9, South Chatian-shan, Taipei; 10, North Chatian-shan, Taipei; 11-13, Lalashan, Taoyuan; 14, 15, Lidong-shan, Hsinchu). Scale bar 20 mm for all. ...
Plate 41. Habitus of male. 1, 2- L. fanjingshanus (Fanjing-shan, Guizhou); 3, 4- L. deuveianus (Daming-shan, Guangxi); 5-L. smithii (Motuo, Tibet); 6-L. thibetanus thibetanus (Hanyuan, W. Sichuan); 7, 10- L. thibetanus pseudosingularis (7, Muli, S. Sichuan; 10, Jinping, Yunnan); 8-L. thibetanus ssp. (Fanjingshan, Guizhou); 9-L. thibetanus gennestieri (Pianma, W. Yunnan); 11-13- L. kraatzi (11, Hanyuan, Sichuan; 12, Shimian, Sichuan; 13, Zhushi, Guizhou). Scale bar 20 mm for all. ...
Plate 42. Habitus of male. 1-4-Lucanus furcifer (Motuo, Tibet); 5-8-Lucanus fryi (5-7, Tengchong, Yunnan; 8, Lushui, Yunnan); 9, 10- Lucanus victorius (9, no detailed data, Yunnan; 10, Yingjiang, Yunnan); 11, 12- Lucanus singularis (Chayu, Tibet); 13- Lucanus imitator (Dongjiu, Tibet). Scale bar 20 mm for all. ...
Plate 43. Habitus of male. 1-3-Eolucanus davidis (Hailuogou, Sichuan); 4-6-Eolucanus pani (4, Motuo, Tibet; 5, 6, Chayu, Tibet); 7, 8- Eolucanus mingyiae (Hutiaoxia, Yunnan); 9, 10Eolucanus prometheus (Linzhi, Tibet). Scale bar 20 mm for all. ...
Plate 44. Habitus. 1-Noseolucanus zhengi Male (Paratype, Motuo, Tibet); 2-Noseolucanus zhengi Female (Holotype, Motuo, Tibet); 3, 4, 6, 7- Noseolucanus denticulus Male (3, Qiqi, Gongshan, Yunnan; 4, Chayu, Tibet; 6, Kachin, Myanmar; 7, Bapo, Dulong-jiang, Yunnan); 5,8,9-Noseolucanus denticulus Female (5,9, Dulong-jiang, Yunnan; 8, Kachin, Myanmar). Scale bar 10 mm for all. ...
Plate 45 ...
Plate 45. Habitus of male. 1-5-Lucanus klapperichi (Wuyishan, Fujian); 6-14-Lucanus fortunei (6-13, Wuyishan, Fujian; 14, Wuyishan, Jiangxi). Scale bar 20 mm for all. ...
Plate 46. Habitus of male. 1-4-Lucanus szetschuanicus (Jinfo-shan, Chongqing); ...
Plate 47 ...
Plate 47. Habitus of male. 1-5- Lucanus kurosawai (1, 3-5, Dalulindao, Hsinchu; 2, Anma-shan, Taichung); 6-10- Lucanus kanoi ogakii (6, Xiangyang, Taitung; 7-10, Pilu, Hualien); 11-14-Lucanus kanoi piceus (11, Lalashan, Taoyuan; 12-14, Taiping-shan, I-lan). Scale bar 20 mm for all. ...
Plate 48. Habitus of male. 1-5- L. dybowski dybowski (1, Yuexi, Anhui; 2, Tianjin; 3-5, Dandong, Liaoning); 6-L. thibetanus pseudosingularis (Pe-yen-tsin, Yunnan); 7-L. thibetanus gennestieri (Pianma, Yunnan); 8, 9- L. thibetanus ssp. (Fanjing-shan, Guizhou); 10-12- L. fanjingshanus (Fanjing-shan, Guizhou); 13, 14-L. boileaui (Erlang-shan, Sichuan). Scale bar 20 mm for all. ...
Plate 49. Habitus of male. 1-5-Eolucanus davidis (1, Siping, Sichuan; 2, Zhouqu, Gansu; 3, Erlang-shan, Sichuan; 4, Kangding, Sichuan; 5, Guangdong-shan, Chongqing); 6-10- Lucanus datunensis (Datun-shan, Taiwan); 11-15-Lucanus miwai (11-13, Nantou, Taiwan; 14, 15, Hsinchu, Taiwan). Scale bar 20 mm for all. ...
Plate 50. Habitus of female. 1-3-L. fortunei (1, Kuatun, Fujian; 2, Nanping, Fujian; 3, Tianmushan, Zhejiang); 4-6- L. klapperichi (4, Wuyi-shan, Fujian; 5, 6, Nanling, Guangdong); 7- L. swinhoei (Taiwan); 8-L. continentalis (Longyan, Fujian); 9- L. fujianensis (Nanling, Guangdong); 10-L. kirchneri (Sanming, Fujian); 11-L. deuveianus (Daming-shan, Guangxi); 12-L. kraatzi (Zhushi, Guizhou); 13, 14-L. fonti (Kuocang-shan, Zhejiang); 15, 16- L. szetschuanicus (Jinfoshan, Chongqing); 17, 18- L. fairmairei (17, Fanjing-shan, Guizhou; 18, Dayi, Sichuan); 19- L. datunensis (Datun-shan, Taiwan); 20-L. miwai (Nantou, Taiwan); 21, 22-L. fukinukiae (21, Pingbian, Yunnan; 22, Tengchong, Yunnan); 23, 24-L. liuyei (23, Jinfo-shan, Chongqing, 24, Fanjing-shan, Guizhou). Scale bar 10 mm for all. ...
Plate 52. Habitus of female. 1-3 - L. fryi (1, 2, Tengchong, Yunnan; 3, Chayu, Tibet); 4-6L. furcifer (Motuo, Tibet); 7-L. thibetanus thibetanus (Hailuogou, Sichuan); 8-10-L. thibetanus pseudosingularis (8, Baishuitai, Yunnan; 9, 10, Pingbian, Yunnan); 11-L. thibetanus ssp. (Fanjingshan, Guizhou); 12- L. thibetanus gennestieri (Pianma, W. Yunnan); 13, 14-E. davidis (13, Hailuogou, Sichuan; 14, Zhouqu, Gansu); 15-E. mingyiae (Paratype, Hutiaoxia, Yunnan); 16L. imitator (Bomi, Tibet); 17, 18- L. singularis (Chayu, Tibet); 19-21- E. pani (19, 20, Paratypes, Motuo, Tibet; 21, Chayu, Tibet); 22-24-E. prometheus (Linzhi, Tibet). Scale bar 10 mm for all. ...
Plate 53 ...
Plate 53. Structures of female consisting of mandible, head, pronotum and right tibia in dorsal view with maxilla and labium removed (at center), of apex of elytron (at left top), of mesofemur or metafemur in ventral view (at left bottom), and of metasternum in ventral view (at right top). 1-3L. fortunei (1, Kuatun, Fujian; 2, Nanping, Fujian; 3, Tianmu-shan, Zhejiang); 4, 5- L. klapperichi (4, Wuyi-shan, Fujian; 5, Nanling, Guangdong); 6- L. kirchneri (Sanming, Fujian); 7L. swinhoei (Taiwan); 8-L. continentalis (Longyan, Fujian); 9-L. fujianensis (Nanling, Guangdong); 10-L.fonti (Kuocang-shan, Zhejiang); 11-L. datunensis (Datun-shan, Taiwan); 12- L. miwai (Nantou, Taiwan). ...
Plate 60. 1, 2-Distribution of Chinese Lucanus. ...
Plate 61 ...
1- Distribution of Noseolucanus and Eolucanus (red arrow directed to the type locality) ...
2- Collecting localities of Lucanus kanoi and Lucanus kurosawai in Taiwan. ...
Plate 62. Original figures of habitus in the references. ...
1-L. fortunei, male (after Saunders 1854); ...
2- L. klapperichi, male (after Bomans 1989); 3- L. wuyishanensis, male holotype (after Schenk 2009b); ...
4-L. swinhoei, male head (after Parry 1874); 5-L. continentalis, male holotype (after Zilioli 2005); ...
6-L. fujianensis, male holotype (after Schenk 2008); 7-L. datunensis, male holotype (after Araya 2000); ...
8-L. ritae (syn. of L. datunensis), male paratype (after Araya 2000); 9-L. kirchneri, male paratype (after Zilioli 1999); 10-L. fairmairei, male holotype (after Planet 1897d); 11-L. szetschuanicus, female syntype (after Krajcik 2008); 12-L. szetschuanicus, male syntype (after Krajcik 2008); 13-L.hildegardae (syn. of L. szetschuanicus), male holotype (after Zilioli 2002a); 14-L. szetschuanicus, female “cotype” (after Araya 2001); 15- L. delavayi, female (cotype of L. formosus, after Araya 2001); 16- L. laevigatus (syn. of L\boldsymbol{L}. fortunei), female holotype (after Araya 2001); 17- L. cyclommatoides, male “type” (after Araya 2001). ...
Plate 63. Original figures of habitus in the references. ...
1-L. miwai, male holotype (after Kurosawa 1966); 2-L. miwai, male paratype (after Kurosawa 1966); 3-L. brivioi, male holotype (after Zilioli 2003b); 4-L. brivioi guangxii (syn. of L. deuveianus), male holotype (after Schenk 2009a); 5-L. brivioi guangxii (syn. of L. deuveianus), female paratype (after Schenk 2009a); 6- L. deuveianus, male holotype (after Araya 2001); 7- L. kraatzi, male “type” (after Didier 1927); 8-L. fukinukiae, male holotype (after Katsura & Giang 2002); 9- L. fukinukiae, male paratype (after Katsura & Giang 2002); 10-L. derani, male holotype (after Nagai 2000); 11- L. fukinukiae, male (Yunnan) under same scale with figs. 9 & 10; 12-L. dirki, male holotype (by Schenk); 13-L. smithii, male (after Parry 1864); 14-L. delavayi, male “paratype” (after Araya 2001); 15- L. angusticornis inclinatus, male holotype (after Schenk 2008); 16-L. fonti, male holotype (after Zilioli 2005). ...
Plate 64 ...
Plate 64. Original figures of habitus in the references. 1-L. hermani, male paratype (after Araya 2001); 2-L. dybowski lhasaensis, male holotype (after Schenk 2006); 3-L. dybowski taiwanus, male (after Miwa 1931); 4, 5- L. boileaui, males (after Planet 1897); 6- L. kanoi kanoi, male holotype (after Kurosawa 1966); 7- L. kanoi kanoi, male paratype (after Kurosawa 1966); 8-L. kanoi piceus, male holotype (after Kurosawa 1966); 9- L. kanoi ogakii, male holotype (after Imanishi 1990); 10-L. kurosawai, male holotype (after Sakaino 1995); 11-N. denticulus, female holotype (after Araya 2001); 12- L. ludivinae, male holotype (after Araya 2001); 13- L. lunifer, male “type” (after Araya 2001); 14- L. victorius, male holotype (after Zilioli 2002); 15-L. thibetanus thibetanus, female holotype (after Planet 1898); 16-L. thibetanus pseudosingularis, male “androtype” (after Didier & Seguy 1953b). ...
Plate 65 ...
Plate 65. Original figures of habitus in the references. 1-L. thibetanus gennestieri, male (after Lacroix 1971); 2-L. furcifer, male (after Arrow 1950); 3-L. furcifer, male “androcotype” (after Didier & Seguy, 1953); 4, 5-L. fryi, males (after Boileau 1911); 6- L. singularis, female holotype (after Planet 1900); 7- L. singularis, female holotype (after Didier & Seguy 1953); 8-L. singularis, female holotype (after Lacroix 1971); 9- L. imitator, male holotype (after Boucher & Huang 1991); 10- L. didieri, male holotype (after Araya, 2001); 11L. didieri (from internet); 12-L. hayashii, male holotype (after Nagai 2000); 13-L. hansi, male holotype (after Zilioli 2000); 14-E. davidis, male “type” (after Araya 2001); 15-E. lesnei, male holotype (after Araya 2001). ...
Plate 66 ...
Plate 66. Original figures of male genitalia in the references. ...
1-L. hansi, holotype (syn. of L. hayashii; after Zilioli 2000); 2-L. hildegardae (syn. of L. szetschuanicus; after Zilioli 2002); ...
Lateral ridges of the head protruding into sharp and narrow angles. … 2 ...
Lateral ridges of the head at most forming blunt and broad angles. … 6 ...
Mandible with a basal inner tooth. Denticles not continued to basal 1//31 / 3 of the mandible. … 3 ...
Mandible without a basal inner tooth. Denticles continued to basal 1//31 / 3 of the mandible at least in large and medium-sized specimens. 4 ...
Mandible with a long inner tooth beyond the middle. Mandible without a small backward tooth near the middle in large and medium-sized specimens. Mandible slightly bent inwards at basal 1//31 / 3 or gradually bent inwards at whole length. Ventral plate of the basal piece in male genitalia ill-defined and short. L. formosanus ...
——均齿深山
Num，头较 －－－－－－梵净深山 （L．fanjingshanus）大颚在中段近顶部 
，头部侧棱侧面观呈水平直线，中后足胫节亮黄棕色
黄胫深山（L．boileaui）
，头部侧棱侧面观在眼上方向下凹陷，中后足胫节暗色
－－25 斑股深山（L．dybowski）
重试
错误原因
头部侧棱向外扩
大颚基齿有时退化，常较近基部
，触角末节宽度大于等于大颚中段的宽度 ，胫节多为明亮的黄褐色
上唇长度略小于宽度
仅分布台湾，阳茎中叶尾端外缘不显著凹陷
，大颚在中后段较直，
，中足和后足胫节暗色，阳茎鞭节正
头部侧棱在后缘清晰 ，大颚显著长于头部，中后足胫节暗色隅深山（L．singularis）鞘翅色泽较红，几乎无毛头部侧棱在后缘模糊褐色
大颚略微长于头部， ，中后足胫节亮红短颚深山（L．imitator）
体表背面毛被不明显，分布简颚深山（L．didieri）体表背面毛被明显，分布喜马拉雅史密斯深山（L．smithii）小牙型
大颚内缘有主内齿显著长于或粗于其他内齿－－－－－－－－－
鞘翅黑色且光泽强 －－－帕瑞深山黑色型
，鞘翅黑棕或红棕色，几无光泽 －－－－－－－－－49
段强烈弯曲，内齿较细长且分布疏松———————黑泽深山
头胸总长且在中段较直，内齿排列紧密
伸出的部分长略等于宽
伸出的部分很短，宽
，大颚 －－－－57
59
，内齿数量少，较稀疏 －－－－－幸运深山小牙型
－－－雅深山（L．nobilis）小牙型内齿数量多，较细密
大颚均匀向前方变细，体表背面呈明亮的红褐色或黄褐色，鞘翅无光泽，多毛－－－60
四川深山小牙型
，阳茎中叶长是宽的
阳茎中叶细长 
头部侧棱不强烈外扩，在侧后角形成圆直角，头前棱中央部仅微微隆起
端叉外枝等长于或长于主内齿尖端到大颚外缘的距离 
过 60 度 或 端叉外枝短于主内齿尖端到大颚外缘的距离
齿不连续，后足跗节较长
内齿后方的小齿连续，后足跗节较短
头部侧棱仅形成圆润的折角 －－华中深山（L．szetschuanicus）
头部侧棱形成较尖锐的折角四川深山（L．fairmairei）
，
，阳茎鞭节端部微微膨大，不超过鞭节基部的宽度
小齿较为显著，鞘翅末端外缘较为尖锐
，约为半腹板的一倍半或两倍长，受精囊微弯，呈L形
，且两个齿尖之间有显著的缺ロ——————9
－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－15
重试
错误原因
，前足胫节端叉稍短弗瑞深山（L．fryi）和侧棱通常较为模糊 ，头前棱
，分布澜沧江流域以东以北
，分布怒江和澜沧江流域
前足胫节端叉钝
一普叉深山（L．planeti）
前足胚节端叉分枝尖锐
并有亮黄棕色的斑块
显著长于受精囊，受精囊几乎等长于半腹板
显著短于受精囊，受精囊显著长于半腹板
－－－－－－－大明山深山（L．deuveianus）前胸背板在前角后方
较舒缓地变宽，
在眼外侧
浙江——大陆姬深山（L．continentalis）
－－－－大屯姬深山（L．datunensis） ，前足胫节较长，个体大，分布于大陆一幸运深山（L．fortunei）
－－E．gracilis（短颚拟深山）雌前足丐节端叉较长
，鞘翅较呈卵形，两侧
，鞘翅较呈长方形，两侧大致平行 
－－－－－－－E．pani（潘氏拟深山）雌后胸腹板毛色为淡黄色
，受精囊较粗，精囊管约为半腹板长度的三倍
－－E．davidis（大卫拟深山）雌
，受精囊较细，精囊管不及半腹板长度的两倍半
（CCCC），Linzhi Pref．，Chayu County，Xia－chayu， 2200 m ，VII．2005，A．－M．Shi leg． ...
