While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of information contained herein, the publisher and author are not legally responsible for errors or omissions. 尽管已尽一切努力确保本书所含信息的准确性，出版商和作者对任何错误或遗漏不承担法律责任。
Dedication 献词
To my wife, Peggy. 献给我的妻子，佩吉。
She is still more important to me and my work than words can express. And to the memories of Tally, the Dalmatian, and Randy, the Norwegian Elkhound, who functioned as photographic models, guinea pigs for new methods, co-residents for live-in delinquent canines, and self-controlled “bait” when used in controlling vicious dog-fighters; all without a growl or whine, without leashes, force or punishment, just for the satisfaction of functioning within our “pack” and the rewards of praise and the. petting that kept our stress levels in a healthy range. And now, also, to Punkin, mini-Dachshund, 7 pounds of feminine canine behavioral gold. 她对我和我的工作依然比言语所能表达的更为重要。还有那些记忆，关于达尔马提亚犬塔利和挪威驯鹿犬兰迪，它们曾作为摄影模特、新方法的试验对象、与我同住的行为不良犬只的同伴，以及在控制凶猛斗犬时自我控制的“诱饵”；它们从未咆哮或哀鸣，没有牵引绳、强制或惩罚，只是为了在我们的“群体”中发挥作用，并获得赞扬和抚摸的奖励，这些抚摸帮助我们保持了健康的压力水平。现在，也献给彭金，一只 7 磅重的迷你腊肠犬，女性犬类行为的宝藏。
Acknowledgments 致谢
Special thanks and gratitude are owed the following people: Ethologist Dare Miller, PhD, for early guidance in the “causative” approach to problems; J. Fred Smithcors, DVM, PhD, for the opportunity to express new ideas in print; Bonnie Beaver, DVM, MSc,Dipl. A.C.V.B., for broadening my understanding of veterinary attitudes, and for writing The Veterinarian’s Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior; Al Plechner, DVM, for his work on food-induced hypersensitivities; Jim Harless, DVM, for “choline loading,” which enhanced life for “Randy” and so many other geriatric dogs; Robert M. Miller, DVM (RMM), whose cartooning genius fills the need for humor in behavioral literature; Myrna Milani, DVM, author, authority and invaluable fellow non-linear thinker; Shannon Hall, BS, for her constant support; George Quinlan for his insights to humane obedience training; the thousands of veterinarians who dispense the BehavioRx series of behavior problem program brochures. And, finally, to the late S.A. Corson, PhD, whose commitment to sharing his knowledge of hyperkinesis in dogs and tireless work in Pet Facilitated Therapy has saved thousands of pets from euthanasia, and their owners from needless grief. 特别感谢以下人士：动物行为学家 Dare Miller 博士，感谢她在“因果”问题处理方法上的早期指导；J. Fred Smithcors 兽医博士，感谢他给予我在出版物中表达新观点的机会；Bonnie Beaver 兽医硕士，A.C.V.B.认证，感谢她拓宽了我对兽医态度的理解，并撰写了《兽医动物行为百科全书》；Al Plechner 兽医，感谢他在食物诱发过敏反应方面的研究；Jim Harless 兽医，感谢他提出的“胆碱负荷”方法，改善了“Randy”和许多老年犬的生活；Robert M. Miller 兽医（RMM），其漫画天赋为行为学文献增添了幽默；Myrna Milani 兽医，作者、权威及宝贵的非线性思维同行；Shannon Hall 理学学士，感谢她的持续支持；George Quinlan，感谢他对人道服从训练的见解；以及成千上万分发 BehavioRx 系列行为问题宣传册的兽医们。最后，特别感谢已故的 S.A. Corson 博士，他致力于分享犬类多动症知识，并在宠物辅助治疗领域不懈努力，挽救了成千上万的宠物免于安乐死，也减轻了它们主人的无谓悲痛。
William E. Campbell 威廉·E·坎贝尔
Contents 目录
Chapter Page 章节 页码
Foreword … i 前言 … i
Preface … ii 前言 … ii
1 Understanding Problem Dogs … 1 1 了解问题犬 … 1
Nervous System Types and Stress … 2 神经系统类型与压力 … 2
Behavior’s Foundations: Reflexes … 9 行为基础：反射 … 9
The Senses and Behavior Problems … 21 感官与行为问题 … 21
Social Development and Behavior Problems … 30 社会发展与行为问题 … 30
Leadership … 38 领导力 … 38
Neurotic and Psychotic Dogs … 41 神经质与精神病犬 … 41
Breeds and Behavior … 45 品种与行为 … 45
2 People, Environments: Problems … 49 2 人与环境：问题 … 49
Problem Owner Characteristics … 52 问题主人特征 … 52
Further Environmental Factors … 73 进一步的环境因素 … 73
3 Consulting for a Diagnosis. … 77 3 诊断咨询……77
Asking the Right Questions … 82 提出正确的问题……82
A Framework for the Facts … 90 事实框架……90
4 Physiology and Behavior … 93 4 生理学与行为……93
Genetic Behavioral Links … 95 遗传行为联系 … 95
Breeding and Whelping … 97 繁殖与分娩 … 97
Health, Treatment and Behavior … 101 健康、治疗与行为 … 101
Creating Positive Treatment Associations … 103 建立积极的治疗联想 … 103
Clinic, Hospitals and Emotional Aura … 107 诊所、医院与情绪氛围 … 107
Selecting a Behavior Consultant - Dog Owner’s Guide … 109 选择行为顾问——狗主人指南 … 109
Disease and Behavior … 113 疾病与行为 … 113
Endocrine-Related Behavior Problems … 117 内分泌相关的行为问题 … 117
Hyperkinesis … 127 多动症……127
5 Nutrition and Behavior … 141 5 营养与行为……141
Feeding Practices … 141 喂养习惯……141
Variety in Diet … 143 饮食多样性……143
Diet Content … 144 饮食内容 … 144
Protein, Brain Function and Behavior … 144 蛋白质、大脑功能与行为 … 144
General Dietary/Behavioral Practices … 147 一般饮食/行为习惯 … 147
6 Correcting Problem Behavior: Introduction … 151 6 纠正问题行为：导言 … 151
How Do Dogs Think … 151 狗是如何思考的……151
Perception and Mental Images … 153 感知与心理图像……153
Learning and Memory … 154 学习与记忆……154
Sensory Priorities … 155 感官优先级……155
Practical Applications … 155 实际应用 … 155
Social/Sensory Aspects … 156 社交/感官方面 … 156
7 Puppy Behavior Problems … 159 7 幼犬行为问题 … 159
A Behavior Test for Puppy Selection … 160 幼犬选择的行为测试 … 160
Introducing the New Puppy … 167 介绍新小狗 … 167
Social Attraction … 171 社交吸引力 … 171
A Natural Method of Housetraining … 174 一种自然的室内训练方法 … 174
Barking Puppies … 177 吠叫的小狗 … 177
Begging and Stealing Food … 183 乞食和偷食……183
Biting and Mouthing … 185 咬人和用嘴抓咬……185
Finicky Eating. … 187 挑食……187
Sexual Mounting … 189 性骑跨行为……189
Chewing … 190 咀嚼……190
Submissive Urination … 192 顺从性尿失禁……192
Sympathy Lameness … 195 同情性跛行……195
Whining … 199 哀鸣……199
Aggressive Behavior … 201 攻击性行为 … 201
Toward Owners … 201 对主人 … 201
Toward Outsiders … 204 对外人 … 204
Overprotectiveness … 209 过度保护 … 209
Toward Other Dogs … 220 对其他狗……220
Killing Other Animals … 226 杀死其他动物……226
Chasing Vehicles … 228 追逐车辆……228
Sexual Mounting … 232 性骑乘……232
9 Unruly Behavior … 239 9 不守规矩的行为 … 239
Dashing In or Out of Doors … 239 冲进或冲出门外 … 239
Jumping Fences … 243 跳过围栏 … 243
Straining on the Leash … 247 牵引绳上拉扯 … 247
Running Away … 250 逃跑……250
Licking and Sniffing at People … 251 舔人和闻人……251
Pestering Problems … 253 纠缠问题……253
Stealing Food and Other Articles … 254 偷食物和其他物品……254
Keeping Dogs Off Furniture, etc. … 255 阻止狗狗上家具等……255
Mouthiness, Play-Attacks & Liquid Styptic … 256 嘴巴爱咬、玩耍攻击与液体止血剂……256
10 Destructive Behavior. … 257 10 破坏性行为……257
Chewing … 257 咀嚼……257
Digging … 262 挖掘 … 262
Window Jumping … 265 跳窗 … 265
Scratching … 268 抓挠 … 268
11 Vocal Behavior … 271 11 声音行为 … 271
12 Introverted Behavior … 277 12 内向行为 … 277
Phobias … 277 恐惧症 … 277
Fear and Shyness … 281 恐惧与害羞 … 281
Housesoiling. … 286 室内排泄问题 … 286
Masturbation … 290 手淫……290
Pica … 291 异食癖……291
Self-Mutilation … 292 自残……292
Coprophagy … 293 食粪癖……293
13 Problems of Old Age … 295 13 老年问题 … 295
Deafness … 295 耳聋 … 295
Incontinence … 298 尿失禁 … 298
Blindness … 299 失明 … 299
Senility … 301 老年痴呆症……301
Irritability … 302 易怒……302
14 Introducing Babies and New Pets to Resident Dogs … 305 14 将婴儿和新宠物介绍给家养犬……305
15 Training Systems and Professional Assistance. … 311 15 训练系统与专业帮助……311
Obedience Training Programs and Systems … 312 服从训练计划与系统 … 312
Devices for Training and Behavior Control … 315 训练与行为控制设备 … 315
Chew-Proofing the House … 320 防止啃咬的家庭措施 … 320
Index … 325 索引 … 325
Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2023 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation 由互联网档案馆于 2023 年数字化，资金支持来自 Kahle/Austin 基金会
Foreword 前言
From the time I first fell under the spell of Bill Campbell’s writings about behavior problems in dogs years ago, three characteristics consistently have made it stand out. First, it was obvious to me, first as a highly idealistic new veterinary graduate with an interest in behavioral problems and now as a twenty-five year veteran, that Bill really cares, not only about dogs, but about their owners. Where others focus almost exclusively on the dog, viewing the owner as little more than an animate robot who exists solely to carry out the behaviorist’s orders, Bill sees the dog and owner as a working unit. There’s no doubt in my mind that this is infinitely more in tune with the true nature of human-canine interactions. 自从多年前我第一次被比尔·坎贝尔关于犬类行为问题的著作所吸引以来，有三个特点始终使其作品脱颖而出。首先，作为一名充满理想主义、对行为问题感兴趣的新兽医毕业生，以及现在作为一名拥有二十五年经验的资深兽医，我很明显地感受到，比尔不仅真正关心狗，也关心它们的主人。当其他人几乎只关注狗，把主人视为仅仅执行行为学家命令的有生命的机器人时，比尔则将狗和主人视为一个协作的整体。在我看来，这无疑更符合人类与犬类互动的真实本质。
Second, time and time again Bill’s approach to resolving problems distinguishes itself because it makes sense, and the reason it makes sense lies in Bill’s wonderful ability to enlighten us regarding the myriad of variables that make up a well-behaved dog. He avoids quick fixes and gimmicks like my hound avoids the bathtub, instead giving readers a solid scientific foundation, explaining why the problem occurred and how to correct it. 其次，比尔解决问题的方法一次又一次地与众不同，因为它合情合理，而这种合理性源于比尔那令人赞叹的能力——他能够启发我们了解构成一只行为良好犬只的众多变量。他避免使用快速解决方案和花招，就像我的猎犬避开浴缸一样，而是为读者提供坚实的科学基础，解释问题为何发生以及如何纠正。
Third, even though Bill offers readers a comprehensive guide to the resolution of a wide range of canine behavioral problems, he also inspires us to know even more about dogs, owners, and problems. Over the years I’ve tried to define exactly how he works this magic. Part of it, I think, comes from his delight in his work which has a way of creeping into his writing, reminding us of the critical role humor plays in human-canine relationships. Could any of us aspire to anything greater than doing work we love, save doing it with a well-behaved, happy dog? I don’t think so. 第三，尽管比尔为读者提供了关于解决各种犬类行为问题的全面指南，他同时也激励我们去更多地了解狗、主人和问题。多年来，我一直试图准确界定他是如何施展这种魔力的。我认为部分原因在于他对工作的热爱，这种热情在他的写作中悄然流露，提醒我们幽默在人与犬关系中的关键作用。我们中有谁能期望比做自己热爱的工作更伟大的事呢？除非是和一只行为良好、快乐的狗一起做这件事。我认为没有。
The final source of inspiration comes from Bill’s genuine respect for dogs as unique beings, whose unique view of life we just might begin to understand, given a lot of hard work and probably a lot more luck. Although Behavior Problems in Dogs remains one of my favorite reference books, I still clearly remember the first time I read it because it enabled me to see dogs in a whole new light. Once I did that, I could never view any dog the same way again. 最后的灵感来源于比尔对狗作为独特生命体的真诚尊重，我们或许能够通过大量的努力和更多的运气，开始理解它们独特的生命观。虽然《犬类行为问题》仍然是我最喜欢的参考书之一，但我仍清晰地记得第一次阅读它的情景，因为它让我以全新的视角看待狗。一旦我做到了这一点，我再也无法用同样的眼光看待任何一只狗。
Myrna Milani, DVM 迈纳·米拉尼，兽医博士
Charlestown, New Hampshire 新罕布什尔州查尔斯敦
Author's Introduction 作者简介
The second revised edition of this book was published seventeen years after the first. Now, only six years later, is a third edition really necessary? 这本书的第二版修订版是在第一版出版十七年后发布的。现在，仅仅六年后，真的有必要出第三版吗？
To answer that question, I assessed the current ‘state of the art’ in it’s broadest sense; meaning, the field of companion dog ethology. First, with considerable help from internet resources, I reviewed the latest dog behavior literature, i.e., academic, clinical and popular magazine articles. The disparities between the concepts, practices and ethics of veterinary behaviorists, veterinarians, formally- and self-educated applied behaviorists, and trainers, were not only pronounced, but sometimes left me incredulous. This condition alone seems to justify updating the book. 为了回答这个问题，我评估了当前“最先进”的状态，广义上讲，即伴侣犬行为学领域。首先，在互联网资源的大力帮助下，我回顾了最新的犬类行为文献，即学术、临床和大众杂志文章。兽医行为学家、兽医、正规和自学的应用行为学家以及训犬师之间在概念、实践和伦理上的差异不仅显著，有时甚至让我难以置信。仅这一点似乎就足以证明更新本书的必要性。
Another invaluable source of information about the public perception of our field is the HelpLine, the telephone back-up service to the BehavioRx Series of client education brochures. Along with visitors to our internet home page, troubled dog owners call for assistance about the entire spectrum of family dog problems. These calls reveal the woeful effects of mis- and dis-information being transmitted to the public via the news media, books, training courses and word-of-mouth. Two examples illustrate the dilemma. 另一个关于公众对我们领域认知的宝贵信息来源是 HelpLine，这是 BehavioRx 系列客户教育手册的电话支持服务。除了访问我们互联网主页的访客外，遇到问题的狗主人还会打电话寻求关于家庭犬类问题全方位的帮助。这些电话揭示了通过新闻媒体、书籍、培训课程和口口相传向公众传播的错误信息和误导信息所带来的悲惨后果。以下两个例子说明了这一困境。
A caller was housetraining her 12 week old puppy by crating him in the bathroom and waking him up every three hours during the night for trips outside to the toilet, a plan she found in a popular dog book. Her complaint was that the puppy was becoming overly aggressive, attacking her ankles or biting her hands when she tried to pet him. She and her husband had shaken the pup, ‘cuffed’ him under the chin, pinned him on his back, even stuck their fingers down his throat, all of which had merely enraged the puppy. After listening to an explanation about how Active Defense Reflexes caused her puppy to fight for his life when physically threatened, she said her book didn’t talk about these things, but she wished they had. 一位来电者正在用将她 12 周大的小狗关在浴室笼子里，并在夜间每隔三小时叫醒它带它出去上厕所的方法来训练它的排便习惯，这个方法是她在一本流行的狗书中找到的。她抱怨说小狗变得过于攻击性，当她试图抚摸它时，它会攻击她的脚踝或咬她的手。她和她的丈夫曾经摇晃小狗，用手掌打它下巴，按住它的背，甚至把手指伸进它的喉咙，所有这些行为只让小狗更加愤怒。在听完关于主动防御反射如何导致小狗在受到身体威胁时拼命反抗的解释后，她说她的书里没有提到这些内容，但她希望书中能有。
We then explained that puppies in their litters sleep nicely through the night without urinating due to the antidiuretic hormone and, further, growth hormone circulates only during sleep, which meant he was probably not getting any rapid eye movement sieep, which can cause irritability, among other emotional problems. She then decided to use our ‘natural’ program for housetraining. The 然后我们解释说，小狗在窝里睡觉时能整夜安睡不尿尿，是因为抗利尿激素的作用，而且生长激素只在睡眠时循环，这意味着它可能没有得到任何快速眼动睡眠，而这会导致易怒以及其他情绪问题。她随后决定采用我们的“自然”排便训练方案。
crate was moved next to the bed at night, the door open. The aggression was gone after two blessed, sleep-filled nights for owners and puppy. 晚上，狗笼被移到床边，门开着。经过两个幸福且充满睡眠的夜晚，主人和小狗的攻击行为消失了。
Another client called to ask for a referral to a veterinarian who would prescribe Prozac ™ for her dog, who obsessively ran in circles in the back yard. Her veterinarian declined the request and referred her to us. We discovered the dog wore an electric shock collar to keep her in the yard. When the client understood the acute stress effects of shock collars and the frustration induced, with its resulting displacement behavior (circling), she built a fence. The circling stopped and many happy years may have been added to the dog’s life. 另一位客户打电话来，想要推荐一位兽医给她的狗开普乐西汀™，因为她的狗在后院不停地绕圈跑。她的兽医拒绝了这个请求，并把她转介给我们。我们发现这只狗戴着电击项圈以限制它在院子里的活动。当客户了解了电击项圈带来的急性压力效应以及由此引发的挫败感和替代行为（绕圈）后，她建了一个围栏。绕圈行为停止了，狗的生命可能因此延长了许多年，带来了许多快乐的时光。
This owner, ignorant about what makes her dog ‘tick,’ is like most of the public; naive, susceptible to the lure of technological quick-fixes; another reason for some more, humane alternatives in a revised third edition. 这位主人对是什么驱动她的狗一无所知，就像大多数公众一样；天真，容易被技术速效解决方案所吸引；这也是修订第三版中增加更多人道替代方案的另一个原因。
On the eve of a new century it would be great to say the scientific study of pet behavior (ethology) has come a long way since the first edition of this book sparked interest among veterinarians, trainers and behaviorists more than a generation ago. The fact is, while various disciplines have been carving up the ‘turf’ of this new field, serious investigations into how dogs and people live together has attracted disappointingly few studies and even less objective research. Stated bluntly, there is no ethology of pet dog behavior… yet. As a result, the “state of the art” is currently fragmented. Perhaps, at this stage in its development, this is to be expected, since everyone entering the field brings variant perspectives shaped by personal background, education and training. Therefore, until a truly multi-disciplinary educational approach is developed, independent, interdisciplinary study and cooperation between professionals will have to provide a well-rounded service to dog owners. 在新世纪来临之际，我们本可以自豪地说，自本书第一版激发了兽医、训犬师和行为学家们的兴趣以来，宠物行为学（动物行为学）的科学研究已经取得了长足进展。然而事实是，尽管各个学科纷纷涉足这一新领域，但关于狗与人类如何共处的严肃研究却寥寥无几，且客观研究更是少之又少。坦率地说，目前还不存在宠物狗行为的动物行为学……至少还没有。因此，当前的“技术现状”是支离破碎的。或许，在其发展的这个阶段，这是可以预料的，因为每个进入该领域的人都带来了由个人背景、教育和培训塑造的不同视角。因此，在真正的多学科教育方法尚未建立之前，专业人士之间的独立、跨学科研究与合作将不得不为狗主人提供全面的服务。
A holistic approach to consulting about dog behavior problems, it seems to me, best addresses the growing desire of many dog owners to take advantage of more humane approaches to dealing with their pets. In my experience, clients who have been scruffshaking, pinning, staring down, cuffing, or shouting at their dogs, are delighted to learn how to recognize the causes for their problems. Once they understand the clear delineation between dominance and leadership, then apply proven leadership principles 在我看来，采用整体方法来咨询狗的行为问题，最能满足许多狗主人日益增长的愿望——即采用更人道的方式来对待他们的宠物。根据我的经验，那些曾经抓颈皮、按压、盯视、轻拍或对狗大喊大叫的客户，都会很高兴地学会如何识别他们问题的根源。一旦他们理解了支配与领导之间的明确区别，并应用经过验证的领导原则
to overcome problems, their satisfaction as dog owners is dramatically apparent from the enthusiasm they radiate. 来克服问题后，作为狗主人的他们所表现出的热情，明显显示出他们的满意度。
Consulting with problem-dog owners successfully is not merely science, it is an art. It derives from education in both the animal and the human behavioral sciences and training in the skills of applying them. Fortunately, every year there are more behavioral practitioners, both academically trained and self-taught, using all the tools available from psychology, ethology and the physiological fields, offering dog owners a total service with in-depth factfinding, differential diagnoses and client-centered consultations. These integrated skills are then applied to resolve conflicts within the very essence of pet dog behavior problems-the relationship between the client and their pet. And this includes not just the behavior of the dogs and owners, but the forces that drive their behavior, i.e., emotions. 成功地与有问题的狗主人进行咨询不仅仅是科学，更是一门艺术。它源自于动物行为学和人类行为科学的教育，以及应用这些知识的技能培训。幸运的是，每年都有越来越多的行为学从业者，无论是受过学术训练的还是自学成才的，利用心理学、动物行为学和生理学领域的所有工具，为狗主人提供全面的服务，包括深入的事实调查、鉴别诊断和以客户为中心的咨询。这些综合技能随后被应用于解决宠物狗行为问题的核心——客户与其宠物之间的关系。而这不仅包括狗和主人的行为，还包括驱动他们行为的力量，即情感。
Successful consultations create a socially comfortable atmosphere in which the client “discovers” the problem’s causes through a non-directive, non-judgmental interview. Once the causes are understood, including the owner’s role in the problem, the client is motivated toward changing his or her own behavior. Very often the remedial program is virtually designed by the client after listening to the consultant’s explanations of pertinent aspects of their dog’s behavioral typology and their relationship to the problem. This edition provides further information about how to attain these goals. 成功的咨询营造了一种社交上舒适的氛围，使客户通过非指导性、非评判性的访谈“发现”问题的原因。一旦原因被理解，包括主人在问题中的角色，客户就会被激励去改变自己的行为。通常，在听取顾问对其狗的行为类型及其与问题关系的相关解释后，客户几乎会自己设计出补救方案。本版提供了关于如何实现这些目标的更多信息。
William E. Campbell Grants Pass, Oregon 威廉·E·坎贝尔 俄勒冈州格兰茨帕斯
1
Understanding Problem Dogs 理解问题犬
Problem dog owners are always acutely aware of the behavior that stimulates their complaint, but rarely do they have a clue about its cause. The behavior consultant’s job is to help the client understand that the dog’s behavior problem is the expression of some underlying problem. When this relationship between cause and effect is appreciated, careful fact-finding by the consultant will find the owners actually describing those causes themselves, after which they can be guided to develop and take effective actions to remove them. An animal behaviorist who advises a dog owner merely how to counter-condition the act of flank-sucking, on its own, ignoring the causes, is as unethical as a child psychologist who simply advises topical repellents for children who chew their fingernails to the quick. 有问题的狗主人总是非常清楚引发他们抱怨的行为，但很少有人了解其背后的原因。行为顾问的工作是帮助客户理解，狗的行为问题是某些潜在问题的表现。当因果关系被理解后，顾问通过细致的事实调查会发现，主人实际上已经在描述这些原因，随后可以引导他们制定并采取有效措施来消除这些原因。一个动物行为学家如果仅仅告诉狗主人如何对侧腹吮吸行为进行反条件作用，而忽视其原因，这种做法就像一个儿童心理学家仅仅建议使用局部驱避剂来对付咬指甲咬到流血的孩子一样，不道德。
Interestingly, aggression in one dog and destructive chewing in another may share many common causes. Chief among the causes is a lack of leadership by the owners. The reason two dogs respond differently to this lack is intertwined with the other aspects of daily life in the household and the dogs’ individual behavioral tendencies, many of which are based in its genetic predispositions. 有趣的是，一只狗的攻击行为和另一只狗的破坏性咀嚼可能有许多共同的原因。其中最主要的原因是主人缺乏领导力。两只狗对这种缺乏领导的反应不同，其原因与家庭日常生活的其他方面以及狗的个体行为倾向交织在一起，而这些行为倾向中许多是基于其遗传倾向。
Because of this interaction between the inner dog and its environment, it might seem unwise, or even impossible, to develop profiles for problem dogs without discussing at the same time the environmental factors. Even so, if we first understand the physi- 由于内在的狗与其环境之间的这种相互作用，似乎在不同时讨论环境因素的情况下，为问题犬制定档案是不明智的，甚至是不可能的。即便如此，如果我们首先理解生理——
ological factors that influence the way a given dog tends to react to its environment, then deal with the environment, we gain invaluable insight into how problems develop. The entire picture, then, forms the basis for the type of program that will best succeed in correcting them. 影响特定犬只对其环境反应方式的生物学因素，然后处理环境，我们便能获得关于问题如何产生的宝贵见解。整个情况由此构成了制定最有效纠正方案的基础。
While we may not be able to use the following profiles to predict which dogs will definitely develop behavior problems, we can recognize certain types of dogs as more problem-prone than others. And, lest I seem to be dooming such dogs, I should mention that the vast majority respond favorably to corrective methods that avoid physical punishment and capitalize on the dogs’ innate and learned responses to positive social reinforcements. 虽然我们可能无法通过以下特征来准确预测哪些狗一定会出现行为问题，但我们可以识别出某些类型的狗比其他狗更容易出现问题。而且，为了避免让人觉得我在判定这些狗的命运，我应该提到，绝大多数狗对避免体罚、利用狗天生和学会的对积极社会强化反应的纠正方法都有良好的反应。
Nervous System Types and Stress 神经系统类型与压力
Dogs of any breed, size or type can suffer from stress. In fact, a certain amount of stress is necessary for a healthy life. Hunger begets a form of stress that motivates us to find food, a healthful activity. However, a pet dog that receives a doting owner’s petting and praise on demand all weekend tends to build an insatiable “appetite” for constant social gratification. Later, left alone on weekdays, the dog is frustrated by an un-solvable, hence frustrating, problem: it cannot find its emotional food. Whether this condition results in problem behavior depends on the stability of the dog’s nervous system and how the animal behaves to relieve tensions that will always arise from frustration. A chewing problem develops in the orally oriented animal. The tension relief is manifested by chewing up objects that smell and taste of the owner, or things that, to the dog, are symbolic of the owners. 任何品种、大小或类型的狗都可能遭受压力。事实上，适量的压力对于健康的生活是必要的。饥饿会引发一种压力，促使我们去寻找食物，这是一种有益的活动。然而，一只宠物狗如果在整个周末都能随时得到宠爱主人的抚摸和赞美，往往会形成对持续社交满足的贪得无厌的“渴望”。后来，工作日被单独留下时，狗狗会因一个无法解决、因此令人沮丧的问题而感到挫败：它找不到情感上的“食物”。这种状况是否导致行为问题，取决于狗的神经系统的稳定性以及动物如何通过行为来缓解因挫折而产生的紧张情绪。对于以口为导向的动物来说，会发展出咀嚼问题。缓解紧张的表现就是咀嚼带有主人气味和味道的物品，或者对狗来说象征主人的东西。
I have seen litter mates of the same sex, one a chewer, the other well behaved, while both have been equally overindulged. On the other hand, I have seen the same situation in litter mates living in non-indulgent homes where the problematic stress was created simply by the owner returning home late. 我见过同窝的同胎兄弟姐妹，性别相同，一个喜欢咬东西，另一个行为良好，而它们都被同样过度宠爱。另一方面，我也见过同样的情况发生在生活在不溺爱的家庭中的同窝兄弟姐妹身上，问题的压力仅仅是因为主人晚归所造成的。
Developmental Neurophysiology and Behavior 发育神经生理学与行为
Each puppy is born with and develops a nervous system that is unique in many ways. Both genetic and environmental factors produce these individual variations. Some important developmen- 每只小狗天生并发展出在许多方面独特的神经系统。遗传和环境因素共同导致了这些个体差异。一些重要的发展—
tal yardsticks may be applied to the canine nervous system to explain many kinds of behavior. 可以将这些心理标准应用于犬类神经系统，以解释多种行为。
Turn-over of RNA (ribonucleic acid, a vital chemical messenger in the memory process) in a pup’s brain does not reach adult rates until 22 weeks of age. This helps explain why a puppy may have “accidents” during its housetraining program, or why training pups to simple “Come,” “Sit” or “Stay” commands is best conducted in brief sessions no longer than 5 minutes. This may also bear on the 13- to 16-week-old pup’s behavior, when it apparently does not recognize, growls at, or runs from visitors with whom it had friendly previous contact, or a pup who starts barking at objects previously ignored. In this case, the optic tract also may not have reached maturity. 幼犬大脑中 RNA（核糖核酸，一种在记忆过程中至关重要的化学信使）的周转率直到 22 周龄才达到成年水平。这有助于解释为什么幼犬在家训过程中可能会“失误”，或者为什么训练幼犬学习简单的“来”、“坐”或“停留”命令最好在不超过 5 分钟的短时间内进行。这也可能与 13 至 16 周龄幼犬的行为有关，此时它们显然不认得、对之前友好接触过的访客咆哮或逃跑，或者幼犬开始对之前忽视的物体吠叫。在这种情况下，视神经通路也可能尚未成熟。
During puppy programs which include 13-16 weeks of age, we often have seen pups who had heeled at 10,11 and 12 weeks, off-leash, quite dependably in an area where eight horses were corralled some 40 feet distant. The following week, many pups were totally distracted by the horses, acting as if they had never seen them before. Perhaps they had not! 在包括 13 至 16 周龄的幼犬训练项目中，我们经常看到一些幼犬在 10、11 和 12 周龄时，能够在离八匹马约 40 英尺远的围栏区域内，无牵绳地可靠地跟随行进。到了下一周，许多幼犬却完全被马匹分散了注意力，表现得好像从未见过它们一样。也许它们确实没有见过！
Mammals normally born blind but reared without light until maturity develop apparently normal eyes that are “nerve blind” due to failure of the optic tract to develop normally-a good reason not to shake puppies as punishment. Stimulus deprivation of various sorts produces animals with comparatively lighter and less precisely structured brains, according to Russian studies in the 1950s. ^(1){ }^{1} 哺乳动物通常出生时是盲的，但如果在没有光照的环境中养育直到成熟，它们会发育出看似正常的眼睛，但由于视神经通路未能正常发育，导致“神经性失明”——这也是不应通过摇晃小狗来惩罚它们的一个重要原因。根据 20 世纪 50 年代俄罗斯的研究，各种刺激剥夺会导致动物的大脑相对较轻且结构不够精细。 ^(1){ }^{1}
Puppies drastically restricted from sensory stimulation and exercise in special cages from weaning until maturity failed to avoid painful burns on their noses from matches or pin pricks, while normally raised puppies quickly learned to avoid them. The deprived pups appeared to feel the pain, but did not learn to associate it with the match or the pin. Even more bizarre, these deprived puppies spent more time close to the human experimenter after being burned or pricked than before the painful stimulus. This was not the case with normally reared puppies. This work may explain why so many behavioral problems are experienced with puppies bred and reared in the restrictive environments of “puppy mills,” where litters are reared in stacked cages and then shipped to pet shops, where they spend more time in cages. It should also be noted 从断奶到成熟期间，被限制在特殊笼子中，极度缺乏感官刺激和运动的小狗，未能避免因火柴或针刺而导致鼻子疼痛的灼伤，而正常饲养的小狗则很快学会了避免这些刺激。被剥夺刺激的小狗似乎感受到了疼痛，但没有学会将疼痛与火柴或针刺联系起来。更奇怪的是，这些被剥夺刺激的小狗在被烧伤或刺痛后，比起疼痛刺激之前，更愿意靠近人类实验者。正常饲养的小狗则没有这种表现。这项研究可能解释了为什么在“幼犬工厂”这种限制性环境中繁殖和饲养的小狗会出现如此多的行为问题，在那里，幼犬窝被养在叠放的笼子里，然后被运送到宠物店，在那里它们又花更多时间待在笼子里。还应注意到
that the same sort of sensory deprivation can occur in house-reared puppies whose owners confine them in crates while working and at night. This practice results in a pup spending more than twothirds of its developmental life in a deprived environment, unable to respond to natural, spontaneous bursts of physical activity. 同样类型的感官剥夺也可能发生在家养的小狗身上，这些小狗的主人在工作和夜间将它们限制在笼子里。这种做法导致小狗在其发育期中超过三分之二的时间处于剥夺环境中，无法响应自然、自发的剧烈运动爆发。
Gross physiologic and behavioral abnormalities produced experimentally are fortunately no longer duplicated for the sake of science. However, a sad counterpart occurs outside the laboratory in the homes of naive, ill-advised or uninformed dog owners. In one case, a 2-year-old male Sheltie, raised in a dark garage with a mature cat, did not know how to run and avoided all human contact except with its owner. A 5-month-old mixed Labrador Retriever kept in a small travel crate up to 18 hours a day since 8 weeks of age as an “aid to easy housetraining” displayed precocious aggression to strangers and other dogs. While these cases were resolved successfully, better public education could have avoided the problems. 实验中产生的严重生理和行为异常，幸运的是如今已不再为了科学目的而复制。然而，在实验室外，一些缺乏经验、建议不当或信息不足的狗主人家中，却发生了类似的悲剧。在一个案例中，一只 2 岁的雄性谢尔蒂犬在一个黑暗的车库里与一只成年猫一起长大，它不会跑步，且除了与主人外，避免与所有人接触。一只 5 个月大的混种拉布拉多猎犬自 8 周大起就被关在一个小旅行笼中，每天长达 18 小时，作为“辅助轻松训练排便”的手段，表现出对陌生人和其他狗的早熟攻击性。虽然这些案例最终得到了成功解决，但如果公众教育做得更好，本可以避免这些问题。
A recent study published in the Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association (Vol 209, No. 3, Aug. 1, 1996) revealed that “Dogs that spent most of their time during the day in crates (odds ratio 3.12) were at increased risk of relinquishment (to sheiters) compared to dogs that spent most of their time unrestrained in some portion of the living area of the family home.” This indicates that, while ‘crate training’ may be popular and appealing, it has serious, detrimental effects on the continuity of life in a family home as well as community animal resources. 一项最近发表在《美国兽医医学会杂志》（第 209 卷，第 3 期，1996 年 8 月 1 日）上的研究显示，“白天大部分时间被关在笼子里的狗（比值比 3.12）相比于大部分时间在家庭生活区某部分自由活动的狗，更容易被遗弃（送到收容所）。”这表明，尽管“笼内训练”可能流行且具有吸引力，但它对家庭生活的连续性以及社区动物资源有严重的不利影响。
Early stimuli that produce fearful responses, especially around 8-108-10 weeks of age, tend to be retained by dogs. ^(2){ }^{2} Though this principle was based on an electric shock applied to the pups’ ears, anyone who has made the mistake of clipping their 8- to 10-weekold pup’s nails and hitting the quick will appreciate how right it is, as they struggle to clip the maturing dog’s nails! 早期产生恐惧反应的刺激，尤其是在大约 8-108-10 周龄时，往往会被狗狗记住。 ^(2){ }^{2} 虽然这一原理是基于对幼犬耳朵施加电击得出的，但任何曾经犯过给 8 至 10 周大的幼犬剪指甲时剪到血线的错误的人都会深刻体会到这一点，因为他们在给成长中的狗剪指甲时会非常挣扎！
Applying the 8-10 week fear-imprint principle to a pup’s family life, it is advisable to avoid situations that may cause pain or fear. However, mild pain, such as veterinary inoculations, need not produce fear if the owners laugh and “make jolly” before, during and, especially, after the treatment. Both puppies and adult dogs tend to follow emotional and behavioral examples set by their owners during mild or severely traumatic experiences. I refer to this as the interpretive factor. 将 8-10 周恐惧印记原则应用于幼犬的家庭生活中，建议避免可能引起疼痛或恐惧的情况。然而，轻微的疼痛，比如兽医注射，如果主人在治疗前、治疗中，尤其是治疗后笑着并“逗乐”幼犬，就不必产生恐惧。无论是幼犬还是成年犬，在轻微或严重的创伤经历中，往往会效仿主人所表现出的情绪和行为。我称之为解释性因素。
An example of the effect of this positive, upbeat interpretive feedback occurred with our 8-week-old Dalmatian bitch, Tally. While being taken at night in pitch darkness for her final toilet trip, she walked into our swimming pool and was heard splashing around. Peggy wisely knelt by the edge of the pool and happily praised the paddling pup while I turned on the flood lights. Tally was joyously lifted out, roundly praised and dried off; then, tail wagging, she went to her original destination and was cheerfully praised for eliminating. A couple of months later, when she was large enough to climb the steps at the shallow end, Tally swam almost daily. 一个积极、乐观的解释性反馈效果的例子发生在我们 8 周大的斑点犬母犬 Tally 身上。一天晚上，在漆黑一片中带她出去最后一次上厕所时，她走进了我们的游泳池，听到水花四溅。佩吉明智地跪在泳池边，开心地称赞这只拍水的小狗，而我则打开了泛光灯。Tally 被高兴地抱出水面，受到热烈表扬并擦干；然后，她摇着尾巴走向原来的目的地，因排泄而受到愉快的称赞。几个月后，当她长大到能爬上浅水区的台阶时，Tally 几乎每天都去游泳。
The situation could have produced a water-shy dog if Peggy had screamed, picked her up and reacted “normally” by cuddling Tally with a concerned, sympathetic tone of voice. 如果佩吉尖叫、抱起它，并用关切、同情的语气“正常”地安抚塔利，这种情况本可能导致一只害怕水的狗。
Excitability and Inhibition 兴奋性与抑制性
“Overexcitable” describes most of the problem dogs we see, especially when they are stressed by new surroundings, strangers, other dogs, social isolation, physical restraint or stimulation, and sudden or loud noises. At the other end of the spectrum of behavioral reactivity, we see highly inhibited animals that react to stress by total inaction or slow, stiff movements, sometimes catatonia, and apparent depression, seeming to lose contact with environmental stimuli. Between the extremes lie the gradations of these responses. Pavlov developed the descriptions presented later in Table 1. ^(3){ }^{3} “过度兴奋”描述了我们见到的大多数问题犬，尤其是在它们因新环境、陌生人、其他狗、社交隔离、身体束缚或刺激，以及突发或响亮的噪音而感到压力时。在行为反应性的另一端，我们看到高度抑制的动物，它们通过完全不动作或缓慢、僵硬的动作来应对压力，有时表现为紧张性僵直和明显的抑郁，似乎与环境刺激失去联系。这两种极端反应之间存在不同程度的反应。巴甫洛夫发展了后文表 1 中呈现的描述。 ^(3){ }^{3}
Two German Shepherds, a 5-year-old spayed bitch and her sexually intact male son: The bitch had been defecating in the living room and her offspring urinating there, as well as in other areas of the house. Early in our first interview, the owners were persistently “nudged” by the dogs and were fondled about tt he head and ears in response. To see what might happen if the dogs were ignored, I suggested they ignore them while we continued talking. After fruitless nudging for about 5 minutes, the bitch went to a corner, lay down and licked and chewed at a forepaw, another minor complaint of the owners. The young male began pacing between the office’s 两只德国牧羊犬，一只 5 岁的绝育母犬和她未绝育的雄性儿子：母犬一直在客厅排便，儿子则在客厅及房子的其他地方排尿。在我们第一次访谈的早期，狗狗们不断地“用鼻子顶”主人，主人则回应性地抚摸它们的头和耳朵。为了观察如果忽视狗狗会发生什么，我建议他们在我们继续交谈时忽视它们。经过大约 5 分钟无果的顶鼻后，母犬走到一个角落，躺下并舔咬前爪，这是主人提到的另一个小问题。年轻的雄犬开始在办公室的
front and back doors, whining and occasionally returning to nuzzle the owners. 前后门之间来回踱步，呜咽着，偶尔回头用鼻子蹭主人。
The eliminations usually occurred while the owners slept at night, or when the dogs were left alone. By ignoring them, even in our office, off their “home turf,” we were witnessing symptoms of the problem. The stress of being ignored, even if the owners were not absent, stimulated the bitch to introverted behavior (self-mutilation) and stimulated the extremely excitable son toward extroverted over-activity. 这些排泄行为通常发生在主人夜间睡觉时，或狗狗被单独留下时。即使在我们的办公室里，远离它们的“地盘”，通过忽视它们，我们也目睹了问题的症状。被忽视的压力，即使主人并未离开，促使母犬表现出内向行为（自我伤害），而极度兴奋的儿子则表现出外向的过度活跃。
Excitable vs Inhibited 兴奋型与抑制型
Pavlov struggled with the theory that inhibited dogs had a “weaker” nervous system than normal animals, a concept largely discarded due to later findings that a combined structural-chemical interaction determines the balance of the nervous system. ^(4,5){ }^{4,5} Both excitability and inhibition can be heightened or abated by many herbs and synthetic drugs, as well as those extracted from living tissues. The fact that such drugs do not affect all individuals (dogs or people) in the same way supports the belief that the balance among internal neurochemicals may be the primary factor influencing the behavioral expression of excitability or inhibition. ^(6){ }^{6} 巴甫洛夫曾苦苦思索抑制型犬的神经系统是否比正常动物“更弱”的理论，这一观点后来因发现神经系统的平衡是由结构与化学相互作用共同决定而被大体摒弃。 ^(4,5){ }^{4,5} 兴奋性和抑制性都可以被多种草药和合成药物，以及从活体组织中提取的物质增强或减弱。事实证明，这些药物对不同个体（无论是犬还是人）的影响并不相同，这支持了这样一种观点：内部神经化学物质之间的平衡可能是影响兴奋性或抑制性行为表现的主要因素。 ^(6){ }^{6}
The individual body chemistry of animals develops and fluctuates throughout life. Hormonal imbalances produce not only structural and physiologic, but behavioral changes as well. ^(7){ }^{7} Among the body’s hormone-producing glands and controlling organs, the emotional centers of the brain’s limbic system appear to exert 动物的个体体内化学成分在一生中不断发展和波动。激素失衡不仅会引起结构和生理上的变化，还会导致行为上的改变。 ^(7){ }^{7} 在体内的激素分泌腺体和控制器官中，大脑边缘系统的情绪中枢似乎发挥着重要作用
Table 1. Pavlov’s classifications of nervous system types and their associated behavior. ^(3){ }^{3} 表 1. 巴甫洛夫对神经系统类型及其相关行为的分类。 ^(3){ }^{3}
considerable influence. It may be that excitability and inhibition depend to a large degree on what has been called the “brain, pituitary, adrenal, gonadal axis.” 8 Further, not only can drugs influence the balance among these factors, but mild or extreme psychological stress can produce subtle and gross neuro-chemical imbalances. 相当大的影响。兴奋性和抑制性很可能在很大程度上依赖于所谓的“脑-垂体-肾上腺-性腺轴”。此外，不仅药物可以影响这些因素之间的平衡，轻度或极端的心理压力也能产生细微和明显的神经化学失衡。
The fact that seemingly mildly stressful experiences induce these reactions may help explain a good deal of what is generally described as “spontaneous aggression” or the popularly labeled “Springer rage syndrome” if we consider yet another nervous system process called facilitation. ^(8){ }^{8} In this, the nervous processes responsible for defensive behavior, such as a dog’s biting, can be sensitized but not fully activated by mildly threatening stimuli. However, depending on the particular dog’s nervous system makeup, repeated stimulation can push the dog over the brink and into a full-blown “rage avalanche,” wherein up to several minutes of furious behavior are necessary to exhaust the imbalance and restore equilibrium. The dog then often resumes its usual gregarious personality or appear contrite, confused… 看似轻微的压力经历会引发这些反应，这一点或许有助于解释通常被描述为“自发性攻击”或俗称的“斯普林格狂怒综合症”的现象，如果我们考虑另一种称为促进作用的神经系统过程。在这种情况下，负责防御行为的神经过程，比如狗的咬人行为，可能会被轻微的威胁性刺激敏感化，但不会完全激活。然而，根据特定狗的神经系统构造，反复的刺激可能会使狗达到临界点，进入全面爆发的“狂怒雪崩”状态，在此状态下，狗需要数分钟的狂暴行为来消耗这种失衡并恢复平衡。随后，狗通常会恢复其平时的群居性格，或者表现出懊悔、困惑的样子……
In investigating the histories of many aggressive cases, I find most of the dogs to be excitable or highly excitable types exhibiting a behavior problem for which the owners have applied various degrees and types of punishment. These included finger-in-theface scolding (a stimulus that can facilitate a snapping response), muzzle-clamping with the hands, shaking by the scruff or jowls, physical take-downs, and mild to severe hitting with the hands or objects such as rolled up newspapers. 在调查许多攻击性案例的历史时，我发现大多数狗属于易激动或高度易激动类型，表现出行为问题，主人对此施加了各种程度和类型的惩罚。这些惩罚包括用手指指着脸训斥（这是一种可能促使狗咬人的刺激）、用手夹住口鼻、抓住颈背或下颚摇晃、强行按倒，以及用手或卷起的报纸等物品进行轻度到严重的打击。
A young married couple called about their 6-month-old intact female Springer Spaniel that was overprotective of its food. The dog, an eager eater, needed its muzzle wiped after eating twice daily, a duty that initially fell to the wife. The Springer was excitable and highly oral (mouthy) chewing on the hand of anyone trying to pet her. The husband’s roughhousing nurtured this behavior. The wife was shocked when she used a paper towel the first time she cleaned up the dog’s muzzle and the pup bared its fangs, a reflexive response to having its upper lip held. As a correction, the Springer’s mouth was held shut and “No bite” was shouted, followed by milder scolding. After several of these experiences, the pup growled, 一对年轻的已婚夫妇打电话咨询他们 6 个月大的未绝育母斯普林格猎犬，这只狗对食物表现出过度保护。狗非常贪吃，每天吃完饭后需要擦拭口鼻部，这项任务最初由妻子负责。这只斯普林格猎犬性格兴奋且非常喜欢用嘴，经常咬试图抚摸她的人的手。丈夫的粗暴玩耍助长了这种行为。妻子第一次用纸巾清理狗的口鼻部时，感到震惊，因为小狗露出了牙齿，这是对上唇被抓住的本能反应。作为纠正，斯普林格的嘴被强行闭合，同时大声喊“不要咬”，随后是较温和的责骂。经过几次这样的经历后，小狗开始咆哮，
which elicited even harsher scolding. This all started at about 41//241 / 2 months of age. 这引来了更严厉的责骂。这一切大约从 41//241 / 2 个月大时开始。
The couple then followed advice to “desensitize” the dog to what they perceived as food-related aggressiveness. Her food bowl was presented and she was hand-fed bits of food by the husband before being allowed to eat freely. He also placed his hand in the bowl as the dog ate. The Springer was unwittingly being teased with food and her defensive mechanisms effectively conditioned to respond to any action at her food bowl. She was muzzle-clamped, “No’d,” slapped and grabbed by the jowls, lifted and shaken as corrections. She then started growling when the owners merely put down her food, or if they stood within a few feet of her while she ate. When the clients called, the Springer had bitten the husband’s hand and drawn blood during the hand-in-the-bowl ritual. 这对夫妇随后按照建议，对狗进行“脱敏”训练，以应对他们认为与食物相关的攻击性。丈夫会先将食物碗递给她，然后用手喂她一些食物，之后才允许她自由进食。他还会在狗吃饭时将手放入食物碗中。这只斯普林格犬无意中被食物戏弄，她的防御机制被有效地条件化，以对食物碗周围的任何动作做出反应。她被夹住嘴套，被制止、拍打和抓住下颚，甚至被提起并摇晃作为纠正手段。后来，当主人仅仅放下食物，或者站在她吃饭的几英尺范围内时，她就开始咆哮。客户来电时，斯普林格犬在“手入碗”仪式中咬伤了丈夫的手并流血。
Fortunately, this sort of negative neuro-physio-psychological conditioning toward defensive/aggressive, emotionally driven responses has a positive counterpart. Once the owners understood their Springer’s nervous system makeup and the mechanisms controlling it, they were quick to grasp corrective measures. 幸运的是，这种针对防御性/攻击性、情绪驱动反应的负面神经-生理-心理条件反射有其积极的对应面。一旦主人了解了斯普林格犬的神经系统构造及其控制机制，他们很快就掌握了纠正措施。
They first fed the dog outdoors to avoid the former context of kitchen feeding. This allowed the owners and dog a cool-ing-off period and avoided confrontations for about a week. 他们首先在户外喂狗，以避免之前在厨房喂食的环境。这让主人和狗都有一个冷静期，避免了大约一周的对抗。
At the same time, paper towels to clean the muzzle were replaced by a soft cotton towel, as many dogs in my experience do not enjoy the texture or sound of paper. Whether this is rooted in early punishment for chewing up papers, or is due to an innate defensive response to high-frequency sounds made by rustling paper, perhaps associated with reptiles, is not certain. Roughhousing was also stopped. The pup was taught to sit on command when she sought affection, and hands were withdrawn at the first sign of mouthiness. The couple was advised to apply an upbeat “jolly routine” (see Chapter 8) before and during meals and cleanups. This procedure usually takes only 1 or 2 applications before the owners see a positive result. About 6 weeks of treatment are usually required before the dog permanently adopts, or iniernalizes, its new emotional and behavioral responses. 同时，用来擦拭口鼻的纸巾被柔软的棉毛巾取代，因为根据我的经验，许多狗不喜欢纸巾的质地或声音。这是否源于早期因咬碎纸张而受到的惩罚，或者是对纸张摩擦发出的高频声音产生的天生防御反应，可能与爬行动物有关，目前尚不确定。粗暴玩耍也被停止。小狗在寻求亲昵时被教导服从“坐下”命令，且一旦出现咬人的迹象，手就会被收回。建议这对夫妇在用餐和清理期间及之前，采用一种积极愉快的“欢乐程序”（见第 8 章）。这一程序通常只需 1 到 2 次应用，主人就能看到积极效果。通常需要大约 6 周的治疗，狗才能永久采纳或内化其新的情绪和行为反应。
It is probably easier to create stress and hyper-activity in excitable dogs, but I have seen inhibitable types become extremely depressed, failing to wag their tails when praised, petted or happily approached for play, activities that only weeks before had produced “joyful” canine responses. However, creating such depression in inhibitable dogs usually requires stronger, more persistent stress than is required to create imbalances in excitable types. Inhibitable dogs seem to withstand negative treatment longer before showing visible effects. However, dogs with balanced nervous systems, neither predominantly excitable or inhibitable, adapt to life’s negative influences most successfully. 在易激动的狗身上，可能更容易产生压力和过度活跃的表现，但我也见过抑制型的狗变得极度抑郁，受到表扬、抚摸或愉快地接近玩耍时，尾巴都不再摇摆，而这些活动在几周前还会引起“快乐”的犬类反应。然而，要在抑制型狗身上造成这种抑郁，通常需要比在易激动型狗身上引起失衡更强烈、更持久的压力。抑制型狗似乎能更长时间承受负面对待，才会表现出明显的影响。然而，神经系统平衡的狗，既不主要是易激动型也不主要是抑制型，最能成功适应生活中的负面影响。
Summary 总结
Most problem-prone dogs are excitable types, but some inhibited types also develop problems. Excitable dogs react to stress with outwardly directed activity, such as chewing, barking or digging. Inhibited types tend to direct their behavior inwardly, as with self-mutilation, excessive salivation, soft whining, loss of appetite, and depression. Balanced dogs may respond in either direction, depending on the nature of their environmental stress. 大多数容易出现问题的狗是易激动型，但一些抑制型也会出现问题。易激动型狗对压力的反应是向外表现的活动，如咀嚼、吠叫或挖掘。抑制型则倾向于将行为内向化，如自残、过度流涎、轻声哀鸣、食欲减退和抑郁。平衡型的狗可能会根据环境压力的性质，向任一方向作出反应。
While behavioral tendencies appear to be genetically determined, the general environmental and social atmosphere and/or early emotional trauma can influence development of the nervous system, as well as a dog’s emotional response tendencies throughout life, becoming important both in creating and overcoming behavior problems. Perhaps, in considering the nature versus nurture (genetics vs. environment) question and its effects on behavior, one pioneer of animal behavior, D.O. Hebb, put it most succinctly: To paraphrase him… The answer is that behavior is controlled 100%100 \% by genetics and 100%100 \% by environment! 虽然行为倾向似乎是由遗传决定的，但一般的环境和社会氛围以及/或早期的情感创伤可以影响神经系统的发展，以及狗一生中的情绪反应倾向，这在行为问题的产生和克服中都变得重要。或许，在考虑天性与教养（遗传与环境）问题及其对行为的影响时，动物行为学的先驱之一 D.O. Hebb 最简洁地表达了这一点：套用他的话来说……答案是行为由 100%100 \% 遗传和 100%100 \% 环境共同控制！
Behavior's Foundations: Reflexes 行为的基础：反射
Reflexes occur where nervous pathways transmit impulses from one pathway to another. The well known unconditioned knee-jerk reflex occurs when the incoming sensory nerves from just below the knee cap sense a jolt, which is transmitted to the spinal column, where there is a junction (synapse) with a motor nerve, which is activated, transmitting a message to the extensor thigh muscles, 反射发生在神经通路将冲动从一条通路传递到另一条通路的地方。众所周知的无条件膝跳反射发生在膝盖下方的感觉神经感受到震动时，这个信号被传递到脊柱，在那里与运动神经形成一个连接（突触），运动神经被激活，向伸展大腿肌肉传递信息，
which suddenly constrict, causing the lower leg to jerk forward. Knee-jerk reflexes are easy to understand, since they do not involve the brain. However, thousands of other reflexes involving the brain are constantly at work. Some of these are activated consciously, others operate unconsciously. Hence, the nervous system is defined in two branches of control; voluntary (under conscious control) and involuntary (controlled unconsciously). 突然收缩，导致小腿向前抽动。膝跳反射很容易理解，因为它们不涉及大脑。然而，成千上万种涉及大脑的其他反射不断在起作用。其中一些是有意识地被激活的，另一些则是无意识地运作的。因此，神经系统被定义为两个控制分支：自主（在意识控制下）和非自主（无意识控制）。
In Ivan Pavlov’s experimental work with dogs, he sounded a bell and then gave the dogs a bit of solid food (meat or bread) which produced salivation. This was repeated until the dogs salivated for the bell just as if it were food. He called the food an unconditioned stimulus and the bell a conditioned stimulus, even though solid food for dogs is actually a conditioned stimulus. 在伊万·巴甫洛夫对狗的实验中，他先响铃，然后给狗一点固体食物（肉或面包），这会引起流口水。这个过程反复进行，直到狗听到铃声就像看到食物一样流口水。他称食物为无条件刺激，铃声为条件刺激，尽管对狗来说固体食物实际上是条件刺激。
Surprisingly, salivating for solid food is not an inborn, unconditioned reflex. In another Russian experiment, puppies were weaned and fed only milk for several months. They did not salivate when they smelled, saw or ate solid food until they had eaten it several times! 令人惊讶的是，对固体食物流口水并不是一种天生的无条件反射。在另一项俄罗斯实验中，小狗被断奶后几个月只喂奶。它们在闻到、看到或吃到固体食物时并不会流口水，直到它们多次吃过固体食物后才会流口水！
So, Pavlov’s famous bell-food experiments actually conditioned salivation from one conditioned reflex to another. On the other hand, injecting lemon juice into a dog’s mouth and producing salivation, or pricking a leg with a pin and causing a withdrawal movement, were genuinely innate reflexes. Pavlov’s work, and the resulting publicity, have helped explain a great deal about both animal and human behavior, some of it to the benefit of dogs in general. Pavlov’s most important principles will be presented later in this chapter. 所以，巴甫洛夫著名的铃声-食物实验实际上是通过一个条件反射来条件化另一个条件反射引起唾液分泌。另一方面，将柠檬汁注入狗的口中引起唾液分泌，或用针刺腿部引起撤回动作，是真正的天生反射。巴甫洛夫的工作及其引起的广泛关注，帮助解释了许多动物和人类的行为，其中一些对狗的整体福利有益。巴甫洛夫最重要的原则将在本章后面介绍。
However, there is a down side to Pavlov’s publicity: It created the general impression that discoveries about laboratory dogs, in a totally unnatural environment, explain the behavior of wild animals and/or domestic pets living in active, often hectic social environments. The result is that some behaviorists still struggle to diagnose and solve behavior problems using purely conditioned behavioral theory, disregarding principles derived from empirical (practical) experience. Perhaps more unfortunately, Pavlov’s work tended to validate some popular concepts that animals can’t think, they merely respond to stimuli and behave… like robots. 然而，巴甫洛夫的宣传也有负面影响：它造成了一种普遍印象，即在完全不自然的实验室环境中对实验犬的发现，可以解释生活在活跃且常常忙碌的社会环境中的野生动物和/或家养宠物的行为。结果是，一些行为学家仍然努力仅用条件行为理论来诊断和解决行为问题，而忽视了来自经验（实践）原则的指导。或许更不幸的是，巴甫洛夫的工作倾向于验证一些流行观念，即动物不会思考，它们只是对刺激作出反应并表现行为……就像机器人一样。
The late Polish behavioral scientist, Jerzy Konorski, M.D., wisely recognized, then commented on, the severe limitations of objective experimental work. ^(10){ }^{10} He warned that it is very unscien- 已故的波兰行为科学家 Jerzy Konorski 医学博士，明智地认识到并评论了客观实验工作的严重局限性。 ^(10){ }^{10} 他警告说，将基于实验室的行为原则应用于相对自由生活环境中的动物是非常不科学的。
tific to apply laborotory-based behavioral principles to animals in a relatively free-living environment. Even so, properly applied, many laboratory findings are useful in understanding canine behavior. We will consider some of them as they apply to dog behavior problems. 即便如此，正确应用时，许多实验室的发现对于理解犬类行为仍然有用。我们将考虑其中一些与犬类行为问题相关的内容。
Types of Reflexes 反射类型
There are 2 major types of reflexes: unconditioned reflexes are inborn/instinctive; Conditioned reflexes fall into two categories, because they mediate two types of nervous functions. 反射主要有两种类型：无条件反射是天生的/本能的；条件反射分为两类，因为它们调节两种神经功能。
Unconditioned Reflexes 无条件反射
Most unconditioned reflexes are vital for survival of individual animals and their species. The basic rooting reflex of sightless newborn puppies causes them to move toward the mother’s teat, but they will also blindly root for great distances toward a warm hand. ^(11){ }^{11} Shortly thereafter, as a pup’s brain develops the ability to discriminate between a hand and its dam’s flesh, only the nipple will be sought for food. This perceptual discrimination, i.e. the ability to inhibit unproductive unconditioned behavior, is one of the earliest signs of natural conditioned learning in puppies. Without it, a puppy might starve to death suckling on a litter mate’s paw. 大多数无条件反射对于个体动物及其物种的生存至关重要。盲眼新生幼犬的基本觅食反射使它们朝向母犬的乳头移动，但它们也会盲目地朝向温暖的手觅食，距离可达很远。 ^(11){ }^{11} 不久之后，随着幼犬大脑发展出区分手和母犬皮肤的能力，它们只会寻找乳头来获取食物。这种感知辨别能力，即抑制无效无条件行为的能力，是幼犬自然条件学习的最早迹象之一。没有这种能力，幼犬可能会因吮吸同窝幼犬的爪子而饿死。
Other unconditioned reflexes, such as startling in response to a loud sound, appear as the puppy’s sensory capabilities develop. Still others, such as eliminative, orienting, investigative, chase, active flight/fight and passive freeze defense reflexes, require appropriate environmental stimulation for normal expression, keeping in mind the effects of early and prolonged deprivation mentioned earlier (see Table 2). 其他无条件反射，如对响亮声音的惊吓反应，会随着幼犬感官能力的发展而出现。还有一些反射，如排泄反射、定向反射、探索反射、追逐反射、主动逃跑/战斗反射和被动冻结防御反射，需要适当的环境刺激才能正常表现，同时要考虑前面提到的早期和长期剥夺的影响（见表 2）。
Conditioning and the Involuntary Reflexes 条件反射与非自主反射
The reflexes to urinate and defecate after eating are among the first conditioned reflexes in dogs. Unless the mother licks the pups’ genitals and anus, elimination would not occur, and the puppies would die. Urine and fecal matter, which is sterile, are then ingested by the mother to maintain a clean environment for her litter. In a few days the pups usually begin eliminating after eating without the mother’s stimulation. At about 3 weeks of age, when the pups can see and move with some efficiency, they follow the dam’s 吃完饭后排尿和排便的反射是狗最早形成的条件反射之一。除非母狗舔幼崽的生殖器和肛门，否则幼崽不会排泄，且可能因此死亡。尿液和粪便是无菌的，母狗会将其摄入体内，以保持窝内环境的清洁。几天后，幼崽通常会在没有母狗刺激的情况下开始吃完饭后排泄。
example, obeying a developing tendency to act-like her (allelomimetic behavior) and eliminate away from the nest area if the opportunity is available. This behavior is used to advantage by many knowledgeable breeders who move their litters to areas with outdoor access. Then, the eat-then-eliminate cycle virtually prehouse trains the pups. Later, because the new owners must be present to feed the new pup, it is a simple matter to allow them access to the outdoor toilet area soon after eating. 大约在 3 周龄时，幼崽的视力和行动能力有所提高，它们会模仿母狗的行为（同类模仿行为），如果有机会，会选择在远离巢穴的地方排泄。许多有经验的饲养者利用这一行为优势，将幼崽移至有户外通道的区域。这样，吃完饭后排泄的循环几乎相当于对幼崽进行预先的室内训练。后来，由于新主人必须亲自喂养幼崽，因此很容易在幼崽吃完饭后让它们去户外厕所区域。
In an experiment to see the age pups begin to learn, Scott and Fuller ^(12){ }^{12} conditioned a leg-withdrawal response to mild electric shock with various stimuli, touch, odor, taste, sound and light. Though some success was achieved as early as 14 days of age, “stable” responses were not shown until 18-21 days of age. After that age, conditioned reflexes form with dramatic speed and are well retained, especially when conditioning is done almost daily and spans 6 weeks. ^(410){ }^{410} This is vitally important when we consider that a dog is not consciously deciding to respond, but rather its involuntary nervous system is responding. Another Russian, V.S. Rusinov, performed brain wave experiments on dogs. Well-retained conditioning procedures produced unique electroencephalographic wave forms in each dog. Then, on days when conditioning sessions were not held (but at the usual time for the procedures) the dogs still produced wave forms typical of those in the experimental conditioning situation, though they were out in their kennels. The dogs’ biological “clocks” proved to be accurate to within 30 seconds in a 24 -hour period. ^(13){ }^{13} 在一项旨在观察幼犬开始学习年龄的实验中，Scott 和 Fuller ^(12){ }^{12} 使用触觉、气味、味觉、声音和光等多种刺激，对幼犬的腿部撤回反应进行了轻微电击条件反射训练。尽管在 14 天龄时就取得了一些成功，但“稳定”的反应直到 18-21 天龄才出现。此后，条件反射形成速度极快且保持良好，尤其是在几乎每天进行且持续 6 周的条件训练中。 ^(410){ }^{410} 当我们考虑到狗不是有意识地决定做出反应，而是其非自主神经系统在响应时，这一点尤为重要。另一位俄罗斯学者 V.S. Rusinov 对狗进行了脑电波实验。良好保持的条件训练程序在每只狗身上产生了独特的脑电图波形。随后，在未进行条件训练但在通常训练时间段内的日子里，狗仍然产生了与实验条件训练情境中典型波形相似的脑电波，尽管它们当时在自己的狗舍中。狗的生物“时钟”在 24 小时内的准确度达到了 30 秒以内。 ^(13){ }^{13}
Rusinov helped to explain why most pets become highly active and alert when homecoming time draws near, especially when regular departures from home are highly emotional or when feeding times approach. 鲁西诺夫帮助解释了为什么大多数宠物在主人回家时间临近时会变得非常活跃和警觉，尤其是在经常性的离家时刻伴随着强烈情绪反应或接近喂食时间时。
Conditioning and Voluntary Reflexes 条件反射与自主反射
Voluntary conditioning using either operant or classical/Pavlovian procedures, requires the dog to actively perform some movement that brings a reward or avoids or curtails a painful or unpleasant stimulus or set of circumstances. 使用操作性条件反射或经典/巴甫洛夫程序进行的自主条件反射，要求狗主动做出某种动作，以获得奖励或避免、减少痛苦或不愉快的刺激或情境。
Pavlovian research showed that when a buzzer was sounded just before a mild electric shock was applied to the foreleg of a dog, 巴甫洛夫的研究表明，当在对狗的前腿施加轻微电击之前响起蜂鸣器时，
most dogs learned to raise the foreleg to the buzzer’s sound alone. In this type of conditioning, the leg is raised at the shock as a purely involuntary, unconditioned defense reflex action. The dog then consciously learns that the buzzer signals the shock and voluntarily raises the leg to avoid getting shocked. However, involuntary conditioning is also occurring-the dog’s adrenal glands are being conditioned to secrete both adrenaline and cortisol, both of which are indicators of stress, a critical factor in both problem behavior and physical health. 大多数狗学会了仅凭蜂鸣器的声音就抬起前腿。在这种条件反射中，抬腿是在受到电击时作为一种纯粹的无意识的、非条件的防御反射动作。然后，狗有意识地学会蜂鸣器预示着电击，并主动抬腿以避免被电击。然而，无意识的条件反射也在发生——狗的肾上腺被条件反射地分泌肾上腺素和皮质醇，这两者都是压力的指标，而压力是问题行为和身体健康的关键因素。
This type of combination conditioning was also used to inhibit previously learned as well as natural behavior. In this work, the buzzer was sounded as the dog performed some unwanted behavior, and the shock applied with, or soon after, the buzzer sounded. After a few applications, the dog learned not to undertake that behavior. This sort of work forms the theoretical basis for many of the electric shock devices in use today. However, only recently has the impact of involuntary conditioning on the a dog’s immune system been undertaken. In this work, loud sounds and mild electric shock produced acute stress, as measured by elevated cortisol hormone content in the dogs’ saliva and blood. ^(21){ }^{21} The dogs also showed fear behaviorisms of crouching, trembling, lowered tail positions, etc. 这种组合条件反射也被用来抑制先前学会的以及自然的行为。在这项工作中，当狗表现出某些不良行为时，会发出蜂鸣声，并在蜂鸣声响起时或之后不久施加电击。经过几次应用后，狗学会了不再进行该行为。这类工作构成了当今许多电击装置的理论基础。然而，直到最近，才开始研究非自愿条件反射对狗免疫系统的影响。在这项研究中，响亮的声音和轻微的电击引起了急性应激，通过狗唾液和血液中皮质醇激素含量的升高来测量。 ^(21){ }^{21} 狗还表现出害怕的行为，如蹲伏、颤抖、尾巴下垂等。
In experiments with appetitive rather than defensive reflexes, buzzers were sounded while a cord was pulled to lift a dog’s foreleg, shortly after which a morsel of food was presented. In this procedure the dog is initially forced to lift its leg, but quickly starts raising it voluntarily at the buzzer, learning that doing so at the buzzer’s signal brings food, a voluntary conditioned response to a passive motor movement, in that the dog does not actively take part in the initial leg lifting. This conditioning applies to dog training systems wherein the dog is physically forced to sit as a command is spoken, after which a tidbit and/or praise and petting are given. 在涉及食欲反射而非防御反射的实验中，当拉动一根绳子抬起狗的前腿时，会响起蜂鸣器声，随后不久会给出一小块食物。在这个过程中，狗最初是被迫抬起腿的，但很快就开始在蜂鸣器响起时自愿抬腿，学会了在蜂鸣器信号时这样做会带来食物，这是一种对被动运动的自愿条件反应，因为狗在最初抬腿时并未主动参与。这种条件反射适用于狗训练系统中，狗在口令下被身体强制坐下，随后给予小食和/或表扬与抚摸。
It is important to mention that all the canine candidates for Pavlov’s experimental schooling did not qualify. Many were washed out because they failed to adapt to the close confinement, the restrictive harnesses, or the uncomfortable, sometimes painful, conditions. In fact, these wash-outs caused him to document his freedom reflex, which we will discuss later. 值得一提的是，并非所有被选为巴甫洛夫实验训练对象的犬只都合格。许多狗因无法适应狭小的空间、束缚的背带或不舒服甚至有时带有疼痛的条件而被淘汰。事实上，正是这些淘汰促使他记录了他的自由反射，我们将在后文讨论。
As we have noted, classical conditioning procedures are often mis-defined as dealing only with involuntary glandular and smooth 正如我们所指出的，经典条件反射程序常被误解为仅涉及非自主的腺体和光滑肌的反应。
muscle responses. Pavlovian investigators also worked with voluntary motor responses. To describe a dog’s behavior as purely acquired through classical conditioning, or to design remedial programs based on them, is to oversimplify the nervous processes of an extremely complex animal, especially since most canine behavior derives from operant learning. 肌肉反应。巴甫洛夫的研究者们也研究了自主运动反应。将狗的行为单纯描述为通过经典条件作用获得的，或基于此设计矫正方案，是对极其复杂动物神经过程的过度简化，尤其是因为大多数犬类行为源自操作性学习。
Operant Conditioning 操作性条件作用
E. L. Thorndike first proposed the idea of conditioned reflexes in 1911 in his work, Animal Intelligence. ^(14)He{ }^{14} \mathrm{He} put his cat in a small cage and released immediately when it happened to scratch itself. After release, it was replaced in the cage until it scratched again, which the cat resumed very quickly after caging, indicating the cat had learned that scratching led to freedom. When the cat quieted down and looked quite serene after its release, Thorndike called it a “satisfying state of affairs,” now known as homeostasis. Conditioning so-called spontaneous (accidental) behavior came to be known as operant or (often) instrumental conditioning, while the cat’s part in the affair was called operant learning. Later, food rewards were most often used and widely publicized through B.F. Skinner’s work, The Behavior of Organisms. ^(15){ }^{15} E. L. Thorndike 最早在 1911 年他的著作《动物智力》中提出了条件反射的概念。 ^(14)He{ }^{14} \mathrm{He} 他把猫放进一个小笼子里，当猫碰巧抓自己时立即放它出来。放出后，猫又被放回笼中，直到它再次抓自己，猫在被关进笼子后很快又开始抓自己，这表明猫已经学会了抓自己会带来自由。当猫被放出后安静下来，看起来相当平静时，Thorndike 称之为“令人满意的状态”，现在称为体内平衡。对所谓自发（偶然）行为的条件作用被称为操作性或（通常）工具性条件作用，而猫在其中的角色被称为操作性学习。后来，食物奖励被最常使用，并通过 B.F. Skinner 的著作《有机体的行为》广泛传播。 ^(15){ }^{15}
The laboratory animals used most by early investigators were rats, mice and pigeons. Even so, the operant method of acquiring behavioral conditioning aptly describes development of many kinds of problems in pet dogs. 早期研究者使用最多的实验动物是老鼠、小鼠和鸽子。即便如此，操作性获得行为条件作用的方法恰当地描述了宠物狗许多问题的发展过程。
Example: A puppy put in the laundry room on its first night in a new owner’s home may at first whine fruitlessly, but soon elevate its whines to yowls, which may bring the owner and punishment, verbal consolation or complete relief via a night in bed with someone. Behavior driven by strong emotions tends to be more quickly conditioned than other motivators, even hunger. So, the next time the pup is isolated in the laundry room (usually the next night), the whining may be brief, but the yowling usually starts more quickly and gets louder, as the previous night’s conditioning intensifies the pup’s emotional distress. If the unwary owner who punishes the pup (trying to apply aversive conditioning) is actually using negative reinforcement, i.e., removing the puppy from the negative social isolation, even if it means scolding or spanking. This is an 例子：一只小狗在新主人家的第一晚被关在洗衣房里，起初可能会徒劳地呜咽，但很快会将呜咽声提高到嚎叫，这可能会引来主人的注意和惩罚、口头安慰，或者通过与某人同床共眠获得完全的安慰。由强烈情绪驱动的行为往往比其他动机（甚至饥饿）更容易被条件反射。因此，下次小狗被单独关在洗衣房时（通常是第二晚），呜咽可能会很短暂，但嚎叫通常会更快开始且声音更大，因为前一晚的条件反射加剧了小狗的情绪痛苦。如果不警觉的主人惩罚小狗（试图施加厌恶条件反射），实际上却是在使用负强化，即通过将小狗从负面的社会隔离中移开，即使这意味着责骂或打屁股。这是一个
example of another behavioral principle. Positive emotional/social drives are often stronger than avoiding pain. 另一个行为原理的例子。积极的情绪/社交驱动力通常比避免痛苦更强烈。
Another classic example of “accidental” operant conditioning by owners also involves social gratification: A pup who feels lonely, even while in the owners’ presence, approaches and nuzzles them, then receives attention, quickly learns to repeat the behavior and becomes a pest. If we accept that both its lonely emotional state, i.e. its motivation to seek attention and its attention seeking behavior are both being reinforced, the reason for the persistent pestering becomes apparent. 另一个主人“无意中”进行操作性条件反射的经典例子也涉及社交满足感：一只小狗即使在主人的陪伴下感到孤独，便会走近并蹭主人，随后获得关注，很快学会重复这种行为，变得令人烦恼。如果我们接受它孤独的情绪状态，即它寻求关注的动机和它寻求关注的行为都得到了强化，那么持续纠缠的原因就显而易见了。
I have seen puppies who pestered almost continuously, even though they were scolded, even slapped by the owners, a phenomenon described earlier by Scott and Fuller. Though the puppy did not know it, it had been applying an operant conditioning procedure to its owners. They had unwittingly become the pup’s behavioral subjects! The puppy stimulates, the owner responds and also feels rewarded by the pup’s affectionate behavior. But the pup is also learning to lead, to control the social interactions with the owners, i.e., it is learning about leadership. (Most owners also gain a health benefit, i.e., their blood pressure goes down, at least until the puppy becomes an obnoxious pest.) The result of this interaction is a puppy that feels abandoned and deprived without human company. When owners grasp the importance of this scenario, they develop new insights about the origin of their dog’s problems, especially those with dogs who cannot be left alone without destroying things. 我见过一些小狗几乎不停地纠缠主人，即使被主人责骂，甚至被拍打，这种现象早先由斯科特和富勒描述过。虽然小狗自己并不知道，但它实际上是在对主人施加操作性条件反射。主人们无意中成了小狗的行为对象！小狗刺激主人，主人回应，同时也因小狗的亲昵行为而感到满足。但小狗也在学习如何领导，如何控制与主人的社交互动，也就是说，它在学习领导力。（大多数主人也因此获得健康益处，比如血压下降，至少在小狗还没变成讨厌的麻烦之前。）这种互动的结果是，小狗一旦没有人陪伴，就会感到被遗弃和剥夺。当主人理解了这种情形的重要性，他们会对狗狗问题的起因有新的认识，尤其是那些不能独处而会破坏东西的狗狗。
Reflex Conflicts, Frustration, Anxiety and Problems 反射冲突、挫折、焦虑与问题
To understand better the physiologic and psychological (emotional) sensitivity of dogs, we must refer again to Pavlovian research, both in Russia and later by Konorski in Poland. It is still not widely known, or at least referred to, in the West that Pavlov and Konorski’s work was driven by their interest in mental health. Experiments with dogs were not only aimed at understanding how the nervous system worked, but how it became imbalanced. He believed that conditioned reflexes could not only produce neuroses and psychoses, but that they also could be used to cure mental illness. His attempts to produce imbalances in experimental condi- 为了更好地理解狗的生理和心理（情绪）敏感性，我们必须再次提到巴甫洛夫的研究，这些研究既在俄罗斯进行，后来也由波兰的科诺尔斯基继续。西方世界对此仍然知之甚少，或者至少很少提及，巴甫洛夫和科诺尔斯基的工作是出于他们对心理健康的兴趣。对狗的实验不仅旨在了解神经系统如何运作，还旨在了解它如何失衡。他认为条件反射不仅能引发神经症和精神病，还可以用来治疗精神疾病。他试图在实验条件下制造失衡的尝试非常成功，这些发现对于理解狗许多轻微和严重行为问题的原因具有极其宝贵的价值。
tions were highly successful, and the findings are invaluable to understanding the causes of many minor and very serious behavior problems in dogs. 这些实验条件的制造非常成功，这些发现对于理解狗许多轻微和严重行为问题的原因具有极其宝贵的价值。
One Palovian procedure was to produce conflicts and imbalances between the excitatory and inhibitory processes of the nervous system by applying extremely strong and/or extraordinary stimuli, problems which the dogs could not solve, and inconsistent reinforcements. Although most dogs became neurotic, or even psychotic, imbalances were not produced in all dogs; extremely excitable or inhibited types were most susceptible. One consistent element in this work is that the harmful forces affecting the dog are conflict and frustration, produced because the animal cannot resolve the experimental dilemma. 帕洛夫的一种方法是通过施加极强和/或非同寻常的刺激、狗无法解决的问题以及不一致的强化，来制造神经系统中兴奋过程和抑制过程之间的冲突和失衡。虽然大多数狗变得神经质，甚至精神病态，但并非所有狗都会产生失衡；极度兴奋或抑制型的狗最容易受到影响。这项工作中一个始终如一的因素是，影响狗的有害力量是冲突和挫折，这些都是因为动物无法解决实验中的困境而产生的。
When we apply these principles of conflict and frustration to the interactions of a pet dog with the social and structural elements in its environment, we will see more clearly how behavior problems develop. Just as importantly, most dog owners are quick to recognize how their own actions affect their dogs’ behavior. 当我们将这些冲突和挫折的原则应用于宠物狗与其环境中的社会和结构元素的互动时，我们将更清楚地看到行为问题是如何发展的。同样重要的是，大多数狗主人能够迅速意识到他们自己的行为如何影响狗的行为。
Sexual Reflexes 性反射
Before leaving our discussion of reflexes, some personal observations about a subject that has yet to be investigated seriously, at least publicly: the tendency of pet dogs to initiate sexual behavior and/or to respond with sexual arousal and/or overt sexual behavior to certain physical or social stimulation from the owners. I have had cases involving deliberate sexual stimulation of dogs by people, and other cases in which the owners and dogs engaged in abnormal interspecies sexual relationships. Most of these cases involved severe aggression in the dog. Cases involving physical relationships are always referred for psychiatric or psychological counseling along with behavioral counseling. The second edition of Between Pets and People, ^(23){ }^{23} by Alan Beck and Aaron Katcher, is an excellent book which mentions some interesting cases of such behavior. 在结束关于反射的讨论之前，先谈一些个人观察，这个话题至今尚未被认真研究，至少在公开领域是如此：宠物狗倾向于主动发起性行为和/或对主人某些身体或社交刺激表现出性唤起和/或明显的性行为。我遇到过一些案例，涉及人对狗的故意性刺激，以及主人与狗之间异常的跨物种性关系。这些案例中大多数狗表现出严重的攻击性。涉及身体关系的案例总是会被转介进行精神病学或心理咨询，同时进行行为咨询。Alan Beck 和 Aaron Katcher 合著的《Between Pets and People》第二版 ^(23){ }^{23} 是一本优秀的书，提到了此类行为的一些有趣案例。
Air-borne pheromones from a bitch in heat stimulate heightened libido in intact as well as some neutered male and female dogs. Following are some stimuli about which few owners are aware, but which can sexually excite dogs: 发情母犬释放的空气传播信息素会刺激未绝育的雄性和部分绝育的雄性及雌性狗的性欲增强。以下是一些少为主人所知，但能引起狗性兴奋的刺激：
Roughhousing. 粗暴玩耍。
Rubbing or petting on the chest, between the forelegs. 在胸部、前腿之间的摩擦或抚摸。
Prolonged petting or playful bumping on the sides of the neck above the shoulders, below the ears or on the throat. 长时间抚摸或在肩膀上方、耳朵下方或喉咙处轻轻撞击颈部两侧。
Prolonged scratching beside the base of the tail when it causes a lateral movement of the tail, in both intact and spayed bitches. 长时间在尾巴根部旁边抓挠，当这导致尾巴的侧向移动时，无论是未绝育还是绝育的母犬都会出现这种情况。
Physical stimulation of the genital region of either sex, as during bathing. 对任一性别的生殖区域进行身体刺激，例如洗澡时。
In roughhousing, a dog usually begins precopulatory clasping with the forelegs, nose-bunting or mouthing, or sexual mounting with pelvic thrusts. 在粗暴玩耍中，狗通常会用前腿开始交配前的抱夹，或用鼻子顶撞、用嘴咬，或者进行带有骨盆冲击的性骑跨。
Most dogs respond affectionately to the petting, scratching or playful bumping mentioned, without initiating overt sexual behavior. However, when it is prolonged, some dogs may attempt precopulatory “nudging,” display penile erection, or even persistently and aggressively mount people. Usually the responses stop when the owner stops the stimulation. But the side effects of such handling are seen in various sorts of behavior, such as whining, renewed approaches for petting and attention, and extreme (or mild) anxiety when left alone or ignored by the owner and not surprisingly, aggression toward other people in the area, either immediately or later. Owners rarely associate this delayed aggression with their frustrating extended petting or naive sexual stimulation of the dog, so it is generally labeled as protective. 大多数狗对上述的抚摸、挠痒或玩耍式的碰撞表现出亲昵的反应，但不会主动表现出明显的性行为。然而，当这种刺激持续时间较长时，有些狗可能会尝试交配前的“推挤”行为，出现阴茎勃起，甚至持续且具有攻击性地骑跨人。通常，当主人停止刺激时，这些反应也会停止。但这种处理方式的副作用会体现在各种行为上，比如哀鸣、重新寻求抚摸和关注，以及当被主人单独留下或忽视时表现出的极度（或轻微）焦虑，不出意外地，还会对周围的其他人表现出攻击性，这种攻击可能是立即发生，也可能是后来出现。主人很少将这种延迟的攻击行为与他们对狗进行的长时间抚摸或天真的性刺激联系起来，因此通常将其归类为保护性行为。
In some consultations it is helpful to explain in detail this sort of sexual stimulation to an owner. However, it usually suffices to point out that prolonged petting or any activity that stimulates pestering and causes frustration when the owner goes away and the dog cannot get the petting or other attention. All dogs in these cases are put on a remedial program in which they must learn-to-earn praise and petting (see Chapter 8). 在某些咨询中，向主人详细解释这种性刺激是有帮助的。然而，通常只需指出，长时间的抚摸或任何刺激烦扰的活动，当主人离开且狗狗无法获得抚摸或其他关注时，会引起挫败感。在这些情况下，所有的狗都要进行一个矫正计划，必须学会通过努力获得赞扬和抚摸（见第 8 章）。
Which Reflex, What Problems? 哪个反射，什么问题？
Table 2 (page 18) lists some unconditioned reflexes and their behavioral expressions that can develop into problems. 表 2（第 18 页）列出了一些无条件反射及其可能发展成问题的行为表现。
Chapter 1 第 1 章
Table 2. Behavioral expression of some unconditioned reflexes. 表 2. 一些无条件反射的行为表现。
Reflex 反射
Behavioral Expression 行为表现
Escape 逃避
Dog resists physical constraints, such as fences, harnesses, close confinement, doors and windows, as well as interference by people and other animals. 狗抵抗物理限制，如围栏、背带、狭小的空间、门窗，以及人和其他动物的干扰。
Flight 逃跑
Seeks escape from harmful or threatening stimuli. 寻求逃离有害或威胁性的刺激。
Fight 战斗
Responds aggressively toward painful or threatening stimuli, sometimes biting. Applies not only to physical pain, but also to social and territorial relationships. 对疼痛或威胁性刺激作出攻击性反应，有时会咬人。不仅适用于身体疼痛，也适用于社会和领地关系。
Freeze 僵住
Responds to painful or threatening stimuli by freezing, stiff movement and (rarely) catalepsy. 对疼痛或威胁性刺激的反应是僵住、动作僵硬和（极少数情况下）僵直症。
Bite 咬人
Bites when touched unexpectedly or with perceived threat, on the trunk, neck, head or muzzle; sometimes bites at painful stimulus to the extremities, or an air puff into the ear. This is a brainstem reflex, normally inhibited by early handling. ^(10){ }^{10} Also bites at sudden intrusions into or through the visual field. ^(16){ }^{16} 当意外触碰或感受到威胁时，会咬向躯干、颈部、头部或口鼻部；有时会咬向四肢的疼痛刺激，或耳朵里的气流刺激。这是一种脑干反射，通常通过早期的抚摸来抑制。 ^(10){ }^{10} 也会咬向突然进入或穿过视野的物体。 ^(16){ }^{16}
Withdrawal 撤回反射
Withdraws limb when a paw or leg is stimulated, especially when the stimulus is unexpected, sudden, confining or painful. 当爪子或腿受到刺激时，尤其是刺激意外、突然、限制性或疼痛时，会收回肢体。
Alimentary 消化系统
Eliminates after eating, drinking, awakening, excitement, stress, chewing or intense sniffing. Salivates in response to or in anticipation of food. 进食、饮水、醒来、兴奋、压力、咀嚼或强烈嗅闻后排泄。对食物的反应或预期会流口水。
Orientation 定向
Alerting response to changes in the environment, especially novel, unexpected, sudden, brief, strong or very subtle changes. 对环境变化的警觉反应，尤其是新奇、意外、突然、短暂、强烈或非常微妙的变化。
Targeting 瞄准
Follows the orientation reflex. The dog turns or otherwise focuses its sensory attention toward some stimulus that triggers the orienting reflex. (This is often considered part of the orientation reflex.) We list it as a separate function because it so often is interrupted by a stronger stimulus than the one triggering the preceding orientation and targeting reflex. 紧随定向反射。狗会转身或以其他方式将感官注意力集中到某个引发定向反射的刺激上。（这通常被认为是定向反射的一部分。）我们将其列为一个独立的功能，是因为它经常被比引发先前定向和瞄准反射的刺激更强烈的刺激所中断。
Investigative 调查性
The dog consciously seeks to discover and investigate the nature of novel or known stimuli that triggered the orientation and targeting reflexes. This may include visual inspection, smelling, listening, tasting (chewing, licking) or touching an object. 狗有意识地寻求发现和调查引发定向和瞄准反射的新奇或已知刺激的性质。这可能包括视觉检查、嗅闻、聆听、品尝（咀嚼、舔舐）或触摸物体。
Chase 追逐
Chases after, and sometimes grasping with the jaws, suddenly moving or fast-moving objects, highly animated people, animals and machines. Some dogs jump on or run into such stimuli. 追逐并有时用嘴咬住突然移动或快速移动的物体、高度活跃的人、动物和机器。有些狗会跳向或冲向这些刺激物。
Positive thigmotaxis 积极的触壁性
Dog opposes physical pressure. 狗反抗身体压力。
Balance 平衡
Attempts to retain balance. 尝试保持平衡。
Reflex Behavioral Expression
Escape Dog resists physical constraints, such as fences, harnesses, close confinement, doors and windows, as well as interference by people and other animals.
Flight Seeks escape from harmful or threatening stimuli.
Fight Responds aggressively toward painful or threatening stimuli, sometimes biting. Applies not only to physical pain, but also to social and territorial relationships.
Freeze Responds to painful or threatening stimuli by freezing, stiff movement and (rarely) catalepsy.
Bite Bites when touched unexpectedly or with perceived threat, on the trunk, neck, head or muzzle; sometimes bites at painful stimulus to the extremities, or an air puff into the ear. This is a brainstem reflex, normally inhibited by early handling. ^(10) Also bites at sudden intrusions into or through the visual field. ^(16)
Withdrawal Withdraws limb when a paw or leg is stimulated, especially when the stimulus is unexpected, sudden, confining or painful.
Alimentary Eliminates after eating, drinking, awakening, excitement, stress, chewing or intense sniffing. Salivates in response to or in anticipation of food.
Orientation Alerting response to changes in the environment, especially novel, unexpected, sudden, brief, strong or very subtle changes.
Targeting Follows the orientation reflex. The dog turns or otherwise focuses its sensory attention toward some stimulus that triggers the orienting reflex. (This is often considered part of the orientation reflex.) We list it as a separate function because it so often is interrupted by a stronger stimulus than the one triggering the preceding orientation and targeting reflex.
Investigative The dog consciously seeks to discover and investigate the nature of novel or known stimuli that triggered the orientation and targeting reflexes. This may include visual inspection, smelling, listening, tasting (chewing, licking) or touching an object.
Chase Chases after, and sometimes grasping with the jaws, suddenly moving or fast-moving objects, highly animated people, animals and machines. Some dogs jump on or run into such stimuli.
Positive thigmotaxis Dog opposes physical pressure.
Balance Attempts to retain balance.| Reflex | Behavioral Expression |
| :--- | :--- |
| Escape | Dog resists physical constraints, such as fences, harnesses, close confinement, doors and windows, as well as interference by people and other animals. |
| Flight | Seeks escape from harmful or threatening stimuli. |
| Fight | Responds aggressively toward painful or threatening stimuli, sometimes biting. Applies not only to physical pain, but also to social and territorial relationships. |
| Freeze | Responds to painful or threatening stimuli by freezing, stiff movement and (rarely) catalepsy. |
| Bite | Bites when touched unexpectedly or with perceived threat, on the trunk, neck, head or muzzle; sometimes bites at painful stimulus to the extremities, or an air puff into the ear. This is a brainstem reflex, normally inhibited by early handling. ${ }^{10}$ Also bites at sudden intrusions into or through the visual field. ${ }^{16}$ |
| Withdrawal | Withdraws limb when a paw or leg is stimulated, especially when the stimulus is unexpected, sudden, confining or painful. |
| Alimentary | Eliminates after eating, drinking, awakening, excitement, stress, chewing or intense sniffing. Salivates in response to or in anticipation of food. |
| Orientation | Alerting response to changes in the environment, especially novel, unexpected, sudden, brief, strong or very subtle changes. |
| Targeting | Follows the orientation reflex. The dog turns or otherwise focuses its sensory attention toward some stimulus that triggers the orienting reflex. (This is often considered part of the orientation reflex.) We list it as a separate function because it so often is interrupted by a stronger stimulus than the one triggering the preceding orientation and targeting reflex. |
| Investigative | The dog consciously seeks to discover and investigate the nature of novel or known stimuli that triggered the orientation and targeting reflexes. This may include visual inspection, smelling, listening, tasting (chewing, licking) or touching an object. |
| Chase | Chases after, and sometimes grasping with the jaws, suddenly moving or fast-moving objects, highly animated people, animals and machines. Some dogs jump on or run into such stimuli. |
| Positive thigmotaxis | Dog opposes physical pressure. |
| Balance | Attempts to retain balance. |
Table 3. Reflexive behavior and associated problems. 表 3. 反射行为及相关问题。
Reflex 反射
Related Problems 相关问题
Escape 逃脱
The initial stimulus is perceived by the dog as physically restricting. Responses include scratching digging, barking, chewing, pacing and jumping at or over barriers. Also included are dashing out of doors, going through windows or screens, self-mutilation, unruliness, aggressiveness, during or after confinement, fighting another family dog, or killing another animal (displaced or misplaced aggression) when frustrated. 狗最初将刺激感知为身体上的限制。反应包括抓挠、挖掘、吠叫、咀嚼、踱步以及跳跃或越过障碍物。还包括冲出门外、穿过窗户或纱窗、自残、难以管教、在被限制期间或之后表现出攻击性、与家中另一只狗打架，或在挫败时杀死另一只动物（转移性或错误的攻击性）。
Flight 逃跑
Shyness, fear-biting (when flight is not possible), submissive urination. 害羞、恐惧性咬人（当无法逃跑时）、顺从性尿尿。
Fight 打斗
Growling, fighting, biting, barking. 咆哮、打斗、咬人、吠叫。
Freeze 僵住
Shyness, fear-biting (often after an extremely stressful stimulus is removed, such as after being held for inoculation or grooming). 害羞、恐惧性咬人（通常发生在极度紧张的刺激解除后，例如注射或美容后被抱着时）。
Bite 咬伤
Biting due to perceived threats or sudden, unexpected touch to the body, neck, head or muzzle, or when fast-moving hands or objects move unexpectedly or repeatedly into or through the visual field. 因感知到威胁或身体、颈部、头部或口鼻部突然、意外的触碰，或当快速移动的手或物体意外或反复进入视觉范围时而咬人。
Withdrawal 撤回
Leg withdrawal makes grooming or other treatment of paws or legs difficult. 腿部撤回使得梳理或其他对爪子或腿部的处理变得困难。
Alimentary 消化系统
Excessive salivation, soiling house when excited or feeling stress, chewing as an appetitive tension reliever in stress (such as when feeding is delayed). 过度流涎，兴奋或感到压力时弄脏房屋，咀嚼作为缓解压力的食欲紧张行为（例如喂食延迟时）。
Orientation 定向反射
Quiet, relaxed behavior, even a hypnotic state, has been noted when the orientation reflex is "extinguished" or habituated by means of a rhythmic, mild stimulus, especially touch or sound. ^(4){ }^{4} 当定向反射通过节奏性、轻微的刺激，尤其是触觉或声音被“消除”或习惯化时，观察到安静、放松的行为，甚至类似催眠状态。 ^(4){ }^{4}
Targeting 瞄准
Hitting people with the snout or mouth when turning reflexively toward a stimulus. Often misinterpreted as biting, especially with small children if a scratch or bruise results. 当反射性地转向某个刺激时，用鼻子或嘴巴碰触人。常被误解为咬人，尤其是当小孩因此留下抓痕或瘀伤时。
Investigative 探索性
Lack of opportunity to exercise this reflex can lead to almost every type of problem, from "kennelosis" and catatonia to active tension relieving, such as chewing. 缺乏锻炼这种反射的机会可能导致几乎所有类型的问题，从“犬舍病”和紧张僵直到主动缓解紧张的行为，如咀嚼。
Chase 追逐
Chasing, jumping on or biting moving objects. 追逐、跳跃或咬移动的物体。
Positive thigmotaxis 积极的触壁反应
Resisting physical manipulation, at least when the stimulus is first experienced, such as the first time a puppy's rump is pushed down for a "Sit" command. Often misinterpreted as disobedience. If the dog is punished for the response, learning may be hampered. 抵抗身体操作，至少在首次经历刺激时如此，例如小狗第一次被按下臀部以执行“坐下”命令时。常被误解为不服从。如果因这种反应而惩罚狗，学习可能会受到阻碍。
Balance 平衡
Overstimulation appears to be involved in many cases of car sickness. 过度刺激似乎与许多晕车病例有关。
Reflex Related Problems
Escape The initial stimulus is perceived by the dog as physically restricting. Responses include scratching digging, barking, chewing, pacing and jumping at or over barriers. Also included are dashing out of doors, going through windows or screens, self-mutilation, unruliness, aggressiveness, during or after confinement, fighting another family dog, or killing another animal (displaced or misplaced aggression) when frustrated.
Flight Shyness, fear-biting (when flight is not possible), submissive urination.
Fight Growling, fighting, biting, barking.
Freeze Shyness, fear-biting (often after an extremely stressful stimulus is removed, such as after being held for inoculation or grooming).
Bite Biting due to perceived threats or sudden, unexpected touch to the body, neck, head or muzzle, or when fast-moving hands or objects move unexpectedly or repeatedly into or through the visual field.
Withdrawal Leg withdrawal makes grooming or other treatment of paws or legs difficult.
Alimentary Excessive salivation, soiling house when excited or feeling stress, chewing as an appetitive tension reliever in stress (such as when feeding is delayed).
Orientation Quiet, relaxed behavior, even a hypnotic state, has been noted when the orientation reflex is "extinguished" or habituated by means of a rhythmic, mild stimulus, especially touch or sound. ^(4)
Targeting Hitting people with the snout or mouth when turning reflexively toward a stimulus. Often misinterpreted as biting, especially with small children if a scratch or bruise results.
Investigative Lack of opportunity to exercise this reflex can lead to almost every type of problem, from "kennelosis" and catatonia to active tension relieving, such as chewing.
Chase Chasing, jumping on or biting moving objects.
Positive thigmotaxis Resisting physical manipulation, at least when the stimulus is first experienced, such as the first time a puppy's rump is pushed down for a "Sit" command. Often misinterpreted as disobedience. If the dog is punished for the response, learning may be hampered.
Balance Overstimulation appears to be involved in many cases of car sickness.| Reflex | Related Problems |
| :--- | :--- |
| Escape | The initial stimulus is perceived by the dog as physically restricting. Responses include scratching digging, barking, chewing, pacing and jumping at or over barriers. Also included are dashing out of doors, going through windows or screens, self-mutilation, unruliness, aggressiveness, during or after confinement, fighting another family dog, or killing another animal (displaced or misplaced aggression) when frustrated. |
| Flight | Shyness, fear-biting (when flight is not possible), submissive urination. |
| Fight | Growling, fighting, biting, barking. |
| Freeze | Shyness, fear-biting (often after an extremely stressful stimulus is removed, such as after being held for inoculation or grooming). |
| Bite | Biting due to perceived threats or sudden, unexpected touch to the body, neck, head or muzzle, or when fast-moving hands or objects move unexpectedly or repeatedly into or through the visual field. |
| Withdrawal | Leg withdrawal makes grooming or other treatment of paws or legs difficult. |
| Alimentary | Excessive salivation, soiling house when excited or feeling stress, chewing as an appetitive tension reliever in stress (such as when feeding is delayed). |
| Orientation | Quiet, relaxed behavior, even a hypnotic state, has been noted when the orientation reflex is "extinguished" or habituated by means of a rhythmic, mild stimulus, especially touch or sound. ${ }^{4}$ |
| Targeting | Hitting people with the snout or mouth when turning reflexively toward a stimulus. Often misinterpreted as biting, especially with small children if a scratch or bruise results. |
| Investigative | Lack of opportunity to exercise this reflex can lead to almost every type of problem, from "kennelosis" and catatonia to active tension relieving, such as chewing. |
| Chase | Chasing, jumping on or biting moving objects. |
| Positive thigmotaxis | Resisting physical manipulation, at least when the stimulus is first experienced, such as the first time a puppy's rump is pushed down for a "Sit" command. Often misinterpreted as disobedience. If the dog is punished for the response, learning may be hampered. |
| Balance | Overstimulation appears to be involved in many cases of car sickness. |
Table 3 (page 19) lists problems associated with frustration of unconditioned reflexes or with normal behavior following stimulation of these reflexes. 表 3（第 19 页）列出了与无条件反射受挫或这些反射刺激后正常行为相关的问题。
Other reflex behaviorisms might be included in these tables, but their classification as unconditioned or conditioned is still not well defined. However, their impact on problem behavior development is important. They are defensive reflexes. Specifically, growling, fang-baring, tail, ear and head positioning, pilo-erection (raising the hackles) cringing or rolling onto the side or back. 其他反射行为可能也包含在这些表格中，但它们作为无条件或条件反射的分类尚未明确定义。然而，它们对问题行为的发展影响重大。它们是防御性反射。具体包括咆哮、露牙、尾巴、耳朵和头部的位置调整、竖毛（竖起背毛）、畏缩或侧身或仰身翻滚。
Growling 咆哮声
Most dog owners do not know about the growling reflex which occurs in many dogs when their ear canals are massaged. When this apparently unconditioned response occurs, the dog may be punished, stimulating defensive reflexes to fight, flee or freeze. Also, when many dogs display submissive growling and/or fang baring, (the submissive “smile”), naive owners apply harsh punishment or back away from the dog. In either event, serious biting problems can result because the threatened dog displays submissive behavior, but achieves no relief from the owner’s threats or punishment so it then actively defends itself; or the retreating owner becomes fearful of the dog, which puts the dog in control. 大多数狗主人不了解一种咆哮反射，这种反射在许多狗的耳道被按摩时会发生。当这种明显的无条件反应出现时，狗可能会受到惩罚，从而激发防御性反射，如战斗、逃跑或僵住。此外，当许多狗表现出顺从的咆哮和/或露出犬牙（顺从的“微笑”）时，缺乏经验的主人会施以严厉惩罚或退避三舍。在任何一种情况下，都可能导致严重的咬人问题，因为受到威胁的狗表现出顺从行为，但未能从主人的威胁或惩罚中获得缓解，因而开始积极自卫；或者退缩的主人对狗产生恐惧，这使得狗处于控制地位。
Growling is one of the least studied kinds of canine behavior. Unfortunately, growling is widely regarded as something an owner should never tolerate, lest the dog become dominant in the relationship. In fact, many owners are advised to apply dominance handling techniques as a counter measure with puppies and adults. Two of these are to shake a puppy or dog by the scruff of the neck, or face the dog, grab it by the jowls, lift the front paws off the ground, shake sharply and shout “No.” Both of these techniques are lifethreatening, even to a young puppy. Serious defense reflexes can by triggered. Whether the dog actively tries to escape or defend itself, damage can be done to the dog, the owner and, most certainly to the relationship between them. Puppies may also sustain the same physical damage found in the shaken infant syndrome, i.e. ruptured tapetal tissue, brain damage and spinal injuries. 咆哮是犬类行为中研究最少的一种。不幸的是，咆哮通常被认为是主人绝不应该容忍的行为，否则狗会在关系中变得具有支配性。事实上，许多主人被建议对幼犬和成犬采取支配性处理技巧作为对策。其中两种方法是抓住幼犬或狗的颈背皮肤摇晃，或者面对狗，抓住它的颚部，抬起前爪离地，猛地摇晃并大声喊“不”。这两种技巧都可能危及生命，即使是对幼犬也是如此。严重的防御反射可能被触发。无论狗是积极试图逃脱还是自卫，都可能对狗、主人以及他们之间的关系造成伤害。幼犬还可能遭受与婴儿摇晃综合症相同的身体损伤，即视网膜组织破裂、脑损伤和脊柱损伤。
Another physical technique, the so-called Alpha Rollover, requires the owner to force the pet onto its side or back and hold it until it shows submission. This type of handling causes most dogs 另一种身体技巧，被称为“阿尔法翻滚”，要求主人强迫宠物侧卧或仰卧并保持不动，直到它表现出服从。这种处理方式会导致大多数狗
with active-aggressive or flight defense reflexes to growl, which can cause owners to apply more force. Even in dogs with passive defense reflexes who might freeze, the result of these contests is a dog who distrusts its owner and, too often, reacts aggressively later when a child hugs it, or a stranger attempts to handle the dog for medical or grooming purposes. We will describe these problems in detail in sections on Biting and Aggression to Owners. 具有主动攻击性或逃避防御反射的狗会咆哮，这可能导致主人施加更大的力量。即使是具有被动防御反射、可能会僵住的狗，这些争斗的结果也是狗不信任主人，而且往往在孩子拥抱它或陌生人试图为医疗或美容目的处理狗时表现出攻击性反应。我们将在“咬人”和“对主人攻击”章节中详细描述这些问题。
Once again, John P. Scott’s research experience gives us a valuable alternative to roll-over techniques in feisty puppies. His handlers found that merely approaching and picking up young pups for a few moments, five times a day, between 5 and about 12 weeks of age, allowed the handlers to control inter-pup aggression at later ages. In fact, if some aggressive behavior between pups started, they merely had to move as if they were going to pick up the pups to control spats, even in Terrier breeds. 约翰·P·斯科特的研究经验再次为我们提供了对好斗幼犬翻滚技巧的宝贵替代方案。他的训练员发现，仅仅在幼犬 5 周到大约 12 周之间，每天五次接近并抱起幼犬几分钟，就能控制幼犬之间日后的攻击行为。事实上，如果幼犬之间开始出现一些攻击行为，他们只需做出要抱起幼犬的动作，就能控制争吵，即使是在梗犬品种中也是如此。
The Senses and Behavior Problems 感官与行为问题
Most people are aware that their dogs’ senses of hearing and smell are keener than those of humans. Not as commonly understood, though, is the dog’s deficiencies in some sensory processes. Whether this leads to problems often depends on the way people interact with the dog. The following information helps explain many canine behaviorisms, and canine reactions that owners don’t understand and/or respond to inappropriately, which create problems or diminish the positive quality of their relationships. When the way these facts pertain to their problem are appreciated, ownerattitudes and behavior can change dramatically for the better. 大多数人都知道狗的听觉和嗅觉比人类更敏锐。然而，人们并不常了解的是狗在某些感官处理方面的不足。这是否会导致问题，往往取决于人们与狗的互动方式。以下信息有助于解释许多犬类行为以及犬类反应，主人们往往不理解和/或反应不当，这些都会造成问题或降低他们关系的积极质量。当主人理解这些事实与他们所面临问题的关联时，主人的态度和行为可以显著改善。
Visual Perception 视觉感知
Dogs don’t recognize details within an outline, such as noses, eyes, etc., on a human face, but are fairly keen at perceiving outlines. In a Pavlovian experiment they were trained to discriminate between perfect circles and egg-shaped outlines. They performed nicely. ^(4){ }^{4} But, when the ellipse was gradually rounded until it was 8//98 / 9 ths of a circle, the dogs failed to recognize the difference, a task most people perceive easily. If repeatedly asked to do this, the dog lost all its previously learned responses, even to the big differences between circles and ellipses. Many dogs became neurotic and had to be retired to kennels for a rehabilitation program 狗不会识别人脸轮廓中的细节，如鼻子、眼睛等，但对轮廓的感知相当敏锐。在一项巴甫洛夫实验中，它们被训练区分完美的圆形和蛋形轮廓。它们表现得很好。 ^(4){ }^{4} 但是，当椭圆逐渐变圆，直到成为圆的 8//98 / 9 分之几时，狗就无法识别出差异，而大多数人很容易察觉这个差别。如果反复要求狗做这个任务，它们会失去之前学到的所有反应，甚至对圆形和椭圆之间的明显差异也无法辨认。许多狗变得神经质，不得不被送回犬舍进行康复训练。
of rest. This experiment shows the dog’s extreme sensitivity to visually perceived stimuli when they suddenly produce inconsistent feedback. 休息。这项实验显示了当视觉刺激突然产生不一致反馈时，狗对视觉感知刺激的极端敏感性。
In a real-life, the owner’s hands usually signal positive treatment, such as petting. When the same hands inflict punishment or pain, the dog usually displays a momentary, often subtle, ambivalent behavior, vacillating between affectionate and defensive (submissive, flight-preparaion or en-garde) responses. During initial interviews with clients, this reaction is clearly seen in dogs that have been punished by hand, so to speak. Further, when strangers reach to pet these dogs, the actions may trigger a full expression of submission or aggression, depending on the nervous makeup of the dog and its environmental history. 在现实生活中，主人的手通常代表着积极的对待，比如抚摸。当同一只手施加惩罚或疼痛时，狗通常会表现出短暂且常常微妙的矛盾行为，在亲昵和防御（顺从、逃跑准备或警戒）反应之间摇摆。在与客户的初次访谈中，这种反应在那些被“手”惩罚过的狗身上表现得尤为明显。此外，当陌生人试图抚摸这些狗时，这些动作可能会触发完全的顺从或攻击表现，这取决于狗的神经构造及其环境历史。
Most owners are not aware that their puppy’s vision does not reach maturity until about 4 months of age. Until then, things appear in various degrees of fuzziness, which makes visual identification of objects and individuals difficult. This can cause some pups to bark or growl at family members. If punished, the pups become confused and the seeds are sewn for problems such as submissive wetting and biting. 大多数主人并不知道他们的小狗的视力要到大约 4 个月大时才会成熟。在此之前，事物在视觉上呈现不同程度的模糊，这使得识别物体和个体变得困难。这可能导致一些小狗对家庭成员吠叫或咆哮。如果因此受到惩罚，小狗会感到困惑，进而埋下顺从性尿湿和咬人等问题的种子。
Imperfect ability to distinguish various shapes may explain why some dogs, in dim lighting, become unnerved, growl at or shy away from their owners. Though they can virtually “see in the dark” as compared with people, their poor ability to distinguish shapes may be impaired in reduced light. So, when they are approached in low light levels by the owner, they may growl. Rather than simply clear up the mystery by speaking the dog’s name, many owners punish or back away from the pet, reinforcing the behavior. From that point, the problem usually escalates and the relationship between owner and dog degenerates. 辨别各种形状的能力不完善，可能解释了为什么一些狗在昏暗的光线下会感到不安，对主人咆哮或躲避。虽然与人类相比，它们几乎可以“在黑暗中看见”，但它们辨别形状的能力在光线较弱时可能会受损。因此，当主人在低光照条件下接近它们时，它们可能会咆哮。许多主人并没有通过叫狗的名字来简单地解除这种误会，反而惩罚或退开宠物，从而强化了这种行为。从那时起，问题通常会升级，主人与狗之间的关系也会恶化。
To demonstrate this canine disability to skeptical clients, I have them leave, then re-enter the training area by a different door 20 feet or farther away, downwind, wearing a large-brimmed cowboy hat. They are instructed to stand still and remain silent immediately after entering. Even the calmest or happy-go-lucky dogs can become unnerved, while aggressive ones have charged the owner, who is instructed to cheerfully speak the dog’s name and take off the hat. I should warn that this demonstration should not be used if the dog has previously attacked or bitten anyone. 为了向持怀疑态度的客户展示这种犬类的缺陷，我让他们离开，然后从距离 20 英尺或更远的另一个门进入训练区，顺风而行，戴着一顶大檐的牛仔帽。他们被指示进入后立即站立不动并保持安静。即使是最平静或无忧无虑的狗也可能变得不安，而攻击性强的狗则会冲向主人，主人被指示愉快地叫狗的名字并摘下帽子。我应当警告，如果狗之前曾攻击或咬伤过任何人，则不应使用此演示。
Another situation occurs when someone very closely resembling an owner creates a visual dilemma, especially on the first meeting. Some dogs become unsettled and behave totally out of character, barking, running off or charging the person. This situation can usually be resolved by having the visitor sit quietly and allow the dog to investigate him or her by sniffing and hearing their voice. However, if punished, taken away, or physically forced to make contact with the visitor, many dogs behave worse with that person, and often with all other visitors, associating them with impending punishment. 另一种情况是当某人与主人非常相似时，尤其是在第一次见面时，会造成视觉上的困惑。一些狗会变得不安，表现出完全不同的行为，如吠叫、逃跑或冲向那个人。通常可以通过让访客安静地坐着，让狗通过嗅闻和听声音来调查他或她，从而解决这种情况。然而，如果狗被惩罚、带走或被强行与访客接触，许多狗会对那个人表现得更糟，且通常对所有其他访客也会如此，将他们与即将到来的惩罚联系起来。
The dog’s exquisite ability to perceive a tiny movement so keen that it would have to be accentuated ten-fold for a human to detect. Problems directly stemming from this include growling or attacking when some subtle movement by a person is perceived as a preamble to punishment. I have also noted something of interest about people who, with no conscious intent or apparent provocation, tend to unnerve dogs. These individuals often move with slow deliberation and a certain tentativeness, or have an unusual gait. Several often-bitten children in our experience have been hyperactive or had visual-motor problems, which shows up sometimes in unnatural or jerky movements. 狗对微小动作的感知能力极其敏锐，敏锐到人类需要将动作放大十倍才能察觉。由此直接引发的问题包括，当狗将某些人微妙的动作误认为是惩罚的前奏时，会发出低吼或攻击。我还注意到一个有趣的现象，有些人没有任何有意识的意图或明显的挑衅，却容易让狗感到不安。这些人通常动作缓慢而谨慎，带有某种犹豫不决，或者步态异常。我们经验中被咬伤的几个孩子往往表现出多动症或视觉运动障碍，这有时会表现为不自然或突然的动作。
An easy-going, friendly dog who spent life as a mascot in a retail butcher shop, watched casually as a mother and her eldest son entered, but immediately attacked her younger son when he followed them into the room. The younger boy had visual-motor problems and even his own family dog had bitten him. This might be explained by a sort of once bitten-twice shy syndrome in which a previously bitten person often freezes or acts cautious (suspiciously, to the dog) before an attack. However, the principle doesn’t apply in this case; the boy did not see the dog lying in a corner before the attack. 一只性格随和、友好的狗，作为零售肉店的吉祥物度过了它的生活，悠闲地看着一位母亲和她的大儿子走进来，但当她的小儿子跟着他们进入房间时，狗立刻攻击了他。这个小男孩有视觉运动障碍，甚至连家里的狗也咬过他。这可能可以用一种“被咬一次，怕两次”的心理解释，即被咬过的人在遭受攻击前常常会僵住或表现得很谨慎（对狗来说是怀疑的表现）。然而，这个原则在此案中不适用；攻击发生前，男孩并没有看到狗躺在角落里。
Here is yet another aspect of canine behavior that certainly warrants further study. 这又是犬类行为的另一个方面，显然值得进一步研究。
Auditory Perception 听觉感知
Dogs have a hearing range of about 20 hertz (cycles/second) up to over 50,000 hertz. We have informally tested over 100 dogs of 狗的听觉范围大约是 20 赫兹（周期/秒）到超过 50,000 赫兹。我们非正式地测试了 100 多只狗的听力。
various ages with a 38,000 -hertz audio generator. They became alert and tried to detect the source of the low-level (about 60 decibels) ultrasonic sound. This sensitivity is used in some hightech training and behavioral devices, which will be reviewed in Chapter 15. Some ultrasonic burglar alarm sensors appear to agitate certain dogs, while other dogs in the same household are not bothered. Ultrasonic alarm sensors can be replaced with microwave sensors in the event of such problems. 使用一个 38,000 赫兹的音频发生器对不同年龄的狗进行测试。它们会变得警觉，并试图探测低强度（约 60 分贝）超声波的来源。这种敏感性被应用于一些高科技训练和行为设备中，相关内容将在第 15 章中介绍。一些超声波防盗报警传感器似乎会使某些狗感到烦躁，而同一家庭中的其他狗则不受影响。如果出现此类问题，可以用微波传感器替代超声波报警传感器。
A dog’s keen sensitivity to low-volume sound is often troublesome. They can hear a faint sound at 75 feet, while most humans could only detect it at 17 feet. This indicates that a dog must learn to ignore myriad sounds that do not affect it, and accommodate to a veritable avalanche of sounds in a family household, such as television, radio, stereos, etc. However, when this sensitivity is translated to phobic behavior relative to, say, thunderstorms, it indicates that dogs may hear the thunder of an approaching storm over 50 miles away, while the local skies are still clear. If a dog has a history of becoming upset by thunder or other explosive sounds, it may become increasingly anxious as the storm nears, salivating, pacing, hiding, seeking comfort if the owner is home, or escaping. 狗对低音量声音的敏锐感知常常令人困扰。它们能在 75 英尺外听到微弱的声音，而大多数人类只能在 17 英尺内察觉到。这表明狗必须学会忽略那些对它无影响的无数声音，并适应家庭环境中如电视、收音机、立体声音响等大量声音的冲击。然而，当这种敏感性转化为对某些事物的恐惧行为时，比如雷暴，这意味着狗可能在暴风雨来临前 50 英里外就能听到雷声，而当地天空仍然晴朗。如果一只狗有因雷声或其他爆炸声而感到不安的历史，随着暴风雨的临近，它可能会变得越来越焦虑，流口水、踱步、躲藏，如果主人在家则寻求安慰，或者试图逃跑。
This sensitivity may also explain why “desensitizing” techniques, such as playing recordings of thunder at low levels, rarely succeed. Audio speakers are not designed to produce volumes 4.4 times softer than humans can perceive. Also, storm activity is generally preceded by barometric pressure changes and variations in atmospheric ionization, elements to which dogs and some other mammals appear to be sensitive. Therefore, merely producing low-volume thunder claps may not fulfill the total stimulus complex required to achieve desensitization. On the other hand, such programs are usually more successful with dogs that fear gunshots or other loud noises. However, even with storm phobias, if we can change the dog’s emotional interpretation of such stimuli by providing a behavioral example, rehabilitation is generally quite successful (see Chapter 12). 这种敏感性也许能解释为什么“脱敏”技术，比如以低音量播放雷声录音，往往不太成功。音响设备并非设计用来产生比人类听觉阈值低 4.4 倍的音量。此外，暴风雨活动通常伴随着气压变化和大气电离度的波动，而狗和其他一些哺乳动物似乎对这些因素很敏感。因此，仅仅播放低音量的雷声可能无法满足实现脱敏所需的全部刺激复合体。另一方面，这类程序通常在害怕枪声或其他大声响的狗身上更为有效。然而，即使是对暴风雨恐惧症，如果我们能通过提供行为示范来改变狗对这些刺激的情绪解读，康复通常也相当成功（见第 12 章）。
An important auditory/learning tendency in dogs is to quickly develop a motor movement response to a sound stimulus when the sound is accompanied by a visual signal. In other words, dogs tend to move their head, ears, eyes or other body part in response to sound accompanied by movement. This leads to some problems if 狗在听觉和学习方面的一个重要倾向是，当声音伴随视觉信号时，它们会迅速对声音刺激产生运动反应。换句话说，狗倾向于对伴有动作的声音做出头部、耳朵、眼睛或其他身体部位的移动反应。这会导致一些问题，如果
owners are not aware of this mechanism, but it facilitates training for those who use it properly, as will be seen later. 主人们通常并不知道这一机制，但对于那些正确使用它的人来说，这有助于训练，后面将会看到具体说明。
Two examples typify common problems. The first is the human tendency to raise the hands while telling a jumping dog, “Down!” Raising the hands not only causes reflex movement upward, but also encourages the dog to continue jumping. The usual outcome of this sort of mis-teaching is an owner who resorts to punishment, such as kneeing the dog in the chest or pushing it down, and a fully confused dog. Effective use of this learning tendency involves moving the hands abruptly down and/or toward the dog while saying “Down,” praising it for doing so. Even more effective is to apply the movements without speaking, and to praise the dog’s downward response. In this way the situation itself becomes the conditioned stimulus to stop or not start jumping. 两个例子典型地反映了常见的问题。第一个是人们在对跳跃的狗说“趴下！”时，习惯性地举起双手。举手不仅会引起狗的反射性向上动作，还会鼓励狗继续跳跃。这种错误的教导通常导致主人采取惩罚措施，比如用膝盖顶狗的胸部或将其推倒，而狗则变得完全困惑。有效利用这一学习倾向的方法是，在说“趴下”的同时，突然将手向下和/或朝向狗移动，并在狗服从时给予表扬。更有效的方法是不说话，仅通过动作来引导，并表扬狗的下蹲反应。这样，情境本身就成为了停止或不开始跳跃的条件刺激。
The second problem commonly occurs when owners try to teach a pup or adult dog to “Come” as they lean or move toward the pet. Both movements visually instruct the pet to stay or retreat. Most owners end up approaching the pet and often punishing it, or giving up, convinced they have a stubborn pet. A better method is to a bruptly lean or move away or crouch down with one side of the body toward the dog (a friendly, non-confrontational stance) and praise the first signs of approach by the dog. This facilitates initial learning, even in adult dogs that are resistant due to mistraining. 第二个常见问题发生在主人试图教导幼犬或成年犬“过来”时，他们会向宠物倾身或移动。两种动作在视觉上都指示宠物停留或后退。大多数主人最终会走近宠物，常常惩罚它，或者放弃，坚信他们的宠物很固执。更好的方法是突然向后倾身或移动，或者侧身蹲下（以身体一侧朝向狗，表现出友好、非对抗的姿态），并赞扬狗表现出的首次接近。这有助于初步学习，即使是由于错误训练而抗拒的成年犬也能受益。
This type of initial training, in which the dog actively performs the proper motor responses, is much faster than those that force passive movements through physical manipulation by the hands and/or leashes. This has been demonstrated both experimentally as well as clinically in my own and others’ experiences with dog owners. ^(10){ }^{10} 这种初步训练方式中，狗主动执行正确的运动反应，比通过手或牵引绳强制被动动作的训练要快得多。这一点已在实验和临床中得到证明，包括我本人及其他狗主人们的经验。 ^(10){ }^{10}
Over-using a dog’s name can create problems between owner and pet. Many owners find it necessary to say the name loudly and/or forcibly to get their pet’s attention. These owners have inadvertently created the situation by saying “Tippy” while talking about, but not to, the dog. Then, when Tippy is spoken to, the owners must raise the volume or the sound of the stimulus. I have had clients who literally had to scream their dog’s name to get its attention. Many of them have had the pet’s hearing checked by their veterinarians before seeking our professional help! If the dog has been punished harshly for not responding, it is helpful to change the dog’s name. In milder cases and with new puppy owners, 过度使用狗的名字可能会在主人和宠物之间造成问题。许多主人发现必须大声且/或强硬地说出名字才能引起宠物的注意。这些主人无意中制造了这样的情况：他们在谈论狗时说“蒂皮”，但并不是在对狗说话。然后，当真正对蒂皮说话时，主人不得不提高音量或刺激的声音。我曾遇到过一些客户，必须大声喊叫狗的名字才能引起它的注意。他们中的许多人在寻求我们的专业帮助之前，已经让兽医检查过宠物的听力！如果狗因为没有回应而被严厉惩罚，改名字会有所帮助。在较轻的情况下以及对于新养的小狗主人，
simply using another name while talking about the dog, while positively reinforcing the given name with praise, succeeds quite well. Irnonically, many owners choose pet names like “Stupid,” “Fang,” “Jaws” and “Goofy,” which often reflect the nature of the problem that prompted them to seek behavioral guidance. 仅仅在谈论狗时使用另一个名字，同时用表扬积极强化原名，效果相当不错。具有讽刺意味的是，许多主人选择的宠物名字如“笨蛋”、“尖牙”、“大嘴”和“傻瓜”，往往反映了促使他们寻求行为指导的问题本质。
Tactile Perception 触觉感知
The sense of touch probably leads to more serious problems in the dog’s human relationships than any other. The afferent (incoming) visual, auditory and tactile nerve fibers all converge initially in the unconditioned defensive reflex centers, the sense of touch somehow appears to take precedence over the others in producing defensive behavior. ^(18){ }^{18} Konorski described docile, submissive dogs who would bite aggressively, repeatedly, after surgical removal of their cerebral cortices when the base of their necks (a kill-area attacked by predators or enemies) were simply touched! This indicates that the nerve centers for bite inhibition are not a brainstem activity, but are in the conscious cerebral cortex. Biting when touched in this sensitive area is an involuntary brain stem activity. The fact that control, or inhibition, of the bite behavior lies in the “gray matter” of the brain explains why dozing or sleeping dogs may automatically bite without inhibition when touched, or when they get stepped on which is probably the basis for the ancient wisdom, “Let sleeping dogs lie.” 触觉可能比其他任何感觉更容易导致狗在人类关系中出现严重问题。传入的视觉、听觉和触觉神经纤维最初都汇聚于无条件防御反射中枢，但触觉似乎在引发防御行为方面优先于其他感觉。 ^(18){ }^{18} Konorski 描述了那些在大脑皮层被外科切除后，原本温顺、顺从的狗在颈部底部（捕食者或敌人攻击的致命区域）被轻触时，会反复激烈地咬人！这表明咬抑制的神经中枢并非脑干活动，而是在有意识的大脑皮层中。触碰这一敏感区域时的咬人行为是无意识的脑干活动。咬行为的控制或抑制位于大脑的“灰质”中，这解释了为什么打盹或睡觉的狗在被触碰或踩踏时可能会自动咬人而无法抑制，这也可能是古老谚语“让睡着的狗躺着”的由来。
Defensive/aggressive responses to touch seem contrary for an animal born in close physical contact with litter mates, providing needed warmth and comfort. Defensive and aggressive behavior between puppies is seen when play-fighting starts between 21//221 / 2 and 4 weeks of age and continues into adulthood. However, if the family toddler is the target of the play-bite, critical problems result, especially if the pup is severely punished immediately after the incident. Punishment creates a negative association of pain and social rejection between infant and the maturing dog. The dog then often becomes defensive, growls or tries to avoid the child’s approaches. Parents then may scold or further punish the dog, creating an escalating, negative social relationship between the dog and its family members. 对触摸的防御性/攻击性反应似乎与动物出生时与同窝幼崽紧密接触以获得所需的温暖和安慰的情况相矛盾。幼犬之间的防御性和攻击性行为通常出现在 4 周龄前后开始的嬉戏打斗中，并持续到成年。然而，如果家庭中的幼儿成为玩咬的目标，就会产生严重的问题，尤其是在事件发生后幼犬被严厉惩罚的情况下。惩罚会在婴儿和正在成长的狗之间产生疼痛和社会排斥的负面联想。狗随后往往变得防御性强，咆哮或试图避免孩子的接近。父母可能会训斥或进一步惩罚狗，导致狗与家庭成员之间的负面社会关系不断升级。
These cases can usually be resolved when the parents understand the causes, and are willing to undertake a program to inhibit the negative, learned emotional association with the child, replacing it 当父母理解原因并愿意采取措施抑制狗对孩子产生的负面、习得的情感联想并加以替代时，这些情况通常可以得到解决。
with an emotionally positive association provided by the parents’ example when the child is first perceived by the dog. This procedure, nick-named the Jolly Routine, is described in Chapter 8. However, it should be mentioned that emotional switch-conditioning requires committed and enlightened parents who will follow both the spirit and letter of the techniques used in the program. 当孩子第一次被狗感知时，父母通过自身的榜样提供情感上的积极联想。这一过程被昵称为“快乐程序”，在第 8 章中有详细描述。然而，需要提到的是，情感转换条件反射需要父母的坚定承诺和开明态度，他们必须遵循该方案中技术的精神和字面要求。
Pain 疼痛
Pain is covered under tactile discrimination because problems arising from it are usually associated with physical handling and 疼痛归入触觉辨别范畴，因为由此引发的问题通常与身体接触有关，并且
Table 4. Periods of behavioral sensitivity. 表 4. 行为敏感期。
Age (weeks) 年龄（周）
Period 时期
Management Implications 管理意义
3-14
Socialization (primary) 社会化（主要）
If not socialized to people, shyness or aggressiveness may occur. If taken from the litter before 5 weeks, the pup may be aggressive or shy with other dogs, and become overdependent on the owner if not allowed interaction. 如果没有与人类进行社交，可能会出现害羞或攻击性。如果在 5 周前从窝里带走，小狗可能对其他狗表现出攻击性或害羞，如果不允许与人互动，还会变得过度依赖主人。
6-8
Optimum socialization 最佳社交化
Best age for transition from the litter to a human environment. 从窝里过渡到人类环境的最佳年龄。
8-10
Fear 恐惧
Traumatic (strong fear-producing) experiences related to pain may be permanently impressed. 与疼痛相关的创伤性（强烈恐惧产生的）经历可能会被永久铭记。
12-14
Juvenile 幼年期
Onset of puberty, sexual mounting. Broad socialization should be continued with positive social reinforcement. 青春期开始，性攀爬行为。应继续进行广泛的社会化，并给予积极的社会强化。
14-26
Protectiveaggressive 保护性攻击行为
If early protective signs (barking, hackleraising, growling) are encouraged or punished, overaggressiveness or fearfulness may develop as sexual maturity nears. 如果早期的保护性信号（吠叫、竖毛、咆哮）被鼓励或惩罚，随着性成熟的临近，可能会发展出过度攻击性或恐惧性。
26+
Functional achievement 功能性成就
More forceful protective-aggressive behavior occurs. Mismanaged behavior problems become more difficult to correct. At about 36 weeks, aggressive biting may evolve into full-fledged attack behavior. Problem behaviorisms appear to reinforce themselves, making correction more difficult. 更强烈的保护性攻击行为出现。管理不当的行为问题变得更难纠正。在大约 36 周时，攻击性咬人可能演变为全面的攻击行为。问题行为似乎会自我强化，使纠正更加困难。
Age (weeks) Period Management Implications
3-14 Socialization (primary) If not socialized to people, shyness or aggressiveness may occur. If taken from the litter before 5 weeks, the pup may be aggressive or shy with other dogs, and become overdependent on the owner if not allowed interaction.
6-8 Optimum socialization Best age for transition from the litter to a human environment.
8-10 Fear Traumatic (strong fear-producing) experiences related to pain may be permanently impressed.
12-14 Juvenile Onset of puberty, sexual mounting. Broad socialization should be continued with positive social reinforcement.
14-26 Protectiveaggressive If early protective signs (barking, hackleraising, growling) are encouraged or punished, overaggressiveness or fearfulness may develop as sexual maturity nears.
26+ Functional achievement More forceful protective-aggressive behavior occurs. Mismanaged behavior problems become more difficult to correct. At about 36 weeks, aggressive biting may evolve into full-fledged attack behavior. Problem behaviorisms appear to reinforce themselves, making correction more difficult.| Age (weeks) | Period | Management Implications |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| 3-14 | Socialization (primary) | If not socialized to people, shyness or aggressiveness may occur. If taken from the litter before 5 weeks, the pup may be aggressive or shy with other dogs, and become overdependent on the owner if not allowed interaction. |
| 6-8 | Optimum socialization | Best age for transition from the litter to a human environment. |
| 8-10 | Fear | Traumatic (strong fear-producing) experiences related to pain may be permanently impressed. |
| 12-14 | Juvenile | Onset of puberty, sexual mounting. Broad socialization should be continued with positive social reinforcement. |
| 14-26 | Protectiveaggressive | If early protective signs (barking, hackleraising, growling) are encouraged or punished, overaggressiveness or fearfulness may develop as sexual maturity nears. |
| 26+ | Functional achievement | More forceful protective-aggressive behavior occurs. Mismanaged behavior problems become more difficult to correct. At about 36 weeks, aggressive biting may evolve into full-fledged attack behavior. Problem behaviorisms appear to reinforce themselves, making correction more difficult. |
punishment. However, as will be seen, other sources of pain also can lead to problems. 惩罚。然而，正如将要看到的，其他疼痛来源也可能导致问题。
Pain thresholds appear to vary between dogs and often depend on the emotional state of the dog as well as the context in which pain is experienced. For instance, most dogs, even active-aggressive and flight types, inhibit overt defensive reflexes while undergoing veterinary examination, inoculations and treatment. The clinical context and its routine are generally established early in life, as are the dog’s inhibited behavioral responses. The same holds true for grooming procedures, nail clipping and painful coat stripping. 疼痛阈值似乎因狗而异，且通常取决于狗的情绪状态以及疼痛发生的情境。例如，大多数狗，即使是活跃-攻击型和逃避型，在接受兽医检查、接种疫苗和治疗时，都会抑制明显的防御反射。临床环境及其常规通常在狗的早期生活中就已建立，狗的抑制行为反应也是如此。修毛、剪指甲和痛苦的毛发剥离程序同样适用。
On the other hand, owners who inflict pain on the pet are not so lucky. Their home context and relationship with the dog are mainly affectionate and sensually pleasant. So, when a family member creates pain by accident or design, the dog’s unconditioned defense reflexes may be expressed because it has not “learned” to inhibit them. Therefore, we always advise owners to leave any painproducing treatments to veterinarians and groomers and to create an upbeat, happy atmosphere for the dog during treatment. We also recommend avoiding painful physical punishment, as such punishment can lead to frustration, anxiety, and problems that often seem totally unrelated to the punishment. 另一方面，那些对宠物施加疼痛的主人就没那么幸运了。他们与狗的家庭环境和关系主要是充满感情和感官愉悦的。因此，当家庭成员无意或有意造成疼痛时，狗的无条件防御反射可能会表现出来，因为它还没有“学会”抑制这些反射。因此，我们总是建议主人将任何引起疼痛的治疗交给兽医和美容师，并在治疗过程中为狗营造一个轻松愉快的氛围。我们还建议避免使用疼痛性的体罚，因为这种惩罚可能导致挫折感、焦虑以及常常看似与惩罚完全无关的问题。
For example, even though a puppy may submit to being spanked or hit on the snout the first time its owner comes horns to find a fecal mess or a chewed-up item, the trauma is associated with the owner’s homecoming. In addition to inducing defensive responses to the owner, as the next homecoming approaches, the pup may become anxious because of what I call the “Jekyll and Hyde syndrome.” That is, which owner is going to walk in: the affectionate Dr. Jekyll or the nasty Mr. Hyde? This conflict in perceptions and the resultant anxiety can produce further anxiety-relieving behavior, such as more destructive chewing. Involuntary elimination may also be stimulated, producing off-schedule defecation and/or urination, the very reason the puppy may have been punished previously. Submissive urination can occur as the puppy is approached. Instead of applying aversion conditioning, the owner’s punishment is actually reinforcing the unwanted behavior by inducing more anxiety. This cycle of events is also is seen in adult dogs. 例如，尽管小狗在主人第一次发现粪便混乱或被咬坏的物品时，可能会顺从地接受被打屁股或打鼻子的惩罚，但这种创伤与主人的归来联系在一起。除了引发对主人的防御反应外，随着下一次归来的临近，小狗可能会因为我称之为“杰基尔与海德综合症”的现象而变得焦虑。也就是说，究竟是哪位主人会走进门：是亲切的杰基尔博士，还是讨厌的海德先生？这种感知上的冲突及由此产生的焦虑可能会引发更多缓解焦虑的行为，比如更具破坏性的咀嚼。还可能刺激不自主排泄，导致排便和/或排尿时间不规律，而这正是小狗之前可能被惩罚的原因。小狗在被接近时还可能出现顺从性排尿。主人施加惩罚并非采用厌恶条件反射，实际上却通过引发更多焦虑强化了不良行为。这种事件循环在成年犬中也同样存在。
Problems also arise because dogs tend to associate internal pain with an object or person occupying their attention at the moment, or shortly before, it occurs. Many cases involving hip dysplasia, neck and spinal injuries and aggression toward owners have erupted when the owners were handling the dog or telling it to move, and the dog growled or bit at them. This has also been noted when dogs with painful arthritis have moved spontaneously while their attention was fixed on an owner or visitor. Many of these dogs have been obedient, even markedly submissive, to their owners. In most cases, veterinary-dispensed pain relievers and upbeat, encouraging behavior by the owners, timed to start as the dogs started to move, has produced remarkable successes. 问题还在于，狗往往将内在的疼痛与当时或不久前占据它们注意力的物体或人联系起来。许多涉及髋关节发育不良、颈部和脊柱损伤以及对主人表现出攻击性的案例，都是在主人正在处理狗或让它移动时爆发的，狗会对主人咆哮或咬人。当患有关节炎疼痛的狗在注意力集中在主人或访客身上时自发移动，也出现过类似情况。许多这样的狗对主人表现出服从，甚至明显的顺从。在大多数情况下，兽医开具的止痛药和主人在狗开始移动时及时给予的积极鼓励行为，取得了显著的成功。
Olfactory Perception 嗅觉感知
The dogs keen sense of smell may be involved in more problems than we realize. The odor of their owners is extremely important to most dogs when they cannot identify them by sight or the sound of their voices. We have seen the familiar scent-searching behavior, in which dogs move their snouts about as if sampling the air, when we have their owners approach them wearing a wide brimmed cowboy hat as a test of visual discrimination. When the owner is upwind, olfactory identification has been almost immediate, defeating the object of the test. Most dogs, even puppies, seem to strive for a whiff of the breath of people when greeting them, which can account for much of the jumping up that occurs. Sexual identification by sniffing peoples’ genital area is also the basis for some problems, though most dogs appear to develop the ability to assess sex at a respectable distance. 狗敏锐的嗅觉可能涉及比我们意识到的更多的问题。当狗无法通过视觉或声音识别主人时，主人的气味对大多数狗来说极为重要。我们曾观察到一种熟悉的嗅闻行为，当主人戴着宽边牛仔帽接近狗时，狗会四处移动鼻子，仿佛在采样空气，这是一种视觉辨别的测试。当主人处于上风方向时，嗅觉识别几乎是即时的，破坏了测试的目的。大多数狗，甚至幼犬，在迎接人时似乎都努力闻一闻对方的呼吸，这可以解释许多跳起来的行为。通过嗅闻人的生殖区域进行性别识别也是一些问题的根源，尽管大多数狗似乎能够在适当的距离上判断性别。
Other problems that may have olfactory origins appear to be tied to discrimination difficulties. I have had several cases in which the dog, male or female, has begun to avoid or growl at familiar young girls during their first menstrual cycle. These dogs have responded well when the parents and youngsters “talked jolly,” bounced a ball for playtime, etc. 其他可能源自嗅觉的问题似乎与辨别困难有关。我遇到过几例，狗狗无论公母，在熟悉的小女孩第一次月经期间开始回避或对她们咆哮。这些狗在家长和孩子们“愉快交谈”、玩耍时抛球等活动中反应良好。
The odor of alcohol on an owner’s or visitor’s breath unnerves some dogs, especially those who have had severe punishment, pain or unpredictable human behavior (fighting, falling down, etc.) previously associated with drinking. It may also be important that 主人或访客口中酒精的气味会让一些狗感到不安，尤其是那些曾因饮酒而遭受严厉惩罚、疼痛或不可预测的人类行为（打架、跌倒等）的狗。这也可能与
people move differently under the influence of alcohol and other drugs. 人在酒精和其他药物影响下动作不同有关。
The residual odor of a certain perfumed soap caused one young male dog persistently to mount a family’s 2 -year-old child. When the soap was changed, the mounting ceased. Because of olfactory sensitivities, I use only unscented laundry and bath soaps, and refrain from other perfumed lotions or hair sprays to avoid the possibility of “smelling like” my clients. 某种带香味的肥皂残留气味使一只年轻公狗持续骑跨一个家庭的 2 岁儿童。当更换肥皂后，骑跨行为停止。由于嗅觉敏感，我只使用无香味的洗衣和沐浴皂，避免使用其他带香味的乳液或发胶，以防“闻起来像”我的客户。
Summary 摘要
This review of the problem-prone dog’s nervous system development, types, reflexive tendencies and sensory-perceptual development and capabilities has been limited to elements that tend to lead to problems. Our experience with thousands of cases, as well as experimental laboratory work, indicates that highly reactive, excitable dogs are more prone to outwardly directed behavior problems, from chewing up the environment to biting visitors, while highly inhibited dogs tend toward inwardly directed problems, such as self-mutilation, excessive salivation and shyness. Later chapters presenting remedial programs will be divided into extroverted and introverted categories, as the problems generally involve these types of pets. 本综述仅限于容易导致问题的狗的神经系统发育、类型、反射倾向以及感知觉发展和能力的相关内容。我们对数千个案例的经验以及实验室的研究表明，高度反应性、易激动的狗更容易出现外向性行为问题，从破坏环境到咬访客，而高度抑制的狗则倾向于内向性问题，如自残、过度流涎和害羞。后续章节中提出的矫正方案将分为外向型和内向型两类，因为问题通常涉及这两种类型的宠物。
We should not leave the impression that a dog of a balanced nervous type is impervious to stress when living in a human family. Rather, such a pet is less susceptible to the social/environmental conditions that create problems. Those social elements will be discussed next. 我们不应给人留下平衡神经类型的狗在生活于人类家庭中不会承受压力的印象。相反，这类宠物对引发问题的社会/环境条件的敏感性较低。接下来将讨论这些社会因素。
Social Development and Behavior Problems 社会发展与行为问题
It is difficult to predict if mishandling during the sensitive periods in a dog’s social development will create problems. But certain social/behavioral tendencies can be influenced markedly, especially shyness, aggressiveness, over-reactivity to certain people and other animals (either excitably or inhibitably), anxiety and phobias relating to specific environmental situations. 在狗的社会发展敏感期内是否因处理不当而产生问题是难以预测的。但某些社会/行为倾向可以被显著影响，尤其是害羞、攻击性、对特定人和其他动物的过度反应（无论是兴奋性还是抑制性）、与特定环境情境相关的焦虑和恐惧症。
Sensitive Periods 敏感期
The periods of behavioral sensitivity listed in Table 4 are based on previous investigations and from our clinical experience. ^(3,12){ }^{3,12} The most important are: the 3 - to 14 -week socialization period, during which a puppy forms its primary and secondary social relationships; the so-called fear imprint period, at about 8-108-10 weeks of age; and the juvenile period, at about 12-2612-26 weeks on, up to sexual maturity. Later developmental stages overlap because these have been based on clinical rather than controlled observations. 表 4 中列出的行为敏感期基于以往的研究和我们的临床经验。 ^(3,12){ }^{3,12} 最重要的包括：3 至 14 周的社会化期，在此期间小狗形成其初级和次级社会关系；所谓的恐惧印记期，大约在 8-108-10 周龄时；以及青少年期，大约从 12-2612-26 周开始，直到性成熟。后期的发展阶段有所重叠，因为这些是基于临床观察而非受控实验得出的。
These sensitive periods have been modified somewhat from those listed in earlier editions of this book as a result of many more years’ experience. However, the effects of mismanagement upon defensive behavior are of paramount importance. In this category we include outright aggression, overprotectiveness of food, family and property, shyness, barking at people or animals, and submissive urination. 这些敏感期相较于本书早期版本中列出的有所调整，这是基于多年的经验积累。然而，管理不当对防御性行为的影响至关重要。在这一类别中，我们包括明显的攻击性、对食物、家庭和财产的过度保护、害羞、对人或动物的吠叫以及顺从性尿尿。
The 8- to 10 -week fear period might be an optimum time to induce certain avoidance behavior relative to streets (with and without traffic), electrical cords, and accepting food from strangers or diners at the table. Though the experimental evidence on which this period is based involved pain, a sound that mildly startles the pup is usually quite effective in producing avoidance if the response is reinforced positively by the owner with upbeat, happy praise. However, the treatment must be applied until the puppy avoids the unwanted behavior or objects without the sound stimulus, indicating that a conditioned response has been achieved and the puppy has internalized the conditioning. 8 至 10 周的恐惧期可能是诱导某些回避行为的最佳时机，比如对街道（有无交通）、电线以及接受陌生人或餐桌上用餐者食物的回避。虽然这一时期的实验依据涉及疼痛，但通常用轻微惊吓幼犬的声音就能有效产生回避反应，前提是主人用积极、愉快的表扬来强化这种反应。然而，这种处理必须持续进行，直到幼犬在没有声音刺激的情况下也能回避不希望的行为或物体，这表明已经形成了条件反射，幼犬已将这种条件反射内化。
An excellent example of mismanagement during puberty onset involved a young couple with a 2-year-old spayed Shep-herd-mix bitch who had bitten neighborhood children. When the dog got out of the car, she went to our walnut tree, backed up to it, lifted a leg and urinated on it with hackles raised, then growled as she trotted stiffly past me, tail almost erect. The dog was aggressive toward all strangers. 青春期开始时管理不当的一个极好例子是一对年轻夫妇，他们有一只两岁的绝育牧羊犬混血母犬，曾咬伤邻居的孩子。当这只狗从车里出来时，她走到我们的核桃树旁，背靠着树，抬起一条腿尿在树上，竖起了鬃毛，然后僵硬地跑过我身边，尾巴几乎竖直，发出低吼。这只狗对所有陌生人都表现出攻击性。
Two important elements were involved in creating the aggressiveness. From puberty the dog had been allowed to mount the wife’s leg when the couple engaged in intercourse. More subtle, but of great importance, was the wife’s avowed 造成攻击性的两个重要因素是：从青春期开始，这只狗被允许在夫妻进行性交时骑在妻子的腿上。更微妙但极为重要的是，妻子公开表示
dislike of children. She also stated she did not want to have children of her own. 她不喜欢孩子。她还说她不想要自己的孩子。
We have seen several cases in both male and female dogs whose owners have tolerated or even encouraged sexual mounting, or have unwittingly stimulated sexual arousal. This dog targeted children not only because she had seen her mistress angrily chase neighborhood kids from her property, but also due to the wife’s inner emotional responses to them. 我们见过几起案例，无论是公狗还是母狗，主人都容忍甚至鼓励性骑乘，或者无意中刺激了性唤起。这只狗针对孩子，不仅因为她看到她的女主人愤怒地赶走邻居的孩子，还因为妻子对孩子的内心情感反应。
The correction program involved counseling the clients so they appreciated the impact of their feelings and behavior toward children in general, gaining a leadership position for them with the dog through the earned-petting program (Chapter 8), and a simple, daily ritual Come-Sit-Stay-Down routine and applying the Jolly Routine (Chapter 8) when the dog first perceived children. This brings us to what is probably the most important element in many behavior problems. 纠正方案包括对客户进行咨询，使他们理解自己对儿童的情感和行为所产生的影响，通过“赢得抚摸”计划（第 8 章）帮助他们在狗面前获得领导地位，以及一个简单的每日仪式——“来-坐-停-卧”程序，并在狗首次接触儿童时应用“快乐程序”（第 8 章）。这将引出许多行为问题中可能最重要的一个因素。
Figure 1. Allelomimetic behavior is often seen in people-oriented dogs. This German Shepherd is mimicking its owner’s behavior of leaning against a wall. 图 1. 同行模仿行为常见于以人为中心的狗。这只德国牧羊犬正在模仿主人靠墙的动作。
This genetic-behavioral term has been defined as “doing what other animals in a group do, with some degree of mutual stimulation.” ^(12){ }^{12} Puppies who join a 2 -legged human pack during the 3 -to 14-week primary socialization period tend to “bond” with their people. On the other hand, puppies who associate only with other dogs until 14 weeks are difficult to socialize to people. If socialization is left until later, extreme difficulty is encountered. Most such dogs display either exaggerated excitability, fearfully trying to avoid human contact (active defense reflex, flight type), or its opposite, freezing into a state of catatonia in some cases (passive defense reflex). 这个遗传-行为术语被定义为“做群体中其他动物所做的事情，并具有一定程度的相互刺激。” ^(12){ }^{12} 在 3 至 14 周的主要社会化期间，加入由两条腿的人类组成的群体的小狗往往会与他们的人类“建立联系”。另一方面，直到 14 周只与其他狗交往的小狗很难与人类社会化。如果社会化推迟到更晚阶段，困难会极大增加。大多数这样的狗表现出夸张的兴奋性，害怕地试图避免与人类接触（主动防御反射，逃避型），或者相反，在某些情况下会冻结进入一种紧张僵直状态（被动防御反射）。
Many of these dogs can be socialized quite successfully in a carefully managed program using well-socialized adult dogs or puppies as “bridges.” This provides a canine behavioral model relative to people, as well as social competition for people as a source of care-giving behavior, such as petting, praise and feeding, and satisfying care-seeking (et-epimeletic) behavior. One such case is described in the Kennelosis section in Chapter 12. 许多这样的狗可以通过精心管理的计划相当成功地进行社会化，使用社会化良好的成年犬或小狗作为“桥梁”。这为狗提供了一个相对于人类的行为模型，以及作为关怀行为来源（如抚摸、表扬和喂食）的社会竞争，满足寻求关怀（et-epimeletic）行为。第 12 章的犬舍病部分描述了这样一个案例。
It is unfortunate that a strict definition of allelomimetic behavior does not include more than merely doing what other animals do in a cohesive group, because it fails to consider a dog’s acquisition of the emotional elements of the group. If we are to include emotions in analyzing and treating behavior problems, we must consider more than fearful or angry behavior. We must also address what 遗憾的是，严格定义的模仿行为仅仅包括在一个有凝聚力的群体中做其他动物所做的事情，因为它未能考虑狗对群体情感元素的获取。如果我们要在分析和处理行为问题时包含情感因素，就必须考虑的不仅仅是恐惧或愤怒的行为。我们还必须探讨是什么
Figure 2. A puppy learns to follow its human leader after a few days of training by praise and petting. 图 2。一只小狗经过几天的表扬和抚摸训练后学会了跟随它的人类领袖。
drives such behavior, which is how the pet feels about things, and how it acquired those feelings, such as hostility toward strangers. 驱动这种行为的因素，即宠物对事物的感受，以及它是如何获得这些感受的，比如对陌生人的敌意。
On a purely visual basis, most well-socialized dogs seem to perceive people standing alongside each other as “being friendly.” The dog will generally behave friendly as well. On the other hand, when the dog sees the owner face to face with a stranger, the scene tends to be interpreted a confrontation. The side-by-side stance will be used later in sections on aggression, biting and over-protection. 从纯视觉角度来看，大多数社交良好的狗似乎将人们并排站立视为“友好相处”。狗通常也会表现出友好的行为。另一方面，当狗看到主人与陌生人面对面时，这种场景往往被解读为对抗。并排站立的姿态将在后面关于攻击、咬人和过度保护的章节中使用。
Many dogs also interpret as confrontational a frontal approach by people, even children. For this reason it is always prudent to stand sideways when meeting strange dogs. 许多狗也会将人类，甚至是儿童的正面接近视为对抗行为。因此，遇到陌生狗时，侧身站立总是明智的。
One of a dog’s most endearing traits is how it responds to human emotions. It is not as important to explain all the ways dogs sense this, as it is to recognize that they do respond, some to a greater degree than others. Just as individual wolves in a pack have different, identifiable personalities, so the pack as a whole has a personality of its own. Pack A’s overall group personality may differ markedly from that of Pack B. ^(19){ }^{19} 狗最迷人的特质之一是它们对人类情绪的反应。解释狗感知情绪的所有方式并不那么重要，重要的是认识到它们确实会做出反应，有些狗的反应程度比其他狗更强烈。正如一群狼中的个体有不同且可识别的个性一样，整个群体也有其独特的个性。A 群狼的整体群体个性可能与 B 群狼有显著差异。 ^(19){ }^{19}
This tendency to reflect the emotional state of the human group and then to respond in canine ways, chiefly toward social stimuli, was coined by Miller as the “Principle of Reflection.” ^(16){ }^{16} Both the concept and the term have received little scholarly attention. The term “reflection” may be ambiguous, but the phenomenon is evident to any dog owner or professional who works with people and pets. It parallels the sociology of human groups. I prefer to call it emotional-osmosis. This dimension of owner-dog relationships is indispensable in diagnosing and correcting most problems. 这种反映人类群体情绪状态并以犬类方式回应，主要针对社会刺激的倾向，被米勒称为“反射原理”。 ^(16){ }^{16} 这一概念和术语几乎未受到学术界的关注。“反射”一词可能有歧义，但任何养狗者或与人宠共事的专业人士都能明显感受到这一现象。它与人类群体社会学相似。我更喜欢称之为情感渗透。主人与狗之间关系的这一维度在诊断和纠正大多数问题时不可或缺。
On a purely behavioral level, dogs can be mimetic in varying degrees. Some dogs are highly motivated to dig in the garden at the same time (or later) while their owners dig to plant things, other dogs may not (Fig 2). I have also seen a few other dogs actually resist, or move counter to actions of people and/or other dogs. This anti-allelomimetic tendency is most apparent in dominant dogs. 在纯粹的行为层面上，狗的模仿性程度各不相同。有些狗在主人挖坑种植时，会在同一时间（或稍后）非常积极地在花园里挖掘，而其他狗则可能不会（见图 2）。我还见过一些狗实际上会抵抗，或者与人和/或其他狗的行为相反地行动。这种反模仿倾向在支配性较强的狗中最为明显。
Dominant and Subordinate Behavior 支配行为与从属行为
Puppies as young as 3 weeks of age may show dominant behavior, put forepaws on litter mates with the tail erect, remain still and, sometimes, growl. Some pups react to this dominance submis- 幼犬在仅 3 周大时就可能表现出支配行为，前爪搭在同窝幼犬身上，尾巴竖起，保持静止，有时还会低吼。一些幼犬对这种支配行为表现出服从反应——
sively, remain quite still or roll onto one side. Such behavior can be seen before, during or after playfighting, or completely independent of it. This behavior, as well as outright fighting which culminates with a clear-cut winner, has been interpreted and labeled variously as sorting out the pecking order or the pack dominance order. Its value to the pack is attributed to ensuring social stability, establishing eating priorities that favor the fittest, and ensuring mating only between the Alpha male and female. 持续地保持静止不动或翻滚到一侧。这种行为可以在嬉戏打闹之前、期间或之后出现，也可以完全独立于此。这种行为，以及最终分出明显胜负的真正打斗，被不同地解释和称为理清啄序或群体支配秩序。其对群体的价值在于确保社会稳定，确立有利于最强者的进食优先权，并确保只有阿尔法雄性和雌性之间的交配。
An inacurate view of canine dominance behavior has emerged from these observations. Regrettably, the wolf and domestic dog have come to be regarded as having built-in, stereotyped submissive and dominant behaviorisms. To the contrary-reliable reports, films and photographs show the following behaviorisms as submissive on the part of subordinate dogs and wolves when a dominant pack member, often the Alpha, shows dominance: growling, snarling with teeth bared, hackles raised, even holding the tail upright. Yet, all or most of these submissive behaviorisms have been erroneously described in many popular dog books as strictly dominant behavior. Thus, many readers fail to learn the subtleties of their pet’s behavior and wind up making their problems worse. The sad results of this kind of misinformation have been described earlier. 从这些观察中产生了对犬类支配行为的不准确看法。遗憾的是，狼和家犬被认为天生具有刻板的服从和支配行为。实际上，可靠的报告、影片和照片显示，当群体中的支配成员（通常是阿尔法）表现出支配行为时，次级的狗和狼会表现出以下服从行为：咆哮、露齿咆哮、竖起鬃毛，甚至尾巴竖起。然而，许多流行的犬类书籍错误地将这些服从行为全部或大部分描述为纯粹的支配行为。因此，许多读者未能理解宠物行为的细微差别，反而使问题更加严重。此前已描述过这种错误信息带来的悲惨后果。
This is not to say that so-called “dominance” handling cannot succeed in stimulating submissive behavior in dogs. For instance, experienced professionals often succeed with clients’ dogs. However, we should remember that dogs relate to outsiders quite differently than to their owners. So, while punishment from a virtual stranger may subdue a growl in a professional setting, that response is usually stimulus bound; it is unique to the context and/or persons involved. However, the owner, whose relationship with a pet mainly involves affectionate interactions, faces an entirely different set of circumstances. 这并不是说所谓的“支配”处理方法不能成功激发狗的顺从行为。例如，有经验的专业人士经常能在客户的狗身上取得成功。然而，我们应当记住，狗对陌生人的反应与对主人的反应截然不同。因此，虽然在专业环境中，来自几乎陌生人的惩罚可能会压制狗的咆哮，但这种反应通常是受刺激限制的；它是特定情境和/或特定人物所独有的。然而，主人与宠物的关系主要是基于亲昵互动，面临的是完全不同的情况。
If ever an owner can use dominance techniques successfully, such as the rollover and hold-down-until-quiet method, it is with pups 6-10 weeks of age. The rollover technique described in the puppy selection test (Chapter 7) has been applied positively for unruliness when the pup is released after calming down (not necessarily showing submission), which allows the owner to praise and stroke its head, legs and body. J.P. Scott described an even better procedure to obtain submissive behavior in his book, Ag - 如果主人能够成功使用支配技巧，比如翻身并按住直到安静的方法，那通常是在 6-10 周龄的小狗身上。第 7 章中描述的小狗选择测试中的翻身技巧，在小狗平静下来后（不一定表现出顺从）释放时，对不听话的行为有积极效果，这使得主人可以表扬并抚摸它的头、腿和身体。J.P. Scott 在他的著作《Ag》中描述了一种更好的方法来获得顺从行为——
gression. ^(24){ }^{24} The puppy litter caretakers simply approached and picked up the puppies one at a time, 5 times each day. Thereafter, when the pups were in the nippy age, about 13-15 weeks, the handlers had only to move as if to pick them up to curtail the playful aggression. We now recommend that all puppies be picked up at least five times daily from the age of 6 weeks to at least 15 weeks or, in large breeds, until the pups are too heavy to hoist. 攻击行为。 ^(24){ }^{24} 幼犬窝的看护人员每天简单地接近并一次抱起一只幼犬，共五次。此后，当幼犬处于咬人期，大约 13-15 周龄时，训练者只需做出抱起它们的动作，就能制止它们的玩耍性攻击。我们现在建议所有幼犬从 6 周龄开始，每天至少被抱起五次，直到至少 15 周龄，或者对于大型犬种，直到幼犬体重过重无法抱起为止。
Using physical force and punishment to establish dominance with a family dog also comes from misconceptions about wolf social behavior. This notion has been reliably contradicted by well-documented observations. ^(19,20){ }^{19,20} So-called Alpha males do not always mate the Alpha female. Second-rank, or Beta, males sometimes do so with no sign of apparent disapproval from the Alpha male. Nor do Alpha wolves persistently stare at, bully or engage in dominance rituals with subordinate pack members. Such behavior is more often shown by Beta males. Mating of subordinate females is more often controlled by threatened aggression from the Alpha female than the male. Further, dominant/subordinate relationships tend to change as the breeding season approaches, when hunting is nigh, when pups are whelped, or when outsider wolves approach. 使用体力和惩罚来确立与家庭犬的主导地位，也源于对狼群社会行为的误解。这一观点已被大量有据可查的观察结果可靠地驳斥。所谓的阿尔法雄性并不总是与阿尔法雌性交配。次级或贝塔雄性有时也会与阿尔法雌性交配，而阿尔法雄性对此并无明显不满的表现。阿尔法狼也不会持续盯着、欺凌或与下属群成员进行主导仪式。这类行为更多地表现为贝塔雄性。下属雌性的交配更多是受到阿尔法雌性威胁性攻击的控制，而非雄性的控制。此外，主导/下属关系往往会随着繁殖季节的临近、狩猎时刻的到来、幼崽的出生或外来狼的接近而发生变化。
Inflicting physical or emotional punishment on subordinate members by dominant wolves, or by domestic dog dams upon their puppies, is not normal canine behavior. In fact, it is rarely noted. Such treatment is not conducive to harmony in a wolf pack, where life, itself, depends on cooperation, not conflict. Nor is undermining a puppy’s confidence in its positive, family relationship with pack members or its dam. When puppies devil a resting adult pack members persistently, elders usually get up and leave the area. The most aggressive move an adult makes is a quick snarl as its snout is rapidly moved toward the pesky pup. 由优势狼对下属成员施加身体或情感惩罚，或家犬母犬对其幼犬施加惩罚，并非正常的犬类行为。事实上，这种情况很少被观察到。这种对待方式不利于狼群的和谐，因为狼群的生活本身依赖于合作，而非冲突。也不会削弱幼犬对其与群体成员或母犬之间积极家庭关系的信心。当幼犬持续骚扰休息的成年群成员时，年长者通常会起身离开该区域。成年犬最具攻击性的举动是快速咆哮，同时迅速将鼻子靠近烦人的幼犬。
Children identify closely with the family dog and view their parents as role models. At a time when physical and emotional child abuse is on the rise in our country, recommending physical punishment to correct a pet animal’s behavior is ill-advised, especially when more effective and humane methods are available. 孩子们与家庭犬关系密切，并将父母视为榜样。在我国儿童身体和情感虐待日益增多的时期，建议用体罚来纠正宠物行为是不明智的，尤其是在有更有效且人道的方法可用的情况下。
The Human/Dog Family and Dominant-Submissive Behavior 人类/犬类家庭与支配-服从行为
Domestic puppies begin sorting out their social status at about 5 weeks of age. ^(12){ }^{12} When puppies are taken out of the litter during the 家犬幼犬大约在 5 周龄时开始理清它们的社会地位。 ^(12){ }^{12} 当幼犬被从窝中带出时，...
primary socialization period, there is often a transfer of litterlearned behavior to the human owners. As the pup matures, it adapts its responses to its new social situation. It may become unruly and play-fight persistently with small children, while showing submission to adults who have punished it. As maturity nears and the young animal proceeds through the various periods of social behavior, such as territorial and pack protection, the dog learns to use these to satisfy an apparent need to function as part of the group. In most problem cases, it is the combination of these functional drives with the dog’s ability to manipulate the behavior of its human companions that leads to difficulties. The following case is an example. 在主要社会化期，幼犬学到的窝内行为常常会转移到人类主人身上。随着幼犬的成长，它会调整对新社会环境的反应。它可能变得难以管教，持续与小孩玩打斗游戏，同时对惩罚过它的成年人表现出顺从。随着成熟临近，幼犬经历领地保护和群体保护等各种社会行为阶段，学会利用这些行为来满足作为群体一员的明显需求。在大多数问题案例中，正是这些功能性驱动与狗操控其人类同伴行为能力的结合导致了困难。以下案例即为一个例子。
The married couple arrived with a large male Malamute who had bitten several men, family friends and strangers. After urinating on various scent posts, he followed us into the office. When we were seated, and as I started to say something, the dog approached and snarled at me. The husband gruffly called him. The Malamute went to him, tail lowered and ears backed, whining sofily. 这对已婚夫妇带来了一只大型雄性阿拉斯加雪橇犬，该犬曾咬伤过几名男性，包括家庭朋友和陌生人。在尿尿标记了几个气味点后，它跟着我们进入了办公室。当我们坐下，我刚开始说话时，狗走近并对我咆哮。丈夫粗声叫它。阿拉斯加雪橇犬走向他，尾巴低垂，耳朵向后，轻声呜咽。
“See? He’s a baby at heart, but don’t try to pet him. He nearly took a finger off my friend last week.” “看见了吗？他内心还是个孩子，但别试图去摸他。上周他差点咬掉我朋友的手指。”
The dog turned to the wife, jumped up and licked at her face. The husband pulled him off and the dog rolled onto his side. 那只狗转向妻子，跳起来舔她的脸。丈夫把它拉开，狗便翻身躺在一边。
The Malamute was artfully using submissive behavior with the husband and an “up-on” dominant behavior with the wife. As for me, he applied aggressive threat to intimidate me. Looking objectively at the group dynamics, it was clear the Malamute was employing most of the behavioral tools in his kit to lead our little group. If these elements of problem dog behavior are kept in mind, we gain a more comprehensive picture of the causative elements in behavior problems. That is, the problem dog is generally at odds with some elements of its social group as it tries to control the owner’s activities. 这只阿拉斯加雪橇犬巧妙地对丈夫表现出顺从行为，而对妻子则表现出“占上风”的支配行为。至于我，它则用攻击性威胁来恐吓我。客观地看这群体的动态，很明显这只阿拉斯加雪橇犬正在运用它行为工具箱中的大部分手段来领导我们这个小群体。如果牢记这些问题犬行为的要素，我们就能更全面地理解行为问题的成因。也就是说，问题犬通常在试图控制主人的活动时，与其社会群体中的某些成员产生冲突。
I have found it indispensible to use the terms leader and subordinate or follower, rather than dominant or submissive. This way, we distinguish between ritualized, stereotyped behavior and 我发现使用“领导者”和“下属”或“追随者”这类术语，而非“支配”或“顺从”，是不可或缺的。这样，我们就能区分仪式化、刻板化的行为和
Chapter 1 第一章
learned social manipulation, which gives a clear picture of what a problem dog is actually attempting to achieve. 学会的社会操控，这清楚地展示了问题犬实际上试图达到的目的。
Overdependency 过度依赖
Along with the obvious, troublesome elements growing out of the Malamute’s dominance/submissive scenario, there is an underlying dependency factor that typifies problem dogs. Most of them have not matured emotionally beyond the primary socialization period. That is, they still exhibit many litter-dependent behavior, usually of the care-seeking variety, licking at owners and seeking physical contact or grooming, or gaining the owners’ attention in other ways. As a result, if they cannot get such attention when they want it, frustration, anxiety and tensions build up, resulting in problem behavior. Typically, the overdependent dog cannot be left alone without problems, and cannot tolerate visitors, as they interfere with family interactions. Some cannot even tolerate the owner reading or talking on the telephone. This mentioned, we have arrived at the crux of causes and corrections for problem behavior. 除了马拉穆特犬支配/服从情境中明显且麻烦的因素外，还有一个典型问题犬的潜在依赖因素。它们中的大多数在情感上尚未超越初级社会化阶段。也就是说，它们仍表现出许多依赖窝里的行为，通常是寻求关怀的类型，比如舔主人、寻求身体接触或梳理，或者通过其他方式吸引主人的注意。因此，如果它们在想要时得不到这种关注，就会产生挫败感、焦虑和紧张，导致问题行为。通常，过度依赖的狗不能单独留下而不出问题，也不能容忍访客，因为访客会干扰家庭互动。有些甚至不能容忍主人阅读或打电话。说到这里，我们已经触及了问题行为的原因和纠正的关键。
Leadership 领导力
Most problem dogs are leader types, they are trying to control the activities of the family or certain individuals in the group. In some cases the dogs are in conflict with their physical environment or external social elements, such as fences, tethers, neighborhood children, cats, other dogs, mailmen or visitors. A dog that wants to control these elements, or to lead the activities of its human family pack, is doomed to a life of frustration. 大多数有问题的狗都是领导型的，它们试图控制家庭的活动或群体中的某些个体。在某些情况下，狗与其物理环境或外部社会因素发生冲突，比如围栏、拴绳、邻居的孩子、猫、其他狗、邮递员或访客。想要控制这些因素，或领导其人类家庭群体活动的狗，注定会过上充满挫折的生活。
Leader Behavior 领导行为
Leader-type dogs exhibit any or all of the following behavior, both on and off their home territory. 领导型的狗在其领地内外都会表现出以下一种或多种行为。
Precedes owner through doors or when walking in almost any direction. 在几乎任何方向上，都会走在主人前面通过门口。
Does not obey the owner’s commands. 不服从主人的命令。
Displays anxiety about new people or situations, either by overreacting toward or away from them. 对新的人或新情况表现出焦虑，要么过度反应，要么回避。
Interferes with the owner’s interactions with other people. 干扰主人与其他人的互动。
Nudges the owner persistently for physical petting. 不断地用身体接触来催促主人抚摸。
Leader-Type Behaviorisms in New Environments 新环境中的领导型行为
When a dog assumes a leadership role in its owner relationships, it usually exhibits behavior that provides clues, even off the home property. These signs suggest that the dog feels responsible for, rather than to, its owner. Some easily detected signs are: 当一只狗在与主人关系中承担领导角色时，它通常会表现出一些行为，即使在家外的地方也能提供线索。这些迹象表明狗感觉自己是对主人负责，而不是服从主人。一些容易察觉的迹象有：
Protectiveness of the owner. 对主人的保护欲。
Nervousness (anxiety about the new area, scouting the area). 紧张（对新环境的焦虑，侦察周围环境）。
Lack of response to the owner’s direction. 对主人的指令缺乏反应。
Rushes in or out of doors ahead of the owner. 在主人前面冲进或冲出门。
Interferes with the owner’s interactions with other people in the new situation. This may involve either dominant or submissive behaviorisms. 干扰主人在新环境中与他人的互动。这可能表现为支配性或顺从性行为。
This category involves problem dogs that might be considered pleasant pets, but have developed a need for attention that has hampered desirable emotional maturation. It can be likened to the care-seeking behavior of the pup that whines, barks, licks, paws or in some other way encourages its owners to respond. Such dogowner relationships are prime examples of operant conditioning, which may persist throughout the dog’s life. 这一类别涉及那些可能被认为是讨人喜欢的宠物，但因发展出对关注的需求而阻碍了理想的情感成熟的问题犬。它可以类比为幼犬寻求关爱的行为，比如哀鸣、吠叫、舔舐、用爪子抓挠或以其他方式促使主人做出反应。这种犬主关系是操作性条件反射的典型例子，可能会持续贯穿犬的一生。
Functional Drives and Basic Needs 功能驱动与基本需求
Chasing 追逐
The need for leadership, while one of the strongest behavioral needs of the dog, is not the only one which can create problems. Many dogs suffer frustration because their environments do not allow them to function in any way. Their chase reflex, probably an innate part of a need either to act as a predator or protect the property of their family, is often frustrated by fences, leashes, tethers or, lately, even the threat of pain from a high-tech shock to their throats. Owners who allow their dogs to spend time in such 领导需求虽然是犬类最强烈的行为需求之一，但并不是唯一会引发问题的需求。许多犬因环境不允许它们以任何方式发挥功能而感到挫败。它们的追逐反射，可能是作为捕食者行动或保护家庭财产的天生需求的一部分，常常被围栏、牵引绳、系绳，或者近来甚至是高科技电击喉部的疼痛威胁所阻碍。允许犬只在这种环境中度过时间的主人
frustrating situations often wind up with a biting dog, or at least one that is labeled “overprotective.” 令人沮丧的情况常常以咬人的狗告终，或者至少被贴上“过度保护”的标签。
Freedom 自由
Pavlov documented a “Freedom Reflex.” It was so strong in some dogs that they were useless as laboratory subjects. Elements that frustrate this reflex are akin to those that frustrate the chase reflex. 巴甫洛夫记录了一种“自由反射”。在某些狗身上，这种反射非常强烈，以至于它们作为实验对象毫无用处。挫败这种反射的因素类似于挫败追逐反射的因素。
Sleep 睡眠
The importance of the dog’s need for sleep is obvious to everyone except those people whose dogs growl at them when awakened from a peaceful slumber. However, every dog owner should be made aware that dogs should not be awakened while displaying signs of dreaming. I have seen serious aggressive problems in dogs whose owners consistently woke them because they were sure the dogs were having “nightmares.” In one case the owner actually slept on the floor with his dog to control the dreaming! 狗对睡眠需求的重要性对每个人来说都是显而易见的，除了那些当狗从安静的睡眠中被唤醒时会对人咆哮的人。然而，每个狗主人都应该知道，狗在表现出做梦迹象时不应被唤醒。我见过一些严重的攻击性问题，都是因为主人坚持唤醒他们的狗，因为他们确信狗在做“噩梦”。有一个案例中，主人甚至睡在地板上陪着狗，以控制它的梦境！
Summary 总结
I have presented a dynamic picture of the maturing domestic dog so that causes can be identified within the framework of critical behavioral periods and various behavior problems. One thing is certain: No particular problem is necessarily exclusively related to any specific period. The roots of problem behavior may lie in a specific developmental phase, or the gradual crosive effects of the environment throughout several phases. 我展示了一个成长中的家犬的动态图景，以便在关键行为期和各种行为问题的框架内识别原因。有一点是确定的：没有任何特定的问题必然只与某一特定时期相关。问题行为的根源可能存在于某个特定的发展阶段，或者是环境在多个阶段中逐渐产生的腐蚀性影响。
When dealing with some specific behavior, we might speak of dominance and submission. But to define the character of a dog’s relationship with its owners clearly, it is best to use the terms leader and subordinate, or follower. 在处理某些特定行为时，我们可能会谈论支配和服从。但要清楚地定义狗与其主人的关系特征，最好使用领导者和下属，或追随者这类术语。
The “move-with” allelomimetic tendencies of problem dogs can be described as either extremely mimetic or anti-mimetic, with independent leader types falling into the latter category. 问题犬的“随动”模仿倾向可以描述为极度模仿型或反模仿型，独立型领导犬属于后者。
The dog that misses its owner too much, for whatever reason, is one of the most frequently encountered problem dogs. However, independent leader types may be the most troublesome, as they can be aggressive. 因各种原因过于思念主人的狗，是最常见的问题犬之一。然而，独立型领导犬可能是最麻烦的，因为它们可能具有攻击性。
Problems of leadership and responsibility arise from the dog’s relationship with its owners. Though every dog has the capacity to act as leader, the owners control the elements that produce problems. This is usually a result of a series of reversed social operant conditioning procedures in which the dog stimulates and the owners respond. The outcome is a dog that feels responsible for, rather than to, its owners and property, especially in protective-aggressive dogs. In some cases, maturation may be stilted in another way, resulting in a pet that is overly dependent on its owner’s presence or attentions. 领导力和责任感的问题源于狗与主人之间的关系。虽然每只狗都有能力成为领导者，但主人控制着导致问题的因素。这通常是由于一系列反向社会操作性条件反射过程，狗发起刺激，主人作出反应。结果是狗感觉自己对主人和财产负责，而不是服从，尤其是在保护性攻击犬中。在某些情况下，成熟过程可能以另一种方式受阻，导致宠物过度依赖主人的存在或关注。
All of these social developmental aspects bear on the cause of a dog’s behavior problem. For this reason, careful fact finding in all cases is required for effective solutions. 所有这些社会发展方面都影响着狗行为问题的成因。因此，在所有情况下都需要仔细调查事实，以便找到有效的解决方案。
Neurotic and Psychotic Dogs 神经质和精神病犬
The Neurotic Dog 神经质犬
A neurosis may be defined as a functional nervous disorder with no sign of disease of the central nervous system. For our purposes, “functional nervous disorder” refers to a behavioral disorder, since behavior is one of the end results of nervous functions. Psychoneurosis “Emotional maladaptation due to unresolved unconscious conflicts,” may also be used to describe the condition of many so-called neurotic dogs. This means, to recognize a neurotic dog, we must identify some defective nervous behavioral function, while ruling out physical injury or disease, such as hydrocephalus, brain tumor, etc. This can be done in some cases through neurologic examinations. Urine and blood analyses can often indicate internal chemical imbalances which are of an organic cause. On the other hand, they may also indicate the presence of severe environmental stressors. Combined with behavioral information, physiologic examinations might indicate a neuroses or the basis for a psychosis. ^(6,9){ }^{6,9} Unfortunately, we are usually unable to get neurophysiologic workups and must depend on behavioral clues for an answer. For practical purposes, a dog may be considered neurotic if it displays signs of a functional nervous disorder combined with behavior that is both abnormal and maladaptive for dogs in general. 神经症可定义为一种功能性神经障碍，且无中枢神经系统疾病的迹象。就我们的目的而言，“功能性神经障碍”指的是行为障碍，因为行为是神经功能的最终表现之一。精神神经症“由于未解决的无意识冲突导致的情绪适应不良”，也可用来描述许多所谓神经质犬的状况。这意味着，要识别神经质犬，我们必须确定某种神经行为功能缺陷，同时排除物理损伤或疾病，如脑积水、脑肿瘤等。在某些情况下，这可以通过神经学检查来完成。尿液和血液分析常常能指示有机原因引起的内部化学失衡。另一方面，它们也可能表明存在严重的环境压力因素。结合行为信息，生理检查可能表明神经症或精神病的基础。 ^(6,9){ }^{6,9} 不幸的是，我们通常无法进行神经生理学检查，只能依靠行为线索来寻找答案。 从实际角度来看，如果一只狗表现出功能性神经障碍的迹象，同时其行为既异常又不适合一般狗的适应性，那么这只狗可以被认为是神经质的。
But how is a functional nervous disorder described in behavioral terms? The following descriptions are helpful. 那么，功能性神经障碍在行为上是如何描述的呢？以下描述具有参考价值。
The dog that fails to inhibit the orienting (alerting) response to stimuli that occur repeatedly and are known to the animal to be neither harmful nor rewarding. These dogs are almost always in a state of anxiety. 这类狗无法抑制对反复出现且已被动物认知为既无害也无奖励的刺激的定向（警觉）反应。这些狗几乎总处于焦虑状态。
The dog that responds to novel objects, sounds, touches, movements and even odors with exaggerated active or passive defensive responses. These dogs often lack adequate early social experience. 这类狗对新奇的物体、声音、触摸、动作甚至气味表现出夸张的主动或被动防御反应。这些狗通常缺乏足够的早期社会经验。
The dog that fails to retain (in some cases, even to develop) voluntary or involuntary conditioned reflexes. This cannot be applied to the dog’s total behavior, but usually is pertinent to a failure to form and/or retain learned associations involving defense and social behaviorisms. 未能保持（在某些情况下，甚至未能发展）自愿或非自愿条件反射的狗。这不能应用于狗的全部行为，但通常与未能形成和/或保持涉及防御和社会行为的学习联想有关。
The dog that displays hyperkinesis. Signs include excessive salivation, elevated pulse and respiration, abnormally low urine output, and increased energy metabolism revealed through excessive, sometimes stereotyped activity, especially in close confinement. 表现出多动症的狗。症状包括过度流涎、脉搏和呼吸加快、尿量异常减少，以及通过过度、有时是刻板的活动表现出的能量代谢增加，尤其是在狭小空间内。
Displays fixations on objects, exhibiting ritualized behavior, usually repetitive and with no apparent objective. “Obsessive-compuisive” is the current diagnostic label of choice. While it is often treated with drugs, I have found through careful diagnosis that these dogs are suffering from frustration due to a lack of function in thier lives. They are “making work,” and receiving internal neuro-chemical rewards, much as do the Whirling Dervishes. 对物体表现出固着，表现出仪式化行为，通常是重复性的且没有明显目的。“强迫症”是目前首选的诊断标签。虽然通常用药物治疗，但我通过仔细诊断发现，这些狗是由于生活中缺乏功能而感到挫败。它们在“制造工作”，并获得内部神经化学奖励，就像旋转的德尔维希教徒一样。
These outward signs often indicate functional nervous disorders, some of which may be caused by disease or other physical factors. However, there may be functional nervous disorders that do not fall into the definition of neurosis; they do not meet the requirements of both abnormal and maladaptive behavior. 这些外在表现常常表明功能性神经障碍，其中一些可能由疾病或其他身体因素引起。然而，也可能存在不属于神经症定义的功能性神经障碍；它们不符合异常和不适应性行为的双重要求。
A dog that violates its normally fastidious nature and house training by urinating on the front window drapes when other dogs are outside, is behaving somewhat abnormally as compared with most other dogs. But this behavior is not maladaptive because in canine terms the animal is marking its territory, a normal canine trait. On the other hand, in that same situation, if the dog were to run into its master’s bed, jump up and urinate thereon, we would 一只狗如果违背其通常讲究的天性和家庭训练，在其他狗在外面时在前窗帘上撒尿，其行为与大多数其他狗相比有些异常。但这种行为并不属于不适应性行为，因为从犬类的角度来看，动物是在标记其领地，这是正常的犬类特征。另一方面，在同样的情况下，如果这只狗跑到主人的床上，跳起来并在那里撒尿，我们可能会
probably say the behavior is both abnormal and maladaptive, since the outside dogs cannot possibly smell urine on the owner’s bed. 认为这种行为既异常又不适应，因为外面的狗不可能闻到主人床上的尿味。
Abnormal, maladaptive behavior can be defined as tension-relieving behavior that does not relate to the cause of tension. The behavior does not actually relieve tensions and, in many cases, may even increase tensions in another area of the dog’s life, i.e. in its owner relationships. 异常的不适应性行为可以定义为与紧张原因无关的缓解紧张的行为。这种行为实际上并不能缓解紧张，在许多情况下，甚至可能增加狗生活中其他方面的紧张，例如与主人的关系。
Examples of this behavior include urination, self-mutilation, habitual masturbation, general destructiveness, displaced aggression, repetitive behavior and others that will be mentioned in later sections. The foregoing clues are described only to provide guidelines for defining a dog that has a functional nervous disorder and may be neurotic. These must be considered along with the total history of the dog from behavioral and medical aspects. 这种行为的例子包括排尿、自残、习惯性手淫、普遍的破坏行为、转移性攻击、重复行为以及后续章节中将提到的其他行为。上述线索仅用于提供定义功能性神经障碍且可能患有神经症的狗的指导原则。这些线索必须结合狗的行为和医疗方面的整体历史来考虑。
Neurotic states have been induced in laboratory dogs, then rehabilitated under carefully controlled circumstances. ^(3,15){ }^{3,15} Most of this work has been performed with an eye toward comparison with the human situation. Dogs are well suited to comparative analysis, especially on the emotional level. However, when we deal with the pet dog we are not considering a carefully controlled environment, but rather a chaotic situation with poorly structured influences affecting the animal. 神经症状态已在实验室犬中被诱导出来，然后在严格控制的环境下进行康复。 ^(3,15){ }^{3,15} 大部分工作都是为了与人类情况进行比较而进行的。狗非常适合进行比较分析，尤其是在情感层面。然而，当我们处理宠物狗时，我们并不是在考虑一个严格控制的环境，而是一个混乱的环境，其中存在对动物影响不明确的因素。
The behaviorist works with those conditions that may or may not have created a neurosis. At times this has proven adequate for rehabilitation of the pet. However, the true neurotic not only displays problem behavior, but also suffers from some neurologic problems. Whether these stem from endocrine imbalances, genetically acquired anomalies, nutritional hypersensitivities or allergies, brain tumors or injuries, encephalitis, etc., the most rewarding results I have achieved involved a cooperative veterinary-behavioral approach. 行为学家处理那些可能导致或未导致神经症的状况。有时这已被证明足以使宠物康复。然而，真正的神经症患者不仅表现出问题行为，还伴有某些神经系统问题。无论这些问题是源于内分泌失调、遗传性异常、营养过敏或过敏反应、脑肿瘤或损伤、脑炎等，我所取得的最有成效的结果都是通过兽医与行为学的合作方法实现的。
The Psychotic Dog 精神病犬
A psychosis is defined in Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary as a (mental) disturbance of such magnitude that there is personality disintegration and loss of contact with reality. The line between neurotic and psychotic behavior is not well defined, even by psychiatrists and psychologists. In fact, psychoneurosis is used to describe “emotional maladaptation due to unresolved uncon- 在《塔伯百科医学词典》中，精神病被定义为一种（精神）障碍，其严重程度导致人格解体和与现实的失联。即使是精神科医生和心理学家，也难以明确区分神经症和精神病行为之间的界限。事实上，精神神经症一词用来描述“由于未解决的无意识冲突导致的情绪适应不良”——
scious conflicts.” However, two prevailing criteria can be added to the definition of a neurotic dog to describe, for our purposes, psychotic behavior. These involve circumstances in which the dog’s behavior is dangerous to itself or to the welfare of others, and in which the dog appears to be unaware of the behavior during and/or very shortly thereafter its actions. “意识冲突。”然而，为了我们的目的，可以在神经质犬的定义中添加两个普遍标准来描述精神病行为。这些标准涉及狗的行为对自身或他人福利构成危险的情况，以及狗在行为发生时和/或之后很短时间内似乎对其行为毫无察觉。
If only the first criterion were to be applied to biting or self-mutilating dogs, then they would incorrectly be considered psychotic. In fact, many people believe any biting dog should be labeled as a “psycho” and destroyed forthwith, regardless of the circumstances. On the other hand, if the second element applies, the dog is unaware of its behavior, it would seem reasonable to apply the psychotic label. 如果仅应用第一个标准来判断咬人或自残的狗，那么它们会被错误地认为是精神病犬。事实上，许多人认为任何咬人的狗都应该被贴上“精神病”标签并立即处死，无论具体情况如何。另一方面，如果第二个标准适用，即狗对自己的行为毫无察觉，那么将其归为精神病似乎是合理的。
The dog that appears to have withdrawn from reality or suffers episodes of withdrawal could be either psychotic or physically ill. If the behavior fits the basic neurotic model and is also in some way harmful to life or well-being, then the animal may be psychotic, if otherwise healthy. 看起来已经脱离现实或经历脱离现实发作的狗，可能是精神病患者，也可能是身体有病。如果行为符合基本的神经质模型，并且在某种程度上对生命或健康有害，那么如果动物身体健康，它可能是精神病患者。
Dogs defined as psychotic have included the following: 被定义为精神病的狗包括以下几类：
Dogs that suffer “avalanches” of rage for no clinical reasons and do not respond to external stimuli. 狗狗无明显临床原因出现“愤怒爆发”，且对外部刺激无反应。
Manic-depressive animals that vacillate between depression and wild activity. 躁郁症动物，在抑郁和狂躁活动之间摇摆不定。
Depressed dogs that fail to respond even to powerful stimuli, such as hunger, as when dogs starve to death in the presence of food. Such cases have been seen in pet dogs as well as laboratory animals. The rage and manic-depressive states occur mainly in excitable types, whereas depression usually occurs in those with inhibitive tendencies. 抑郁的狗狗即使面对强烈刺激（如饥饿）也无反应，比如狗狗在食物面前饿死。这种情况在宠物狗和实验动物中都有出现。愤怒爆发和躁郁状态主要发生在易激动类型的狗狗中，而抑郁通常出现在有抑制倾向的狗狗中。
Some notable factors in the medical histories of apparently psychotic pet dogs are listed below. 以下列出了一些明显精神病宠物狗的病史中值得注意的因素。
Early distemper (before 3 months). 早期犬瘟热（3 个月前）。
Prolonged severe pancreatitis (especially as pups). 长期严重的胰腺炎（尤其是在幼犬时期）。
Accidental injury, especially to the spine and/or head. 意外伤害，尤其是脊柱和/或头部的伤害。
Accidental drug overdose. 意外药物过量。
Prolonged corticosteroid or other drug therapy. 长期使用皮质类固醇或其他药物治疗。
Diabetes 糖尿病
Extreme psychic trauma. 极端的精神创伤。
Unfortunately, there are no institutions dedicated to the study of so-called neurotic and psychotic dogs, especially when they are aggressive or destructive. The underlying physical problems are rarely, if ever, investigated with the same dedication applied to humans with parallel conditions. As a result, the dogs are generally destroyed, which solves the owner’s immediate problem, but offers no progress toward understanding of the problem’s causes. 不幸的是，目前没有专门研究所谓神经质和精神病犬类的机构，尤其是当它们表现出攻击性或破坏性行为时。潜在的身体问题很少，甚至几乎从未像对待患有类似状况的人类那样被认真调查。因此，这些狗通常会被处死，这解决了主人眼前的问题，但并未推动对问题根源的理解。
Summary 总结
In defining the neurotic and psychotic dog in terms of its behavior, we rely on observation of external signs. The neurotic is described as exhibiting both abnormal (for itself or the canine species) and maladaptive behavior. Some clues may be found in an inability to develop conditioned behavior or to retain it normally. 在通过行为定义神经质和精神病犬时，我们依赖对外部表现的观察。神经质犬被描述为表现出异常（对其自身或犬类物种而言）且不适应的行为。有些线索可能体现在其无法形成条件反射行为或无法正常保持这些行为。
The psychotic usually has neurotic signs coupled with behavior that is harmful to itself or others and during which the dog lacks apparent awareness of its situation. A combined approach to rehabilitation involving both veterinary and behavioral fields has yielded the best results 精神病犬通常表现出神经症状，同时伴有对自己或他人有害的行为，在此期间犬只似乎对其所处的状况缺乏明显的意识。结合兽医和行为学领域的综合康复方法已取得最佳效果。
Breeds and Behavior 品种与行为
After I reviewed 25 years of data from documented cases, owner surveys and “expert” opinions about breeds and behavior, it was apparent that statistics can be shaped and interpreted to prove almost any point. Raw statistics from nationwide surveys of more than 3600 dog owners provided valid statistics on only 23 of the more than 130 breeds currently recognized. With the rapid growth of puppy mills and the still-prevalent practice of breeding for form rather than function, it is possible for behavioral tendencies within any given breed to vary widely, even wildly. 在我回顾了 25 年间的文献案例、犬主调查和“专家”关于品种与行为的意见后，显而易见的是，统计数据可以被塑造和解读以支持几乎任何观点。来自全国 3600 多名犬主的调查原始统计数据，仅对目前认可的 130 多个品种中的 23 个品种提供了有效统计数据。随着幼犬繁殖场的快速增长以及仍然普遍存在的以外观而非功能为目的的繁殖做法，任何特定品种的行为倾向可能会有很大甚至极端的差异。
Rather than summarize here the various studies, it would be better to remember, like it or not, most puppy buyers pick a breed subjectively, and mainly due to appearance. When we consider the broad range of dog breeds, from tea-cup Poodles to giant Irish 与其在此总结各种研究，不如记住，无论喜欢与否，大多数幼犬买家是主观地选择品种，主要基于外观。当我们考虑从茶杯贵宾犬到巨型爱尔兰猎狼犬等广泛的犬种时，
Wolfhounds, from sleek Greyhounds to chunky English Bulldogs, it becomes obvious that people tastes are inexplicably variable. 从优雅的灵缇犬到敦实的英国斗牛犬，显而易见，人们的口味千差万别，难以捉摸。
For this reason, rather than present a guide to breeds and behavior problems, I have found that owners are better served by discovering for themselves some appealing breeds by studying all the characteristics of each. Most breed atlases have both photos and personality profiles, although no individual dog will mirror the exact characteristics presented in these books. 因此，与其提供一个关于品种和行为问题的指南，我发现让主人通过研究每个品种的所有特征，自行发现一些吸引人的品种更为有益。大多数品种图鉴都有照片和性格简介，尽管没有哪只狗会完全符合书中描述的特征。
The next step is to locate a reputable breeder and visit them to ascertain that they follow ethical practices. An excellent book on the subject is The Puppy Report. ^(22){ }^{22} After the initial selection, that breed can be researched for any genetic-based health/behavioral problems, and a specific breeder selected. 下一步是找到一个信誉良好的繁育者，亲自拜访以确认他们遵循道德规范。关于这个主题的一本优秀书籍是《The Puppy Report》。 ^(22){ }^{22} 在初步选择之后，可以针对该品种进行遗传性健康/行为问题的研究，并选择具体的繁育者。
Finally the behavior test for puppy selection (see Chapter 7) can, and should, be used. It has proved to be an invaluable aid. Tens of thousands of owners have used the test since it first appeared in 1972, and we have yet to hear from one who did not find it valuable. I do not recommend attempting to ascertain further behavioral tendencies beyond the five elements in this test during the ages of 6-12 weeks of age. Their nervous systems, especially the visual tract, are not fully developed. In fact, many breeders tell me they do not allow prospective buyers to startle or frighten their puppies with sounds of visual stimuli during this ultra-sensitive development period. By simply testing for handling and following tendencies, puppy purchasers can select the “one” puppy with the behavioral characteristics which fit their situation, and make an enlightened commitment to the new pet. From that point forward, their pet’s personality will be the product of both it’s innate genetic make-up and the environment. 最后，幼犬选择的行为测试（见第 7 章）可以且应该被使用。它已被证明是一个非常宝贵的辅助工具。自 1972 年首次出现以来，成千上万的主人使用了该测试，我们还未听说有谁觉得它没有价值。我不建议在幼犬 6 至 12 周龄期间，尝试确定除该测试中五个要素之外的其他行为倾向。它们的神经系统，尤其是视觉通路，还未完全发育。事实上，许多繁育者告诉我，他们不允许潜在买家在这个极其敏感的发展期用声音或视觉刺激来惊吓或吓唬幼犬。通过简单地测试对触摸和跟随的倾向，幼犬购买者可以选择具有适合自己情况的行为特征的“那只”幼犬，并对新宠物做出明智的承诺。从那时起，宠物的个性将是其先天遗传构成和环境的共同产物。
Summarizing the Problem Dog 问题犬总结
Problem dogs have no single profile. Instead, we emerge with a montage, including dogs of all breeds and sexes, with major behavioral characteristics tending toward excitability or inhibition. These tendencies may be encoded genetically or influenced during life by the environment, especially in critical early periods. External factors involved can include mishandling, poor diet, certain diseases and trauma. 问题犬没有单一的特征。相反，我们看到的是一个拼贴画，涵盖了各种品种和性别的犬只，其主要行为特征倾向于兴奋性或抑制性。这些倾向可能是遗传编码的，也可能在生命过程中受到环境的影响，尤其是在关键的早期阶段。涉及的外部因素包括不当处理、饮食不良、某些疾病和创伤。
In the end, a “problem dog” is defined by its owner or others who must otherwise interact with it. For instance, perfectly normal canine behavior, such as barking at cars pulling into the driveway, might be considered a problem to a suburban owner but an asset to a farm family. Most problems are the result of the dog’s relieving tensions created by frustration. Tension is relieved orally, physically, vocally or, in some cases, in all three modes. Each problem dog must be considered as a “type” functioning within its own sphere of unique environmental influences. 最终，“问题犬”是由其主人或其他必须与之互动的人定义的。例如，完全正常的犬类行为，如对驶入车道的汽车吠叫，可能对郊区的主人来说是个问题，但对农场家庭来说则是一种资产。大多数问题都是狗通过缓解由挫折引起的紧张而产生的。紧张通过口腔、身体、声音或在某些情况下通过这三种方式同时得到缓解。每只问题犬都必须被视为在其独特环境影响范围内运作的“类型”。
Rech RH and Moore KE: An Introduction to Psychopharmacology. Raven Press, New York, 1971. Rech RH 和 Moore KE：《精神药理学导论》。Raven 出版社，纽约，1971 年。
Bowman RE and Datta SP: Biochemistry of the Brain and Behavior. Plenum Press, New York, 1970. Bowman RE 和 Datta SP：《大脑与行为的生物化学》。普莱纳姆出版社，纽约，1970 年。
Flynn JP, in Glass DC: Neurophysiology and Emotion. Rockefeller Univ Press, New York, 1967. Flynn JP，载于 Glass DC：《神经生理学与情绪》。洛克菲勒大学出版社，纽约，1967 年。
Naumenko EV: Central Regulation of the Pituitary-Adrenal Complex. Consultants Bureau, New York, 1973. Naumenko EV：《垂体-肾上腺复合体的中枢调节》。顾问局出版社，纽约，1973 年。
Greenfield NS and Sternbach RA: Handbook of Psychophysiology. Holt, Rinehart, Winston, New York, 1972. Greenfield NS 和 Sternbach RA：《心理生理学手册》。霍尔特、赖因哈特、温斯顿出版社，纽约，1972 年。
Konorski J: Integrative Activity of the Brain. Univ Chicago Press, Chicago, 1967. Konorski J：大脑的整合活动。芝加哥大学出版社，芝加哥，1967 年。
Fox MW: Canine Behavior. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1965. Fox MW：犬类行为。查尔斯·C·托马斯出版社，伊利诺伊州斯普林菲尔德，1965 年。
Scott JP and Fuller JL: Dog Behavior: The Genetic Basis. Univ Chicago Press, Chicago, 1974. Scott JP 和 Fuller JL：犬类行为：遗传基础。芝加哥大学出版社，芝加哥，1974 年。
Rusinov VS: Electrophysiology of the Central Nervous System. Consultants Bureau, New York, 1973. Rusinov VS：《中枢神经系统的电生理学》。顾问局，纽约，1973 年。
Thorndike EL: Animal Intelligence. Macmillan, New York, 1911. Thorndike EL：《动物智力》。麦克米兰，纽约，1911 年。
Skinner BF: The Behavior of Organisms. Appleton-Century, New York, 1938. Skinner BF：《有机体的行为》。苹果世纪，纽约，1938 年。
Miller D: Dog Master Manual. CA, 1987. Miller D：《狗主人手册》。加利福尼亚，1987 年。
Lopez BH: Of Wolves and Men. Charles Scribner’s Sons, New York, 1978. Lopez BH：论狼与人。查尔斯·斯克里布纳之子出版社，纽约，1978 年。
Allen DL: Wolves of Minong. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1979. Allen DL：米农的狼。霍顿·米夫林出版社，波士顿，1979 年。
Beerda, B. Stress and Well-being in Dogs. Utrecht Univeristy, The Netherlands, 1997. Beerda, B. 狗的压力与福祉。荷兰乌得勒支大学，1997 年。
Shook, L. The Puppy Report. Lyons and Buford, 1992. Shook, L. 小狗报告。莱昂斯和巴福德，1992 年。
Beck, A. and Katcher, A. Between Pets and People. Purdue University Press, 1996. Beck, A. 和 Katcher, A. 宠物与人之间。普渡大学出版社，1996 年。
Scott, J.P. Aggression. University of Chicago Press, 1975 Scott, J.P. 攻击性。芝加哥大学出版社，1975 年。
Helpful Reading 有益的阅读资料
Delgado JR: Physical Control of the Mind. Harper & Row, New York, 1969. Delgado JR：《心灵的物理控制》。哈珀与罗出版社，纽约，1969 年。
Chapter 1 第一章
Rosenblith WA: Principles of Sensory Communication, A Symposium. M.I.T. Press & John Wiley, New York, 1961. Rosenblith WA：《感觉交流原理，研讨会论文集》。麻省理工学院出版社与约翰·威利出版社，纽约，1961 年。
Sokolov EN: Perception and the Conditioned Reflex. Pergamon Press, New York, 1963. Sokolov EN：感知与条件反射。Pergamon 出版社，纽约，1963 年。
Papez JW: Comparative Neurology. Crowell, New York, 1929. Papez JW：比较神经学。Crowell 出版社，纽约，1929 年。
von Bekesy G: Sensory Inhibition. Princeton Univ Press, Princeton, NJ, 1966. von Bekesy G：感觉抑制。普林斯顿大学出版社，普林斯顿，新泽西，1966 年。
Zeigler HP and Gross CG: Readings in Physiological Psychology. Vol 1, Neurophysiology/Sensory Processes. Harper & Row, New York, 1969. Zeigler HP 和 Gross CG：生理心理学读本。第一卷，神经生理学/感觉过程。Harper & Row 出版社，纽约，1969 年。
Pribram K: Languages of the Brain. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1971. Pribram K：《大脑的语言》。Prentice-Hall 出版社，新泽西州恩格尔伍德克利夫斯，1971 年。
Sutherland MS and Mackintosh NJ: Mechanisms of Animal Discrimination and Learning. Academic Press, New York, 1971. Sutherland MS 和 Mackintosh NJ：《动物辨别与学习的机制》。Academic Press 出版社，纽约，1971 年。
Anderson AC and Good LS: The Beagle as an Experimental Dog. Iowa State Univ Press, Ames, 1970. Anderson AC 和 Good LS：《比格犬作为实验犬》。爱荷华州立大学出版社，埃姆斯，1970 年。
Clemente CD and Lindsley DB: Brain Function, v. 5, Aggression and Defense: Neural Mechanisms and Social Patterns. Univ Calif Press, Berkeley, 1967. Clemente CD 和 Lindsley DB：《大脑功能，第 5 卷，攻击与防御：神经机制与社会模式》。加州大学出版社，伯克利，1967 年。
Garattini S and Sigg EB: Biology of Aggression. Interscience Publishers, New York, 1969. Garattini S 和 Sigg EB：《攻击行为的生物学》。Interscience Publishers，纽约，1969 年。
Klosovski BN: Excitatory and Inhibitory States of the Brain. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 1963. Klosovski BN：《大脑的兴奋和抑制状态》。以色列科学翻译计划，耶路撒冷，1963 年。
Klosovski BN: Development of the Nervous System and Its Disturbance by Harmful Factors. Macmillan, Ne w York, 1963. Klosovski BN：《神经系统的发展及其受有害因素的干扰》。Macmillan，纽约，1963 年。
Zubek JP: Sensory Deprivation. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1969. Zubek JP：《感觉剥夺》。Appleton-Century-Crofts，纽约，1969 年。
2
People, Environments: Problems 人类、环境：问题
Most of modern civilization is losing touch with nature. We are becoming nations of virtual realities. Meanwhile, the physical and psychological benefits humans gain from contact with natural things are well known. Hearing the wind in a forest, watching a river flow, viewing a sunset, observing squirrels and chipmunks foraging or at play, or birds gathering nest materials; digging, planting and nurturing a garden-these are all psychologically and physically healthful. Experiencing these pleasures is becoming more rare as the 21st century nears. 现代文明的大部分人正在逐渐失去与自然的联系。我们正成为虚拟现实的国度。与此同时，人类从接触自然事物中获得的身心益处是众所周知的。听森林中的风声，观看河流的流动，欣赏日落，观察松鼠和花栗鼠觅食或玩耍，或鸟儿收集筑巢材料；挖掘、种植和培育花园——这些都是对心理和身体健康有益的体验。随着 21 世纪的临近，体验这些乐趣变得越来越罕见。
Several thousand years ago dogs were initially domesticated for their functional value; hunting helpers, village and stock guards, even body-warmers in bitter cold climates. These basic functions are no longer required by modern civilization and, the dog’s capacity to cooperate within a group for the mutual benefit of its members is stifled-frustrated. Without some meaningful functional nurturing, dogs grow older, mature physically, but behave like puppies emotionally - seeking attention and care, totally frustrated, denied any competent guidance toward filling an acceptable role in the family. 几千年前，狗最初被驯化是为了其功能价值；作为狩猎助手、村庄和牲畜的守卫，甚至在严寒气候中作为取暖工具。这些基本功能在现代文明中已不再需要，狗在群体中为成员的共同利益合作的能力被压制和挫败。没有某种有意义的功能性培养，狗会随着年龄增长，身体成熟，但情感上仍像幼犬一样——寻求关注和照顾，完全沮丧，缺乏任何有效的指导来帮助其在家庭中找到合适的角色。
On the human side of the equation, as we become increasingly dependent on verbal skills and electronic communications, a pet animal is sometimes our only meaningful daily contact with the animate, natural world. However, without an opportunity to de- 在人类方面，随着我们越来越依赖语言技能和电子通讯，宠物有时成为我们每天与有生命的自然世界唯一有意义的接触。然而，如果没有机会去-
velop nonverbal communications with animals, dog owners tend to use human verbal and physical abilities (vocal commands, scolding, manipulation, force, punishment) to communicate with their pets. Most people mistakenly think dogs must simply be “trained” if they are to learn how to behave properly. When training fails, both owner and dog become frustrated, and problems develop. While formal (deliberate) training is an important element in a satisfying relationship, informal training is at the root of most problem behavior. 发展与动物的非语言交流时，狗主人往往倾向于使用人类的语言和身体能力（口头命令、责骂、操控、强制、惩罚）与宠物沟通。大多数人错误地认为，只要“训练”狗，狗就能学会如何正确行为。当训练失败时，主人和狗都会感到沮丧，问题随之产生。虽然正式（有意的）训练是建立令人满意关系的重要因素，但大多数行为问题的根源在于非正式训练。
Dogs learn from, and react to, the way people behave. Movement, stance and sound communicate with dogs. On the other hand, as dogs struggle to communicate with people through their own movements, postures and sounds, they are too often misinterpreted or ignored. This only widens the frustrating communications gap for both parties. 狗通过观察和反应人类的行为来学习。动作、姿势和声音都是与狗交流的方式。另一方面，狗试图通过自己的动作、姿势和声音与人类沟通时，常常被误解或忽视。这只会加深双方之间令人沮丧的沟通鸿沟。
It may seem far-fetched to propose that behavior consultants should help dog owners learn how to interpret their pet’s behavior, then use movement, stance and special sounds, in order to communicate effectively, and hence, live together harmoniously. However, it is not unrealistic at all. Once the basics of effective human/canine communications are learned and applied, they play a crucial role in correcting behavior problems humanely and effectively. 建议行为顾问帮助狗主人学习如何解读宠物的行为，然后利用动作、姿势和特殊声音进行有效沟通，从而和谐共处，可能听起来有些牵强。然而，这一点完全不不切实际。一旦掌握并应用了有效的人与犬沟通的基本要领，它们在人道且有效地纠正行为问题中起着至关重要的作用。
A man had been shouting in un effort to calm his dog, which barked viciously whenever gas station attendants cleaned the windshield. He came to me at wit’s end, having tried every sort of punishment to distract the choleric canine. After the owner initiated a basic leadership program, we had him go to the station daily and clean ine windshield himself for about a week with the dog in the car. During the second week the attendant stood alongside as the owner cleaned. After that week, the owner sat in the car in stony silence while various attendants repeated the task. After 12 such episodes during 3 weeks, the dog quietly whined at the attendants, which was acceptable to the owner. 一名男子为了安抚他的狗而大声喊叫，这只狗每当加油站工作人员清洗挡风玻璃时都会恶狠狠地吠叫。他走投无路地找到我，已经尝试了各种惩罚手段来分散这只暴躁犬的注意力。主人开始实施一个基本的领导力训练计划后，我们让他每天去加油站，自己清洗挡风玻璃，大约持续一周，狗则留在车内。第二周，工作人员站在一旁，主人继续清洗。那之后的一周，主人默默地坐在车里，任由不同的工作人员重复清洗任务。经过三周共 12 次这样的经历后，狗对工作人员只是轻声呜咽，主人对此表示接受。
It doesn’t occur to most dog owners that shouting at a barking dog is, in fact, joining in the racket-responding with the human version of the same behavior. When their dogs do become silent, 大多数狗主人不会想到，对着吠叫的狗大喊大叫，实际上是在加入噪音——用人类版本的同样行为进行回应。当他们的狗变得安静时，
it is because they associate the owner’s tone of voice with disapproval and/or fear of impending pain from punishment. Excitable types, or those with some prior traumatic experience, usually become worse. 那是因为它们将主人的语气与不赞成和/或对即将到来的惩罚疼痛的恐惧联系在一起。性格激动的狗，或有过某些创伤经历的狗，通常情况会更糟。
In the non-verbal world of dogs, silence means quiet, inaction begets stillness, and movement stimulates action. The fact that this patently obvious facet of non-verbal communication must be written or talked about to gain attention among dog owners further points up the extreme verbal orientation of humans. 在狗的非语言世界里，沉默意味着安静，不动作导致静止，而动作则刺激行动。这个明显的非语言交流特点必须被写出来或谈论，才能引起狗主人的注意，这进一步凸显了人类极端的语言导向性。
Spoken language is just noise to dogs. It is a tribute to their adaptability that they actually learn the meaning of certain key sounds, which usually comes about through a combination of the dog’s intelligence and the owner’s almost accidental consistency when referring to certain events or objects, such as regularly using the word “out” in such phrases as “D’ya wanna go out?” or “Tippy want out?” In these cases the sound of the word “out” is meaningful to Tippy. The upward inflection used at the end of the sentence usually indicates that it is time to get excited about something, the nature of which is revealed by the key word involved. However, we could probably substitute the word rout for out and gain the same response. 口语对狗来说只是噪音。它们能够真正理解某些关键声音的含义，实属它们适应能力的体现，这通常是狗的智力与主人在提及某些事件或物品时几乎无意中的一致性相结合的结果，比如经常使用“out”这个词，出现在“D’ya wanna go out?”或“Tippy want out?”这样的短语中。在这些情况下，“out”这个词的声音对 Tippy 来说是有意义的。句末使用的上扬语调通常表示是时候对某事感到兴奋了，而具体是什么事则由关键字揭示。然而，我们大概也可以用“rout”替代“out”，并获得相同的反应。
A particularly nit-picky client once debated this point. To prove it, I had him repeat a meaningless phrase with the same inflections he used when asking his Dachshund to go for a ride in the car, but to substitute the following words. “One-two-three- far right?” He said it and, sure enough, Charlie reacted just as if a trip in the family jalopy was coming up. It is important to note here, Charlie responded with even more excitement when the car keys were rattled! 一位特别挑剔的客户曾就这一点争论不休。为了证明这一点，我让他用他平时叫他的腊肠犬去车上兜风时的语调重复一句无意义的短语，但将内容替换为以下词语：“一二三——最右边？”他说了这句话，果然，查理的反应就像即将去家庭老爷车兜风一样。这里需要注意的是，当车钥匙发出响声时，查理的兴奋程度甚至更高！
The most common feature among problem-dog owners is their ignorance-not stupidity, but a lack of knowledge of the facts about why their errant pets behave as they do. Ironically, the owners aren’t short of knowledge about dog behavior myths and popular misconceptions. Most of them have accepted dis-information from TV shows, popular books and articles, or other dog owners. It is the task of ethical behavior consultants to counter the myths and bad data with the truth about the owner’s dog’s behavior as well as the owner’s role in the problem. 问题犬主最常见的特点是无知——不是愚蠢，而是缺乏关于他们那些行为异常宠物行为原因的事实知识。具有讽刺意味的是，这些主人对狗的行为神话和流行误解却并不缺乏了解。他们大多接受了来自电视节目、畅销书籍和文章或其他狗主人的错误信息。伦理行为顾问的任务就是用关于主人狗行为的真相以及主人在问题中所扮演角色的事实，来反驳这些神话和错误数据。
In this chapter we will develop important behavioral characteristics of problem owners and how they often affect their dogs. These human elements can then be used to analyze the total problem, along with knowledge of the dog’s own protile and other structural/environmental factors, not the least of which is the dog’s health, which will be discussed in great detail in Chapter 4. 在本章中，我们将探讨问题主人重要的行为特征，以及这些特征如何经常影响他们的狗。这些人类因素可以与对狗自身特征的了解以及其他结构/环境因素一起，用来分析整体问题，其中最重要的因素之一是狗的健康状况，这将在第四章中详细讨论。
Problem Owner Characteristics 问题主人的特征
When problems stem mainly from personal interaction between owners and their pets, we often see dominant, sometimes extreme, behavioral characteristics in the owners’ own behavior. It is difficult to categorize these extremes without giving the impression that an owner must be either permissive or overly strict. In reality, owners may fit both categories at one time or other during their interactions with the dog. With this in mind, the following categorical descriptions can be helpful. 当问题主要源于主人与宠物之间的个人互动时，我们常常会看到主人自身行为中具有支配性，有时甚至是极端的行为特征。很难对这些极端行为进行分类，而不让人觉得主人必须是放任的或过于严格的。实际上，主人在与狗的互动过程中，可能在某个时间点符合这两类中的任意一种。考虑到这一点，以下的分类描述可能会有所帮助。
As was the case in categorizing dogs, we must oversimplify to form any classifications (Table 1). I should state again that I have seen many owners display all of these behaviorisms with their dogs at one time or another during a span of a 6 week remedial program. The following people and cases are typical of each category. 正如在对狗进行分类时的情况一样，我们必须简化过度才能形成任何分类（见表 1）。我应再次声明，在为期 6 周的矫正训练过程中，我见过许多主人在某个时间点对他们的狗表现出所有这些行为特征。以下人物和案例是每个类别的典型代表。
Domineering-Physical Owner Profile: Insists on total subservience. Is quick to apply physical force and/or punishment to gain submission and obedience. 专横-身体型主人特征：坚持完全的服从。迅速使用身体力量和/或惩罚以获得服从和顺从。
The client had a large male German Shepherd puppy with highly active defense reflexes. The pup responded to harsh punishment during the housetraining period with snarls and actual attacks. During our consultation, the dog kept going to the screen door to look out. Each time he did so, the client rushed over, grabbed him by the scruff of the neck, slapped his nose and pulled him back to a forced sitting position by his chair. After about 10 of these episodes, I asked the client what he thought he was teaching his puppy. He said he was teaching him to stay with him in a sitting position, rather than wander off. I then asked why a pup should want to stay with a person who grabs, slaps and pulls at him. The answer 客户有一只大型雄性德国牧羊犬幼犬，具有高度活跃的防御反射。幼犬在训练排便期间对严厉的惩罚反应是咆哮甚至攻击。在我们的咨询过程中，狗不断走向纱门外望。每次这样做时，客户都会冲过去，抓住它的脖颈皮，拍打它的鼻子，并拉回到椅子旁的强制坐姿。大约经历了 10 次这样的情形后，我问客户他认为自己在教幼犬什么。他说他是在教它坐着待在他身边，而不是四处游荡。然后我问，为什么幼犬会想待在一个抓、拍打和拉扯它的人身边。答案是
Table 1. Characteristics of problem owners. 表 1. 问题主人的特征。
Owner Type 主人类型
Attitude Toward Dog 对狗的态度
Domineering-physical 专横-身体控制型
Insists on total subservience and uses excessive force and/or punishment to gain obedience. 坚持完全服从，使用过度的武力和/或惩罚来获得服从。
Domineering-vocal 专横-声音大
Wants total subservience and uses vocal volume or stern tone for obedience. 要求完全服从，使用大声或严厉的语气来获得服从。
Seductive 诱惑型
Tries to gain responses through coaxing and/or fondling the dog. 试图通过哄骗和/或抚摸狗来获得回应。
Insecure-permissive 不安全-放任型
Wants the dog's love and loyalty but avoids any form of discipline for fear of losing either or both. 想要狗的爱和忠诚，但害怕失去其中之一或两者，因此避免任何形式的惩戒。
Ambivalent 矛盾型
Mixed emotions about the animal lead to problems. 对动物的复杂情感导致问题。
Paranoidanthropomorphic 偏执的人格化
Endows the dog with emotional and intellectual capabilities unique to people. This type consistently misinterprets the dog's behaviorisms, and usually already "knows" all the reasons for the problem behavior. 赋予狗独特于人类的情感和智力能力。这类人经常误解狗的行为，通常已经“知道”问题行为的所有原因。
Naive 天真
Knows little or nothing about dogs and often follows everyone's advice, no matter how outrageous. 对狗几乎一无所知，经常听信所有人的建议，无论多么荒谬。
Logical 讲逻辑
Uses "common-sense" methods, even in the face of undesirable results. 即使结果不理想，也使用“常识”方法。
Intractable 难以处理
Displays either extreme rigidity or elasticity of attitude in response to consultative guidance, and, therefore, cannot help solve the problem. 在面对咨询指导时表现出极端的态度僵硬或弹性，因此无法帮助解决问题。
Children 儿童
See text on pages 70-73. 参见第 70-73 页的正文。
Owner Type Attitude Toward Dog
Domineering-physical Insists on total subservience and uses excessive force and/or punishment to gain obedience.
Domineering-vocal Wants total subservience and uses vocal volume or stern tone for obedience.
Seductive Tries to gain responses through coaxing and/or fondling the dog.
Insecure-permissive Wants the dog's love and loyalty but avoids any form of discipline for fear of losing either or both.
Ambivalent Mixed emotions about the animal lead to problems.
Paranoidanthropomorphic Endows the dog with emotional and intellectual capabilities unique to people. This type consistently misinterprets the dog's behaviorisms, and usually already "knows" all the reasons for the problem behavior.
Naive Knows little or nothing about dogs and often follows everyone's advice, no matter how outrageous.
Logical Uses "common-sense" methods, even in the face of undesirable results.
Intractable Displays either extreme rigidity or elasticity of attitude in response to consultative guidance, and, therefore, cannot help solve the problem.
Children See text on pages 70-73.| Owner Type | Attitude Toward Dog |
| :--- | :--- |
| Domineering-physical | Insists on total subservience and uses excessive force and/or punishment to gain obedience. |
| Domineering-vocal | Wants total subservience and uses vocal volume or stern tone for obedience. |
| Seductive | Tries to gain responses through coaxing and/or fondling the dog. |
| Insecure-permissive | Wants the dog's love and loyalty but avoids any form of discipline for fear of losing either or both. |
| Ambivalent | Mixed emotions about the animal lead to problems. |
| Paranoidanthropomorphic | Endows the dog with emotional and intellectual capabilities unique to people. This type consistently misinterprets the dog's behaviorisms, and usually already "knows" all the reasons for the problem behavior. |
| Naive | Knows little or nothing about dogs and often follows everyone's advice, no matter how outrageous. |
| Logical | Uses "common-sense" methods, even in the face of undesirable results. |
| Intractable | Displays either extreme rigidity or elasticity of attitude in response to consultative guidance, and, therefore, cannot help solve the problem. |
| Children | See text on pages 70-73. |
was typical: “Because I am supposed to be his master.” It took 6 weeks before this client modified his master-slave attitude, partly attributable to teaching him how to use his dog’s behavior as a means of gaining behavioral compliance. As the first step, the next time the pup went to the screen door, I had the client quietly walk over, slightly open the screen and quickly shut it, mildly startling the pup. I then told the owner to praise quietly and walk back to his chair. To his amazement, the Shepherd scurried to his side and sat 是典型的：“因为我应该是他的主人。”这位客户花了 6 周时间才改变了他的主奴态度，这部分归功于教他如何利用狗的行为作为获得行为顺从的手段。作为第一步，下次小狗走到纱门时，我让客户悄悄走过去，稍微打开纱门然后迅速关上，轻微地吓了小狗一跳。然后我告诉主人轻声表扬并走回他的椅子。令他惊讶的是，牧羊犬迅速跑到他身边坐下。
down. After about two more “treatments,” the pup lay down at the owner’s feet. He didn’t even leave when the owner got up and went to the door. He slept there for the remainder of our session. 趴下。经过大约两次“治疗”，小狗就躺在主人的脚边。当主人起身走向门口时，它甚至没有离开。在我们整个会谈期间，它都在那里睡觉。
Most domineering-physical owners are men. Very few in our experience are women who are married to these types of men. Unfortunately, many children imitate their parents and behave themselves like autocratic or domineering types. Most domineer-ing-physical parents are the same with the children as well. Dogs that respond poorly to such owners are mainly excitable types with active defense reflexes. 大多数专横体罚型的主人是男性。根据我们的经验，很少有女性是嫁给这类男性的。不幸的是，许多孩子会模仿父母，表现得像专制或专横的人。大多数专横体罚型的父母对孩子也是如此。对这类主人反应不佳的狗主要是兴奋型，具有活跃的防御反射。
Physical dominators are usually amazed when they experience how quickly and willingly their dogs respond to non-physical show-and-tell methods of behavior corrections. This motivates them to listen to advice and change their attitude about the dog. When the dog perceives its owners’ behavior change, the problem often improves immediately. 体罚型的专横者通常会惊讶于他们的狗对非体罚的示范和讲解式行为矫正方法反应得如此迅速和乐意。这激励他们听取建议并改变对狗的态度。当狗感知到主人行为的改变时，问题往往会立即改善。
Problems most readily created are: Aggression to people, submissive urination, fighting dogs. 最容易产生的问题是：对人攻击、顺从性尿失禁、狗之间打架。
The Domineering-Vocal Owner Profile: 专横-嗓音强硬的主人特征：
Insists on subservience. Uses vocal volume with stern tone of voice. 坚持要求服从。使用严厉语气的大声说话。
The drill sergeant syndrome probably stems from World War I, from which most dog obedience lore stems. The trench, sentry and communications dogs used by the German army had to be trained with shouted orders or sign-language because of competing noise of artillery and small arms fire. Except in military dogs, shout-training is inappropriate and unnecessary. At 75 feet, most dogs can hear noises that cannot be detected at 18 feet by people. It is well known that loud noises trigger defense reflex responses, usually of the avoidance type. When trying to gain obedience, teaching com- “军士长综合症”很可能起源于第一次世界大战，而大多数犬类服从训练的知识也源自于此。德国军队使用的战壕犬、哨兵犬和通信犬必须通过喊叫命令或手势语言进行训练，因为炮火和轻武器的噪音相互干扰。除了军用犬之外，喊叫训练是不合适且不必要的。在 75 英尺的距离上，大多数狗能听到人类在 18 英尺距离内都无法察觉的声音。众所周知，响亮的噪音会引发防御反射反应，通常表现为回避行为。在试图获得服从时，教学方—
mands by shouting “Come,” “Sit” or “Heel” is more likely to result in avoidance than compliance. 通过大声喊“来”、“坐”或“跟着”来发出命令，更可能导致回避而非服从。
A client brought a dog that, when sternly commanded to “Come,” responded by rolling onto its back and emitting a virtual geyser of urine. When the client understood his dog’s extreme passive defense reflex and inhibitable nervous type, he switched to whispered commands. In several weeks, the dog was a willing companion whose confidence increased perceptibly each day. 一位客户带来一只狗，当他严厉地命令“过来”时，狗却翻身露出肚皮，喷出一股几乎像喷泉一样的尿液。当客户理解了狗极端的被动防御反射和可抑制的神经类型后，他改用低声命令。几周后，这只狗变成了一个乐意陪伴的伙伴，自信心每天都明显增强。
The Seductive Owner Profile: 诱人的主人特征：
Attempts to gain compliance by coaxing, cajoling and/or petting. Usually makes excuses, rationalizing the dog’s behavior problem, even if dog is wildly aggressive. 试图通过哄骗、劝诱和/或抚摸来获得服从。通常会为狗的行为问题找借口，合理化，即使狗表现出极度的攻击性。
Problems most readily created: 最容易产生的问题：
Aggression to people and animals, chewing, digging, self-mutilation. 对人和动物的攻击、咀嚼、挖掘、自残。
The owner who tries to gain loyalty and obedience through constant petting, baby-talking and coaxing the problem dog is usually practicing a form of pet-oriented emotional self-stimulation. That is, the owner, not the dog, attempts to gain emotional satisfaction through the actions. This owner usually has a dog that has not matured beyond the juvenile period and may be anything from sadistically vicious to masochistically self-mutilating. 试图通过不断抚摸、用婴儿语说话和哄骗问题犬来获得忠诚和服从的主人，通常是在进行一种以宠物为导向的情感自我刺激。也就是说，主人而非狗，通过这些行为来获得情感满足。这类主人的狗通常还未成熟，处于幼年期，可能表现为从残忍凶狠到受虐性自残的各种行为。
A 2-year-old male Afghan Hound was tearing up its mistress’s apartment when left alone. During our first interview, the young woman constantly fondled the hound, which responded by displaying a penile erection. Asked if she had a boyfriend, she answered yes, several. As a purely consultative device, I then asked how she thought any of them might act if she were to treat them in a like manner and then go off and leave them. She coyly responded that she didn’t think they would allow her to go! The point was made and she accepted the explanation that the fondling and 一只两岁的雄性阿富汗猎犬在主人独自离开时，会把她的公寓弄得一团糟。在我们第一次面谈时，这位年轻女子不断抚摸这只猎犬，猎犬则表现出阴茎勃起的反应。当问及她是否有男朋友时，她回答有，几个。作为纯粹的咨询手段，我接着问她，如果她用同样的方式对待他们，然后离开，他们会怎么反应。她害羞地回答说，她觉得他们不会让她走！这个观点得到了确认，她接受了这样的解释：抚摸和
associated baby talk were sexually arousing the dog, which was bound to create extreme frustration. 伴随的幼儿语使狗产生了性兴奋，这必然会造成极度的挫败感。
She asked if her dog might benefit from being bred with an Afghan bitch. Would this solve the problem? I pointed out that the problem was being caused by her own interaction with the dog and had nothing to do with intra-species sexual frustration, but was associated with inter-species frustration. Also, dogs that are sexually over-stimulated by people rarely perform well with their own species. Ironically, this last fact was a more powerful than any other in changing the client’s attitude. The thought that she might be ruining her pet’s chances for sexual gratification with its own kind reached her on an emotional level. The case eventually concluded successfully. 她问她的狗是否可能通过与一只阿富汗母狗交配而受益。这能解决问题吗？我指出，问题是由她自己与狗的互动引起的，与同种间的性挫折无关，而是与异种间的挫折有关。此外，被人类性刺激过度的狗很少能在同类中表现良好。具有讽刺意味的是，最后这一事实比其他任何因素都更能改变客户的态度。她意识到自己可能正在毁掉宠物与同类获得性满足的机会，这一想法在情感层面上触动了她。此案最终成功解决。
The Insecure-Permissive Owner Profile: 不安全-放任型主人特征：
Genuinely desires to gain the dog’s loyalty and obedience, but avoids any form of correction, fearing loss of the pet’s affection. 真心希望获得狗的忠诚和服从，但害怕失去宠物的感情，避免任何形式的纠正。
Problems readily created: 容易产生的问题：
Aggression, destructiveness. 攻击性，破坏性。
Through no fault of their own, most problem dog owners have never been taught any of the basics of leadership. When these people are faced with a dog that displays independence, it is perceived often as a blow to their own personal worth. These insecure-pernissive owners usually overreact, either giving in to the dog’s desires or becoming irate and ignoring the animal. 大多数有问题的狗主人并非出于自身过错，他们从未被教导过任何领导力的基础知识。当这些人面对表现出独立性的狗时，往往会将其视为对自己个人价值的打击。这些不安全且放任的主人通常反应过度，要么屈从于狗的欲望，要么愤怒地忽视动物。
“Discipline” is popularly defined as punishment, a definition that is actually well down on the list in most dictionaries. Pertaining to dogs, it connotes training that corrects, molds or perfects behavior. Implicit in this definition is an overriding element of consistency, which is of prime importance in all leadership principles. Once the insecure-permissive owner understands the effects of his or her inconsistency, a program can be developed to solve the problem behavior. “纪律”通常被定义为惩罚，但这个定义实际上在大多数词典中排得很靠后。就狗而言，它意味着通过训练来纠正、塑造或完善行为。这个定义中隐含着一个至关重要的一致性元素，这在所有领导原则中都是首要的。一旦不安全且放任的主人理解了自己不一致行为的影响，就可以制定一个方案来解决问题行为。
A case that typifies this situation involved two family children, a girl, 15 and her 12-year-old brother. The boy 一个典型的案例涉及两个家庭孩子，一个 15 岁的女孩和她 12 岁的弟弟。男孩
believed that the dog, a problem chewer who was also showing overprotective tendencies, was more attached to his sister than to him. In fact, this was so. Our discussion revealed that the girl spent very little time with the dog, a year-old spayed Yorkshire Terrier. The boy, however, spent a good deal of time with the Yorkie, most of it playing. The boy did not openly admit jealousy, but his behavior made it apparent. He called the dog whenever it jumped up beside his sister. 认为这只狗是一只有咬东西问题且表现出过度保护倾向的狗，它对他的妹妹比对他更依恋。事实上，情况确实如此。我们的讨论显示，那个女孩几乎很少花时间陪这只一岁的绝育约克夏犬。然而，男孩却花了很多时间陪这只约克夏犬，大部分时间是在玩耍。男孩没有公开承认嫉妒，但他的行为表明了这一点。每当狗跳到他妹妹身边时，他都会叫它。
This sort of jealousy also occurs between husbands and wives, and the solution is the same in principle for both types. With an imbalance in relationships, it is necessary to involve all of those who are part of the situation in corrective exercises. Everyone should participate in each teaching session so the dog is subjected to consistent, identical commands from everyone and begins responding consistently to each. 这种嫉妒在夫妻之间也会发生，原则上两种情况的解决方法是相同的。在关系失衡的情况下，有必要让所有参与其中的人都参与纠正训练。每个人都应该参加每次教学课程，这样狗就会受到来自每个人一致、相同的指令，并开始对每个人的指令做出一致的反应。
This principle consistency also must be applied beyond the formal training sessions. The program usually fails if one party continues to be permissive or spoils the dog. A middle road involving some degree of behavioral change by each person usually brings success within days or weeks. 这种原则上的一致性也必须应用于正式训练课程之外。如果一方继续放纵或宠坏狗，训练计划通常会失败。采取一种折中的方法，让每个人都做出一定程度的行为改变，通常能在几天或几周内取得成功。
During consultations I rarely have to point out specific inconsistencies to the owners. Instead, I ask them to tell me what the dog might perceive as inconsistent treatment by the various people interacting with the dog. The answers are usually amazingly accurate, as each tells me all about what the other does wrong, which often leads to heated arguments! However, when tempers have cooled, direct criticism can be avoided merely by pointing out that the inconsistency between owners is causing the problem. Then a course can be charted that requires mutual change, bringing eventual success. The Yorkshire Terrier’s chewing stopped after 6 weeks with this program. 在咨询过程中，我很少需要向主人指出具体的不一致之处。相反，我会请他们告诉我，狗狗可能会觉得与它互动的不同人之间有哪些不一致的对待。答案通常出奇地准确，因为每个人都会告诉我其他人做错了什么，这常常导致激烈的争吵！然而，当情绪平复后，只需指出主人之间的不一致导致了问题，就可以避免直接批评。然后可以制定一个需要双方共同改变的方案，从而最终取得成功。约克夏犬的咬东西行为在这个方案实施 6 周后停止了。
The Ambivalent Owner Profile: 矛盾型主人的特征：
Mixed (often love-hate) emotions about the dog due to its behavior. 由于狗的行为，对狗抱有混合（常常是爱恨交织）的情感。
Problems readily created: 容易产生的问题：
Overprotectiveness, fighting animals, destructiveness. 过度保护、好斗的动物、破坏行为。
“Watching your mother-in-law drive off a cliff in your new Rolls-Royce” does not accurately describe ambivalence in dog owners. The ambivalent dog owner perceives the dog in terms of satisfying her or his selfish, personal needs. When it is not fulfilled (usually through no fault of the pet), the owner experiences simultaneous attraction to the dog for affection and feeling a responsibility for its welfare, but some degree of rejection because of its behavioral and/or physiologic shortcomings. “看着你的岳母开着你崭新的劳斯莱斯冲下悬崖”并不能准确描述狗主人内心的矛盾情绪。矛盾的狗主人将狗视为满足自己自私个人需求的对象。当这些需求未被满足时（通常并非宠物的错），主人会同时感受到对狗的亲昵吸引和对其福利的责任感，但由于狗的行为和/或生理缺陷，也会产生某种程度的排斥。
A housewife and mother had banished the family’s 5-month-old St. Bernard bitch to the backyard because of her jumping and constant slobbering, which plagues the overbred, loose-lipped specimens that seem to dominate that breed today. The mother explained that she acquired the dog so her children might grow up with it. On one hand, she felt responsible for the unfortunate animal, but on the other hand, the dog was not fulfilling its role in the family. 一位家庭主妇兼母亲因为家里 5 个月大的圣伯纳犬母狗跳跃和不断流口水，将它赶到了后院。这种过度繁殖、嘴唇松弛的犬种如今似乎普遍存在这些问题。母亲解释说，她养这只狗是希望孩子们能和它一起成长。一方面，她觉得自己有责任照顾这只不幸的动物，但另一方面，这只狗并没有在家庭中发挥应有的作用。
The fact that anyone would assume the responsibility of adopting a puppy without considering the animal’s shortcomings indicates a need for better public education in puppy selection, plus a basic flaw in this person’s attitudes about pet ownership. In most of these cases, the owner’s attitude changes after they understand the basic, facets of the dog’s predicament. This involves asking some pivotal questions: 有人在没有考虑动物缺点的情况下承担领养小狗的责任，这表明在小狗选择方面需要更好的公众教育，同时也反映出此人在宠物饲养态度上的基本缺陷。在大多数情况下，主人在了解了狗所处困境的基本方面后，态度会发生改变。这涉及到提出一些关键问题：
Did the dog have any choice in selecting its owner? This helps create a basic feeling of greater responsibility on the owner’s part. 狗在选择主人时有选择权吗？这有助于在主人心中建立更强的责任感。
If those who chose the puppy now find it unacceptable, how could any new adoptive owner learn to love the dog, lacking the benefit of a positive early relationship in its life? This tends to appeal to the owner’s self-esteem as the one best able to help the dog. 如果那些选择了小狗的人现在觉得它不可接受，那么缺乏早期积极关系的新领养者又如何学会去爱这只狗呢？这往往激发主人作为最有能力帮助狗的人的自尊心。
Who is best equipped, when the proper tools for rehabilitation are provided, to help the dog: its lifelong owners or some strangers? 在提供适当的康复工具时，谁最有能力帮助这只狗：它的终身主人还是一些陌生人？
This rather logical question tends to trigger a degree of pride in most owners toward solving the problem. 这个相当合乎逻辑的问题往往会激发大多数主人解决问题的自豪感。
If euthanasia, or getting rid of the dog is being considered, it often helps to compare the family pet with an adopted child whose parents regret assuming such a heavy responsibility. The child may not understand why he or she feels insecure, but they know something is wrong. Children and dogs are very similar in their emotional sensitivity to their parents and owners. The result is usually anxiety and misbehavior. 如果正在考虑安乐死或处理掉这只狗，通常有助于将家庭宠物与被收养的孩子进行比较，后者的父母后悔承担了如此沉重的责任。孩子可能不明白自己为什么感到不安全，但他们知道有什么地方不对。孩子和狗在对父母和主人的情感敏感度上非常相似。结果通常是焦虑和行为不当。
This procedure does not always clear up owner ambivalence, but usually provides the motivation necessary to work toward a solution. 这一过程并不总能消除主人内心的矛盾，但通常会提供必要的动力去寻求解决方案。
The Anthropomorphic or "Paranoid" Owner Profile: 拟人化或“偏执型”主人特征：
Endows the dog with, mainly intellectual, and many emotional qualities unique to humans. These types usually misinterpret the dog’s motives and behavior, and usually already knows the reasons for the behavior. 赋予狗主要是智力上的，以及许多独有人类的情感特质。这类人通常误解狗的动机和行为，并且通常已经知道行为的原因。
Problems readily created: 容易产生的问题：
All types of problems. 各种类型的问题。
A mild form of paranoid delusions, usually of a suspicious nature, describes most problem dog owners. For instance, it is far more appealing to conclude that dogs that chew up an owner’s pillow are “getting even” than to consider that the animal is interacting with the scent and taste of the owner’s scent due to frustration about the owner. 一种轻度的偏执妄想，通常带有怀疑性质，描述了大多数有问题的狗主人。例如，认为咬坏主人的枕头的狗是在“报复”，比考虑动物因对主人感到沮丧而与主人的气味和味道互动更具吸引力。
A 4-year-old female mongrel chewed and defecated on the owner’s bed when left alone. The owner thought he knew exactly why his pet was doing this awful deed; it was getting even for being left alone. But the bitch only performed the act after the owner’s girlfriend had spent a night in bed with him. At these times the dog, having once tried to interfere 一只 4 岁的母杂种狗在独自被留下时，会咬坏并在主人的床上排便。主人认为他完全知道宠物为何做出这种可怕的行为；这是为了报复被单独留下的遭遇。但这只母狗只有在主人的女友与他同床过夜后才会这样做。每当这种情况发生时，狗曾试图干扰过，
with the couple’s copulatory activity. Thereafter she was shut out of the bedroom. 与这对夫妇的交配活动有关。此后，她被禁止进入卧室。
This sort of defecation-branding is most often seen in bitches, spayed or not, but may occur in males as well. The solution in this case was to involve both owner and girlfriend in a program that gained a strong leadership role for each of them. The dog was afforded her own bed in the room and consistently kept there, even in the lady’s absence, whereas previously the dog had slept on the owner’s bed. The first several “training sessions” were understandably frustrating for the couple, who had to fake their sexual activity, but thereafter an acceptable peace was established and the problem did not recur. 这种排便标记行为最常见于母犬，无论是否绝育，但雄性犬也可能出现。在这种情况下，解决方案是让主人和女友共同参与一个项目，使他们各自获得强有力的领导地位。狗狗有了自己的床放在房间里，并且始终被安置在那里，即使女士不在时也是如此，而之前狗狗是睡在主人的床上。最初的几次“训练课程”对这对情侣来说显然很令人沮丧，他们不得不假装进行性生活，但此后达成了可接受的和谐，问题也没有再发生。
Reliable reports by wild canid observers describe sexual activity by the dominant pair as not stimulating excitability for all those dogs in the pack. When it occurs in human family relationships we usually find an unhealthy over-dependence upon the owner. Anthropomorphism is involved to some degree in most behavior problems. The most satisfactory solution found to date is to present new knowledge about canine behavior to the owner’s attention, creating the seeds for a new attitude, after which effective environmental changes can be implemented. 野生犬科动物观察者的可靠报告描述了优势配偶的性活动并不会激发整个群体中所有狗的兴奋。当这种情况发生在人类家庭关系中时，我们通常会发现对主人的不健康过度依赖。拟人化在大多数行为问题中在某种程度上都有涉及。迄今为止，最令人满意的解决方案是向主人介绍关于犬类行为的新知识，种下新态度的种子，随后可以实施有效的环境改变。
It would be unfair to leave the impression that any of my clients have actually suffered from a serious mental state of paranoia. The term is applied here only to dramatize the mild condition of anthropomorphism common among dog owners. It is usually reserved exclusively for perceptions of wayward pets. 如果让人觉得我的任何客户实际上患有严重的偏执精神状态，那将是不公平的。这里使用该术语仅是为了夸大狗主人中常见的轻度拟人化状况。它通常仅限于对行为异常宠物的感知。
The Naive Owner Profile: 天真的主人画像：
Knows little or nothing about dogs and often follows everyone’s advice, even if that advice may be patently illogical or inhumane. 对狗知之甚少或一无所知，且常常听信所有人的建议，即使这些建议明显不合逻辑或不人道。
Problems readily Created: 容易产生的问题：
All kinds. 各种各样。
There are normal folk from all walks of life who, through misinformation or happenstance create a dog that adjusts poorly to 各行各业的普通人，由于错误信息或偶然情况，养出了一只难以适应环境的狗。
its environment. Most of these clients began their ownership quite naive about properly raising a pup. The methods they use are often based on advice from popular books or real people, usually friends who have raised a couple of dogs. Most of the advice is blind to the individuality of the owner or the dog. 这些客户大多在养狗初期对如何正确养育幼犬非常不了解。他们采用的方法通常基于流行书籍或身边真实人物的建议，通常是养过几只狗的朋友。大多数建议忽视了主人或狗的个体差异。
The naive owner normally has no emotional or intellectual hang-ups; therefore, if we can help them before they have applied harmful methods, straightforward advice and explanations can often achieve corrections. This type of problem dog owner has an open mind, quickly grasps causative factors, and readily applies necessary steps toward solutions. 天真的主人通常没有情感或智力上的障碍；因此，如果我们能在他们使用有害方法之前帮助他们，直接的建议和解释往往能纠正问题。这类问题犬的主人思想开放，能迅速理解成因，并乐于采取必要的措施来解决问题。
The first-time owners of a 4-year-old male Cocker Spaniel were disappointed to find that castration failed to resolve their dog’s hostility toward visitors. The Cocker first started biting when 2 years old, and had since been kept outside when guests called. Even so, on several occasions the dog had gotten into the house and bitten people. 一对首次养育 4 岁雄性可卡犬的主人失望地发现，阉割并未解决他们的狗对访客的敌意。这只可卡犬在 2 岁时开始咬人，从那以后每当有客人来访时，它都被关在外面。即便如此，狗还是曾多次进入屋内咬人。
The cause was excessive teasing by a son and his friends during the dog’s early life. With the boy now away at school, the behavior persisted. Discussion revealed that the dog had one pleasant behavioral characteristic: he immensely enjoyed anyone who would throw a ball for him, even total strangers. Along with basic leadership measures put into practice by the owners, the Jolly Routine was applied while visitors were given a tennis ball to toss. The treatment succeeded in a few weeks. The Cocker thereafter greeted each new guest with a ball in his mouth and a wagging tail. 原因是在狗狗早期生活中，儿子和他的朋友们过度戏弄它。随着男孩现在去学校了，这种行为依然持续。讨论中发现，这只狗有一个令人愉快的行为特征：它非常喜欢任何人给它扔球，甚至是完全陌生的人。在主人实施了基本的领导措施的同时，采用了欢乐例行程序，访客们被递给一个网球来投掷。几周后治疗取得了成功。从此，这只可卡犬每次迎接新客人时，嘴里叼着球，尾巴摇个不停。
This sort of behavioral therapy is always coupled with advice to avoid pampering or other excesses during the family’s daily interaction with the pet. In this case, the family quickly understood how initial teasing, followed by isolation from guests, created in the dog a resentment of visitors and resulted in aggressiveness, which was further aggravated by punishment. No thoughts of getting rid of the pet had been entertained and no resentment toward him was apparent, as is fortunately true in most naive-owner problem situations, but rare when biting is involved. The problem dog owner who wants to learn and has no emotional hang-ups can usually be assisted with minimum time and effort. 这种行为疗法总是与建议相结合，避免在家庭与宠物的日常互动中宠溺或其他过度行为。在这种情况下，家庭很快明白了最初的戏弄，随后被客人孤立，导致狗对访客产生怨恨并表现出攻击性，而惩罚则使情况进一步恶化。家人从未考虑过要摆脱宠物，也没有对它产生怨恨，这在大多数缺乏经验的宠物主人遇到问题时是幸运的情况，但在涉及咬人时则很少见。想要学习且没有情绪障碍的问题狗主人通常可以在最短的时间和最小的努力下得到帮助。
The Logical Owner Profile: 理性的主人画像：
Common sense guides their behavior, even in the face of undesirable results. Logically, their particular dog is the cause of the problem. 常识指导他们的行为，即使面对不理想的结果。逻辑上，他们认为特定的狗是问题的根源。
Problems most readily created: 最容易产生的问题：
The entire spectrum. 整个范围。
Common sense used to tell us that what went up must come down, and dogs are dogs and therefor behave like dogs we have experienced before. However, we now know lots of things that go up and never come down. And recent experience and research shows that each dog is a unique individual. Einstein is credited with saying that common sense is the accumulation of our prejudices; to wit, common sense is rarely based on fact. So it is with problem dog owners who apply methods that make sense to them but not to their dogs. The result, depending on the dog involved, can be disastrous. 常识曾告诉我们，凡是升起的东西必定会落下，狗就是狗，因此它们的行为和我们以前遇到的狗一样。然而，我们现在知道许多升起的东西永远不会落下。最近的经验和研究表明，每只狗都是独一无二的个体。爱因斯坦被认为说过，常识是我们偏见的积累；换句话说，常识很少基于事实。问题狗的主人也是如此，他们采用的方法对自己来说合情合理，但对他们的狗却不适用。结果，取决于所涉及的狗，可能会是灾难性的。
The client who applies common sense, even in the face of undesirable responses from the dog soon becomes convinced something is wrong with the dog, rather than with his approach. On a purely logical basis, the client thinks something must be done to change the dog to fit the treatment, rather than vice versa. Any emotional relationship between these owners and dogs is absent, shallow or dysfunctional. The behaviorist’s challenge to discover some emotional threads in the relationship, then stimulate the client to develop that relationship so as to acquire the motivation necessary to salvage a usually worthwhile dog from a very difficult situation. 即使面对狗的不良反应，运用常识的客户很快就会确信问题出在狗身上，而不是他们的方法。从纯逻辑的角度来看，客户认为必须采取措施改变狗以适应治疗，而不是相反。这些主人与狗之间的情感关系要么不存在，要么浅薄，要么功能失调。行为学家的挑战是发现关系中的某些情感线索，然后激励客户发展这种关系，从而获得必要的动力，将通常值得挽救的狗从非常困难的境地中救出。
A young couple with 2 children had an over-active, spayed Dalmatian. The father had picked the puppy and wanted a pet in the family. The mother was against it, believing that her chores with an 18 -month-old son and 6 -year-old daughter kept her busy enough without the added burden of raising a dog. 一对有两个孩子的年轻夫妇养了一只过于活跃的绝育斑点狗。父亲挑选了这只小狗，想要家里有一只宠物。母亲则反对，认为照顾一个 18 个月大的儿子和一个 6 岁的女儿已经让她够忙了，不想再增加养狗的负担。
At 11 months of age, the dog was isolated in a run in the back yard due to unruliness: The Dalmatian had bitten the baby playfully with enough force to scratch his skin. I was then consulted to ascertain whether the pet, now 19 months old, was too “abnormal” to train not to bite the kids. The mother flatly stated that she had no feelings one way or the other about the dog’s fate, and that her only purpose in meeting with me was our requirement that all adult family members attend. The husband was passive during the early part of the meeting as the Dalmatian gaily jumped up on everyone, ran about the area and otherwise showed behavior typical of a poorly socialized dog. 在 11 个月大时，这只狗因行为失控被关在后院的围栏里：这只斑点狗曾顽皮地咬了婴儿，力度足以划伤他的皮肤。随后我被请来评估这只现在 19 个月大的宠物是否“异常”到无法训练不咬孩子。母亲直截了当地表示，她对狗的命运无所谓，她与我会面的唯一目的只是因为我们要求所有成年家庭成员都必须参加。会议初期，丈夫表现得很被动，而斑点狗则兴高采烈地跳到每个人身上，在周围跑来跑去，表现出典型的社交不足的狗的行为。
The father had no previous experience with dogs. The mother grew up on a farm with barnyard dogs who lived and slept with the other farm animals. “They never got neurotic,” as she put it, glancing askance at her spotted menace. She believed the Dalmatian was simply the wrong dog for her family, and would always be “hyper.” The dog needed exactly what she apparently was not prepared to give it; companionship and positive attention. 父亲以前没有养狗的经验。母亲在农场长大，那里有与其他农场动物一起生活和睡觉的谷仓狗。“它们从不神经质，”她这么说着，斜眼看了看她那只斑点的“威胁”。她认为这只斑点狗根本不适合她的家庭，而且永远都会“过于活跃”。这只狗正需要她显然不准备给予的东西；陪伴和积极的关注。
The veterinarian found the Dal physiologically normal. Our job was to discover, or establish, some emotional involvement between the mother and dog. Those four questions used with an ambivalent type of owner did not secure anything useful with our logician. She just wanted her husband to solve the problem. The father had wanted and bought the pup, any emotional leverage with his wife was absent. In these cases it is best to try to establish some new emotional interplay between the logical party and the dog. Often, the first step is demonstrating that the misfit is actually very trainable, can calm down and behave as the owner desires. 兽医发现这只达尔犬在生理上是正常的。我们的任务是发现或建立母亲与狗之间某种情感联系。用那四个问题对一个矛盾型的主人并没有得到任何有用的信息。她只是希望她的丈夫来解决问题。父亲是想要并买下这只小狗的，他与妻子之间没有任何情感上的影响力。在这种情况下，最好尝试在理性的一方和狗之间建立一些新的情感互动。通常，第一步是证明这只不合群的狗实际上非常容易训练，能够冷静下来并按照主人的期望表现。
We discussed the highly social nature of dogs, and how the needs of the mother’s barnyard dogs had been fulfilled by the other farm animals, which brought a nod or two of understanding from the mother about her Dalmatian’s frustration when isolated. One note of agreement, even if on a purely intellectual level, may often lead to another. I then asked if the dog might be worth admitting to the family circle if we could show that she was easily trainable and would calm down and become placid in our company. The answer was yes, on the condition that I could teach the family to do the 我们讨论了狗的高度社交性，以及母亲的农场狗的需求如何被其他农场动物满足，这让母亲对她那只被隔离时感到沮丧的达尔马提亚犬表示了几分理解。即使只是纯粹的理智层面的认同，也常常会引发更多的共鸣。随后我问，如果能证明这只狗容易训练，并且在我们陪伴下会变得平静温顺，是否值得将它纳入家庭圈子。答案是肯定的，条件是我能教会家人也用同样的方法对待这只任性的宠物。
same with the wayward pet. This is one of those rare situations when a consultant’s interaction a client’s problem dog may be fruitful. It is usually counter-productive, since it fails to address the root causes for the problem-the environment. 这是少有的顾问与客户问题犬互动可能取得成效的情况。通常这种互动是适得其反的，因为它未能解决问题的根本原因——环境。
It is not unusual for a leaderless dog such as this to learn rapidly when taught by someone with whom there is little or no emotional conflict. As the family watched, the Dalmatian learned in less than fifteen minutes to come, sit and stay in a training area, even though several corralled horses were nearby. It is normal for a dog to calm markedly after a few minutes of intense learning. This was no exception. Although she didn’t say anything, the mother looked slightly pleased. When we re-entered the office, the dog lay down and went to sleep while we finished our discussion. 像这样的无主导地位的狗，在与情感冲突很少或没有情感冲突的人一起训练时，快速学习并不罕见。家人们观看时，这只大麦町犬在不到十五分钟内学会了在训练区过来、坐下和停留，尽管附近有几匹被围栏围住的马。狗在经过几分钟的高强度学习后明显平静下来是正常的，这只狗也不例外。虽然母亲没有说什么，但她看起来略感满意。当我们重新进入办公室时，狗躺下睡着了，而我们继续完成讨论。
The family participated enthusiastically in developing a program requiring simple behavioral adjustments by everyone. We then returned to the training area so the mother could actually teach the three commands to her emerging canine genius. As the Dalmatian responded, a genuine change in the wife’s attitude was apparent. She actually hugged the dog’s neck when she had finished. Where there had been no emotional tie, the simple process of seeing the dog change, then participating in controlling it, had created the beginnings of a relationship that grew increasingly strong over the following weeks. The dog was not only admitted to the family circle, but wound up sleeping in the couple’s bedroom! 全家人积极参与制定了一个需要每个人做出简单行为调整的计划。然后我们回到训练区，让母亲亲自教她那只初露锋芒的犬类天才三个指令。随着斑点狗的回应，妻子的态度明显发生了真正的变化。她完成后竟然抱住了狗的脖子。原本没有情感纽带的情况下，看到狗的变化并参与控制它的简单过程，创造了关系的开端，并在接下来的几周里日益加深。这只狗不仅被接纳进了家庭圈子，最终还睡进了夫妻的卧室！
Logicians must often be manipulated into emotional relationships with their problem dogs. It may seem unwise to write about manipulation, since future logical clients may be on guard against it. However, in my experience, most clients have said they are aware of being influenced during these programs. In fact, at the conclusion of the case just cited, the mother said she had been “tricked” into feeling love for her Dalmatian, an emotion she previously thought she could never feel for a dog. 逻辑思维强的人常常需要被引导与他们的问题犬建立情感关系。谈论操控似乎不明智，因为未来的理性客户可能会对此保持警惕。然而，根据我的经验，大多数客户都表示他们意识到在这些项目中自己受到了影响。事实上，在刚才提到的案例结束时，母亲说她被“欺骗”去爱上了她的斑点狗，这种情感是她以前认为自己永远不会对狗产生的。
It is rare, indeed, that I find it necessary, or advisable, to do any preliminary one-on-one training with clients’ dogs. Instead, I have the owners begin applying the learn-to-earn praise and petting ritual during our first meeting. This involves pleasantly telling the dog “Muffin, sit” when it approaches for attention, briefly petting it, then releasing it with an “all right” or “OK.” This may have to be repeated many times during the first few minutes of a consult- 事实上，我很少觉得有必要或适宜对客户的狗进行任何初步的一对一训练。相反，我让主人在我们第一次见面时就开始应用“学会赚取”称赞和抚摸的仪式。这包括当狗走近寻求关注时，愉快地对它说“玛芬，坐下”，然后简短地抚摸它，接着用“好了”或“可以”来释放它。在咨询的最初几分钟内，这可能需要重复多次，
ation, but most dogs calm down markedly after 3-6 such commands. 但大多数狗在经过 3 到 6 次这样的指令后会明显平静下来。
Two other exercises have been invaluable in demonstrating the trainability of a dog to dubious owners. The clients get up and head for the door as if leaving the room. When the dog starts to move ahead of them (and most dogs will), the owners abruptly turn and go to their seats. If the dog stops or turns around, it is praised quietly and beckoned back with soft hand clapping, then petted when it reaches them. Then the procedure is repeated as many times as necessary until the dog stays back while the clients go to the door. If a secure outdoor area is near at hand, this reverse-the-direction exercise can be repeated there; if not, the clients are still quite impressed-without speaking a command, they have taught their dog to stay back from a door, something that is a general problem with nearly every dog seen. This is usually the first such experience clients have had using the dog’s language to communicate, and gain willing acceptance of, a desired behavior to replace an unwanted behavior. 另外两个练习在向持怀疑态度的主人展示狗的可训练性方面非常有价值。客户起身朝门口走去，仿佛要离开房间。当狗开始走在他们前面时（大多数狗都会这样做），主人突然转身回到座位上。如果狗停下或转身，主人会轻声表扬并用轻拍手的动作招呼它回来，狗走到他们身边时再抚摸它。然后根据需要重复这个过程，直到狗在客户走向门口时能留在后面。如果附近有安全的户外区域，可以在那里重复这个反向方向的练习；如果没有，客户仍然会非常印象深刻——他们没有发出口令，却教会了狗在门口保持距离，而这几乎是所有见过的狗普遍存在的问题。这通常是客户第一次用狗的语言进行交流，并获得狗自愿接受的经验，用期望的行为替代不良行为。
The second exercise requires an area at least large enough to allow clients to stand 12 or more feet apart. All must stand still with arms folded, at least 3 feet away from any wall or furniture. When the dog is not looking at the owner farthest away, that person calls, “Muffin, come.” The instant Muffin shows any response, even turning her head in any direction, the caller instantly crouches, sidewise to the pet, repeating happy “good dogs” while vigorously clapping hands until Muffin comes, at which time the owner pets briefly and stands up abruptly. With no hesitation, the another person repeats the process. 第二个练习需要一个至少足够大的区域，使客户能够相距 12 英尺或更远。所有人必须站立不动，双臂交叉，距离任何墙壁或家具至少 3 英尺。当狗没有看向最远的主人时，那个人呼唤：“Muffin，过来。”一旦 Muffin 表现出任何反应，即使只是转头朝任何方向，呼唤者立即蹲下，侧身面对宠物，重复愉快的“好狗”并用力拍手，直到 Muffin 过来，此时主人简短地抚摸它，然后突然站起。毫不犹豫地，另一个人重复这个过程。
This back-and-forth treatment is exceptionally revealing to the consultant and the clients: 这种来回的互动对顾问和客户来说非常有启发性：
The dog’s readiness to come and its physical attitude (tail up or down, sidewise or frontal, jumping or lowering its body) indicate the way the pet feels about individual family members, which can lead to fruitful consultation discussions. 狗的来访意愿及其身体姿态（尾巴是翘起还是垂下，侧身还是正面，跳跃还是降低身体）表明宠物对各个家庭成员的感受，这可以引发富有成效的咨询讨论。
Using these procedures, rather than the behaviorist demonstrating his or her control of the dog, allows clients to make the initial “breakthrough” with their pet. It also avoids the danger of the client’s appearing clumsy or inept to the dog in comparison with a professional’s superior technique. 使用这些程序，而不是由行为学家展示他或她对狗的控制，允许客户与他们的宠物实现最初的“突破”。这也避免了客户在专业人士优越技巧面前显得笨拙或无能的危险。
The Intractable Owner Profile: 难以应付的主人特征：
Is either extremely non-responsive (rigid) or extremely agreeable (elastic) to guidance and suggestions. Both types rarely ask questions about information or advice presented by the counselor. 对指导和建议要么极度无反应（僵硬），要么极度顺从（弹性）。这两种类型很少会对咨询师提供的信息或建议提出问题。
Rigid types often leave meetings with no complaints, but return the following week with a report that none of the advice improved the dog’s behavior. Further fact-finding usually finds that the advice was either not followed, or the client did not persevere. Agreeable types nod and generally appear enthusiastic about information and advice, but report back with little or no success. Fact-finding again indicates little or no application or perseverance. 僵硬型通常在会议结束时没有抱怨，但在下一周回来时报告说没有任何建议改善了狗的行为。进一步的事实调查通常发现建议要么没有被遵循，要么客户没有坚持。顺从型点头并且通常对信息和建议表现出热情，但反馈的成功很少或没有。事实调查再次表明几乎没有应用或坚持。
This type of dog owner is usually a combination of one or more of the previous types discussed to this point. The intractability occurs between the consultant and client. For reasons which are usually discovered during the course of treatment, the client lacks confidence in the consultant. This is why anyone who intends to become involved in behavior consultation should obtain professional training in counseling. Otherwise, the tendency merely to diagnose problems, then simply tell the client what must be done to correct the problem will lead to frustration for both client and consultant. Consultants who work this way usually end up complaining about lack of client compliance. With solid counseling training, the consultant will recognize intractability and deal with it effectively. The extremes are revealed in the following cases. 这种类型的狗主人通常是之前讨论过的一个或多个类型的组合。难以解决的问题出现在顾问和客户之间。通常在治疗过程中会发现，客户对顾问缺乏信心。这就是为什么任何打算从事行为咨询的人都应该接受专业的咨询培训。否则，仅仅倾向于诊断问题，然后简单地告诉客户必须做什么来纠正问题，会导致客户和顾问双方的挫败感。以这种方式工作的顾问通常最终会抱怨客户不配合。通过扎实的咨询培训，顾问能够识别难以解决的问题并有效应对。以下案例揭示了极端情况。
The Rigid Personality Profile: 僵化的人格特征：
Rigid personalities have difficulty perceiving a different point of view. Once a course of action is undertaken with a problem dog, even in the face of seriously damaging effects, they resist consideration of any other point of view about its cause. 僵化的人格难以接受不同的观点。一旦对问题犬采取了某种行动方案，即使面临严重的负面影响，他们也会抵制考虑任何关于其原因的其他观点。
The client phoned about her 2 1/2-year-old male Boxer that, from the age of 6 months, had attacked several other dogs. The victims were either small breeds or those that displayed passive or flight responses to the Boxer’s first aggressive growls. This client had previously phoned for my 客户打电话咨询她那只 2 岁半的雄性拳师犬，从 6 个月大起，这只狗就攻击过几只其他狗。受害者要么是小型犬，要么是在拳师犬第一次发出攻击性低吼时表现出被动或逃避反应的狗。这位客户之前曾打电话给我咨询过。
help when the Boxer was only 8 weeks old and then again at 12 weeks of age due to aggressive responses when she punished it. At that time, non-physical methods were suggested as an alternative, including at least one consultation for evaluation of the pup. Neither action was taken. Instead, the behavior was tolerated until the dog was taken through a parkobedience program at 6 months of age. It placed third in its class after being “tidbit trained” between weekly park sessions by a male neighbor of the client. After the dog graduated from the park program, it began attacking other dogs that approached it when off leash. Attempts by the young lady to punish the Boxer resulted in a severely bitten hand. 当拳师犬只有 8 周大时寻求帮助，12 周大时因惩罚它时出现攻击性反应再次寻求帮助。当时建议采用非身体惩罚的方法作为替代方案，包括至少进行一次幼犬评估咨询。但这些建议都未被采纳。相反，这种行为被容忍，直到狗狗 6 个月大时参加了一个公园服从训练课程。经过一位客户的男性邻居在每周公园训练之间用零食进行训练后，它在班级中获得了第三名。狗狗从公园课程毕业后，开始攻击在无牵引状态下接近它的其他狗。年轻女士试图惩罚拳师犬，结果手被严重咬伤。
Because the dog would not tolerate punishment from the woman, a male neighbor was recruited. He thrashed the dog with a cane, after which the owner could take the cane and “safely” beat the shuddering animal. These beatings were administered as long as 30 minutes after the dog had attacked or shown hostility toward other dogs. For 2 years this failed correction was meted out. I was again consulted by ielephone: “Do you think he’s too old to rehabilitate?” she asked. 因为这只狗不愿意接受这位女士的惩罚，于是找来了一位男性邻居。他用手杖狠狠打了狗一顿，之后主人就可以拿着手杖“安全地”打那只颤抖的动物。这些惩罚是在狗攻击或对其他狗表现出敌意后长达 30 分钟内进行的。两年来，这种无效的纠正措施一直在施行。我再次接到电话咨询：“你觉得它太老了，不能康复了吗？”她问道。
The question revealed personality clue #1 in a difficult case. The rigidity syndrome was clear: after 2 years of caning an animal, most clients might logically ask, “Is there anything different I can do?” The rigid client, on the other hand, usually wants to know if the dog is too far gone to salvage. 这个问题揭示了一个棘手案例中的性格线索#1。僵化综合症很明显：经过两年用手杖打动物，大多数客户可能会合乎逻辑地问，“我还能做些什么不同的事吗？”而僵化的客户通常想知道这只狗是否已经无可救药了。
It should also be mentioned that the Boxer suffered from a congenital heart problem. When I suggested that it would help me to speak with the client’s veterinarian about this, her response was a suspicious, “What for?” (Clue #2). 还应提到的是，这只拳师犬患有先天性心脏病。当我建议与客户的兽医谈谈这件事会对我有所帮助时，她的反应是怀疑地问：“有什么用？”（线索#2）。
Clue #3 popped up when I asked her what was being accomplished by the repeated thrashing of her dog, first by a neighbor and then herself. "Oh, he knows he’s done wrong as soon as we go into my friend’s apartment. He starts shaking and shamefully gets up on the couch to take what he knows is coming. "When I pointed out that dogs can rarely associate cause and effect beyond about 3 minutes, even in a single context, let alone between a park and an 线索三出现了，当我问她邻居先是她自己随后反复鞭打她的狗到底想达到什么目的时。她说：“哦，他一进我朋友的公寓就知道自己做错了。他开始发抖，羞愧地爬上沙发，准备接受他知道即将到来的惩罚。”当我指出狗很少能在大约三分钟之外，甚至在单一情境中都能将因果联系起来，更别说在公园和其他地方之间时，
apartment, and that her dog was probably responding solely to the apartment context, she became defensive. 当她意识到她的狗可能只是对公寓环境做出反应时，她变得有些防御。
“Look, I didn’t call to hear what a bad dog owner I’ve been. I want to know if you can help my dog.” My response was to confront her with the truth. “听着，我打电话不是想听你说我多么糟糕的狗主人。我想知道你能不能帮我的狗。”我的回应是直面她的事实。
"You contacted me for help 2 years ago. My advice was ignored on 2 instances then. Instead you chose to go the very route I suggested you avoid, that of physical training and punishment practices. Frankly, your dog sounds like a basically nice Boxer. However, to help him, I can only work with you. And your attitude is such that I don’t believe it is worth your money or my time to try. However, you may be able to use the same system we use and succeed, and I would suggest you try it. 两年前你曾联系我寻求帮助。当时我给出的建议被你两次忽视。相反，你选择了我建议你避免的道路——体罚和惩罚训练。坦白说，你的狗听起来基本上是一只性格不错的拳师犬。然而，要帮助它，我只能与你合作。而你的态度让我觉得，花你的钱和我的时间去尝试都不值得。不过，你或许可以尝试我们使用的同一套系统，并取得成功，我建议你试试看。
“You mean you don’t care to work with my dog?” (Clue #4. “你的意思是你不愿意和我的狗一起训练吗？”（线索#4）
“No, I do not mean that I don’t care to work with your dog. What I said is that I do not believe I could be successful working with and teaching you, not your dog. “不，我不是说我不愿意和你的狗一起训练。我是说我不相信我能成功地和你一起工作和教学，而不是你的狗。”
“Oh.” (Pause) “You don’t want me to call you anymore? “哦。”（停顿）“你不想让我再给你打电话了吗？”
“Oh, please phone and let me know your progress.” “哦，请打电话告诉我你的进展。”
Okay. Good-bye”.” We hung up. 好的，再见。”我们挂断了电话。
Though I did not expect to hear from this young lady again, she did call and a successful program eventually evolved. 虽然我没指望这位年轻女士会再次联系我，但她确实打来了电话，最终制定出了一个成功的方案。
Sometimes the passage of time seems to make it easier for clients who have been somewhat rebuffed to soften their attitudes and again try to solve a serious behavioral problem. This case is not typical regarding the ominous overtones involved in treatment of the pet. The owner’s rigid personality, her defensive, contradictory and downright aggressive verbal behavior in some instances, occurs in clients even with simple housetraining problems. In most cases, the client’s personality is an integral part of the problem. 有时候，随着时间的推移，那些曾经有些被拒绝的客户似乎更容易软化态度，再次尝试解决严重的行为问题。这个案例在治疗宠物时所涉及的阴郁色彩并不典型。主人性格刚硬，她在某些情况下表现出的防御性、矛盾甚至直截了当的攻击性言语行为，即使是在简单的家庭训练问题中也会出现。在大多数情况下，客户的性格是问题的一个不可分割的部分。
As more professionals with widely varying backgrounds become involved in behavior consulting, intractable clients will be able seek out different sources for assistance, after learning from their first rebuff that a change of attitude is required to succeed. The rigid types have one redeeming factor: they clearly indicate, through their words and attitudes, exactly where and how you stand with them. 随着越来越多背景各异的专业人士参与行为咨询，难以应付的客户在经历第一次被拒绝后，会明白要成功就必须改变态度，从而能够寻求不同的帮助来源。刚硬型的人有一个优点：他们通过言语和态度清楚地表明你在他们心中的位置和关系。
The Elastic Personality Profile: 弹性人格特征：
Agrees with everything advised and rarely asks questions. 同意所有建议，很少提问。
If you have ever met someone who agrees with every idea or opinion you express and rarely interjects ideas of his or her own, then you need no further description of the intractable dog owner with an elastic personality. Because it is so difficult to gain frank feedback about their true reactions to factors in the case, and to adjustments recommended, success can be elusive. “You just tell me what to do and I’ll do it,” is the type of statement that often sets the tone. 如果你曾遇到过那种对你表达的每一个想法或观点都表示赞同，并且很少插入自己想法的人，那么你就不需要对这种具有弹性人格的难缠狗主人做更多描述了。因为很难获得他们对案件中各种因素以及建议调整的真实反馈，成功往往难以实现。“你告诉我该做什么，我就做什么”这类话语常常定下基调。
Elastics often express agreement during face-to-face consultation so as to avoid confrontation with the consultant. This also extends to the dog, sometimes with disastrous results. Working with excessively agreeable clients is both challenging and rewarding. The challenge is to draw out their true feelings and actual behavior toward their dog. The rewards come from not only salvaging the future for the pet, but helping bring genuine insight to the sometimes socially inhibited client. This case indicates the deep-seated, latent and strongly monitored resistant and often violent “second self” masked by a facade of agreeableness in many dog owners with elastic personalities. 弹性人格者在面对面咨询时常常表现出同意，以避免与咨询师发生冲突。这种情况也会延伸到对待狗的态度，有时会导致灾难性的后果。与过于顺从的客户合作既具有挑战性，也充满回报。挑战在于引导他们表达对狗的真实感受和实际行为。回报不仅在于挽救宠物的未来，还在于帮助那些有时社交受限的客户获得真正的洞察力。本案例表明，许多具有弹性人格的狗主人内心深处存在着根深蒂固、潜在且被严格监控的抵抗情绪和常常暴力的“第二自我”，而这些都被表面的顺从所掩盖。
A bachelor in his late twenties complained of his dog’s destructive chewing while he was away from the apartment. Our first telephone conversation indicated he was deeply troubled about the problem. After relating in detail the considerable expense involved in refurbishing the rented apartment and his affection for the pet, he expressed a willingness to do anything necessary to solve the problem. 一位二十多岁的单身男子抱怨他的狗在他离开公寓时会破坏性地咀嚼。我们第一次电话交谈时，他显得对此问题非常困扰。在详细讲述了为翻新租来的公寓所花费的巨大费用以及他对宠物的感情后，他表示愿意采取一切必要措施来解决这个问题。
He showed up an hour early for his appointment. After patiently waiting, he was shown into the office with Rex, an exceedingly excitable but pleasant year-old male Terrier mix. He tried to prevent the dog from jumping up on me by commanding him to come and sit by his side. This elicited only more excitement from the gregarious little dog. When I petted and quieted him with distractions, the dog relaxed markedly but also responded with a penile erection. 他提前一个小时到了预约地点。耐心等待后，他带着雷克斯进入了办公室，雷克斯是一只极其兴奋但性格友好的、一岁大的雄性梗犬混种。他试图通过命令狗狗过来并坐在他身边，来阻止它跳到我身上。然而，这只爱社交的小狗反而变得更加兴奋。当我抚摸并用分散注意力的方法让它安静下来时，狗明显放松了，但同时也出现了阴茎勃起的反应。
This brought the client’s complaint that the dog’s sexual display was a constant source of embarrassment-the dog tried to mount nearly anyone new to him, especially women. I asked how he dealt with his canine Lothario’s amorous advances. The only successful method was to place the dog in the bathroom. Spanking, hitting, even kicking, had not suppressed attempts to mount, nor had “spanking” when the dog chewed things at home. Inquiries as to whether Rex showed sexual aggressiveness toward the client revealed that, if an arm hung over the side of a chair or a leg extended forward, the dog immediately mounted the limb. What was done about this? Rex was pushed away and scolded; this was effective until the next opportunity to mount presented itself. 这引出了客户的抱怨：狗的性行为表现总是让人尴尬——这只狗几乎对所有新认识的人，尤其是女性，都会试图爬上去。我问他是如何应对这只“多情公狗”的求爱行为的。唯一有效的方法是把狗关在浴室里。打屁股、打击，甚至踢打，都没有抑制它试图爬上的行为，狗在家里咬东西时的“打屁股”也无济于事。询问雷克斯是否对客户表现出性攻击性时发现，如果手臂搭在椅子边上或腿伸出来，狗会立刻爬上去。对此采取了什么措施？雷克斯会被推开并训斥；这在下一次爬上去的机会出现之前是有效的。
The first consultation concluded after my suggestions to ignore Rex and pet or praise only after response to commands or following corrections. The client was attentive and solemnly nodded in understanding and agreement. However, I sensed that, somehow, I had not heard the entire story. Elements seemed to be missing that might contribute to the excitability and hyper-sexuality, as well as apparent hysterical excitement when left alone. 第一次咨询结束时，我建议忽视雷克斯，只有在它服从命令或纠正后才抚摸或表扬。客户专注地听着，郑重地点头表示理解和同意。然而，我感觉自己似乎没有听到全部情况。有些因素似乎缺失了，这些因素可能导致它的兴奋性和过度性行为，以及独处时明显的歇斯底里般的兴奋。
During the following week my answering machine recorded the following 25-second message: 在接下来的一周里，我的答录机录下了以下 25 秒的留言：
“This is (client). Well, I’m trying to keep calm. (Heavy emotional, tremulous breathing.) I’m sitting here in the midst of a shambles. He has destroyed a chair now, completely! The carpet is a jigsaw puzzle and he’s shit all over the place. (Tearfully) And now, he’s eating the shit! This is it! (Hangs up)” “我是（客户）。嗯，我正努力保持冷静。（沉重而颤抖的情绪呼吸声）我坐在一片混乱之中。他现在把一把椅子完全毁了！地毯像拼图一样散落一地，他到处拉屎。（哭泣声）现在，他还在吃那些屎！这就是极限了！（挂断电话）”
This call obviously required immediate attention. Our phone consultation required listening for several minutes to the vivid description of the decimated apartment and waiting for the inevitable tension relief afforded by this outburst. 这通电话显然需要立即处理。我们的电话咨询需要花费几分钟时间，听客户生动描述被破坏的公寓，并等待这场情绪爆发带来的必然紧张缓解。
When the client was ready to answer some questions about what had happened between himself and Rex, it turned out that about half of the suggestions made during the first consultation were understood and only a few of those were put into practice. All the nodding had been the client’s way of avoiding critical comment, embarrassment, or admitting he had not understood the information. 当客户准备回答一些关于他和雷克斯之间发生了什么的问题时，结果发现第一次咨询中提出的建议大约只有一半被理解，且只有少数被付诸实践。所有的点头其实是客户避免批评、尴尬或承认自己没理解信息的一种方式。
As we got better descriptions of previous events, the client confessed that two months previously, after coming home and 随着我们对之前事件的描述越来越清楚，客户坦白说，两个月前，在回家之后，
finding the carpet ripped, he had picked up the dog and thrown him full force against the wall. Rex lay unconscious for a few minutes, while the client cried and attempted to comfort him. In fact, after the dog was again sensible, the guilt-ridden man spent many hours cuddling him, trying to express his remorse. Curiously, when left alone the following day, Rex did no damage in the apartment at all. However, the second day after the trauma, the dog wreaked havoc never equaled before or since. This is not uncommon in behavioral outbursts; response is often repressed. 发现地毯被撕破后，他抓起狗，用全力将它扔向墙壁。雷克斯昏迷了几分钟，客户哭泣着试图安慰它。事实上，在狗恢复意识后，这个充满愧疚的男人花了好几个小时抱着它，试图表达他的悔意。奇怪的是，第二天当雷克斯独处时，公寓里一点损坏都没有。然而，在创伤发生后的第二天，狗造成了前所未有的破坏。这种行为爆发并不少见；反应往往被压抑。
The next consultation revealed another significant fact about the interplay between Rex and the owner, which tended to confirm a niggling hunch that information was still missing. The client was attempting to give me just the amount of information he thought I might require to be of help, but to avoid telling me of events that might adversely affect my opinion of him. He finally revealed that at bedtime the dog was allowed or, rather, tenaciously insisted on licking the owner’s feet meticulously for no less than 45 minutes. This information brought the dog’s sexual disorientation into perspective. 下一次咨询揭示了关于雷克斯与主人之间互动的另一个重要事实，这进一步证实了我隐隐觉得还缺少某些信息的猜测。客户试图只向我提供他认为我可能需要的帮助信息，但避免告诉我那些可能会影响我对他的看法的事件。他最终透露，到了睡觉时间，狗被允许，或者更确切地说，是坚持不懈地舔主人的脚，持续时间不少于 45 分钟。这一信息使狗的性迷失问题变得更加清晰。
Though I have had clients who admitted to permitting their pets to cleanse their genitalia as an extension of this syndrome, it appeared that Rex had not done so with the owner. However, persistent and generalized mounting of strangers indicated a possibility that the dog may have at some time been permitted to achieve orgasm. 虽然我遇到过承认允许宠物清洁其生殖器作为这一综合症延伸的客户，但看起来雷克斯并没有对主人这样做。然而，狗对陌生人持续且普遍的爬跨行为表明，狗可能曾被允许达到性高潮。
The following week Rex displayed signs of epilepsy while riding in the car, suffering what appeared to be a grand mal seizure. The dog responded to anti-convulsive drug therapy. Brain damage probably resulted when its head struck the wall. Combined medical/behavioral therapy produced acceptable temporary results in Rex. However, he was finally euthanized. Several behavioral regressions and a prolonged grand mal seizure sealed this fate. Autopsy was refused. The client’s cited spiritual convictions against the practice. The client was advised against getting another dog immediately so as to avoid a new pet’s becoming the object of guilt feelings. Quick replacement of a pet that has died prematurely often results in overindulgence of the new animal, behavior problems and, eventually, possible further abuse or mis-management. The owner tries to make up for the apparent or imagined injustices suffered by the deceased pet. 接下来的一周，雷克斯在车上表现出癫痫的迹象，似乎经历了一次大发作。狗狗对抗惊厥药物治疗有反应。它的头部撞到墙壁时可能导致了脑损伤。综合的医疗/行为治疗在雷克斯身上产生了可接受的暂时效果。然而，最终它被安乐死了。几次行为倒退和一次持续的大发作决定了这一结局。尸检被拒绝，客户以其精神信仰反对此举。建议客户不要立即再养一只狗，以避免新宠物成为内疚感的对象。过快替换早逝的宠物往往导致对新动物的过度溺爱、行为问题，最终可能导致进一步的虐待或管理不善。主人试图弥补已故宠物所遭受的明显或想象中的不公。
Intractable clients often have problems in their human social relationships. A dog often becomes the object of displaced frustrations, which is not new in the human experience. Although the case discussed here involved physical abuse, i.e., being thrown against a wall, more often the abuse is psychological; the dog is often crated for extended periods when it is destructive, or shut out of the family social structure. In either case, professional help is sought only when the owner’s conscience is sorely troubled. 难以应付的客户往往在人际社会关系中存在问题。狗常常成为转移挫折的对象，这在人类经验中并不新鲜。虽然这里讨论的案例涉及身体虐待，即被扔到墙上，但更多时候虐待是心理上的；当狗表现出破坏行为时，常常被关在笼子里很长时间，或者被排除在家庭社交结构之外。在任何一种情况下，只有当主人的良心受到严重折磨时，才会寻求专业帮助。
Problems readily created: The entire spectrum, usually serious in nature, since intractable personalities delay seeking professional help. 容易产生的问题：涵盖整个范围，通常性质严重，因为难以应付的个性会延迟寻求专业帮助。
Children and Problems 儿童与问题
The role of children in pet dog problems deserves a book by itself. It is virtually impossible to build a categorical picture of children in this regard within the limited space available here. Children and pets are too intricately interwoven into the total family picture to allow analysis as individuals. However, it is possible to list some of the behavior children display that can cause or aggravate behavioral problems in the family dog or even with other people’s pets. These appear in Table 2. 儿童在宠物狗问题中的角色本身就值得写一本书。在这里有限的篇幅内，几乎不可能对儿童在这方面形成一个明确的整体图景。儿童和宠物在整个家庭图景中交织得太复杂，无法作为个体进行分析。然而，可以列出一些儿童表现出的行为，这些行为可能导致或加剧家庭狗甚至其他人宠物的行为问题。这些行为见表 2。
About half of these child behaviorisms are quite innocent. Once parents become aware of their contribution to a problem, things are normally brought under control within a few days or weeks, depending on the severity of the problem. However, if the parents do not represent effective authority figures to the children, rehabilitation is often difficult and prolonged, sometimes requiring qualified child-parent guidance as well as canine behavioral guidance. 大约一半的儿童行为问题是相当无害的。一旦父母意识到他们对问题的影响，通常在几天或几周内就能将情况控制住，具体时间取决于问题的严重程度。然而，如果父母在孩子眼中不具备有效的权威形象，康复往往会变得困难且漫长，有时需要专业的亲子指导以及犬类行为指导。
Cases involving deliberate, mischievous stimulation, sadistic tendencies, jealousy of the dog, and sexual experimentation or disorientation require extremely sensitive consultations that must often be preceded by private telephone consultation with the parents to ensure a neutral emotional atmosphere during the fact-finding stages. Parents should not remain passive, but should display genuine interest and understanding for the child’s behavior. If the child or children believe that telling the truth may result in punishment, effective communication can be stifled. 涉及故意的恶作剧刺激、施虐倾向、对狗的嫉妒以及性实验或迷失方向的案例，需要极为敏感的咨询，通常必须先与父母进行私人电话咨询，以确保在事实调查阶段保持情绪中立的氛围。父母不应保持被动，而应表现出对孩子行为的真正兴趣和理解。如果孩子们认为说实话可能会受到惩罚，有效的沟通就会受到抑制。
Table 2. The role of children in pet behavior problems. 表 2. 儿童在宠物行为问题中的角色。
Child's Behavior 儿童的行为
Pet's Response 宠物的反应
Pulling ears, tail, hair (usually children under 4 years). 拉扯耳朵、尾巴、毛发（通常是 4 岁以下的儿童）。
Growling, snapping, biting (especially in excitable dogs). 咆哮、咬牙切齿、咬人（尤其是在兴奋的狗身上）。
Hitting with hands or objects. 用手或物体打击。
Growling, biting, submissiveness in pups. 幼犬的咆哮、咬人、顺从行为。
Teasing, especially pups, to achieve rage responses. 戏弄，尤其是幼犬，以激发愤怒反应。
Stimulating jealousy between dogs in the family. 在家庭中的狗之间激发嫉妒心。
Fighting. 打架。
Prompting the dog to attack other dogs or cats. 促使狗攻击其他狗或猫。
Fighting, killing small animals, viciousness. 打架，杀害小动物，凶狠。
Tidbitting. 引诱进食。
Begging, sometimes biting when food is withheld. 乞食，有时在食物被拒绝时会咬人。
Playing tug-o'-war. 玩拔河游戏。
Chewing problems. 咀嚼问题。
Screaming. 尖叫。
Biting, especially in highly excitable types. 咬人，尤其是在高度兴奋的类型中。
Scolding. 责骂。
Growling, biting, especially in leader types. 咆哮、咬人，尤其是在领导型犬中。
Sexually stimulating the dog, especially male pups. 性刺激狗，尤其是雄性幼犬。
Mounting, bossiness, urinating in the house, biting other children or strangers who interact with the child. 骑跨、专横、在屋内撒尿、咬与孩子互动的其他儿童或陌生人。
Unruly household behavior. 不守规矩的家庭行为。
Unruliness. 不守规矩。
Inter-child fighting. 儿童间的打斗。
Aggressiveness, biting. 攻击性，咬人。
Child's Behavior Pet's Response
Pulling ears, tail, hair (usually children under 4 years). Growling, snapping, biting (especially in excitable dogs).
Hitting with hands or objects. Growling, biting, submissiveness in pups.
Teasing, especially pups, to achieve rage responses. Viciousness.
Encouraging aggressiveness toward outsiders. Biting, viciousness, bicycle chasing.
Stimulating jealousy between dogs in the family. Fighting.
Prompting the dog to attack other dogs or cats. Fighting, killing small animals, viciousness.
Tidbitting. Begging, sometimes biting when food is withheld.
Playing tug-o'-war. Chewing problems.
Screaming. Biting, especially in highly excitable types.
Scolding. Growling, biting, especially in leader types.
Sexually stimulating the dog, especially male pups. Mounting, bossiness, urinating in the house, biting other children or strangers who interact with the child.
Unruly household behavior. Unruliness.
Inter-child fighting. Aggressiveness, biting.| Child's Behavior | Pet's Response |
| :--- | :--- |
| Pulling ears, tail, hair (usually children under 4 years). | Growling, snapping, biting (especially in excitable dogs). |
| Hitting with hands or objects. | Growling, biting, submissiveness in pups. |
| Teasing, especially pups, to achieve rage responses. | Viciousness. |
| Encouraging aggressiveness toward outsiders. | Biting, viciousness, bicycle chasing. |
| Stimulating jealousy between dogs in the family. | Fighting. |
| Prompting the dog to attack other dogs or cats. | Fighting, killing small animals, viciousness. |
| Tidbitting. | Begging, sometimes biting when food is withheld. |
| Playing tug-o'-war. | Chewing problems. |
| Screaming. | Biting, especially in highly excitable types. |
| Scolding. | Growling, biting, especially in leader types. |
| Sexually stimulating the dog, especially male pups. | Mounting, bossiness, urinating in the house, biting other children or strangers who interact with the child. |
| Unruly household behavior. | Unruliness. |
| Inter-child fighting. | Aggressiveness, biting. |
A combined consultation and a training approach based on nonphysical methods using stimulus-response-reward, as are so effective in human therapy, helps create healthy family rapport. Further, all family members begin treating the dog uniformly, the lack of which is often one of the initial causes of problem behavior. Specific cases involving children are discussed in later chapters and demonstrate the values of dog ownership within the family. 结合咨询和基于非身体惩罚方法的训练方法，采用刺激-反应-奖励机制，这种方法在人类治疗中非常有效，有助于建立健康的家庭关系。此外，所有家庭成员开始对狗采取统一的态度，而缺乏这种统一往往是问题行为的初始原因之一。后续章节将讨论涉及儿童的具体案例，展示养狗在家庭中的价值。
Further Environmental Factors 进一步的环境因素
Lying beyond the direct influence of the people who own and live with a problem dog are factors that affect the animal continu- 超出拥有并与问题犬共同生活的人的直接影响范围之外，还有一些因素会持续或偶尔影响动物。
Chapter 2 第二章
ally or occasionally. These elements often cause problems even though the dog has a healthy relationship with its family. These factors are discussed in detail under the individual problems in later chapters. However, a listing of some of the more important structural, social and other types of problem-stimuli will be helpful here. Whether or not these factors are the source of a problem depends mostly on the dog’s individual nervous and behavioral type. These will be discussed in the cases cited later. The partial listing in Table 3 includes factors that may lie outside the direct control of the owners, but may contribute to various types of behavior problems. 这些因素即使在狗与其家庭关系良好的情况下，也常常引发问题。后续章节中将在具体问题部分详细讨论这些因素。然而，在此列出一些较为重要的结构性、社会性及其他类型的问题刺激因素将有所帮助。是否这些因素成为问题的根源，主要取决于狗的个体神经和行为类型。后文引用的案例中将对此进行讨论。表 3 中的部分列表包括可能超出主人直接控制范围，但可能导致各种行为问题的因素。
Table 3. Some environmental factors related to problem behavior. 表 3. 与问题行为相关的一些环境因素。
Structural Factors 结构因素
Fences and other barriers 围栏和其他障碍物
Tethers 拴绳
Picture windows 落地窗
Swimming pools 游泳池
Noisy doors, gates, mail slot covers 吵闹的门、门闸、信箱盖
Carpets containing urine odors 带有尿味的地毯
Social Factors 社会因素
Howling or barking dogs in the area 附近的狗叫声或嚎叫
Service station attendants, car hops, etc 加油站工作人员、汽车服务员等
Neighboring or stray dogs 邻居的狗或流浪狗
Sirens 警报声
Bitches in heat 发情的母狗
Autos backfiring 汽车回火声
Silence, monotony 寂静，单调
Noisy neighborhoods 嘈杂的邻居环境
Outsiders or friends who accidentally or deliberately tease the dog 外人或朋友无意或故意逗弄狗狗
Birds, squirrels, other animals on or near property 鸟类、松鼠及其他在房产上或附近的动物
Sibling rivalry between dogs in the family 家庭中狗狗之间的兄弟姐妹竞争
Gardeners or others who work around homes 园丁或其他在住宅周围工作的人
Structural Factors
Fences and other barriers Tethers
Picture windows Swimming pools
Noisy doors, gates, mail slot covers Carpets containing urine odors
Social Factors
Howling or barking dogs in the area Service station attendants, car hops, etc
Neighboring or stray dogs Sirens
Bitches in heat Autos backfiring
Silence, monotony Noisy neighborhoods
Outsiders or friends who accidentally or deliberately tease the dog Birds, squirrels, other animals on or near property
Sibling rivalry between dogs in the family Gardeners or others who work around homes
Hostile episodes witnessed by the dog Mail carriers, meter readers, etc
Other Factors
Diet or nutritional problems Health problems
Electric shock collar devices Ultrasonic alarms and other devices
Rain, thunderstorms, cold, heat, wind, earthquake, snow, sleet, etc Cameras, flash units, mirrors
Darkness | Structural Factors | |
| :--- | :--- |
| Fences and other barriers | Tethers |
| Picture windows | Swimming pools |
| Noisy doors, gates, mail slot covers | Carpets containing urine odors |
| Social Factors | |
| Howling or barking dogs in the area | Service station attendants, car hops, etc |
| Neighboring or stray dogs | Sirens |
| Bitches in heat | Autos backfiring |
| Silence, monotony | Noisy neighborhoods |
| Outsiders or friends who accidentally or deliberately tease the dog | Birds, squirrels, other animals on or near property |
| Sibling rivalry between dogs in the family | Gardeners or others who work around homes |
| Hostile episodes witnessed by the dog | Mail carriers, meter readers, etc |
| Other Factors | |
| Diet or nutritional problems | Health problems |
| Electric shock collar devices | Ultrasonic alarms and other devices |
| Rain, thunderstorms, cold, heat, wind, earthquake, snow, sleet, etc | Cameras, flash units, mirrors |
| Darkness | |
Summary 总结
If you believe some classic types of owners have been missed, such as jealous types (people who cannot bear to see their pets show affection toward others), perfect parents (those who believe they have done everything properly for the dog and cannot accept advice), etc., it is true. However, these will be covered in later chapters in cases related directly to certain problems. 如果你认为有些经典类型的主人被遗漏了，比如嫉妒型（无法忍受看到宠物对他人表现出感情的人）、完美型父母（认为自己为狗做的一切都很正确，无法接受建议的人）等，那确实如此。不过，这些类型将在后续章节中，针对与某些具体问题直接相关的案例中进行讨论。
Whether the problem dog owner is domineering-physical, paranoid or permissive, or has other traits encountered in this chapter, the behaviorist always faces the same human relations task in solving problems: to recognize the owner’s contributions to the problems, the dog’s type and history, and other environmental factors involved; then to use these elements toward understanding the problem’s causes. Thereafter the challenge lies in developing a program individually suited to each situation and recommending changes that ultimately will stimulate desirable behavioral adjustments in the problem dog. 无论问题犬的主人是专横-身体型、偏执型、放任型，还是本章中提到的其他类型，行为学家在解决问题时始终面临同样的人际关系任务：识别主人对问题的贡献、狗的类型和历史以及其他相关的环境因素；然后利用这些要素来理解问题的原因。接下来，挑战在于制定一个针对每种情况量身定制的方案，并建议改变，最终促使问题犬产生理想的行为调整。
The key factor in solving any problem is the dog’s owners. They, alone, have the power to change their own behavior toward the dog, and the dog’s environment. Clear insight into the emotional fabric and intellectual outlook of the problem dogs problem owners is vital in reaching satisfactory results. 解决任何问题的关键因素是狗的主人。只有他们有能力改变自己对狗的行为以及狗的环境。对问题狗及其主人的情感结构和智力视角有清晰的洞察，对于取得满意的结果至关重要。
Helpful Reading 推荐阅读
Milani, Myrna, M., DVM: DogSmart Contemporary Books, 1997 Milani, Myrna, M., DVM：《DogSmart》，Contemporary Books，1997 年
Grandin, Temple: Thinking in Pictures, Doubleday, 1995 Grandin, Temple：《以图像思考》，Doubleday，1995 年
Heiman M: The relationship between man and dog. Psychoanalytical Quarterly 25:568-585, 1956. Heiman M：人与狗之间的关系。《精神分析季刊》25:568-585，1956 年。
Burke WF: Children’s thoughts, reactions and feelings toward pet dogs. J Genetic Psychology 10:489, 1903. Burke WF：儿童对宠物狗的想法、反应和感受。《遗传心理学杂志》10:489，1903 年。
Bossard J: The mental hygiene of owning a dog. Mental Hygiene 28:408-413, 1944. Bossard J：养狗的心理卫生。《心理卫生》28:408-413，1944 年。
Jung C: Psychological Types. Kegan Paul, New York, 1938. Jung C：《心理类型》。Kegan Paul 出版社，纽约，1938 年。
3
Consulting for a Diagnosis 诊断咨询
When dog owners seek professional help for behavior problems their primary attention tends to be focused on the dog. This is logical. It is also to be expected that the owner is emotionally upset. 当狗主人寻求专业帮助解决行为问题时，他们的主要关注点往往集中在狗身上。这是合乎逻辑的。主人情绪激动也是可以预料的。
A near-hysterical young lady phoned on my very first day as a behavior consultant. Her neutered male Italian Greyhound had awakened her by urinating on her head. Her sobbing description of that morning’s mini-drama was convincing evidence that my new career in canine behavior would have to be client centered, rather than dog-oriented. Her case effectively modified any ideas I had about “reconditioning” the dog. It was obvious the little Greyhound’s fate was at the owner’s mercy and depended on my ability to help reveal the cause of the problem, then motivate her to make adjustments in her attitudes and actions. Only then would the dog feel secure about his relationship with her and no longer feel the need to lay his brand on her. 我作为行为顾问的第一天，就接到一位几近歇斯底里的年轻女士的电话。她的已绝育的意大利灵缇公狗因在她头上撒尿而吵醒了她。她哭泣着描述那天早晨的小插曲，这充分证明了我新的犬类行为事业必须以客户为中心，而非单纯以狗为导向。她的案例有效地改变了我关于“重新训练”狗的任何想法。显然，这只小灵缇的命运掌握在主人手中，取决于我能否帮助揭示问题的根源，然后激励她调整自己的态度和行为。只有这样，狗才能对与她的关系感到安全，不再觉得有必要在她身上留下自己的标记。
Every case requires more than simply acquiring the information for problem analysis through an interview, then propounding the elements of a cut-and-dried remedial program. It was necessary in the Greyhound’s case to find out other times he urinated in the house, what was the general living situation of client and dog, etc. In this case, the dog usually slept on the client’s bed, but was shut out when her fiancé spent the night, “because we don’t want the dog in there.” 每个案例都不仅仅是通过访谈获取问题分析的信息，然后提出一个简单明了的补救方案。在这只灵缇的案例中，有必要了解它在屋内尿尿的其他时间，客户和狗的一般生活状况等。在这个案例中，狗通常睡在客户的床上，但当她的未婚夫过夜时，狗会被关在外面，“因为我们不想让狗进那里。”
A successful program involved weaning the overdependent dog by having him earn all praise and brief pettings from both the owner and her fiancé, having them engage in upbeat play with the dog, giving the dog its own bed on the bedroom floor, and instituting a housetraining program. 一个成功的方案包括通过让这只过度依赖的狗从主人和她的未婚夫那里获得所有的赞扬和短暂的抚摸来逐步戒除依赖，让他们与狗进行积极的玩耍，给狗在卧室地板上准备自己的床，并实施一个室内训练计划。
Not all cases are so extreme. But if an ethical service is to be rendered, a professional behaviorist/counselor must indicate understanding of the client’s emotional state through an attitude that genuinely communicates empathy, personal interest, a sincere desire to help, and a non-judgmental, professional consideration for the client’s role in the problem. These qualities are the hallmark of successful counselors in all fields involving personal relationships, whether with people or pets. Without them, clients tend to reveal only superficial details of life with their dogs, omitting or glossing over important details. 并非所有情况都如此极端。但如果要提供合乎道德的服务，专业的行为学家/顾问必须通过一种真正传达同理心、个人关怀、真诚帮助愿望以及对客户在问题中角色的非评判性、专业考虑的态度，来表明对客户情绪状态的理解。这些品质是所有涉及人际关系领域成功顾问的标志，无论是与人还是宠物。没有这些品质，客户往往只会透露与他们的狗生活相关的表面细节，忽略或掩盖重要细节。
Each of us knows from personal experience that we resist sharing our true feelings with others, even trained professionals, if we perceive them as objectively indifferent, personally judgmental or insincerely sympathetic. So, while in this chapter we discuss gathering facts, framing questions and analyzing case information, we will also talk about keeping the interviews client-centered. 我们每个人都从个人经验中知道，如果我们觉得对方客观冷漠、个人带有偏见或同情不真诚，我们都会抗拒与他人分享真实感受，即使对方是受过训练的专业人士。因此，虽然本章讨论了收集事实、构建问题和分析案例信息，我们也将谈论如何保持访谈以客户为中心。
Here is a good example of obtaining the facts and recording them in a useful form. 这里是一个获取事实并以有用形式记录的好例子。
The Jumper 跳跃者
A young pregnant woman phoned because her 2-year-old male Shepherd-mix, Barney, jumped on her almost constantly when she stood in his presence. A friend had told her to bring her knee up into the dog’s stomach or chest to solve the problem. She told me she wasn’t strong enough, nor did she have the emotional constitution for this type of treatment. 一位年轻的孕妇打电话来说，她的两岁雄性牧羊犬混血巴尼几乎每当她站在他面前时都会跳起来。一个朋友告诉她，可以用膝盖顶向狗的腹部或胸部来解决这个问题。她告诉我，她没有足够的力气，也没有心理承受能力去做这种处理。
“Isn’t there another way I can get him to stop it? If he doesn’t quit, I’m afraid we’ll have to get rid of him, and I don’t want to do that.” “难道没有别的方法让我让他停止这样吗？如果他不停止，我担心我们不得不把他送走，但我不想那样做。”
I asked what steps she had taken to keep the dog down. “I’ve scolded him and put him out in the yard, but my husband has beaten him to the point that I have actually cried for the poor dog.” 我问她采取了哪些措施让狗安静下来。“我训斥过他，把他赶到院子里，但我丈夫打他打得我都为这只可怜的狗哭了。”
“Tell me how your dog acts, both when your husband beats him and when you scold and put him out.” “告诉我你的狗在你丈夫打他时，以及你训斥并赶他出去时的表现。”
“Well, he only growls at me, but he really snarls at Ralph. I think they will have a real fight one day, and I can’t have that around the baby. How will Barney react to my baby?” “嗯，他只对我咆哮，但他对拉尔夫真的会咆哮。我觉得他们有一天会真正打起来，而我不能让这种事发生在宝宝面前。巴尼会如何对待我的宝宝呢？”
A few simple questions revealed the true depth of the problem. 几个简单的问题揭示了问题的真正深度。
What Information Is Needed? 需要什么信息？
Through the years I have developed a “fact sheet”(Fig 1) that forces me to ask the questions necessary to do a professional job, and to avoid making snap judgments. The case of Barney gained a new perspective when the following facts were revealed. 多年来，我制定了一份“事实清单”（图 1），它迫使我提出必要的问题，以便专业地处理问题，避免仓促下结论。当以下事实被揭示时，巴尼的案例获得了新的视角。
Barney, an excitable type, a pest in the house from 8 weeks of age, had to be put out due to chewing and housesoiling. 巴尼是个兴奋型的狗，从 8 周大起就在家里捣乱，因为咬东西和随地大小便不得不被赶出去。
No formal training efforts had ever been made, and the couple disagreed on how to discipline the pup. The wife scolded, the husband spanked. Beating started at 10 weeks when Barney snarled while being spanked. 从未进行过正式的训练，夫妻俩对如何管教小狗意见不合。妻子训斥，丈夫打屁股。10 周大时，巴尼在被打屁股时咆哮，打骂也随之开始。
Since 14 weeks, he had been put out when visitors arrived, and now stood at the sliding glass doors, barking viciously whenever guests were in the house. 从 14 周大起，每当有访客来时，他就被赶出去，现在只要客人在屋里，他就站在滑动玻璃门旁恶狠狠地吠叫。
The owners were deeply concerned about whether or not Barney would harm the new baby when it arrived. 主人们非常担心巴尼在新宝宝出生后是否会伤害他。
Recommendations in this case involved far more than a simple knee in the chest. If the wife had tried this, judging from the dog’s behavior, she might have been bitten; he was extremely dominant and overprotective toward her, while affording the husband only cursory and aloof attention. 在这种情况下，建议远不止简单地用膝盖顶胸。如果妻子尝试这样做，从狗的行为来看，她可能会被咬；这只狗对她表现出极强的支配性和过度保护，而对丈夫则只是敷衍且冷漠的关注。
Figure 1. Fact sheet used for interviewing in behavior cases. 图 1. 用于行为案例访谈的事实表。
Behavior Fact Sheet 行为事实表
Date qquad\qquad 10/12/74 Time qquad\qquad 3:45 to 4:00 Breed SHEP MIX (1) FNF \mathrm{~N} age qquad\qquad 2 yes. Client qquad\qquad Mary KARNAK (RHPH) qquad\qquad Dog qquad\qquad Barney Address qquad\qquad 17439 Pance ST city qquad\qquad Canoga Park State CA iip 91364 日期 qquad\qquad 10/12/74 时间 qquad\qquad 3:45 到 4:00 品种 SHEP MIX (1) FNF \mathrm{~N} 年龄 qquad\qquad 2 是。客户 qquad\qquad Mary KARNAK (RHPH) qquad\qquad 狗 qquad\qquad Barney 地址 qquad\qquad 17439 Pance ST 城市 qquad\qquad Canoga Park 州 CA 邮编 91364
Other: qquad\qquad Unruly with quests: vicious, barks - was put out at 14 weeks 其他： qquad\qquad 在探查时难以管教：凶猛，吠叫——14 周大时被赶出家门
Problem notes: particularly unruly with owner when she is alone with pet-jumps on clicut - dog per (Age noted-focale-situation-frequency-etc.) Asp noted ocale-situation- 问题备注：当主人独自与宠物相处时特别难以管教——跳到 clicut 上——狗的情况（记录年龄、焦点、情境、频率等）Asp 记录焦点-情境-
bitter in stress poor behavior since apurity Corrections to date: qquad\qquad Scold (mary) - Spank/beat (ralph) - put out (both) 压力下表现出刻薄，行为不良，自纯洁以来的表现 迄今为止的纠正措施： qquad\qquad 责骂（mary）- 打/揍（ralph）- 赶出（两者）
Dog’s reactions: growls at her - snarls at him 狗的反应：对她咆哮——对他龇牙咧嘴
Age dog obtained: qquad\qquad 8 weeks From: qquad\qquad Newspaper ad Price: qquad\qquad $15.- 获得年龄： qquad\qquad 8 周 来源： qquad\qquad 报纸广告 价格： qquad\qquad 15 美元
Litter behavior: qquad\qquad not seen 同窝行为： qquad\qquad 未见
Housetraining method: qquad\qquad Scold / spank Other training: qquad\qquad Sits for treats Where sleep? qquad\qquad Bedroom flood In house other times? Yes - all over 如厕训练方法： qquad\qquad 责骂/打屁股 其他训练： qquad\qquad 为了奖励坐下 睡觉地点？ qquad\qquad 卧室地板 其他时间在屋内？是——到处都是 qquad\qquad (where?). Bathed? qquad\qquad No Brushed? qquad\qquad seldom Play periods? qquad\qquad (dog is unroly) Last vet. check: at 1//21 / 2 y ears Purpose qquad\qquad DHL Outcome OK qquad\qquad （在哪里？）。洗澡了吗？ qquad\qquad 没有 梳理了吗？ qquad\qquad 很少 玩耍时间？ qquad\qquad （狗狗不活跃）上次兽医检查：在 1//21 / 2 岁 目的 qquad\qquad DHL 结果正常
(Who - how) （谁 - 如何）
qquad\qquad other: Roundwrms at 8 weeks is 5 months qquad\qquad 其他：8 周时有蛔虫，现在 5 个月大
Diet qquad\qquad Kibble qquad\qquad Daily feeds: (1)2 3 qquad\qquad Who feeds? qquad\qquad client Quantity qquad\qquad 12 cups Supplements tidilits, sevaps qquad\qquad 饮食 qquad\qquad 干粮 qquad\qquad 每日喂食次数：（1）2 3 qquad\qquad 谁喂食？ qquad\qquad 客户 数量 qquad\qquad 12 杯 补充剂 tidilits，sevaps qquad\qquad
Fanily data: (1) S D children piesently 3 mos pregnah fother qquad\qquad Occupation(s) qquad\qquad client = homemaker; spouse - marring counselor Other pets? qquad\qquad None 家庭资料：（1）S D 儿童，目前怀孕 3 个月，父亲 qquad\qquad 职业 qquad\qquad 客户=家庭主妇；配偶-婚姻顾问 其他宠物？ qquad\qquad 无
Reconmendations: Fred 2x2 x daily (1)/(2)\frac{1}{2} alcken +2 cups meal + Vitamin 建议：Fred 2x2 x 每日 (1)/(2)\frac{1}{2} 鸡肉+2 杯餐食+维生素
Don’t punish ! Teach to come, go, stay - use sRx for jumping 不要惩罚！教会来、去、停-使用 sRx 纠正跳跃行为
Keep inside - act “Jolly” with visitors 2xx2 \times daily - get pet door! Case outcome: Excellent - No problems after Sth week qquad\qquad 11/31/74 保持室内-与访客表现“快乐” 2xx2 \times 每日-安装宠物门！案例结果：优秀-第 5 周后无问题 qquad\qquad 11/31/74
Notes: qquad\qquad Both owners attitudes axcellent ofter consultation 备注： qquad\qquad 两位主人在咨询后态度极佳
Send aid literature? qquad\qquad Yes - Biting case study 是否发送援助资料？ qquad\qquad 是 - 咬人案例研究
Rehabilitation required a complete basic training program, a housetraining regimen, and reintegrating Barney into family life, including when guests came to call. Specific recommendations included: 康复需要一个完整的基础训练计划、家庭训练方案，以及让巴尼重新融入家庭生活，包括客人来访时的应对。具体建议包括：
Feed twice rather than once daily. 每天喂食两次，而不是一次。
Switch from the current high carbohydrate to a high-protein diet of chicken meat and byproducts, together with dry food. Double the dietary B-complex vitamin content (see Chapter 5). 将当前高碳水化合物饮食改为以鸡肉及其副产品为主的高蛋白饮食，配合干粮。将膳食中的 B 族维生素含量加倍（见第 5 章）。
Stop scolding and all forms of punishment. 停止责骂和一切形式的惩罚。
Teach basic command responses and use nonphysical correction for jumping up. 教授基本指令反应，并使用非身体惩戒的方法纠正跳跃行为。
Keep Barney in the house as much as possible. 尽可能让巴尼待在屋内。
Apply the Jolly Routine (see Chapter 7) for 2 visitors daily (owners actively and happily greet guests with Barney present). 每天对 2 位访客应用快乐例行程序（见第 7 章）（主人积极且愉快地在巴尼在场时迎接客人）。
Install a dog door. 安装一个狗门。
During the 6-week program Barney improved steadily until, at the fifth week, both owners were confident of the Barney’s behavior at all times. 在为期 6 周的计划中，巴尼的表现稳步提升，直到第五周，双方主人对巴尼的行为在任何时候都充满信心。
Important Information 重要信息
The relevance of certain facts about a problem dog may seem elusive when viewed out of context. However, when considered in relation to each other, a behavioral profile emerges. The behavioral implications of the following questions can shed light on the problem. 当脱离上下文单独看待时，关于问题犬的一些事实的相关性可能显得难以捉摸。然而，当这些事实相互关联考虑时，就会形成一个行为特征。以下问题的行为含义可以帮助揭示问题所在。
Is the breed known to be prone to the problem (for example, excitable, aggressive)? 该品种是否已知容易出现该问题（例如，易激动、攻击性强）？
Is the problem sex related, such as a male dog’s overprotectiveness or sexual aggressiveness toward women? Is the dog neutered? If so, was this related to a change in behavior? 该问题是否与性别有关，例如公犬对女性的过度保护或性攻击行为？该犬是否已绝育？如果是，是否与行为变化有关？
Is the dog now in, or did the malbehavior begin during, one of the known behavioral transition periods? 该犬目前是否处于，或不良行为是否始于，已知的某个行为过渡期？
Facts about the age at which the dog was obtained are important. If taken from the litter before 51//251 / 2 weeks, the dog may tend toward over-dependent shyness. If taken after the age of optimum socialization (after 6-8 weeks), the dog may tend toward aggressiveness if not correctly handled. 关于获得狗狗的年龄的事实非常重要。如果在 51//251 / 2 周之前从窝里带走，狗狗可能会倾向于过度依赖和害羞。如果在最佳社交年龄之后（6-8 周后）带走，如果处理不当，狗狗可能会倾向于攻击性。
From whom was the dog obtained? This may reveal a caged or pet shop background in the litter. The price of the dog gives insight as to the owner’s perception of monetary value in the consideration of treatment costs, but this is not always indicative. 狗狗是从谁那里获得的？这可能揭示窝里有笼养或宠物店背景。狗狗的价格可以反映主人对治疗费用的货币价值认知，但这并不总是具有代表性。
The dog’s litter behavior may indicate basic behavioral tendencies, such as dominance, submissiveness, etc. 狗狗在窝里的行为可能表明基本的行为倾向，如支配性、顺从性等。
Housetraining punishment procedures, especially if during the Fear Imprint period, may explain some exaggerated behavioral reactions. Questions about other training and the success ratio in any efforts made to date. 如厕训练的惩罚程序，尤其是在恐惧印记期内，可能解释一些夸张的行为反应。还需询问其他训练情况以及迄今为止努力的成功率。
Where the dog sleeps and its in-house activities allow some evaluation of social interaction within the family. 狗狗的睡眠地点及其在室内的活动，可以对其在家庭中的社交互动进行一定的评估。
Health information and its impact on behavior are of prime importance in analyzing a problem (see Chapter 4). The diet, feeding practices (see Chapter 5), and who actually feeds the dog also are important. 健康信息及其对行为的影响在分析问题时至关重要（见第 4 章）。饮食、喂养方式（见第 5 章）以及实际喂养狗狗的人也很重要。
Knowledge of family structure can help determine who should be involved in consultations and remedial programs. Children over 10 years of age usually do well in consultations with their parents and the dog. 了解家庭结构有助于确定谁应参与咨询和矫正计划。10 岁以上的儿童通常能很好地参与与父母和狗狗的咨询。
The owners’ occupations may suggest their general orientation. For example, a salesman may differ in outlook and, therefore, would require a different consultative approach than, say, an attorney. Though not specifically true, occupations often reflect social orientations and logic patterns. 主人的职业可能反映他们的一般取向。例如，销售员的观点可能不同，因此需要与律师等职业不同的咨询方法。虽然不完全准确，但职业往往反映社会取向和逻辑模式。
Involvement of other pets may be important in some cases. There are cases in which clients show preference to another pet, which can trigger competition and problems ranging from fighting to household urintation. 在某些情况下，其他宠物的参与可能很重要。有些客户会表现出对另一只宠物的偏爱，这可能引发竞争和从打斗到在家中随地小便等问题。
Asking the Right Questions 提出正确的问题
Spoken language is filled with ambiguities, not only by the words, but how we use them. For instance, when we ask someone how old the dog was when they got it, only about 1 in 4 clients provides an accurate answer. Almost 75%75 \% of the clients say, “He was just a puppy,” which tells us nothing, since many owners think dogs are pups until they are over 6 months old. For this reason, when asking questions that require specific information, it is a good idea to frame questions so that we minimize ambiguous answers. 口语充满了歧义，不仅体现在词汇上，还体现在我们使用词汇的方式上。例如，当我们问某人他们养狗时狗多大了，只有大约四分之一的客户能给出准确的答案。几乎所有客户都会说，“它只是只小狗”，这并没有告诉我们什么，因为许多主人认为狗只要不到六个月大就还是小狗。因此，在需要具体信息的问题上，最好将问题设计得尽量减少模糊的回答。
Types of Questions to Avoid and Use 应避免和应使用的问题类型
If you want to hear how not to frame questions that gather facts, listen to any television interviewer or, better yet, a lawyer. They use the number one no-no-leading questions, i.e., questions that suggest the answers. News interviewers and lawyers already know the answers they want. That’s their business, but not ours. 如果你想知道如何不去构建收集事实的问题，可以听听任何电视采访者，或者更好的是，听听律师。他们使用的头号禁忌是引导性问题，也就是暗示答案的问题。新闻采访者和律师已经知道他们想要的答案。这是他们的工作，但不是我们的。
“Were you angry when you saw the chewed up pillow?” suggests that the consultant may think the owner was angry and, at the same time, forces the owner to disagree if he or she was not angry. A really professional question would be, "How did you feel when you saw the mess? "This gains the information we need in order to help. Two principles should be obeyed when interviewing for facts: “你看到被咬烂的枕头时生气了吗？”这句话暗示咨询师可能认为主人生气了，同时如果主人没有生气，就被迫表示不同意。一个真正专业的问题应该是：“你看到这场混乱时感觉如何？”这能获得我们帮助所需的信息。采访收集事实时应遵守两个原则：
Don’t use verbs to start question: Do you… Are you… Have you… Will you… etc., lead to closed-ended, “Yes” or No"answers. 不要用动词开头提问：你是否……你是……你有……你会……等，这些会导致封闭式的“是”或“不是”回答。
Do use adverbs and pronouns: How did you… When did you… What did you… Where did you… Why did you… Who was there? These elicit facts. Use them. 要用副词和代词：你是如何……你什么时候……你做了什么……你在哪里……你为什么……谁在那里？这些能引出事实。要使用它们。
Here are a few examples that tie into the Behavior Fact Sheet (Fig 1). 这里有几个与行为事实表（图 1）相关的例子。
Statistics: “When was Tippy born?” This is a direct way to determine a pet’s age, as it elicits a fact from which we can deduce the dog’s exact age. 统计数据：“Tippy 是什么时候出生的？”这是确定宠物年龄的直接方法，因为它引出一个事实，我们可以据此推断出狗的确切年龄。
“How old is Tippy?” can lead us astray or even require more questions, as the client can answer, “Oh, I guess he’s about 2 years “ Tippy 多大了？”可能会误导我们，甚至需要更多的问题，因为客户可能会回答：“哦，我猜他大约 2 岁。”
old.” Guesses can be as much as a year off?. To determine which developmental stage the dog is in, or was in when a problem was first noticed, we need more than guesses. 猜测可能会有长达一年的误差。为了确定狗处于哪个发育阶段，或者在首次发现问题时处于哪个阶段，我们需要的不仅仅是猜测。
Questions about dates and amounts, quantity questions, are most effectively posed so that the client must answer with specific numbers. For instance, if you know that a dry diet is fed, “How many cups of dry food do you feed per meal?” is good, because it makes the client think in terms of a specific quantity and usually avoids such ambiguous answers as, “Oh, about half a bowl.” 关于日期和数量的问题，最有效的提问方式是让客户必须用具体数字来回答。例如，如果你知道客户喂的是干粮，“每餐你喂多少杯干粮？”这个问题就很好，因为它让客户以具体数量来思考，通常能避免诸如“哦，大约半碗”这样模糊的回答。
At the same time, it is wise to avoid leading questions that suggest an answer. These imply that the client must contradict us if they answer otherwise. For example, “From what you’ve said, Tippy must be very excitable?” 同时，避免引导性问题也很明智，这类问题暗示了答案，意味着如果客户回答不同，就必须与我们产生矛盾。例如，“根据你说的，Tippy 一定非常兴奋吧？”
This leads the owner to answer “Yes” or “No.” “Yes” is nice and agreeable with our assumption, whereas “No” requires the client to contradict our assumption. Either one is less than desirable. 这会导致主人只能回答“是”或“不是”。“是”表示同意我们的假设，而“不是”则要求客户否定我们的假设。无论哪种情况都不太理想。
Operational Information 操作信息
Operational descriptions are the backbone of effective fact finding. During initial contacts, most clients are anxious to tell us, in detail, what the dog did. This is vital information. However, equally vital is a complete description of what those around the pet did, before, during and after each behavioral episode. This is the area in which open-ended, non-leading questions are invaluable. 操作性描述是有效事实调查的基础。在最初的接触中，大多数客户都急于详细告诉我们狗做了什么。这是至关重要的信息。然而，同样重要的是对宠物周围人在每次行为事件发生前、发生时和发生后所做事情的完整描述。这正是开放式、非引导性问题极为宝贵的领域。
For instance, the client says the dogs fought today. To find out what ended the fight, we might ask, “How did you break it up?” This is a poor question because it assumes that the client broke up the fight and implies that we may think the client should have intervened. The implicit bias in the question could make the client obscure what really happened. It is an excellent question if the client has said he did break it up, but not a wise preliminary question. A better one is, “To get a picture of what happened, tell me what everyone did before, during and after the fight.” 例如，客户说狗今天打架了。为了了解是什么结束了打斗，我们可能会问：“你是怎么把它们分开的？”这是一个不好的问题，因为它假设客户分开了打斗，并暗示我们可能认为客户应该介入。问题中隐含的偏见可能会让客户掩盖真实发生的情况。如果客户已经说他确实分开了打斗，这个问题是很好的，但作为初步问题则不明智。更好的问题是：“为了了解发生了什么，请告诉我每个人在打斗前、打斗中和打斗后做了什么。”
Even if this elicits more than we may want to know, it provides operational facts, i.e word pictures. Such facts are necessary to 即使这会引出比我们想知道的更多的信息，它也提供了操作性事实，即文字画面。这些事实对于
formulate and envisage a clear picture of the events and environment related to the problem. 构建和设想与问题相关的事件和环境的清晰图景是必要的。
These questioning techniques concern areas of the Behavior Fact Sheet (Fig 1) that relate to behavior, versus dates, ages, weights, etc. Other facts that are invaluable, though not mentioned, as such, on the sheet, concern emotions. 这些提问技巧涉及行为事实表（图 1）中与行为相关的部分，而非日期、年龄、体重等。虽然事实表中未明确提及，但其他同样宝贵的事实涉及情绪。
Emotional Facts 情绪事实
Clients convey a great deal about their feelings by their tone of voice, the words they use to describe things, and their facial and body language. In client-centered counseling, these facts are of central importance-they are tools for motivating owners. 客户通过语调、描述事物所用的词语以及面部和身体语言传达大量情感信息。在以客户为中心的咨询中，这些事实至关重要——它们是激励主人行为的工具。
During initial fact-finding interviews, we must bear in mind that clients do not contact us just because they think or hope we can help. This is only the intellectual portion of the picture. As mentioned previously, most seek professional help because they are emotionally upset. This is their motivation. 在初步事实调查访谈中，我们必须牢记，客户联系并非仅仅因为他们认为或希望我们能提供帮助。这只是理智层面的部分原因。如前所述，大多数人寻求专业帮助是因为他们情绪上受到困扰。这才是他们的动机。
This is also why many initial contacts with clients contain all the trappings of a grievance interview about the pet. The client feels any of the full range of emotions, and may even display some of them. At this stage, it may seem a waste of time to listen to what appears to be irrational, often unrelated elements of a problem. However, the fact that the client mentions them makes them relevant. So, we must ascribe importance to this information. We also have to ask questions that assure the client that we are genuinely interested in them. 这也是为什么许多与客户的初次接触，往往带有对宠物的抱怨访谈的所有特征。客户会感受到各种情绪，甚至可能表现出其中的一些。在这个阶段，倾听那些看似不理性、常常无关的问题元素，似乎是一种浪费时间。然而，客户提到这些内容，说明它们是相关的。因此，我们必须重视这些信息。我们还需要提出问题，以确保客户相信我们是真正关心他们的。
The client may say, “When I got home and saw pieces of that pillow strewn all over the house, I could have killed the little bastard.” Or, “When I saw that pillow torn to shreds, I wanted to sit down and cry.” 客户可能会说：“当我回家看到那只枕头的碎片散落在整个房子里时，我真想杀了那个小混蛋。”或者，“当我看到那只枕头被撕得粉碎时，我只想坐下来哭。”
These statements tell us a great deal about the client’s feelings at the time of homecoming, but nothing about what they did. Two elements of counseling must be applied to each statement: 1; The client needs to know that we understand their feelings, through our responses, such as, “I can appreciate that,” or “That’s understandable”; and 2; We must know what the client did about their 这些陈述告诉我们客户回家时的感受，但并没有说明他们做了什么。对每个陈述都必须应用两个咨询要素：1；客户需要通过我们的回应知道我们理解他们的感受，比如说，“我能理解你的感受”或“这是可以理解的”；2；我们必须了解客户对此做了什么。
feelings of mayhem or despair. The client often describes his or her actions without rationalizing (or downright deception) if you have effectively communicated your empathy, as shown in element (1). An open-ended, non-leading, follow up question is called for, such as, “What did you do then?” 混乱或绝望的感觉。客户通常会描述自己的行为，而不会进行合理化（或干脆欺骗），如果你已经有效地传达了你的同理心，如元素（1）所示。此时需要一个开放式的、非引导性的后续问题，比如，“那你接下来做了什么？”
If we are lucky enough to develop an idea of both the client’s general behavior and attitude, all’s well. More often, however, we’ll get an earful about the dog’s behavior, which is also useful, of course. It is unwise to call the client’s attention to their tendency to focus on the pet. Instead, we should merely rephrase the query about what the client did, after acknowledging the dog’s behavioral response. For example, “I can see how you felt. What were you doing then?” 如果我们足够幸运，能够了解客户的一般行为和态度，那就万事大吉了。然而，更常见的是，我们会听到客户对狗的行为的详细描述，这当然也是有用的。提醒客户注意他们倾向于关注宠物的行为是不明智的。相反，我们应该在认可狗的行为反应后，重新表述关于客户行为的提问。例如，“我能理解你的感受。那你当时在做什么？”
This accomplishes two things: It provides operational descriptions of what happened, and it helps establish an initial degree of rapport between counselor and client. 这达成了两点：它提供了对发生事情的操作性描述，同时有助于建立咨询师与客户之间的初步融洽关系。
Information on a client’s emotional responses can sometimes be difficult to elicit. Some people try not to reveal their true feelings about other people, pets, situations and (especially) themselves. It is not a pet behaviorist’s role to “probe the client’s psychic depths,” but it is important to let them know that you understand their feelings about the misbehaving animal. To communicate this to the client, I have found it effective to tell them about the following facts and describe a brief case history. 有时很难引出客户的情感反应。有些人试图不透露他们对他人、宠物、情境以及（尤其是）他们自己真实的感受。宠物行为学家的角色不是“探查客户的心理深处”，但让他们知道你理解他们对行为不当动物的感受是很重要的。为了向客户传达这一点，我发现告诉他们以下事实并描述一个简短的案例历史是有效的。
About 99%99 \% of the interaction between people and their pets is emotional. There is very little intellectual exchange between them. 人与宠物之间约有 99%99 \% 的互动是情感性的。他们之间几乎没有智力上的交流。
If animals were not sensitive to our feelings, we probably would not have them as pets. 如果动物对我们的感受不敏感，我们可能就不会把它们当作宠物。
When pets feel insecure about their relationship with us, they become frustrated and anxious. 当宠物对与我们的关系感到不安全时，它们会变得沮丧和焦虑。
Behavior problems develop because the pet is trying to relieve tension produced by frustration and anxiety. 行为问题的产生是因为宠物试图缓解由挫折和焦虑引起的紧张情绪。
A Yorkie had started urinating in the house. He was a year-old male. The caller acquired him “as a re- 一只约克夏开始在屋内小便。它是一只一岁的雄性犬。来电者是在她年长的贵宾犬去世后不久，将这只约克夏作为“替代品”收养的。
placement” shortly after her older Poodle had died. However, the Yorkie was not as warm and affectionate as her previous dog. Also, she remarried shortly after getting the dog, and the husband also found the Yorkie a less than desirable pet. She insisted on enrolling in a program, saying that the dog needed more housetraining and some behavioral modification. Further, she stated that if we could not clear up the problem, she would just have to “get rid of him.” 然而，这只约克夏不像她之前的狗那样温暖和亲昵。此外，她在养狗不久后再婚，丈夫也觉得这只约克夏不是一个理想的宠物。她坚持要报名参加一个训练项目，说这只狗需要更多的室内训练和一些行为矫正。她还表示，如果我们不能解决这个问题，她就只能“把它处理掉”。
I mentioned the emotional points outlined above and told her that, until they made a decision to keep the Yorkie, “no matter how long it might take to correct the urination problem,” we could not ethically take her case. She got very upset, saying that she could not sacrifice her carpets and furniture to a dog’s “psychological hangups.” 我提到了上述的情绪因素，并告诉她，除非他们决定留下这只约克夏，“无论纠正小便问题需要多长时间”，我们都无法在道德上接受她的案例。她非常生气，说她不能为了狗的“心理障碍”牺牲她的地毯和家具。
I expressed understanding for her feelings, but then suggested she discuss the points we had made with her husband. She then got furious, saying I was not acting in the best interests of the dog and I was not ethical, and that she would find someone who was. 我表示理解她的感受，但随后建议她与丈夫讨论我们提出的观点。她立刻变得愤怒，说我没有为狗的最佳利益着想，也不道德，并且她会找一个会这样做的人。
A few days later she called to make an appointment. The urination had stopped! She said she and her husband had decided to keep the Yorkie “no matter what.” I offered my congratulations, but asked why she still wanted to enroll in a program. She explained that they wanted to rename the Yorkie and believed they could use some help with a couple of basic commands and “things in general.” The dog was also a chewer, and this vice had actually led to the idea of getting rid of the dog in the first place! The program to eliminate the chewing went exceptionally well. 几天后，她打电话预约。尿尿的问题已经停止了！她说她和丈夫决定“无论如何”都要留下这只约克夏。我表示祝贺，但问她为什么还想参加一个课程。她解释说他们想给约克夏改名，并且认为他们可以在几个基本指令和“一般事情”上得到一些帮助。狗狗还是个咬东西的坏习惯者，而这个坏习惯实际上最初就是让他们想要放弃这只狗的原因！消除咬东西习惯的课程进行得非常顺利。
Simply stated, the principle of this story is: 简单来说，这个故事的原则是：
When clients change their attitudes toward their dog from one of ambivalence between rejection and conditional ownership, to an attitude of unconditional acceptance of the animal, the dog’s behavior begins improving almost immediately. 当客户对他们的狗的态度从拒绝和有条件拥有之间的矛盾态度，转变为无条件接受动物的态度时，狗的行为几乎会立即开始改善。
Unless the owner makes that commitment, it is extremely difficult to eliminate any behavior problems. Unfortunately, not all clients reveal their intentions during the initial contact, so it is a good idea to ask them what courses of action they have considered. 除非主人做出承诺，否则很难消除任何行为问题。不幸的是，并非所有客户在初次接触时都会透露他们的意图，因此询问他们考虑过哪些行动方案是个好主意。
The foregoing example helps illustrate two points. The first is about human emotions and pet behavior. The second is that we should always tell the client about our method of working and our professional principles. 上述例子有助于说明两点。第一点是关于人类情感和宠物行为的关系。第二点是我们应始终向客户说明我们的工作方法和职业原则。
It should be apparent that the initial fact-finding contact with clients entails more than simply filling out a form. This non-directive style of initial fact finding may require skipping about to various parts of the form, making cryptic notes, maybe even explaining that notes are being made, if we are on the phone. This tells the client we are interested, that details are important, that we are professional, and that our services will be complete. 显然，与客户的初步事实调查接触不仅仅是填写一张表格。这种非指令性的初步事实调查方式可能需要跳跃填写表格的不同部分，做一些简略的笔记，甚至在电话中解释正在做笔记。这向客户表明我们很感兴趣，细节很重要，我们很专业，我们的服务是全面的。
This technique also helps avoid what I call the “OFF syndrome”: the Officious Form Filler. The public is generally put off by “officials” who solicit information in monotonous, disinterested tones, asking questions in rigid order. 这种技巧还有助于避免我所称的“OFF 综合症”：过于刻板的表格填写者。公众通常会被那些以单调、冷漠的语气、按固定顺序提问的“官僚”所反感。
We should also avoid sounding “busy” or making the client feel rushed. If we really are too busy for the interview, this fact should be stated and the interview should then be conducted without time constraints. 我们还应避免听起来“很忙”或让客户感到被催促。如果我们确实太忙而无法进行面谈，应明确说明这一事实，然后在没有时间限制的情况下进行面谈。
Two additional notes about making notes: 关于做笔记，还有两点补充说明：
Never ask questions during an interview while making notes. 做笔记时绝不要在面谈中提问。
Always look at the client when asking questions. 提问时应始终注视客户。
The Useless Echo 无用的回声
Another distraction and waste of time, especially in the statistical fact-finding phase, is the habit of repeating what is being noted. This “echoing” goes like this: “How old is Tippy?” “He’s about 6 years now.” “About 6 years.” 另一种分散注意力和浪费时间的行为，尤其是在统计事实调查阶段，就是重复所记录内容的习惯。这种“回声”是这样的：“Tippy 多大了？”“他现在大约 6 岁。”“大约 6 岁。”
Not only are these poor questions, but they waste time by reinforcing an inadequate answer. 这些不仅是糟糕的问题，而且通过强化一个不充分的答案来浪费时间。
Another example involves emotional facts: “When I saw the mess in the house, I whaled the tar out of him.” “Whaled the tar out of him!” 另一个例子涉及情绪事实：“当我看到屋子里的乱七八糟时，我狠狠地揍了他一顿。”“狠狠地揍了他一顿！”
This “echo” might not have been so poorly used if it had a questioning intonation, “Whaled the tar out of him?” As a question, it fits into the category of a “mirror,” which lets the client know we heard correctly, but indicates that we need to know what “whaling the tar out of him” meant in operational terms. 如果这句“回声”带有疑问的语调，“Whaled the tar out of him？”可能就不会被误用得那么严重。作为一个问题，它属于“镜像”的范畴，让客户知道我们听得正确，但同时表明我们需要了解“whaling the tar out of him”在操作层面上的具体含义。
An even better response would have been to acknowledge that the client is upset, and then seek operational information: “It must have been upsetting. Exactly how did you punish him?” 更好的回应是先承认客户的情绪，然后再寻求操作性的信息：“这一定让你很难受。你具体是怎么惩罚他的？”
In short, it is best to avoid the echo. 简而言之，最好避免使用回声。
The Useful Mirror 有用的镜像
The “mirror” statement performs a needed function in fact finding. Used properly, it not only lets clients know that what they have said has been important, but can cause them to delve farther in that area. “镜像”陈述在事实调查中发挥着必要的作用。正确使用时，它不仅让客户知道他们所说的话很重要，还能促使他们在该领域深入探讨。
“I’ve had Pugs all my life and never had any problems to speak of. But this one is different.” “我一生中养过很多巴哥犬，从来没有什么问题。但这只狗不一样。”
“He just doesn’t fit the mold?” “他就是不合常规？”
“Right! He won’t take a spanking. He even growls when we scold him.” “没错！他不吃打骂。我们训斥他时，他甚至会咆哮。”
“That could be frustrating.” “那可能会让人感到沮丧。”
“Frustrating! It’s maddening! Frank said he’s going to take a baseball bat to him the next time he tries to bite him.” “沮丧！简直让人抓狂！弗兰克说下次他再试图咬他时，他打算用棒球棒教训他。”
“A baseball bat? How did you react to that?” “棒球棒？你对此有什么反应？”
This interview uncovered a great deal of contention between the husband, wife and their two children, most of it concerning a feisty, aggressive little Pug. 这次采访揭示了丈夫、妻子和他们的两个孩子之间存在大量争执，其中大部分都与一只好斗、具有攻击性的小巴哥犬有关。
It is important to note that the “mirror” statement does not just parrot words back to the client. It acknowledges emotions in many instances, such as, “That could be frustrating.” This can open up a discussion of the real problem: the way the wife, husband and kids 重要的是要注意，“镜像”陈述并不仅仅是简单地重复客户的话语。它在许多情况下会认可情绪，例如，“那可能会让人感到沮丧。”这可以开启对真正问题的讨论：妻子、丈夫和孩子们
felt about the Pug. When this family understood the various defensive behavioral responses of dogs, they began working together nicely. 对巴哥犬的感受。当这个家庭理解了狗的各种防御性行为反应后，他们开始很好地合作。
"Halo" a Dangerous Quality “光环”——一种危险的品质
In any interviewing or counseling work we will meet people with whom we quickly establish a high degree of rapport, for whom we hold a great deal of respect, or whose personality and/or professional achievements we hold in high esteem. When this occurs we naturally become highly sensitive to the clients’ feelings, particularly during counseling sessions. We often find ourselves nodding to acknowledge everything the client says, creating the impression that we agree. Instead of asking for information of a personal nature, or an emotional commitment to a course of action, this “halo” surrounding the interaction can cause us to assume that the client understands things without our having to look for feedback or investigate possible misunderstandings on the clients part. 在任何面谈或咨询工作中，我们都会遇到一些人，与他们很快建立起高度的融洽关系，对他们怀有极大的尊重，或者对他们的个性和/或专业成就高度评价。当这种情况发生时，我们自然会对客户的感受变得非常敏感，尤其是在咨询过程中。我们常常发现自己点头表示认可客户所说的一切，给人一种我们同意的印象。与其寻求个人性质的信息，或要求客户对某一行动方案作出情感上的承诺，这种围绕互动的“光环”可能会使我们假设客户已经理解了事情，而无需我们去寻求反馈或调查客户可能存在的误解。
Halo wraps an aura of agreement around both the counselor and client. The halo can be a problem with all sorts of clients whose personalities fit nicely with our idea of what a pet owner ought to be. Often, after a counseling session, a review of my notes shows that we had a congenial chat, but little progress was made. The clients were excellent listeners, we nodded a great deal, and we “halo-ed” beautifully, but were not very professional. 光环效应为咨询师和客户双方笼罩了一层认同的氛围。光环效应可能会成为各种客户的问题，尤其是那些性格与我们对宠物主人的理想形象相符的客户。通常，在一次咨询结束后，回顾我的笔记会发现我们进行了愉快的交谈，但进展甚微。客户是出色的倾听者，我们频频点头，彼此“光环效应”十足，但专业性却不强。
I mention this so that it will be recognized. I don’t know of any technique to prevent it except to stick to one’s professional guns and follow the principles of effective interviewing. 我提到这一点，是希望大家能够意识到它的存在。我不知道有什么技巧可以防止这种情况，除了坚持自己的专业原则，遵循有效访谈的基本准则。
When these principles for obtaining facts are applied properly we elicit the full range of required information and create a positive atmosphere for a successful client-consultant relationship. 当这些获取事实的原则被正确应用时，我们能够引出所需信息的全部范围，并为成功的客户-顾问关系营造积极的氛围。
A Framework for the Facts 事实框架
Obtaining facts is one thing, but putting these facts within a framework that helps to reveal causes and indicate remedies is best accomplished according to the specific problem. Dividing a problem into its elements requires labeling: Is the behavior orally, 获取事实是一回事，但将这些事实置于一个有助于揭示原因并指出解决方法的框架中，最好根据具体问题来完成。将问题分解为各个要素需要进行标记：行为是口头的、
vocally or physically oriented? Is it aimed outward (extroverted) or inward (introverted)? Table 1 helps in this classification. 声音的还是身体的？它是向外（外向型）还是向内（内向型）？表 1 有助于进行这种分类。
Table 1. Classification of various types of problem behavior. 表 1. 各类问题行为的分类。
Behavior 行为
Extroverted 外向型
Introverted 内向型
Oral 口腔期
咬人
破坏性咀嚼
舔人
轻咬人
偷食
异食癖（吃非食物物品）
Biting
Chewing destructively
Licking at people
Nipping at people
Stealing food
Pica (eating nonfood items)
Biting
Chewing destructively
Licking at people
Nipping at people
Stealing food
Pica (eating nonfood items)| Biting |
| :--- |
| Chewing destructively |
| Licking at people |
| Nipping at people |
| Stealing food |
| Pica (eating nonfood items) |
在材料上吸吮洞穴 咀嚼具有啃咬性质的物品 舔自己 自残 食粪症（吃粪便） 异食癖 出牙/咀嚼
Sucking holes in materials
Chewing of a gnawing nature
Licking self
Self-mutilation
Coprophagia (eating stools)
Pica
Teething/chewing
Sucking holes in materials
Chewing of a gnawing nature
Licking self
Self-mutilation
Coprophagia (eating stools)
Pica
Teething/chewing| Sucking holes in materials |
| :--- |
| Chewing of a gnawing nature |
| Licking self |
| Self-mutilation |
| Coprophagia (eating stools) |
| Pica |
| Teething/chewing |
Aggressiveness (herding, bumping)
Car chasing
Dashing out of doors
Digging
Fence jumping (to roam)
Fighting (instigator)
Housesoiling
Jumping up on people
Killing animals
Leash pulling (forward)
Running away
Scratching| Aggressiveness (herding, bumping) |
| :--- |
| Car chasing |
| Dashing out of doors |
| Digging |
| Fence jumping (to roam) |
| Fighting (instigator) |
| Housesoiling |
| Jumping up on people |
| Killing animals |
| Leash pulling (forward) |
| Running away |
| Scratching |
挖掘（挖凉洞）跳过围栏（为了进入室内）打架（仅在受到严重威胁时）室内排泄
Digging (cooling holes)
Fence jumping (to get indoors)
Fighting (only when severely threatened)
Housesoiling
Digging (cooling holes)
Fence jumping (to get indoors)
Fighting (only when severely threatened)
Housesoiling| Digging (cooling holes) |
| :--- |
| Fence jumping (to get indoors) |
| Fighting (only when severely threatened) |
| Housesoiling |
Behavior Extroverted Introverted
Oral "Biting
Chewing destructively
Licking at people
Nipping at people
Stealing food
Pica (eating nonfood items)" "Sucking holes in materials
Chewing of a gnawing nature
Licking self
Self-mutilation
Coprophagia (eating stools)
Pica
Teething/chewing"
Vocal "Growling (at nonthreatening stimulus)
Snarling (at nonthreatening stimulus)" "Whining
Squealing
Growling (when threatened)
Snarling (when threatened)"
Somatic "Aggressiveness (herding, bumping)
Car chasing
Dashing out of doors
Digging
Fence jumping (to roam)
Fighting (instigator)
Housesoiling
Jumping up on people
Killing animals
Leash pulling (forward)
Running away
Scratching" "Digging (cooling holes)
Fence jumping (to get indoors)
Fighting (only when severely threatened)
Housesoiling"| Behavior | Extroverted | Introverted |
| :--- | :--- | :--- |
| Oral | Biting <br> Chewing destructively <br> Licking at people <br> Nipping at people <br> Stealing food <br> Pica (eating nonfood items) | Sucking holes in materials <br> Chewing of a gnawing nature <br> Licking self <br> Self-mutilation <br> Coprophagia (eating stools) <br> Pica <br> Teething/chewing |
| Vocal | Growling (at nonthreatening stimulus) <br> Snarling (at nonthreatening stimulus) | Whining <br> Squealing <br> Growling (when threatened) <br> Snarling (when threatened) |
| Somatic | Aggressiveness (herding, bumping) <br> Car chasing <br> Dashing out of doors <br> Digging <br> Fence jumping (to roam) <br> Fighting (instigator) <br> Housesoiling <br> Jumping up on people <br> Killing animals <br> Leash pulling (forward) <br> Running away <br> Scratching | Digging (cooling holes) <br> Fence jumping (to get indoors) <br> Fighting (only when severely threatened) <br> Housesoiling |
Chapter 3 第三章
Note that several of the behaviorisms appear on both sides of Table 1. This feature requires another step in classifying problem types, delineating the actual situation(s) in which the dog displays the behavior. For this reason, extra notes are needed to catalogue behavioral facts. It becomes necessary to learn when the behavior was first noticed (dog’s age, the situation, locale) and how often it occurs. 请注意，表 1 中有几种行为主义出现在两边。这一特点需要在分类问题类型时增加一步，即明确狗表现出该行为的具体情况。因此，需要额外的注释来记录行为事实。必须了解行为首次被注意到的时间（狗的年龄、情境、地点）以及行为发生的频率。
These elements may be used to complete a behavioral framework. 这些要素可用于完善行为框架。
The Individual, Physical Dog 个体，身体状况的狗
Before any diagnosis can be complete, we must know the effects of the physiologic state of the problem dog. We need to pre-emphasize here the need for complete facts on the animal’s medical//\mathrm{cal} / health history, diet, litter environment, treatment during critical periods, current and past living and sleeping conditions, play and training activities and its general behavior during day-to-day life with the family. Without this information, we risk misinterpreting, then treating, a problem as solely “behavioral,” when it may actually stem from physical factors. 在任何诊断完成之前，我们必须了解问题狗的生理状态的影响。这里需要特别强调的是，必须完整掌握动物的医疗健康史、饮食、窝环境、关键时期的治疗、当前和过去的生活及睡眠条件、游戏和训练活动，以及其在日常家庭生活中的一般行为。没有这些信息，我们就有可能误解并错误地将问题仅仅视为“行为”问题，而实际上它可能源于身体因素。
Helpful Reading 有益读物
Okun, Barbara F: Effective Helping: Interviewing and Counseling Techniques. Brooks-Col, 1996 Okun, Barbara F: 《有效帮助：面谈与咨询技巧》。Brooks-Col，1996 年
Brady, John: The Craft of Interviewing. Random House, Inc. 1977 Brady, John: 《面谈的技巧》。Random House, Inc.，1977 年
Porter EH Jr: An Introduction to Therapeutic Counseling. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1950. Slater E: Patterns of Marriage. Cassell, London, 1951. Porter EH Jr: 《治疗性咨询导论》。Houghton Mifflin，波士顿，1950 年。Slater E: 《婚姻模式》。Cassell，伦敦，1951 年。
Bingham W: Halo, valid and invalid. J Applied Psychology, 1939. Bingham W：光环效应，正确与错误。应用心理学杂志，1939 年。
Coch L: Overcoming resistance to change… J Human Relations, 1:512-532. Coch L：克服对变革的抵抗……人际关系杂志，1:512-532。
Tindall R: The use of silence as a technique in counselling. J Clinical Psychology 3, 1947. Tindall R：沉默作为咨询技巧的运用。临床心理学杂志，3，1947 年。
Strodtbeck F: Husband-wife interaction over revealed differences. J Am Social Review 16:468473, 1951. Strodtbeck F：夫妻间对显露差异的互动。美国社会评论杂志，16:468-473，1951 年。
Tagiuri R et al: Person, Perception and Interpersonal Behavior. Stanford Univ Press, Stanford, CA, 1958. Tagiuri R 等人：《人、知觉与人际行为》。斯坦福大学出版社，斯坦福，加利福尼亚，1958 年。
4
Physiology and Behavior 生理学与行为
Sometimes a problem is so ‘obvious’ that it is tempting to call it purely a “behavior” problem. However, unless the dog has had a really thorough veterinary examination, the diagnosis is premature. As veterinarians become more involved in pet behavior, the search for physiological causatives through differential diagnoses is rapidly gaining popularity. At the same time, unfortunately, the lure of psycho-active drugs for quick-fix treatments, is also gaining appeal with a some veterinarians and even more dog owners. Several veterinarians have reported clients who actually drop into the practice to request a Prozac ^(®){ }^{\circledR} prescription for their dogs! Most of these clients are surprised when they learn of the dangers of drug harmful side-effects, the need for a careful differential diagnosis, and complete medical screenings. It seems the popular press and other media have convinced many people that the “magic pill” has, indeed been discovered! 有时问题显得如此“明显”，以至于人们很容易将其纯粹归结为“行为”问题。然而，除非狗狗经过了非常彻底的兽医检查，否则诊断为时过早。随着兽医在宠物行为领域的参与度增加，通过鉴别诊断寻找生理原因正迅速流行起来。与此同时，不幸的是，快速解决问题的精神活性药物的诱惑也越来越吸引一些兽医，甚至更多的狗主人。一些兽医报告说，有客户直接来到诊所，要求为他们的狗开具百忧解（Prozac）处方！当这些客户了解到药物可能带来的危险副作用、需要仔细的鉴别诊断以及全面的医疗筛查时，大多数人都感到惊讶。看来，流行媒体和其他媒体已经让许多人相信，“神奇药丸”确实已经被发现了！
Since scant scientific research has been conducted with these drugs and dogs, and because most of them, including Prozac® at this writing, are not approved by the FDA for use in animals, most veterinarians choose aggressively to diagnose problems rather than merely prescribe stimulants or depressants. They know drugs can mask important behavioral and physical causatives. 由于针对这些药物和犬类的科学研究很少，而且包括本文撰写时的 Prozac®在内的大多数药物尚未获得 FDA 批准用于动物，大多数兽医选择积极诊断问题，而不仅仅是开具兴奋剂或抑制剂。他们知道药物可能掩盖重要的行为和身体病因。
The effects of health problems on a dog’s behavior range from dramatic to subtle. For example: 健康问题对狗行为的影响范围从显著到微妙。例如：
Hypo-thyroidism can create both subtle and gross moodswings, fearful or aggressive behavior. 甲状腺功能减退症可以引起细微或明显的情绪波动、恐惧或攻击性行为。
Sudden pain from a slightly dislocated cervical vertebra or arthritis when a child hugs the family dog’s neck can stimulate a vicious bite because the dog associates the pain with the child’s action, etc. 当孩子拥抱家里的狗脖子时，轻微脱位的颈椎或关节炎引起的突然疼痛可能刺激狗咬人，因为狗将疼痛与孩子的动作联系起来，等等。
Until all possible physical causes of unwanted behavior are investigated, and treated, behavioral therapy on its own will have little chance for success. 在所有可能导致不良行为的身体原因被调查并治疗之前，单靠行为疗法几乎没有成功的机会。
At the same time, behavioral aspects of the problem dog deserve equal attention with the physical, because social and structural elements in a dog’s life can induce chronic stress and create health problems. 同时，问题犬的行为方面应与身体方面同等重视，因为犬只生活中的社会和结构因素可能引发慢性压力并造成健康问题。
Myrna Milani, DVM, (The Art of Veterinary Practice, pp 6,7) ^(19){ }^{19} refers to well-known facts about the beneficial effects that animals have on humans; then cites studies which demonstrate, most dramatically, that this is actually a two-way benefit, or detriment: 兽医 Myrna Milani（《兽医实践的艺术》，第 6、7 页） ^(19){ }^{19} 提到了动物对人类有益的众所周知的事实；随后引用了研究，最生动地证明了这实际上是双向的益处或损害：
"One scientific finding relative to the human-animal bond possesses such profound implications … it’s difficult to believe that few even acknowledge its existence. The study, conducted in 1929 by W. Horsely Gantt, essentially reversed the roles of human-animal bond studies as we now know them. Gantt remotely monitored the heart rate of a dog at rest and then when an assistant entered the room and interacted with the animal. During this interval, the dog’s heart rate went from a resting 100 beats per minute to 150 , then gradually dropped to 40 BPM as the assistant stroked it. When the petting ended, the animal’s heart rate returned to the resting level, all with no change in the animal’s outward appearance following the initial greeting display. “一项关于人类与动物纽带的科学发现具有如此深远的意义……以至于很难相信几乎没有人承认它的存在。这项研究由 W. Horsely Gantt 于 1929 年进行，基本上颠覆了我们现在所知的人类与动物纽带研究的角色。Gantt 远程监测了一只狗在静息状态下的心率，然后当一名助手进入房间并与动物互动时，心率发生了变化。在此期间，狗的心率从静息时的每分钟 100 次升至 150 次，然后随着助手抚摸它，逐渐降至每分钟 40 次。当抚摸结束时，动物的心率恢复到静息水平，整个过程中动物的外在表现除了最初的迎接动作外没有任何变化。
“… a study done at The Ohio State University College of Medicine by Frederick Cornhill, who fed rabbits a diet designed to create arterial plaque so he could test the efficacy of an anticholesterol drug. After a specific feeding period, Cornhill tested the animals’ blood cholesterol levels and couldn’t understand why some of the rabbits consistently exhibited 50 percent lower rates than the “……俄亥俄州立大学医学院的 Frederick Cornhill 进行的一项研究，他给兔子喂食一种旨在形成动脉斑块的饮食，以便测试一种降胆固醇药物的效果。在特定的喂食期后，Cornhill 测试了动物的血液胆固醇水平，却无法理解为什么有些兔子的胆固醇水平始终比其他兔子低 50%。”
others. Eventually he discovered the culprit: The technician who cared for the animals like these particular rabbits and spent time holding and stroking as well as feeding them each day.” 其他人。最终他发现了罪魁祸首：那位照顾这些特定兔子的技术员，每天花时间抱着、抚摸并喂养它们。”
The implications of this work are clear and profound: The way clients interact physically with their pets, using their hands to express affection through petting, versus dis-affection through punishment, can have profound effects on an animal’s visceral condition, i.e., health, while producing or relieving emotional stress. Sadly, the importance of the mind/body health link receives precious little attention from animal behavior researchers. 这项工作的意义显而易见且深远：客户与宠物的身体接触方式，通过抚摸表达爱意，或通过惩罚表达不满，都会对动物的内脏状况，即健康产生深刻影响，同时引发或缓解情绪压力。遗憾的是，动物行为研究者对心身健康联系的重要性关注甚少。
Even so, as the next century nears, diagnostic techniques will be developed which may well astound most of us. In the meantime, we must struggle with rather elementary approaches. In this chapter most of the known relationships between genetics, endocrine function, general health, disease, injury will be outlined. We’ll also mention some complementary treatments and sources for information. Nutrition and behavioral effects are discussed in Chapter 5. 即便如此，随着下个世纪的临近，诊断技术将被开发出来，可能会让我们大多数人大吃一惊。在此之前，我们必须应对相当基础的方法。本章将概述遗传学、内分泌功能、整体健康、疾病、伤害之间已知的大部分关系。我们还将提及一些辅助治疗和信息来源。营养和行为影响将在第五章讨论。
Genetic Behavioral Links 遗传行为联系
Genetic Vulnerability 遗传易感性
In early mankind’s social interactions with canines, controlled breeding was practiced with an eye to specific functions the dogs were to perform. The functions centered on the dogs’ usefulness to the human social group, in exchange for which they were fed and otherwise cared for. 在人类早期与犬类的社会互动中，控制性繁殖是以犬只将要执行的特定功能为目标进行的。这些功能围绕着犬只对人类社会群体的有用性展开，作为交换，犬只获得食物和其他照顾。
Unfortunately, functional breeding objectives have gradually been displaced by anatomic and cosmetic aims since the advent of dog shows-curiously, still called a “sport.” In these canine beauty contests, there are no standards concerning, for instance, a Setter’s ability to scent birds or a Terrier’s ability to pursue game underground. The primary consideration is how well the animal’s appearance and gait measure up in the eyes of the judge, who, himor herself, probably never hunted with a dog! Ironically, the American Kennel Club’s breed groupings still retain functional titles. 不幸的是，自从犬展出现以来，功能性繁殖目标逐渐被解剖学和美容目的所取代——有趣的是，这些犬展仍被称为“运动”。在这些犬类选美比赛中，没有关于例如雪达犬嗅鸟能力或梗犬地下追猎能力的标准。主要考虑的是动物的外观和步态在评委眼中的表现，而评委本人很可能从未与犬只一起狩猎过！具有讽刺意味的是，美国养犬俱乐部的品种分组仍保留着功能性名称。
The dog’s prolific genetic variability makes it possible to create lasting mutations in only a few generations, which accounts for the popularity of breeding for structure and hair coat. However, since 犬类丰富的遗传变异性使得在短短几代内创造持久的突变成为可能，这也解释了结构和毛发类型繁殖的流行。然而，由于
nature does not violate the “There’s no such thing as a free lunch” principle, while a breed’s coat standard may lengthen, its “temper,” the threshold for irritability and aggression, may shorten. The dog’s elegant 78 chromosome structure, affords relatively quick adaptation for survival of the species, but may well lead to its downfall. 自然并不违背“天下没有免费的午餐”这一原则，虽然一个品种的被毛标准可能会变长，但其“性情”，即易怒和攻击性的阈值，可能会缩短。狗优雅的 78 条染色体结构，使其能够相对快速地适应以保证物种的生存，但这也可能导致它的灭亡。
With few exceptions, it is generally agreed by those who study canine genetics, today’s breeding practices may threaten the continued popularity of Canis familiaris as a household companion or working aid. However, the recent advent of “dog-sports,” such as agility and flyball, together with growing interest in field trials, may salvage some of the sporting breeds, or ‘lines’ among them. 除少数例外，研究犬类遗传学的人普遍认为，现今的繁殖方式可能威胁到家犬作为家庭伴侣或工作助手的持续受欢迎程度。然而，最近兴起的“犬类运动”，如敏捷赛和飞盘赛，加上对野外试验日益增长的兴趣，可能会挽救一些运动犬品种，或其中的某些“血统”。
Genetic-Endocrine Implications 遗传-内分泌的影响
A convincing body of clinical evidence indicates that breeding physiologically inferior dogs is producing offspring with serious physio-chemical imbalances. These are reflected in immune deficiencies that produce skin, coat, digestive and other ailments. It is well known in humans that endocrine imbalances can cause many types of emotional disturbances, i.e., mood swings, spontaneous aggression, depression, hyper-reactivity and personality changes. 大量有说服力的临床证据表明，繁殖生理上劣质的犬只会产生具有严重生理化学失衡的后代。这些失衡表现为免疫缺陷，导致皮肤、毛发、消化及其他疾病。在人类中，内分泌失衡已知会引起多种情绪障碍，如情绪波动、自发性攻击、抑郁、过度反应和人格变化。
Dogs that display any of the following behavior should be thoroughly examined by their veterinarian for a complete analysis of endocrine and immune system function. ^(1){ }^{1}, plus a spinal exam and/or x-ray: 表现出以下任何行为的犬只，应由兽医进行彻底检查，以全面分析其内分泌和免疫系统功能。 ^(1){ }^{1} ，以及脊柱检查和/或 X 光检查：
Mood swings 情绪波动
Low thresholds for aggressiveness, spontaneous aggression 攻击阈值低，自发性攻击
Hyperactivity 多动症
Depression, lethargy, withdrawn 抑郁、嗜睡、退缩
Stereotyped pacing, circling 刻板的踱步、打圈
Hypersensitivity to touch 对触摸过度敏感
Inability to retain learning 无法保持学习成果
Fear of normal environmental stimuli 对正常环境刺激的恐惧
Other symptoms to be discussed later in this chapter. 本章后面将讨论的其他症状。
When clinical imbalances or injury are discovered and successfully treated, remedial behavioral programs are usually successful. 当发现临床失衡或损伤并成功治疗后，矫正行为方案通常会取得成功。
Many problems properly associated with improper breeding through careful diagnoses with have been successfully treated. However, dog owners will have to be educated by practitioners from every discipline before significant progress will be made. The following behavioral-breeding principles have been obtained from reputable breeders. When many more breeders adopt them, the current growth rate in genetic/pre-and post-natallly induced behavior problems may slow down. 许多通过仔细诊断确定为不当繁殖所致的问题已经成功得到治疗。然而，在取得显著进展之前，狗主人必须接受来自各个领域从业者的教育。以下行为-繁殖原则来自信誉良好的繁殖者。当更多的繁殖者采纳这些原则时，目前遗传性及产前和产后诱发的行为问题的增长速度可能会放缓。
Breeding and Whelping 繁殖与分娩
Breeding Responsibility and Principles 繁殖责任与原则
Fortunately, there is now a physio-behavioral screening program that may help minimize suffering by both dogs and their owners stemming from unwise breeding practices. With this in mind, the following procedures and practices are recommended. 幸运的是，现在已有一种生理-行为筛查程序，可能有助于减少因不明智的繁殖行为而给狗和其主人带来的痛苦。基于此，推荐以下程序和做法。
Select a sire and dam at least 2 years of age. Both must be free of physical defects and obvious behavioral deficits, such as hyperactivity, aggressiveness, shyness, excessive excitability or inhibition, or hyper-reactivity to sound or movements. 选择至少 2 岁以上的公犬和母犬。两者必须没有身体缺陷和明显的行为缺陷，如多动、攻击性、胆怯、过度兴奋或抑制，或对声音或动作的过度反应。
Investigate the parentage and grandparentage of the sire and dam for health and behavioral problems. If negative factors are found, do not breed the descendants. 调查公犬和母犬的父母及祖父母的健康和行为问题。如果发现负面因素，不要繁殖其后代。
Investigate the environmental history of the sire’s and dam’s parents and grandparents. If they are from strictly kennel environments or puppy mills, do not breed them. 调查公犬和母犬的父母及祖父母的环境历史。如果它们来自严格的犬舍环境或繁殖场，不要进行繁殖。
Have blood samples analyzed. This analysis should be performed by a veterinary diagnostic laboratory. The bitch must not be in estrus at the time of blood testing. Two samples of blood are withdrawn. The first is analyzed to determine the complete blood count, and resting plasma cortisol, estrogen, T_(3),T_(4),IgA\mathrm{T}_{3}, \mathrm{~T}_{4}, \mathrm{IgA}, IgM and IgG levels. ^(1){ }^{1} The bitch is then given ACTH , and a second blood sample is withdrawn for a plasma cortisol level determination. 采集血样进行分析。此分析应由兽医诊断实验室进行。母犬在采血时不得处于发情期。采集两份血样。第一份用于分析全血细胞计数及静息血浆皮质醇、雌激素、 T_(3),T_(4),IgA\mathrm{T}_{3}, \mathrm{~T}_{4}, \mathrm{IgA} 、IgM 和 IgG 水平。 ^(1){ }^{1} 随后给母犬注射 ACTH，再采集第二份血样以测定血浆皮质醇水平。
Do not breed the bitch if the blood analysis uncovers abnormalities. 如果血液分析发现异常，则不要让母犬繁殖。
Have the sire’s semen analyzed by a qualified veterinary reproduction laboratory. 请由合格的兽医生殖实验室对公犬的精液进行分析。
Do not breed the bitch more than once every 2 years. 不要让母犬每两年繁殖超过一次。
This procedure is more elaborate and expensive than a simple semen analysis, but it helps to assure reputable breeders that they are preventing further spread of heritable problems that may plague their breeds. 这一程序比简单的精液分析更复杂且费用更高，但它有助于让信誉良好的繁殖者确保他们正在防止遗传性问题在其犬种中进一步传播。
Behavioral/Environmental Effects 行为/环境影响
Puppy-mills or registered individual breeders who keep pregnant bitches in cramped or upsetting environments risk causing her to whelp offspring with significantly reduced brain capacities. Work in Russia ^(18){ }^{18} showed that pregnant bitches deliberately disturbed by sounds and other sudden stimui, and made “nervous” during pregnancy, whelped puppies with significantly decreased brain cell densities. The surviving puppies developed into what was described as “extremely nervous.” This is the latest canine research I have found on the subject of emotional distress during pregnancy and its effects on offspring. 养犬场或注册的个体繁殖者如果让怀孕的母犬处于狭窄或令人不安的环境中，可能导致其产下脑容量显著减少的后代。俄罗斯的研究 ^(18){ }^{18} 显示，怀孕期间被故意用声音和其他突发刺激打扰，使其“紧张不安”的母犬，所产小狗的脑细胞密度显著降低。存活下来的幼犬被描述为“极度紧张”。这是我目前找到的关于怀孕期间情绪压力及其对后代影响的最新犬类研究。
As this evidence suggests, a pregnant bitch should enjoy the opportunity to move about and engage in normal canine and/or human social relationships. Close confinement, social isolation, or excessive noise or activity can induce stress that may result in puppies with physiologic or behavioral abnormalities. 正如这些证据所示，怀孕的母犬应有机会自由活动，并参与正常的犬类和/或人类社交关系。密闭空间、社交隔离或过度的噪音和活动会引发压力，可能导致幼犬出现生理或行为异常。
In addition to the freedom to engage in normal social conditions, a bitch also needs the opportunity to retire to a quiet, undisturbed area as whelping approaches. A partially enclosed whelping box about 11//211 / 2 times as wide as the bitch’s length should be placed in a room always accessible to her. If this is done during the first 3-43-4 weeks of pregnancy, it largely eliminates the risk of the bitch’s selecting an inappropriate area, such as a closet, for the whelp. 除了能够自由参与正常的社交活动外，母犬在临近分娩时还需要有机会退到一个安静、不受打扰的区域。应在一个母犬始终可以进入的房间内放置一个部分封闭的产箱，其宽度约为母犬体长的 11//211 / 2 倍。如果在怀孕的前 3-43-4 周内这样做，基本上可以避免母犬选择不适当的区域，如壁橱，作为产仔地点。
To increase the appeal of the whelping box, a den-like atmosphere can be provided by overturning a large cardboard carton on the box, with an entry cut large enough to allow her access without having to crouch to enter. This temporary setup is easily removed for cleaning, and discarded after birth of the puppies. Some breed- 为了增加产箱的吸引力，可以通过将一个大纸箱倒扣在产箱上，营造出类似巢穴的氛围，纸箱上开一个足够大的入口，使母犬无需弯腰即可进入。这个临时装置便于清洁，且在小狗出生后可丢弃。一些品种的饲养者
ers believe that placing the bitch’s water bowl in the whelping room and feeding her there help curtail the pre-whelping “searching” behavior displayed by some bitches. 认为将母犬的水碗放在产房内并在那里喂食，有助于减少某些母犬在分娩前表现出的“寻找”行为。
Many successful breeders report that the floor of the whelping box is best lined by carpet, such as a remnant obtained from a carpet store. However, it is important to ensure that the carpet and its backing contain no toxic chemicals. The carpet floor of the whelping box is comfortable and gives the puppies early experience with one of the materials they will encounter in their new homes. 许多成功的繁育者报告说，产箱的地板最好铺上地毯，比如从地毯店获得的剩余地毯。然而，重要的是要确保地毯及其背衬不含有毒化学物质。产箱的地毯地板舒适，并让幼犬早期接触到它们在新家中可能遇到的材料之一。
Whelping 分娩
If whelping is to be supervised, and it should be, the room’s light should be only bright enough to allow observers to monitor the births. 如果要监督分娩，而且确实应该监督，房间的灯光应仅足够明亮，以便观察者能够监控分娩过程。
During whelping, human intervention should be minimized, and practiced only by an experienced “midwife” who knows how to recognize and handle emergency situations. If children are to be present, they should be prepared by a graphic verbal description, or preferably, a video of what to expect. This will help avoid a child’s screaming during parturition, which has been known to arrest the process in some bitches. 在分娩期间，应尽量减少人为干预，且只能由有经验的“助产士”进行操作，她知道如何识别和处理紧急情况。如果有儿童在场，应通过生动的口头描述，或更好的是，通过视频让他们了解预期情况。这将有助于避免儿童在分娩过程中尖叫，因为已知这种尖叫会导致某些母犬停止分娩。
Neonatal Transitional Period 新生儿过渡期
During the first 3 weeks, the dam is best left undisturbed, except for once- or twice-daily inspection of the puppies to make sure they are well. This is best done after the dam has nursed the puppies and cleaned up their urine and fecal evacuations. Each pup should be picked up gently for examination, which requires about 30 seconds. 在最初的 3 周内，最好不要打扰母犬，除了每天检查小狗一到两次，确保它们健康。这最好在母犬哺乳并清理小狗的尿液和粪便后进行。每只小狗都应被轻轻抱起检查，检查时间大约需要 30 秒。
Socialization Period 社会化期
As the 4- to 5-week weaning period approaches, the dam will leave the puppies increasingly more often. Gentle daily handling of the puppies should be continued. When solid food is provided for the puppies, the dam will begin to curtail cleanup activities. This is the optimum time to provide the pups and dam a means of leaving the nest area immediately after eating to defecate and urinate, preferably outdoors. If the pups are not allowed outdoors, they should at least have access to a “natural,” non-household type 随着 4 到 5 周断奶期的临近，母犬会越来越频繁地离开小狗。应继续每天温和地抚摸小狗。当为小狗提供固体食物时，母犬会开始减少清理活动。这是为小狗和母犬提供在进食后立即离开巢穴区域排便和排尿的最佳时机，最好是在户外。如果不允许小狗到户外，至少应让它们接触“自然”的、非家庭类型的环境。
of surface. This helps precondition them to avoid evacuating indoors or on common household surfaces. 表面。这有助于预先训练它们避免在室内或常见的家庭表面排泄。
When the puppies have been weaned completely, they should be fed 3 times daily. The number and time of defecations should be noted. Most animals defecate shortly after eating, so the pups can be easily escorted to their toilet area after each meal. The new owners can then be provided with the feeding (and defecation) schedule for quick and effective housetraining in the new home. 当小狗完全断奶后，应每天喂食 3 次。应记录排便的次数和时间。大多数动物在进食后不久会排便，因此可以在每次喂食后轻松地将小狗带到它们的厕所区域。然后可以向新主人提供喂食（和排便）时间表，以便在新家中快速有效地进行如厕训练。
Another pre-conditioning practice can help avoid chewing problems. A commercial puppy chew bone should be provided at the first signs of chewing activity. Once again, these should have an odor and composition different from household materials. 另一种预先训练的方法可以帮助避免咀嚼问题。应在出现咀嚼行为的最初迹象时提供商业出售的小狗咀嚼骨。同样，这些咀嚼骨应具有与家庭物品不同的气味和成分。
Regular socialization with people should be practiced after 5 weeks and continued through placement in the new owners’ homes. The puppies should be picked up (even large breeds), restrained on a table, rolled over and inspected, massaged (especially on the back, up to and including the skull), and felt on the abdomen. The eyes, teeth and ears should be periodically inspected and their paws gently handled until they relax and accept it. In addition to the breeder’s immediate family, this should be done, if possible, by other well-coached children and teens. This gives each puppy early physical and olfactory (smell) experience with many of its eventual physical/social contacts with people. 在 5 周龄后应开始定期与人类进行社交，并持续到小狗被安置到新主人的家中。小狗应被抱起（即使是大型犬种），放在桌子上固定，翻身检查，按摩（尤其是背部，包括头骨部分），并触摸腹部。应定期检查它们的眼睛、牙齿和耳朵，并轻柔地触摸它们的爪子，直到它们放松并接受这种触摸。除了繁育者的直系家庭成员外，如果可能的话，还应由其他经过良好指导的儿童和青少年进行此项操作。这使每只小狗在早期就能通过身体和嗅觉（气味）体验，接触到它们未来与人类的许多身体和社交接触。
As a further socialization aid, many breeders integrate the foregoing program with the Behavior Test for Puppy Selection, presented in Chapter 7. 作为进一步的社交辅助，许多繁育者将上述程序与第 7 章中介绍的小狗选择行为测试结合使用。
Selecting Buyers 选择买家
The most successful breeders, in terms of personal satisfaction, are those who screen their buyers with some fairly demanding standards. Most of these breeders select their buyers before breeding the dam. This is done by advertising the breeding before the bitch is bred. The prospective buyers are then interviewed personally or by telephone. When possible, the buyers’ homes are visited to ensure that the social and physical environment meets the breeder’s standards. If not, photographs of the home are solicited and a telephone chat with family members is conducted. I know one breeder who asks for a videotape of the house, yard and family members before committing to sell a puppy. 在个人满意度方面，最成功的繁育者是那些对买家进行相当严格筛选的繁育者。这些繁育者大多数在母犬交配之前就选择买家。他们通过在母犬交配前发布繁育广告来实现这一点。潜在买家随后会被亲自或通过电话面试。在可能的情况下，会访问买家的住所，以确保其社会和物理环境符合繁育者的标准。如果不符合，会要求提供住所的照片，并与家庭成员进行电话交谈。我认识一位繁育者，在决定出售小狗之前，会要求提供房屋、院子和家庭成员的视频带。
The best indicator for predicting future behavior of dog owners is past behavior. People and conditions best avoided include: 预测狗主人未来行为的最佳指标是其过去的行为。应尽量避免的人和情况包括：
People who have gotten rid of a dog because of “inconvenience” created by a behavior problem, moving, a change in family status (new child, divorce, etc.), excessive shedding, grooming requirements, etc. 因行为问题带来的“不便”、搬家、家庭状况变化（新生儿、离婚等）、过度掉毛、护理需求等原因而放弃狗的人。
People who complain about veterinary expenses, feeding costs, etc. 抱怨兽医费用、饲养成本等开销的人。
People who have never trained a pet. 从未训练过宠物的人。
People who kept former dogs outdoors, especially for “protection.” 过去将狗长期关在户外，尤其是为了“保护”的人。
People who state that past pets became overly aggressive toward family members, outsiders or other dogs. 表示过去的宠物对家庭成员、外人或其他狗表现出过度攻击性的人。
Families showing signs of friction relating to how the puppy is to be raised. 在如何养育小狗的问题上表现出矛盾迹象的家庭。
Assignment of feeding and care to one child in a multi-child household, or to a single child that is too young or too disinterested to care for the puppy. 在多子女家庭中，将喂养和照顾任务分配给一个孩子，或者分配给一个太小或对照顾小狗不感兴趣的单独孩子。
Evident hostility between family members, whether or not related to raising of the puppy. 家庭成员之间明显存在敌意，无论是否与养育小狗有关。
Signs of alcohol or drug abuse. 有酗酒或药物滥用的迹象。
Unstable economic conditions. 经济状况不稳定。
This sort of screening may appear strict and time consuming. However, if the puppy’s welfare is held as the most important element in selecting buyers, discerning breeders have found it well worth the effort. The benefits are low puppy return rates, high-quality future referrals, and the peace of mind derived from fulfilling a professional responsibility. 这种筛选看起来可能严格且耗时。然而，如果将小狗的福利视为选择买家的最重要因素，有眼光的繁育者发现这非常值得付出努力。其好处包括低小狗退货率、高质量的未来推荐，以及履行专业责任所带来的安心感。
Health, Treatment and Behavior 健康、治疗与行为
A new puppy represents all the owner’s hopes for a fine, intelligent pet. But the owner also has his or her prejudices and opinions about how to train the pup. Unfortunately, most owners rely on 一只新小狗承载着主人对一只优秀、聪明宠物的所有期望。但主人也有自己的偏见和关于如何训练小狗的看法。不幸的是，大多数主人依赖
their own past experience, advice from friends, popular breed books, and, rarely, facts for guidance in shaping their dog’s personality. Many pups develop into acceptable adults despite adverse owner handling and care, which is a tribute to their psychic resilience. However, hundreds of thousands of others are returned to their breeder, given away to unsuspecting new owners, deliberately dropped off in new neighborhoods or wilderness areas, or taken to the local pound for near-certain euthanasia. 他们自己的过去经验、朋友的建议、流行的品种书籍，以及很少依赖事实来指导塑造狗的性格。许多小狗尽管遭受不当的主人处理和照顾，仍能成长为令人满意的成年犬，这体现了它们的心理韧性。然而，成千上万的其他小狗则被退回给繁育者，被送给毫无防备的新主人，故意遗弃在新社区或荒野地区，或被送到当地收容所，几乎注定要被安乐死。
A dog’s personality, pleasant or nasty, is observed in the behavior displayed, which is a result of learning. Learning is that which is absorbed and retained from the pet’s interactions with the environment. A dog’s brain functions mature by the age of 22 weeks. Therefore, compared to children, the effects of early puppy experience on adult behavioral tendencies is more easily controlled and its benefits more quickly recognized. Every puppy owner should be aware of this rapid development so as to ensure careful early treatment. 狗的性格，无论是讨人喜欢还是令人讨厌，都体现在其表现出的行为中，而这些行为是学习的结果。学习是指宠物从与环境的互动中吸收并保留的内容。狗的大脑功能在 22 周龄时成熟。因此，与儿童相比，早期幼犬经历对成年行为倾向的影响更容易被控制，其益处也更快被认识到。每位幼犬主人都应意识到这一快速发展，以确保早期的细心对待。
Does Health Really Affect Personality? 健康真的会影响性格吗？
Most puppy owners I counsel are aware that certain diseases in dogs are communicable to people, such as transmission of roundworms to children. But few know that parasitic, viral, mycotic, protozoan, bacterial or metabolic diseases can affect the dog’s brain and, therefore, learning ability. ^(4){ }^{4} Once informed of these facts, the owners appreciate the urgent need for immediate veterinary attention for a pup that seems unable to learn. The idea that a dull coat might signal a dull mind or behavioral problems seems pretty “far out” to many, but a growing body of clinical evidence indicates this to be more than coincidental. 我指导的大多数小狗主人都知道，某些犬类疾病可以传染给人类，比如蛔虫会传染给儿童。但很少有人知道，寄生虫病、病毒病、真菌病、原生动物病、细菌病或代谢性疾病都可能影响狗的大脑，从而影响其学习能力。 ^(4){ }^{4} 一旦了解了这些事实，主人们就会意识到，对于一只似乎无法学习的小狗，立即寻求兽医帮助的紧迫性。许多人觉得毛发暗淡可能预示着智力低下或行为问题的想法相当“离谱”，但越来越多的临床证据表明，这绝非巧合。
In one case, a 14-week-old male Irish Wolfhound appeared to have trouble remembering commands. The behavioral complaint was about destructive chewing and “He’s the dumbest dog we ever saw.” Fecal analysis revealed a severe roundworm infection. Proper treatment eliminated the roundworms and created what the pup’s owner called “the smartest dog I ever saw!” 在一个案例中，一只 14 周大的雄性爱尔兰猎狼犬似乎记不住指令。行为问题表现为破坏性咀嚼，主人说“它是我们见过的最笨的狗。”粪便分析显示严重的蛔虫感染。经过适当治疗，蛔虫被清除，狗主人称它成了“我见过的最聪明的狗！”
The client became an avid proponent of regular health checks! 这位客户成了定期健康检查的积极倡导者！
What Type of Puppy Is It? 这是什么类型的小狗？
Every client can benefit from an evaluation of their new puppy from both physical and behavioral standpoints. Most clients lean heavily on their veterinarian for this. How the pup reacts to the discomfort of inoculations may indicate defense reflex tendencies. The owner can then be advised against pain-producing handling, especially during 8-10 weeks. 每位客户都能从对其新幼犬的身体和行为方面的评估中受益。大多数客户在这方面主要依赖他们的兽医。幼犬对接种时不适的反应可能表明其防御反射倾向。随后可以建议主人避免在 8 至 10 周期间进行引起疼痛的操作。
A few moments spent testing the pup’s reactions to elevation, immobilization, and touching its back and shoulders may reveal its responses to human social dominance and provide reference for special owner handling procedures (Figs 1-3). This is important with pups whose responses appear either extremely aggressive or submissive. Neither type of pup is likely to respond favorably to physical punishment, harsh scolding or social isolation, especially during the 8 - to 10 -week fear imprint stage. ^(5){ }^{5} The evaluation procedure is also helpful in overcoming myths about breed behavior that tend to cloud an owner’s awareness of his puppy’s unique individuality. 花几分钟测试幼犬对抬高、固定以及触摸其背部和肩膀的反应，可能揭示其对人类社会支配的反应，并为特殊的主人处理程序提供参考（图 1-3）。这对那些反应表现出极端攻击性或顺从性的幼犬尤为重要。无论哪种类型的幼犬，在 8 至 10 周的恐惧印记阶段，都不太可能对体罚、严厉斥责或社会隔离作出积极反应。 ^(5){ }^{5} 评估程序还有助于打破关于品种行为的迷思，这些迷思往往会影响主人对其幼犬独特个性的认识。
A very early discovery about canine learning is the dog’s tendency to generalize responses to strong stimuli. ^(2){ }^{2} Therefore, the first stranger who must create stress and discomfort for a puppy, even if it is mild, can do a big favor for other strangers if the experience has a happy ending. 关于犬类学习的一个非常早期的发现是，狗倾向于对强烈刺激产生泛化反应。 ^(2){ }^{2} 因此，第一个必须给小狗带来压力和不适的陌生人，即使这种不适很轻微，如果经历有一个愉快的结局，也能为其他陌生人带来很大帮助。
Most dogs tolerate veterinary treatment well; these dogs generally have an inhibitable iype of nervous system and/or passive defense reflexes. However, the excitable and/or active defense reflex types may not tolerate treatment well can be a threat to the personal safety of those who must handle them. How can a veterinarian and staff members spot potential problem dogs and avoid the behavioral consequences of stimulus generalization? The solution lies in the practitioner’s handling of the pet, and the client’s behavior relative to treatment. 大多数狗能够很好地忍受兽医治疗；这些狗通常具有可抑制型的神经系统和/或被动防御反射。然而，易激动和/或主动防御反射类型的狗可能无法很好地忍受治疗，可能对必须处理它们的人员的人身安全构成威胁。兽医和工作人员如何识别潜在的问题犬并避免刺激泛化带来的行为后果？解决方案在于执业者对宠物的处理方式，以及客户在治疗过程中的行为。
That dogs, and even people, can learn to tolerate painful stimuli is well known. ^(3){ }^{3} If a painful stimulus is reinforced quickly with one that is strongly pleasant, the expected defense reactions are replaced by responses appropriate to the pleasant stimulus. Several 众所周知，狗甚至人类都可以学会忍受疼痛刺激。 ^(3){ }^{3} 如果疼痛刺激迅速被一种强烈愉快的刺激所强化，预期的防御反应就会被对愉快刺激的适当反应所取代。几个
Chapter 4 第 4 章
Figure 1. A veterinarian demonstrates the elevation dominance test. This pup struggled for a few seconds, and then settled down, accepting its position of helplessness. This is a sanguine but fairly balanced reaction. 图 1. 一位兽医演示了抬高支配测试。这只小狗挣扎了几秒钟，然后安静下来，接受了自己无助的状态。这是一种乐观但相当平衡的反应。
Figure 2. The same puppy as in Figure 1 struggles when inverted, but soon becomes calm again. A highly excitable pup would continue struggling and perhaps even bite, indicating active defense reflexes. With such animals, special handling instructions would be in order. 图 2. 与图 1 中的小狗相同，当被倒置时挣扎，但很快又变得平静。高度兴奋的小狗会继续挣扎，甚至可能咬人，表明其具有主动防御反射。对于这样的动物，需要特别的处理指导。
Figure 3. Petting of the shoulders, an act of social dominance, is accepted by this pup. The animal showed no biting or other antagonistic response. Such a calm response indicates excellent social adaptation. 图 3. 抚摸肩膀是一种社会支配行为，这只小狗接受了这种行为。动物没有表现出咬人或其他对抗性反应。如此平静的反应表明其社会适应性极佳。
veterinarians I know have put this principle into practice by sticking a doggy treat into their patient’s mouth immediately after inoculations or treatment. This helps immediately replace a noxious stimulus (pain) with a positive stimulus (pleasant taste). Though not 100% effective, it has proved helpful. 我认识的兽医们已经将这一原则付诸实践，在注射或治疗后立即将狗零食放入患者口中。这有助于立即用积极的刺激（愉快的味道）替代有害刺激（疼痛）。虽然效果不是百分之百，但已被证明是有帮助的。
However, the strongest forces acting on the pup or older dog commence well before treatment, and continue to affect the animal long afterward. These forces are social, emotional, and they are controlled for the most part by the pet’s owner. For this reason, the owner’s overall attitude toward the pup, its health, and veterinary care must be considered the primary determination in how a dog responds to veterinary treatment. 然而，作用于幼犬或成年犬的最强烈力量在治疗开始之前就已存在，并且在治疗后很长一段时间内继续影响着动物。这些力量是社会性的、情感性的，并且大部分由宠物的主人控制。因此，主人对幼犬的整体态度、其健康状况以及兽医护理必须被视为决定狗对兽医治疗反应的主要因素。
Emotion and Treatment 情感与治疗
When an owner goes to a veterinary hospital with a dog that has just been hit by a car, the emotional prelude to treatment is usually steeped in concern, if not outright hysteria. Few clients have the insight to control their emotions in these situations, i.e., adopting the calm approach of a trained technician. In these cases it is generally wisest for the veterinarian to treat the injured pet without the owner present, thereby avoiding further emotional stimuli and their influence on the dog. 当主人带着刚被车撞的狗去兽医医院时，治疗前的情绪通常充满了担忧，甚至是彻底的歇斯底里。很少有客户能在这种情况下控制自己的情绪，即采取受过训练的技术人员那样的冷静态度。在这些情况下，兽医通常最好在没有主人的情况下治疗受伤的宠物，从而避免进一步的情绪刺激及其对狗的影响。
On the other hand, a dog or puppy experiencing its first visit for routine veterinary care can be conditioned to perceive the entire procedure as one of pleasure when properly handled by the owner. If, during the trip to and arrival at the hospital, waiting in the reception area, meeting the staff and veterinarian, during and (especially) following treatment, the owner is careful to display only happy behavior toward the pet and the external circumstances, the experience will be positive and socially rewarding for the dog. This behavioral routine is not easy for owners predisposed to overly sympathetic reactions toward the pet. However, when the importance of their behavioral example is explained, they usually comply. 另一方面，当狗或小狗第一次进行常规兽医护理时，如果主人正确处理，可以使其将整个过程条件化为一种愉快的体验。如果在前往医院的途中及到达医院、在接待区等待、见到工作人员和兽医、治疗期间及（尤其是）治疗后，主人都小心地对宠物和外部环境表现出愉快的行为，那么这次经历对狗来说将是积极且具有社会奖励性的。这种行为模式对于那些倾向于对宠物过于同情的主人来说并不容易做到。然而，当向他们解释了自己行为榜样的重要性后，他们通常会配合。
Explaining about Training, Perception, Pain and Personality 关于训练、感知、疼痛和个性的解释
The myth that puppies need to experience pain, physical discomfort or fear in order to learn persists widely today despite convincing evidence to the contrary. This often leads to ego-crushing 尽管有令人信服的证据反驳，但“幼犬需要经历疼痛、身体不适或恐惧才能学习”的迷思至今仍广泛存在。这常常导致自尊心受挫
physical punishment and the trauma of social isolation. The result may be a guilt-ridden owner applying such punishments during the pup’s most impressionable age, between 5 and 16 weeks. Clients should be made aware there are so-called “professionals” operating in many communities who still practice archaic correctional techniques. The following case was reported in the July, 1998 issue of Animal Behavior Consultant Newsletter: 体罚和社会隔离的创伤。结果可能是一个充满愧疚感的主人在幼犬最易受影响的年龄段，即 5 到 16 周之间，施加这种惩罚。客户应被告知，在许多社区中仍有所谓的“专业人士”使用过时的纠正技术。以下案例发表于 1998 年 7 月的《动物行为顾问通讯》：
An obedience instructor in a training class was demonstrating a correction with a client’s nippy puppy. She stuck her fingers down the pup’s throat when it nipped, causing a gag reflex. She then took the puppy between her hands and shook it. The puppy collapsed. The instructor and owner took the pup to a veterinary hospital, where it died. Regrettably, this kind of abusive treatment abounds in popular books. 一位服从训练班的教练在示范如何纠正一只咬人的幼犬时，将手指伸入幼犬喉咙，导致其呕吐反射。随后她用双手抓住幼犬并摇晃它。幼犬倒下了。教练和主人将幼犬送往兽医医院，幼犬最终死亡。遗憾的是，这种虐待性对待在流行书籍中屡见不鲜。
The Guide to Selecting A Consultant (page 110) can help minimize clients enrolling such programs. 《选择顾问指南》（第 110 页）可以帮助减少客户报名参加此类项目。
Physical punishment can rarely be administered quickly enough to be associated by pups with misbehavior, or with proper consistency. Consequently the owner, who should appear to the pup as a model of consistency, is perceived by the pet as unpredictable. The owner’s homecoming times produce ambivalent behavior as the pup vacillates between joy and hyper-submissive “shamed” actions. Most clients are quick to appreciate that their puppy is responding to them, rather than to the fact that a pair of shoes has been chewed up in the bedroom. Interestingly, physical punishment often accompanies the onset of client complaints that their puppy will not come to them when called; understandable, when one considers that the pup has received punishment inconsistently from hands that also try to express tenderness through petting. 体罚很难迅速实施到足以让幼犬将其与不良行为联系起来，或者做到适当的一致性。因此，主人本应在幼犬眼中成为一致性的典范，但实际上却被宠物视为不可预测。主人的回家时间会引发矛盾的行为，幼犬在喜悦和过度顺从的“羞愧”行为之间摇摆不定。大多数客户很快就能理解，他们的幼犬是在回应他们本人，而不是因为卧室里有一双鞋被咬坏。有趣的是，体罚往往伴随着客户抱怨幼犬叫唤时不来应声的情况出现；这是可以理解的，因为幼犬从同一双手中不一致地接受了惩罚，而这些手又试图通过抚摸表达温柔。
Puppies who learn that human hands and actions may be dependably associated with pleasure rather than pain seldom exhibit hand-shyness, submissive urination or defensive aggression. Training systems that use social rewards produce more healthy and stable behavior than those employing punishment. This is especially true in pups with highly excitable or inhibitable nervous systems. Accentuating the positive and eliminating the negative in puppy training requires patience and self-control, but the benefits outweigh the heartbreak of vexing behavior problems. 小狗如果学会了人类的手和动作通常与愉快而非疼痛相关联，就很少会表现出害怕手、顺从性尿失禁或防御性攻击。使用社会奖励的训练系统比使用惩罚的系统能产生更健康、更稳定的行为。这一点在神经系统高度兴奋或抑制的小狗身上尤为明显。在小狗训练中强调积极因素并消除消极因素需要耐心和自制力，但其带来的好处远远超过令人心碎的行为问题。
The puppy owners will be better equipped to influence their pet’s behavior if they understand the behavioral effects of health, nervous typology and consistency in handling. Therefore, the veterinarian who spends a few extra minutes to explain these factors will help to prevent early fear imprints and resultant behavior problems that often prompt owners to get rid of their pets. 如果小狗主人了解健康状况、神经类型和处理一致性对行为的影响，他们将更有能力影响宠物的行为。因此，花几分钟时间向主人解释这些因素的兽医，将有助于防止早期恐惧印记和由此产生的行为问题，这些问题常常促使主人放弃宠物。
Clinics, Hospitals and Emotional Aura 诊所、医院与情绪氛围
Every veterinary practice has a distinct “personality” that influences its clientele and their pets. From the first call for an appointment, to the contact with receptionists, technicians and doctors, personal impressions are made that influence the way the client anticipates their dog’s treatment. If the reception staff appears relaxed and friendly, and greets clients warmly, taking a moment to explain the forthcoming treatment, clients tend to relax. On the other hand, when the staff appears rushed and harried, or cool and officious, clients tend to respond in kind. 每个兽医诊所都有其独特的“个性”，这会影响其客户及其宠物。从第一次预约电话，到与接待员、技术员和医生的接触，都会留下个人印象，这些印象影响客户对其狗狗治疗的预期。如果接待人员显得轻松友好，热情地迎接客户，并花时间解释即将进行的治疗，客户往往会放松。相反，当工作人员显得匆忙慌乱，或冷漠官僚时，客户往往也会以同样的态度回应。
While observing the socio-emotional ambiance of hundreds of veterinary practices, I have also noted its effects on clients’ dogs. When the staff has a positive attitude, the pets tend to relax. Conversely, when the staff projects a harried, or worried attitude, clients and dogs appear tense. Whether this tension erupts into problems on the treatment table or on the next visit depends on the dog’s ability to adapt to the stress involved. In other words, the general mood of a veterinary practice can profoundly affect the behavior of dogs under treatment. 在观察了数百家兽医诊所的社会情感氛围后，我也注意到了这种氛围对客户狗狗的影响。当工作人员态度积极时，宠物往往会放松。相反，当工作人员表现出慌乱或担忧的态度时，客户和狗狗看起来都会紧张。这种紧张是否会在治疗台上或下一次就诊时爆发成问题，取决于狗狗适应所涉及压力的能力。换句话说，兽医诊所的整体氛围可以深刻影响接受治疗的狗狗的行为。
When an owner purchases a pup or adult dog, the veterinarian is usually the first professional consulted. This affords a prime opportunity to educate clients about the owner’s role in preventing or correcting behavior problems, as well as matters of physical health. Many veterinary practitioners now offer “puppy kindergarten classes,” which bring several owner-families and pups together for 6 weekly meetings at the clinic. During these meetings, pups are given the chance to socialize with other dogs, adults and children. A veterinary staff member, knowledgeable in behavioral development, can discuss emerging problems and offer effective remedial advice. 当主人购买幼犬或成犬时，兽医通常是第一个被咨询的专业人士。这为教育客户关于主人在预防或纠正行为问题以及身体健康方面的角色提供了绝佳机会。许多兽医现在提供“幼犬幼儿园课程”，将几个主人家庭和幼犬聚集在诊所进行为期 6 周的会议。在这些会议期间，幼犬有机会与其他狗、成人和儿童社交。一位熟悉行为发展的兽医工作人员可以讨论出现的问题并提供有效的补救建议。
Special brochures are available to educate dog owners on various aspects of behavior and behavior problems. These brochures ad- 有专门的小册子用于教育狗主人了解行为及行为问题的各个方面。这些小册子广-
dress virtually the entire spectrum of behavior problems encountered in dogs from puppyhood to old age. ^(14,15){ }^{14,15} 几乎涵盖了从幼犬期到老年期狗狗所遇到的所有行为问题的整个范围。 ^(14,15){ }^{14,15}
Some behavior consultants offer telephone consultations to clients who have no personal access to qualified behavioral assistance. 一些行为顾问为无法亲自获得合格行为帮助的客户提供电话咨询。
An increasing number of veterinarians find that taking a few additional minutes themselves to speak with clients about behavior problems in their dog pays off in increased goodwill, client retention and referrals. This service allows the practitioner to evaluate the problems holistically. 越来越多的兽医发现，自己花几分钟时间与客户讨论他们狗狗的行为问题，会带来更多的好感、客户留存和转介绍。这项服务使执业者能够全面评估问题。
The skills necessary for effective fact finding in behavior problem cases are not highly sophisticated, as described in Chapter 3. Many city and county colleges offer courses in counseling skills so as to motivate owners to recognize all of the causative factors, including their own contributions. 如第三章所述，行为问题案例中有效事实调查所需的技能并不复杂。许多市立和县立学院开设了咨询技能课程，以激励主人认识到所有的致因因素，包括他们自身的影响。
Dog owners rarely mismanage their pets with malicious intent. It is usually due to ignorance of the effects of their own feelings and behavior on the dog. Behavior consultants need not attempt psychotherapy of their human clients, trying to improve self-images and bring about personality changes. Rather, the pet behavior consultant’s role is to understand the client’s situation, properly diagnose the problem, and then educate the client concerning the diagnosis and treatment program. This counseling function may readily be fulfilled by any clinical veterinarian who takes the time to study and practice it. Where the pressures of a busy practice preclude it, the principles and techniques already detailed, coupled with those to follow, will allow the veterinarian to select other competent professionals working with behavior problems to form an ethical diagnostic and treatment team. 狗主人很少会出于恶意而错误管理他们的宠物。通常是因为他们不了解自己情绪和行为对狗的影响。行为顾问不必试图对人类客户进行心理治疗，试图改善自我形象或带来人格改变。相反，宠物行为顾问的角色是理解客户的情况，正确诊断问题，然后向客户讲解诊断结果和治疗方案。任何愿意花时间学习和实践的临床兽医都可以轻松完成这一咨询功能。在繁忙的诊疗压力使其难以实现的情况下，已经详细介绍的原则和技术，加上接下来要介绍的内容，将使兽医能够选择其他在行为问题上有能力的专业人士，组成一个道德的诊断和治疗团队。
At a time when veterinarians are becoming increasingly sensitive to meeting the emotional needs of a client whose pet has just died, it seems equally appropriate to provide services and information that consider the total needs of clients and their living, though errant, pet dogs. 在兽医越来越重视满足宠物刚刚去世的客户的情感需求的同时，提供考虑客户及其活着但行为异常的宠物狗的整体需求的服务和信息，也显得同样恰当。
Referring to Behavior Consultants 转介行为顾问
When a client needs a referral to a consultant who specializes in problem behavior, the veterinarian needs to have confidence that his or her client will be in ‘good hands.’ The quality of the treatment 当客户需要转介给专门处理行为问题的顾问时，兽医需要有信心，确保他的客户会得到“妥善照顾”。所采用的治疗质量及其对宠物和主人的效果将直接反映兽医的专业水平，或者说，任何转介顾问的专业人士的水平。
used and its outcome with both the owner and pet will reflect directly on the veterinarian or, for that matter, any professional who refers a consultant. Whenever possible, it is prudent to meet personally with the consultant, which can afford the opportunity to experience or her personality and methods. However, even if the consultant makes a favorable impression, it is the client who must make a decision about proceeding into a remedial program. To assist dog owners in this decision, he following ‘guide’ enables them to investigate all of the critical elements of the consultant/pet owner relationship. This text is also available on the internet’s worldwide web at: http://www.webtrail.com/petbehavior 在可能的情况下，最好亲自与顾问会面，这样可以有机会了解他或她的个性和方法。然而，即使顾问给人留下了良好的印象，最终决定是否进入矫正方案的还是客户。为了帮助狗主人做出这个决定，以下“指南”使他们能够调查顾问与宠物主人关系中的所有关键要素。该文本也可在互联网全球网络上查阅，网址为：http://www.webtrail.com/petbehavior
Selecting a Behavior Consultant 选择行为顾问
A Dog Owner's Guide 狗主人指南
Have Your Pet Examined 带宠物去检查
Take your problem-pet to your veterinarian for a complete physical examination. Take along a fresh stool sample for a parasite check. My records of more than 2,000 cases show that more than 20%20 \% of dogs with behavior problems who had not been checked in more than 6 months also had a health problem. There is no use wasting money on a behavior problem when there may be a contributing health factor. 带着有问题的宠物去兽医那里做全面的体检。带上一份新鲜的粪便样本以检查寄生虫。我的 2000 多例病例记录显示，超过 20%20 \% 的行为问题狗狗在超过 6 个月未检查的情况下，也存在健康问题。在可能存在健康因素的情况下，花钱解决行为问题是没有意义的。
Get At Least Two Referrals 至少获取两个推荐意见
After the physical examination, ask the doctor about the behavior problem and whether you might benefit from professional consultation. If the answer is “yes” and a consultant is recommended, ask what sort of feedback has been received from other clients so referred. Make notes about each specialist. 体检结束后，询问医生关于行为问题的情况，以及你是否可能从专业咨询中受益。如果答案是“是”，并且推荐了顾问，询问其他客户对该顾问的反馈。对每位专家做笔记。
If any of those clients are acquaintances of yours, talk to them before telephoning any specialists on the list. 如果这些客户中有你认识的人，在给名单上的任何专家打电话之前，先与他们交谈。
Many veterinarians themselves are getting involved in consulting about problems, so if your pet’s doctor has some ideas, listen to them. If they sound reasonable and appealing, you might be well advised to follow the veterinarian’s suggestions before contacting anyone else. But, give the advice time to work and follow the instructions carefully. 许多兽医自己也开始参与行为问题的咨询，因此如果你的宠物医生有一些建议，听听他们的意见。如果这些建议听起来合理且有吸引力，你可能会明智地先遵循兽医的建议，再联系其他人。但要给建议一些时间发挥作用，并仔细遵循指示。
Qualify the Consultants 评估顾问资格
The telephone call to the specialist is aimed at gathering vital information about how he or she goes about working with owners and their problem pets. But keep in mind, just as you are qualifying them, they are also qualifying you! 打电话给专家的目的是收集关于他们如何与宠物主人及其有问题的宠物合作的重要信息。但请记住，就像你在考察他们一样，他们也在考察你！
If they are operating on the highest ethical standards, they will want to know a great deal about you, your pet and its health history, plus the history of the problem from the beginning to the present time. They should be especially interested in what steps you may have already taken to solve the problem yourself or with other assistance. 如果他们遵循最高的道德标准，他们会想了解很多关于你、你的宠物及其健康历史的信息，以及从问题开始到现在的整个过程。他们应该特别关心你是否已经采取了某些措施来自己解决问题，或者是否寻求过其他帮助。
Give them all the facts. This will allow them to decide if they can really help, or if they should refer you to someone more specialized in the problem. 把所有事实告诉他们。这将使他们能够判断自己是否真的能帮上忙，或者是否应该把你推荐给在该问题上更专业的人。
On the other hand, if they show no interest in the history of the problem and simply press you for an appointment, count your blessings, thank them nicely, hang up and contact the next consultant on the list. Anyone in this profession who does not extend the courtesy of qualifying his or her clients through a few minutes on the telephone falls into one or more of the following categories: 另一方面，如果他们对问题的历史毫无兴趣，只是一味催促你预约，那就心存感激，礼貌地感谢他们，挂断电话，然后联系名单上的下一个顾问。任何在这个行业中不愿意通过几分钟的电话来考察客户的人，都属于以下一种或多种情况：
They lack the necessary experience and/or training to do it. Why pay them to educate themselves with your pet? 他们缺乏必要的经验和/或培训来完成这项工作。为什么要付钱让他们用你的宠物来教育自己？
They subscribe to the car dealer’s “system house” approach, which states: “You can’t get their check and close a deal on the phone.” This is not professional, since the consultants don’t even know if they can be of any assistance at this point. 他们认同汽车经销商的“系统屋”方法，认为：“你不能通过电话拿到他们的支票并完成交易。”这并不专业，因为顾问们甚至不知道他们此时是否能提供任何帮助。
They are too acutely dog- or cat-oriented to appreciate your role in the problem, especially if they use the old story that they must “see” your pet before anything can be decided. 他们过于专注于狗或猫，以至于无法理解你在问题中的角色，尤其是当他们使用老套说法，认为必须“见到”你的宠物才能做出任何决定时。
They may be too steeped in behavioral theory to feel a genuine “empathy” with you as the owner of a problem pet. 他们可能过于沉浸于行为理论，以至于无法真正“同情”你作为问题宠物主人的感受。
Any of the above types display a lack of understanding about the emotional state of someone sincerely seeking help for a pet. They fail to respond as a well-trained consultant should respond, which 上述任何一种类型都表现出对真诚寻求宠物帮助者情感状态的缺乏理解。他们未能像受过良好培训的顾问那样做出回应，而
is with empathy. Add this to the fact that they do not qualify their clients in order to save time, effort and money for all concerned. 这种回应应当是富有同理心的。再加上他们为了节省所有相关人员的时间、精力和金钱，未对客户进行资格审查。
Get the Facts and Understand The Facts 获取事实并理解事实
If the specialist offers a description of the programs available, listen carefully and make notes. Be sure all of the following questions are answered to your satisfaction. While you are gathering this information, don’t hesitate to interrupt to ask for an explanation of any term or procedure you do not understand. Unfortunately, many competently trained and well-educated behavior specialists tend to use jargon, i.e., “dominance-aggression” and “separation anxiety.” These are fine for professional seminars but don’t enlighten ordinary pet owners. 如果专家提供了可用方案的描述，请仔细聆听并做笔记。确保以下所有问题都能令你满意地得到解答。在收集这些信息时，若遇到不理解的术语或程序，别犹豫，随时打断并请求解释。不幸的是，许多训练有素且受过良好教育的行为专家倾向于使用行话，例如“支配性攻击”和“分离焦虑”。这些术语适合专业研讨会，但对普通宠物主人并无启发。
Questions To Ask 要问的问题
Where and how long will the appointments be? 60-90 minutes is usual for appointments. 预约地点和时长是多久？通常预约时间为 60-90 分钟。
Figure 4. An aggressive hyperkinetic Great Dane seeks to attack a Dalmatian on the opposite side of a fence. The Great Dane became aggressive after a period of prolonged confinement, during which it became frustrated by viewing other unconfined dogs, generalizing aggression to all other dogs. 图 4。一只好动且具有攻击性的丹麦大犬试图攻击栅栏另一侧的一只斑点狗。丹麦大犬在长时间被限制活动后变得具有攻击性，因为它通过观察其他未被限制的狗而感到沮丧，并将攻击性泛化到所有其他狗身上。
Chapter 4 第四章
Who must attend? Make sure everyone involved in the problem and correction procedures can attend. 谁必须参加？确保所有参与问题和纠正程序的人都能参加。
What will we be doing? Get “operational descriptions,” such as sitting and talking, training the dog, etc. 我们将做什么？获取“操作性描述”，例如坐下和交谈、训练狗等。
How many appointments will be required ? Six weekly meetings usually suffice, even for severe problems. 需要多少次预约？通常六次每周的会议就足够了，即使是严重的问题。
Will any special equipment be required? If so, what? This will reveal whether or not shock collars, spike collars, hanging nooses, hobbles, ultrasonic devices, etc. will be used. If so, get descriptions of how they will be used. 是否需要任何特殊设备？如果需要，是什么？这将揭示是否会使用电击项圈、刺项圈、套索、束缚器、超声波设备等。如果使用，需获取它们的使用描述。
What is the most severe physical treatment that may be required ? This lets you know if ear-biting, kneeing, kicking, hitting, jerking, take-downs, etc., may be inflicted on the dog. 最严重的身体惩罚可能是什么？这让你知道是否可能对狗实施咬耳朵、膝击、踢打、击打、猛拉、摔倒等行为。
If the problem persists after the program is completed, what happens? This will prepare you for further meetings and/or charges if things do not go as hoped. 如果问题在方案完成后仍然存在，会发生什么？这将让你为后续的会面和/或费用做好准备，以防事情没有如预期发展。
How much will it cost? 费用是多少？
With these questions answered, you can qualify the specialist on three accounts: 回答了这些问题后，你可以从三个方面评估专家：
The humaneness of the methods to be employed, which is up to your own, personal tastes. 所采用方法的人道性，这取决于你个人的喜好。
The cost of the program in your money, time and effort. 该方案在金钱、时间和精力上的花费。
The rapport you and the specialist establish. If you and the consultant cannot communicate smoothly during explanations about the programs, you’re apt to have even more difficulty later when it comes to understanding the causes and corrections for your pet’s problem. 你与专家之间建立的融洽关系。如果你和顾问在解释方案时无法顺畅沟通，之后在理解宠物问题的原因和纠正方法时，很可能会遇到更多困难。
Once satisfied that you have reached the “right” specialist, your chances for success are virtually as good as they can be. However, after 32 years of consultation work with dog owners, I would be failing you (and my conscience) if I didn’t mention a few more precautions. 一旦确信找到了“合适”的专家，你成功的机会几乎达到了最佳水平。然而，在与狗主人进行 32 年的咨询工作后，如果我不提及一些额外的注意事项，那我就是对你（以及我的良心）失职了。
There are some impressive “silver tongues” in this field. They are exceptionally good at using the telephone interview to gain a pet owner’s confidence and a preliminary meeting. To avoid getting involved in something that may not be satisfactory for you or 在这个领域里，有一些令人印象深刻的“能言善辩者”。他们非常擅长通过电话访谈赢得宠物主人的信任，并安排初步会面。为了避免卷入可能对你或你的宠物不满意的事情，
your pet, hark back to the consultant’s description of the actual programs and watch out for the following: 请回想顾问对实际方案的描述，并注意以下几点：
Beware of anyone who says that they can “do it for you.” Ask them to meet you at the local lake or river and see if they can walk on water. (If they can, check for barely submerged rocks.) 当有人说他们可以“为你完成”时要小心。请他们在当地的湖泊或河边与你见面，看看他们是否能在水面上行走。（如果能，检查是否有几乎没入水中的岩石。）
Watch out for anyone who says you will be meeting with their “assistant,” and that they (the specialist) will supervise. 当有人说你将会见他们的“助理”，而他们（专家）会进行监督时，要当心。
Watch out for people who lead you to believe the program is going to be “easy.” Solving a pet behavior problem is rarely simple. It requires your mental effort and often some emotional adjustments on the part of all family members. 当心那些让你相信这个方案会“很简单”的人。解决宠物的行为问题很少是简单的。它需要你的心理努力，通常还需要所有家庭成员在情感上的一些调整。
Watch out for someone who tries to make you feel guilty about your pet’s problem. Your problem is the result of interactions between your pet and its people, plus other elements in the environment. Anything you have done that helped create the problem was done without harmful intent. Guilt is not warranted; only a genuine resolve to eliminate the problem. 当心那些试图让你为宠物的问题感到内疚的人。你的问题是宠物与其主人之间互动的结果，加上环境中的其他因素。你所做的任何导致问题的事情都是无意造成的。内疚是不必要的；只有真正决心解决问题才是关键。
Disease and Behavior 疾病与行为
Parasitism 寄生虫病
“Don’t all puppies have worms?” The client, whose 11-week-old Terrier was literally shivering from malnutrition associated with roundworm infection, was taken aback to learn that the condition required immediate veterinary attention. When the woman bought the pup, she was assured that it had been dewormed. She did not know that more than one deworming might be needed, nor that a vaccination against distemper, hepatitis and leptospirosis was necessary! “难道所有小狗都有蛔虫吗？”这位客户的 11 周大的梗犬因蛔虫感染导致营养不良而颤抖不止，当得知这种情况需要立即兽医治疗时，她感到非常震惊。那位女士在购买小狗时，被告知它已经驱虫了。她不知道可能需要多次驱虫，也不知道还必须接种针对犬瘟热、肝炎和钩端螺旋体病的疫苗！
Most problems related to internal parasitism involve owners who are ignorant of the adverse effects of digestive malfunction, but still expect a young dog to control its loose stools, housetrain successfully, and learn all the more complicated lessons of domestication. When the animal does not respond acceptably, the owner may react by isolating, punishing or rejecting the pet socially. The resulting confusion and mismanagement of the pet often produce a wide 大多数与体内寄生虫相关的问题都涉及那些不了解消化功能障碍不良影响的主人，但他们仍然期望幼犬能控制稀便，成功进行室内训练，并学会所有更复杂的驯养课程。当动物的反应不令人满意时，主人可能会通过隔离、惩罚或在社交上拒绝宠物来应对。由此产生的困惑和对宠物的管理不当，常常导致各种
spectrum of behavioral maladjustments. The following problems are often noted in dogs with internal parasites. 行为适应不良。以下问题常见于体内寄生虫感染的犬只。
Housesoiling (due to loose stools). 室内排泄（因稀便引起）。
Shyness (due to harsh punishment). 害羞（由于严厉惩罚）。
Biting when scolded or physically punished. 被责骂或体罚时咬人。
Chewing, digging, barking, whining, unruliness (due to isolation as punishment). 咀嚼、挖掘、吠叫、哀鸣、难以管教（由于隔离作为惩罚）。
Coprophagia (Stool eating, possibly due to a fecal fixation resulting from excessive punishment relative to stools). 食粪症（吃粪便，可能是由于对粪便的过度惩罚引起的粪便执着）。
Flea infestation has led to rejection by some owners. Most dog owners only try to get rid of fleas on the dog. They buy a flea collar or flea spray, but do nothing about the fleas infesting the dog’s regular sleeping and resting areas. The result is that the dog continues to be infested and is eventually banished to the yard. The problems associated with such social isolation then may evolve. 跳蚤感染导致一些主人拒绝养狗。大多数狗主人只试图清除狗身上的跳蚤。他们购买跳蚤项圈或跳蚤喷雾剂，但对狗经常睡觉和休息的地方的跳蚤却不加处理。结果是狗继续被跳蚤侵扰，最终被赶到院子里。由此产生的社会隔离问题可能随之出现。
Ear mite infestation led to isolation-based problems involving destructive chewing. 耳螨感染导致了与隔离相关的破坏性咀嚼问题。
“His constant scratching just drives us nuts,” was the statement made by owners when asked why the dog was shut away. I pointed out the rather obvious ear odor commonly associated with ear mites, and refused to handle the behavioral problem until the ear problem was cleared up. Veterinary treatment ended the scratching problem, and subsequent behavioral corrections were successful. “它不停地抓痒，真让我们抓狂，”当被问及为什么把狗关起来时，主人这样说。我指出了与耳螨常见的明显耳臭，并拒绝处理行为问题，直到耳部问题得到解决。兽医治疗结束了抓痒问题，随后行为矫正也取得了成功。
Personal Hygiene 个人卫生
Many owners, especially of male dogs, don’t recognize the need to keep the dogs penis clean. Many housesoiling cases have involved polyuria (not associated with polydipsia) that have cleared up after the pet’s foreskin is regularly pulled back and the penis washed and rinsed. 许多主人，尤其是养公狗的，不认识到保持狗狗阴茎清洁的必要性。许多尿床的案例都涉及多尿（与多饮无关），在定期将宠物的包皮向后拉开并清洗冲洗阴茎后，症状得到了缓解。
Mycotic and Protozoan Infections 真菌和原生动物感染
Among these diseases I have noted only coccidiosis in ownerinduced problems. They involved pups that were not responding to housetraining at the normal pace. The coccidiosis was associated with loose stools and impaired learning ability (perhaps due to 在这些疾病中，我只注意到业主引起的问题中有球虫病。涉及的小狗在正常的时间内未能顺利进行家庭训练。球虫病伴随着稀便和学习能力受损（可能是由于...）
nutritional side effects). These in turn stimulated excessive punishment, resulting in submissive urination in and biting when scolded or physically punished. The dogs responded well to combined medical/behavioral treatment. 营养副作用）。这些反过来又刺激了过度惩罚，导致在被责骂或体罚时出现顺从性尿失禁和咬人行为。狗狗对结合医疗和行为治疗的方案反应良好。
Hypermetria 运动过度症
In hypermetria the dogs tend to bump into objects, usually submerge their noses when drinking, and display an exaggerated fore-throw of the front limbs when walking. People with the condition over-reach for objects, which is one type of visual-motor problem. In one case, a 2-year-old male Shepherd mix, was abnormally hostile and seemed to be devoid of long-term memory. That is, it had to be re-taught simple lessons every day. The dog’s hostility toward me was overcome if I remained motionless and allowed it to approach me at leisure. However, if the dog lay down to nap for a few minutes, it would awaken with all its original hostility. Unfortunately, this dog was euthanized and no postmortem examination was performed. 患有运动过度症的狗往往会撞到物体，喝水时通常会将鼻子浸入水中，走路时前肢的前摆动作夸张。患有此症的人会过度伸手去拿物体，这是一种视觉-运动问题。在一个案例中，一只 2 岁的雄性牧羊犬混种表现出异常的敌意，似乎缺乏长期记忆。也就是说，它每天都必须重新学习简单的课程。只要我保持静止，让它慢慢接近，我就能克服它对我的敌意。然而，如果这只狗躺下小睡几分钟，醒来时又会恢复最初的敌意。不幸的是，这只狗被安乐死，且未进行尸检。
It is interesting that most animals displaying signs of hypermetria had histories of heavy roundworm or tapeworm infections as puppies. Some dogs respond well to nonphysical training techniques as part of a program to overcome the basic complaints of general unruliness. Progress is slower than in most cases. 有趣的是，大多数表现出运动过度症状的动物在幼年时都有严重的蛔虫或绦虫感染史。一些狗在非身体训练技术的帮助下，作为克服一般不服从行为的方案的一部分，反应良好。进展比大多数情况要慢。
Impaired Hearing and Deafness 听力受损与失聪
A 6-month-old female Dalmatian was enrolled in a residential program at our facility. Her hearing was adequate for training when an ultrasonic device was used, but the dog failed to respond to spoken commands unless she saw the person speaking. Apparently ultra-high frequency hearing was near normal, but frequencies in the human voice range were impaired. For example, if one approached the dog from behind and called her name, her attention (orienting reflex) and movement would be toward the direction she was already facing. Repeating her name (usually twice) would usually catch the dog’s attention. The Dal was under treatment for a mild ear infection (otitis externa), but otherwise appeared to be in excellent 一只 6 个月大的母斑点犬被送入我们设施的寄宿项目。使用超声波设备时，她的听力足以进行训练，但除非看到说话的人，否则她不会对口头命令作出反应。显然，她的超高频听力接近正常，但人声频率范围的听力受损。例如，如果有人从背后接近并叫她的名字，她的注意力（定向反射）和动作会朝向她已经面向的方向。重复叫她的名字（通常两次）通常能引起她的注意。这只斑点犬正在接受轻度耳部感染（外耳炎）的治疗，但除此之外看起来身体状况良好。
health. Behavior complaints were of jumping up on people, chewing plants and household articles, and general unruliness. 行为问题包括跳到人身上、咬植物和家居物品，以及整体行为不听管教。
After 5 days of intensive conditioning to commands and corrective procedures the Dalmatian behaved calmly and responded well to commands spoken loudly. Two weeks after returning home with the owners, the dog regressed. Though prepared for this possibility, the owners seemed unable to cope with the physiologic condition and did not follow through with the behavioral program. 经过 5 天对命令和纠正程序的强化训练，这只斑点狗表现得很平静，对大声发出的命令反应良好。两周后，当它和主人回家时，狗的行为出现了倒退。虽然主人已经做好了这种可能性的准备，但他们似乎无法应对这种生理状况，也没有坚持执行行为矫正计划。
This case, and several others like it, convinced me that taking the dog out of its home environment for rehabilitation is impracticable, since we were not afforded adequate time in consultations to gain the degree of client-motivation necessary for a genuine change in attitude toward the dog’s condition. Without a program in which client-consultant contact spans six weeks there is a great risk for back-sliding. 这个案例以及其他类似的案例让我确信，将狗从其家庭环境中带走进行康复是不切实际的，因为我们在咨询中没有足够的时间来获得客户所需的动力，从而真正改变他们对狗的状况的态度。如果没有一个持续六周的客户与顾问接触的计划，就很有可能出现行为倒退。
Beanbags can be used with great success with deaf dogs. Methods are discussed in the training sections and under various problem headings. 豆袋可以非常成功地用于聋狗。相关方法在训练章节和各种问题标题下都有讨论。
Scizures 癫痫发作
A client telephoned for a consultation about his German Shorthaired Pointer. The dog, a male about 2 years old, had a history of several seizures and anticonvulsant medication (phenobarbitol) had not been effective. The dog had been growing increasingly excitable. As the owner explained, "The problem really isn’t so much the seizures as Harry’s unruliness and disobedience. " He had tried all modes of punishment imaginable, to no avail. Scolding, hitting and confinement in the back yard only seemed to make the dog more "hyper. 一位客户打电话咨询关于他的德国短毛指示犬的问题。这只狗是一只大约两岁的雄性，曾有多次癫痫发作的病史，抗惊厥药物（苯巴比妥）效果不佳。狗变得越来越兴奋。正如主人所说：“问题其实不在于癫痫发作，而是哈利的难以管教和不服从。”他尝试了各种惩罚方式，但都无济于事。斥责、打骂和将狗关在后院似乎只让狗变得更加“亢奋”。
" Can you help? " “你能帮忙吗？”
“Sure thing,” I responded. "Take your dog back to your veterinarian and allow him to perform the diagnostic procedures he recommends to find out what is causing the seizures. In the meantime, keep the dog inside the house as much as possible. Don’t pamper him, but let him adjust to living with people again. (The “当然可以，”我回答道。“带你的狗回兽医那里，让他进行推荐的诊断程序，找出癫痫发作的原因。与此同时，尽量让狗呆在屋里。不要溺爱它，但让它重新适应与人类生活。（这只狗因难以管教被迫在外面生活了 18 个月。）”
dog had been forced to live outside for 18 months due to unruliness.) The dog was diagnosed with focal epilepsy and a new medication (Diltantin) was prescribed. However, after three weeks another seizure occurred and the owners stopped both medical and did not pursue a remedial behavioral program. Euthanasia followed. 这只狗被诊断为局灶性癫痫，开了新的药物（地尔硫卓）。然而，三周后又发生了一次癫痫发作，主人停止了所有医疗，并未继续进行行为矫正计划。随后进行了安乐死。
This case history is too familiar: The owner really doesn’t want to believe the dog is not suffering from epilepsy, the behavior is oppressive, and the first excuse to abandon the dog is used as a reason to euthanize him. 这个病例历史太熟悉了：主人真的不愿意相信狗狗并没有患上癫痫，行为令人压抑，而第一个放弃狗狗的借口就被用来作为安乐死的理由。
Most dog owners carefully follow veterinary advice in epilepsy cases. However, when there is an associated behavior problem, close cooperation between the behavior consultant and veterinarian is required, and the client should be made aware of this teamwork. 大多数狗主人在癫痫病例中都会认真遵循兽医的建议。然而，当伴随有行为问题时，行为顾问和兽医之间需要密切合作，客户应被告知这种团队合作的重要性。
Endocrine-Related Behavior Problems 内分泌相关的行为问题
Behavioral neuroendocrinology is in its infancy. Experimental use of dogs has been reduced and more strictly governed for humane reasons. For this reason, if any useful information about dog behavior and hormonal conditions is to be gathered, it may soon be available only through clinical trials and observations. 行为神经内分泌学还处于起步阶段。出于人道原因，实验用狗的数量已减少且管理更加严格。因此，如果要收集有关狗行为和激素状况的有用信息，可能很快只能通过临床试验和观察获得。
The Role of Hormones 激素的作用
It is generally recognized that proper endocrine balance is necessary for normal physical development, including that of brain tissue. The complications created by functional abnormalities of the pituitary, adrenals, gonads, thyroid, pancreas, liver, and perhaps even the tiny pineal gland are documented, and most veterinarians are alert to the signs of endocrine dysfunction. ^(5){ }^{5} However, the fact that veterinary specialists are growing in number suggests a need for even more careful attention to certain aspects of hormone treatment. 普遍认为，适当的内分泌平衡对于正常的身体发育是必要的，包括脑组织的发育。垂体、肾上腺、生殖腺、甲状腺、胰腺、肝脏，甚至可能还有微小的松果体功能异常所引发的并发症已有文献记载，大多数兽医都能警觉到内分泌功能障碍的迹象。 ^(5){ }^{5} 然而，兽医专家数量的增加表明，对某些激素治疗方面需要更加细致的关注。
The hormone environment affects nervous function in many subtle ways. The master control of endocrine balance lies mainly in the “emotional center(s)” of the brain, and is itself controlled by the feedback obtained in the various axes between and among the 激素环境以许多微妙的方式影响神经功能。内分泌平衡的主控主要位于大脑的“情绪中枢”，而其本身则受各轴线之间及其内部反馈的控制。
endocrine centers. ^(6){ }^{6} It is becoming apparent that life’s experiences can both affect, and be affected by hormones. At the clinical level, this knowledge has been helpful in dealing with some behavior problems. For example, aggressive bitches that display male behaviorisms (leg lifting and sexual mounting), often respond positively when treated with carefully dosed androgen antagonists in conjunction with behavioral guidance for the owners. While endocrine dysfunctions may require lifelong treatment and initial behavioral guidance, the associated behavior problems tend to clear up and the pet and its family can live happily. 内分泌中枢。 ^(6){ }^{6} 生活经历既能影响激素，也能被激素所影响，这一点正逐渐显现出来。在临床层面，这一知识有助于处理一些行为问题。例如，表现出雄性行为（抬腿排尿和性骑跨）的攻击性母犬，通常在接受精确剂量的雄激素拮抗剂治疗并配合主人行为指导后，反应良好。虽然内分泌功能障碍可能需要终身治疗和初期的行为指导，但相关的行为问题往往会得到解决，宠物及其家庭也能幸福生活。
Hormonal Medical Therapy 激素医疗治疗
Behavior problems may arise when corticosteroids are used in treatment of certain diseases, such as skin conditions. Corticosteroids have lowered the thresholds for excitability in laboratory animals. ^(7){ }^{7} More behavioral investigations into the effects of these agents in dogs appears warranted. 在治疗某些疾病（如皮肤病）时使用皮质类固醇，可能会引发行为问题。皮质类固醇降低了实验动物的兴奋阈值。 ^(7){ }^{7} 似乎有必要对这些药物在犬类中的行为影响进行更多的研究。
Polydipsia (excessive water consumption) and polyuria (excessive urination) following corticosteroid administration for inflammatory problems are common. During the summers we receive more HelpLine calls than in other seasons about house soiling from clients whose pets have received corticosteroids for hot spots and other skin conditions. These dogs uncharacteristically violate their house manners when confined for any time. This indicates that clients should be forewarned of this side effect of corticosteroids, because many of these callers have unadvisedly punished and/or confined the hapless pet to a cage or travel crate to correct the “behavior problem.” In many cases involving punishment, additional problems have been noted, notably aggression or submissive urination. 多饮（过度饮水）和多尿（过度排尿）是使用皮质类固醇治疗炎症问题后常见的现象。夏季，我们接到的关于宠物因使用皮质类固醇治疗热斑和其他皮肤病而导致室内排泄问题的求助电话比其他季节更多。这些狗在被限制活动时，表现出不寻常的室内行为失范。这表明客户应被提前告知皮质类固醇的这一副作用，因为许多来电者未经建议就惩罚和/或将无助的宠物关进笼子或旅行箱以纠正“行为问题”。在许多涉及惩罚的案例中，还观察到了其他问题，尤其是攻击性或顺从性尿失禁。
In the clinical situation, it may be useful to determine whether a dog is on the brink of some behavior problem. Some problems that may be exacerbated by corticosteroids include: 在临床情况下，确定一只狗是否处于某种行为问题的边缘可能是有用的。一些可能因皮质类固醇而加剧的问题包括：
When attempting to analyze a behavior problem the consultant must communicate with the dog’s veterinarian effectively about past drug treatment. On the other hand, the veterinarian who is attuned to the possible hormonal shifts and behavioral changes resulting from use of psychoactive agents, is in the unique position of monitoring the effect of these drugs. In the event the drug produces undesirable hormonal-type side effects, further investigation may indicate the need for substitute or supplemental medications. 在试图分析行为问题时，顾问必须与狗的兽医有效沟通过去的药物治疗情况。另一方面，兽医如果能敏锐察觉使用精神活性药物可能引起的激素变化和行为改变，就处于一个独特的位置，可以监测这些药物的效果。如果药物产生了不良的激素类副作用，进一步的调查可能表明需要替代或补充药物。
Thyroid Dysfunction 甲状腺功能障碍
The main behavioral change associated with thyroid dysfunction is mood swings.; one minute the dog is cheerful, the next growling as if being threatened. The owner finds the dog less tolerant of children, other dogs, scolding and/or punishment. This usually leads to lower thresholds of aggressive behavior when the dog is stressed. Some of the conditions associated with onset of the problems have been neutering, acute or prolonged corticosteroid therapy, and allergies. In many cases involving purebred dogs, certain breed lines appear predisposed to such problems. 与甲状腺功能障碍相关的主要行为变化是情绪波动；一会儿狗狗很开心，下一刻却像受到威胁一样咆哮。主人发现狗狗对孩子、其他狗、责骂和/或惩罚的容忍度降低。这通常导致狗狗在压力下表现出更低的攻击行为阈值。一些与问题发作相关的情况包括绝育、急性或长期皮质类固醇治疗以及过敏。在许多涉及纯种狗的案例中，某些品种系似乎更容易出现此类问题。
Cushing's Syndrome, Aggression and Steroids 库欣综合征、攻击性与类固醇
A 7 1/2-year-old male Wirehair Fox Terrier was presented because he viciously attacked the telephone whenever it rang. Any loud or sudden noise produced extreme excitability and trembling. The dog had started chewing on doors when left alone in the owner’s apartment. 一只 7 岁半的雄性 Wirehair 狐狸梗被带来就诊，因为它每当电话响起时都会猛烈攻击电话。任何响亮或突发的声音都会引起极度兴奋和颤抖。狗狗开始在主人不在公寓时咬门。
The dog was rather full-bodied, but underdeveloped in the hips and chest. His hair was soft and puppy-like, rather than typically wiry. On arriving at our facility, he went immediately to a tree and urinated, trembling so violently that he nearly lost his balance. He then proceeded to my office door and stood, expectantly watching it, even though his owners and I were outside in the courtyard. 这只狗体型相当丰满，但臀部和胸部发育不足。它的毛发柔软，像小狗一样，而不是典型的硬毛。到达我们的设施后，它立刻跑到一棵树下撒尿，颤抖得非常厉害，几乎失去平衡。然后它走到我的办公室门口，站着，期待地看着门，尽管它的主人和我都在院子外面。
"I called and the dog came happily, sniffed at me and then dutifully returned to his sentry post outside the door. I suggested that we go into the office and dial the office number from an extension. “我叫了它，狗高兴地过来，闻了闻我，然后乖乖地回到门外的哨岗。我建议我们进办公室，从分机拨打办公室的电话号码。
It took only a minute or so for the dog to locate the telephone on the desk, after which he sat and alertly waited. When the phone rang, the dog leaped at the coiled receiver cord, pulled the instrument onto the floor and proceeded to snarl and bite at it, even though the ringing had ceased. The owners parted the dog and its hate-object, and the dog returned to his former position to await Round 2. 狗只用了大约一分钟就找到了桌上的电话，然后坐下，警觉地等待着。电话响起时，狗跳向盘绕的听筒线，把电话拉到地上，开始咆哮并咬它，尽管铃声已经停止。主人把狗和它讨厌的物体分开，狗又回到原来的位置，等待第二轮。”
The dog had been treated with anti-inflammatory steroids for seven years to alleviate his constant scratching. This had produced the Cushing’s Syndrome mentioned above. Sadly, the little Terrier bit the owner seriously and was put down before medical treatment was possible. 这只狗为了缓解持续抓挠的症状，已经接受了七年的抗炎类固醇治疗。这导致了上述提到的库欣综合征。遗憾的是，这只小梗犬严重咬伤了主人，在进行医疗治疗之前被安乐死了。
Hypersexuality, Aggressiveness and Dermatitis 性欲亢进、攻击性和皮炎
A 9-year-old male Airedale Terrier had recurring dermatitis since 7 months of age. Early treatment with antihistamines and topicals proved successful, but cortisone alleviated the signs and was used during acute episodes that occurred two to three times a year. 一只 9 岁的雄性艾尔代尔梗从 7 个月大时起就反复出现皮炎。早期使用抗组胺药和外用药物治疗效果良好，但可的松缓解了症状，并在每年发生两到三次的急性发作期间使用。
The dog showed signs of hostility each day when the husband returned home from work, when the Airedale would growl for a few minutes, then allow the owner to stroke him on the head and back, and begin growling again. Similar “pet me and then I’ll menace you” behovior was exhibited toward the wife and others who petted the dog. He also growled whenever disturbed while lying around the house. The couple had obtained a female Airedale several years previously, but the male bullied the bitch so viciously that a new home was found for her. Recently another Airedale bitch was bought, with the idea of breeding them. However, the same type of aggression was displayed by the male. The behavior complaints were about biting the bitch, 这只狗每天当丈夫下班回家时都会表现出敌意，艾尔代尔犬会咆哮几分钟，然后允许主人抚摸它的头和背部，接着又开始咆哮。对妻子和其他抚摸这只狗的人也表现出类似的“先宠我，然后我再威胁你”的行为。它躺在家里时被打扰也会咆哮。这对夫妇几年前曾买过一只母艾尔代尔犬，但公犬对母犬的欺凌非常凶狠，最终为母犬找了新家。最近他们又买了一只母艾尔代尔犬，打算让它们繁殖。然而，公犬表现出了同样类型的攻击行为。行为投诉主要是关于咬母犬，
the female's routine defecation in the house, and both dogs ' urinating indoors. 母犬在屋内定期排便，以及两只狗在室内撒尿。
When they arrived at our facility, the dogs methodically sniffed the area and urinated on scent posts. The male constantly nuzzled and licked the bitch’s genitals, though she was not in heat. The bitch was pleasant and clownish, and attempted to jump up on me. The male ignored me, but interposed himself between me and either the bitch or the wife. The male was obviously a leader type and extremely bossy. 当它们到达我们的设施时，狗有条不紊地嗅探周围环境，并在气味柱上撒尿。公狗不断地用鼻子蹭舔母狗的生殖器，尽管她并没有发情。母狗性格温顺且滑稽，试图跳到我身上。公狗无视我，但总是插在我和母狗或妻子之间。公狗显然是领导型，极其专横。
The wife was highly sympathetic toward the male, petting and cooing to him when he showed signs of hostility. This stopped the growling, but only for a few moments. The male was increasingly hostile in the confines of my office, so I asked the owner to stop petting and praising the animal. After several minutes the dog lay down and went to sleep. 妻子对公狗非常同情，当它表现出敌意时，她会抚摸并轻声安慰它。这使得狗停止了咆哮，但只持续了几分钟。公狗在我的办公室里变得越来越敌对，于是我让主人停止抚摸和称赞这只动物。几分钟后，狗躺下并睡着了。
The female paced the room from door to door as if she wanted to leave. This hyperactive behavior appeared to upset the owner, who called the bitch to her side gruffly and scolded her, commanding her to Sit and Stay. The bitch obeyed for about 30 seconds each time, then resumed pacing and whining. In a few more minutes, one of the causes for the male’s attacks at home became apparent; he awoke and began growling whenever the bitch came near. He 这只母狗在房间里来回踱步，仿佛想要离开。这种过度活跃的行为似乎让主人感到烦恼，主人粗声叫她到身边，训斥她，命令她坐下并保持不动。母狗每次大约服从 30 秒，然后又开始踱步和呜咽。几分钟后，导致公狗在家中攻击的原因之一变得明显；公狗醒来后，每当母狗靠近时就开始咆哮。他
Figure 5. Scratching the ground after urination may spread pheromones, thus marking the dog’s territory. 图 5. 排尿后抓地可能会传播费洛蒙，从而标记狗的领地。
appeared to pick up on the owner’s exasperation with the bitch and took over the owner’s scolding role. 似乎察觉到了主人对母狗的恼怒，便接过了主人的训斥角色。
The advice was to put the male through his previously learned obedience exercises twice daily and praise him only after obeying commands. Otherwise he was to be ignored. The bitch, who had never received formal training, was started on an off-leash program, with the same general daily treatment as for the male. 建议每天让公狗进行两次之前学过的服从训练，只有在服从命令后才给予表扬。否则就忽视它。母狗从未接受过正式训练，开始进行无绳训练，日常处理方式与公狗大致相同。
The owner’s reaction to this advice was mixed. She thought she and her husband would have considerable difficulty carrying it out, having been solicitous with the male for so many years. However, it was attempted and produce improvement in three days. However, the urination by both and the bitch’s defecation did not decline. Because a degree of competition was apparent in their urinating habits, a complete housetraining program was started at home, teaching each dog to perform its toilet duties only in one area of the yard. This was intermittently successful until the bitch came into heat, then both dogs regressed to their former behavior, and the male developed prostatitis. 主人对这个建议的反应是复杂的。她认为她和丈夫执行起来会有相当大的困难，因为多年来他们对这只公狗一直很关心。然而，他们尝试了，三天内就有了改善。然而，两只狗的尿尿行为和母狗的排便行为并没有减少。由于它们的排尿习惯中显现出一定程度的竞争，家里开始了一个完整的室内训练计划，教每只狗只在院子的一块区域内排泄。这个方法断断续续地有效，直到母狗发情，然后两只狗都退回到以前的行为，公狗还患上了前列腺炎。
The veterinarian prescribed the female hormone diethylstilbestrol with dramatic results. The male ceased his attacks on the bitch and became less hostile generally. Spaying the bitch had no calming effect. Although she stopped urine marking, she still defecated in the house about once a week. 兽医开了雌性激素二乙基雌酚，效果显著。公狗停止了对母狗的攻击，整体上变得不那么敌对。给母狗绝育并没有起到镇静作用。虽然她停止了尿标记，但仍然每周大约在屋里排便一次。
After 6 weeks, stilbestrol use was discontinued and the male retained a good deal of the mellowness acquired during the treatment period. Several weeks later the owners reported that both dogs’ problems had ceased. 六周后，停止使用二乙基雌酚，公狗保持了治疗期间获得的相当温顺的状态。几周后，主人报告说两只狗的问题都已经消失了。
Castration 阉割
Most owners favor castration when they understand the role of testicular androgens in their dog’s behavior. The fact that secondary sex characteristics are not profoundly affected by castration is reassuring to those who fear it might feminize their dogs. Many are also reassured to learn that the adrenal cortex produces gonadal androgens and tends to take up the “slack” created by castration. In behavioral terms relevant to the owner’s concern, this means that castration of a mature dog will not cause it to revert to puppy behavior, become sissified, or run from a burglar. 大多数主人在了解睾丸雄激素对狗行为的作用后，倾向于选择阉割。阉割不会显著影响第二性征，这一点让那些担心阉割会使狗变得女性化的主人感到安心。许多人还了解到，肾上腺皮质会产生性腺雄激素，并且往往会弥补阉割带来的“空缺”，这也让他们感到放心。在与主人关心的行为相关的方面，这意味着阉割成熟的狗不会使其恢复幼犬行为，不会变得胆小，也不会在遇到窃贼时逃跑。
One owner called to complain that her 9-year-old Sydney Silky Terrier was engaging in marathon copulation with her 1/2-yearold Silky bitch, then in heat. The client’s fear was that the dog might die of a heart attack due to the furiousness of his sexual activities. I asked if she had considered castration and was told that this had been performed when the dog was 2 years old in an effort to stop his leg-lifting in the house (which had not abated). I advised the client to have the bitch spayed at a time recommended by her veterinarian. This was done and at least the sexual problem was solved. Correction of the household urination required a 6-week behavior program. 一位主人打电话投诉说，她 9 岁的悉尼丝毛梗公狗正在与一只半岁、正处于发情期的丝毛母狗进行长时间的交配。客户担心这只狗可能会因激烈的性活动而心脏病发作。我问她是否考虑过阉割，得知这只狗在 2 岁时曾被阉割，目的是为了阻止它在屋内抬腿撒尿（但并未减轻）。我建议客户在兽医推荐的时间给母狗做绝育手术。手术完成后，至少性行为问题得到了解决。至于屋内撒尿的问题，则需要进行为期 6 周的行为矫正计划。
When supported by remedial behavior programs, castration may help alleviate habitual running away or roaming, fighting (other males), house urination and sexual mounting. Pre-existing problems that may persist or become intensified after castration without behavioral programs include aggression toward owners, children or outsiders, fighting with bitches, and fecal housesoiling. 在行为矫正计划的支持下，阉割可能有助于缓解习惯性逃跑或游荡、与其他公狗打架、屋内撒尿和性攀爬等问题。没有行为矫正计划的情况下，阉割后可能持续存在或加剧的既有问题包括对主人、儿童或外来者的攻击性、与母狗打架以及粪便弄脏屋内。
A 1997 study ^(3){ }^{3} of fifty-seven male dogs with various problems castrated at 2 years of age found the following: 1997 年一项针对 57 只 2 岁时阉割的有各种问题的公狗的研究 ^(3){ }^{3} 发现了以下情况：
Aggressive toward, or fear of strangers: No significant improvement. 对陌生人的攻击性或恐惧：无显著改善。
Urine marking, mounting, roaming away from home: 2540%40 \% of the dogs cut their unwanted behavior by 90%;60%90 \% ; 60 \% of the dogs did so half as often; . 尿标记、骑跨、离家游荡：25%的狗减少了不良行为， 90%;60%90 \% ; 60 \% 的狗减少了一半的频率。
Aggression toward family members: Fewer than 33%33 \% showed a marked improvement. 对家庭成员的攻击性：不到 33%33 \% 的狗表现出明显改善。
Aggression toward other family dogs and outside dogs, and territorial aggression and fear of inanimate objects: 35% of the dogs showed a 50%50 \% improvement. 对其他家庭狗和外来狗的攻击性，以及领地性攻击和对无生命物体的恐惧：35%的狗表现出 50%50 \% 的改善。
Castration and Personality/Thyroid Changes 阉割与性格/甲状腺变化
A 4-year-old male Norwegian Elkhound became moody following castration, attacking his blind female house mate, growling at his owner while he watched her working at the kitchen sink. A phone call to a veterinary friend at the UCLA department of nuclear medicine elicited the question: “When was he castrated?” A diagnosis of hypothyroidism ensued. Thyroid hormone replacement therapy resulted in a return of the dog’s normal happy, outgoing 一只 4 岁的雄性挪威驯鹿犬在阉割后变得情绪多变，攻击它那只失明的雌性同伴，并在主人看着她在厨房水槽工作时对主人咆哮。打电话给 UCLA 核医学系的一位兽医朋友后，对方问道：“它是什么时候被阉割的？”随后诊断出甲状腺功能减退症。甲状腺激素替代疗法使这只狗恢复了正常的快乐、外向的性格。
personality. Since that time when postcastration personality changes are reported, we refer the clients for a complete veterinary examination before instituting behavioral programs. The number reporting back with hypothyroidism or other hormonal imbalances is too significant to ignore. 自那以后，当报告阉割后性格变化时，我们会建议客户先进行全面的兽医检查，然后再实施行为矫正方案。报告甲状腺功能减退或其他激素失衡的病例数量多到无法忽视。
Clients also should be made aware of the possibility of increased libido in dogs for a few days after castration. An owner-aggressive 2 year-old Lhasa Apso who also sexually mounted people was castrated, even though our behavioral program was proceeding on schedule. The day after the operation, one of the clients called to say they “He’s an absolute sex-maniac now!” When the adrenal androgens rebound effect was explained by the veterinarian, the clients patiently attended meetings and applied the behavioral program to a successful conclusion. 客户还应被告知，犬只在绝育手术后几天内可能会出现性欲增强的情况。一只两岁的藏獒犬表现出对主人具有攻击性，同时还会对人进行性骑跨，尽管我们的行为矫正计划正在按计划进行，仍对其进行了阉割手术。手术后的第二天，一位客户打电话来说：“它现在简直是个性狂！”当兽医解释了肾上腺雄激素反弹效应后，客户耐心参加了会议，并将行为矫正计划成功执行到底。
Spaying 绝育手术
Ovariohysterectomy in females appears to contribute to only two kinds of behavior problems. Persistent immature submissive wetting has been noted if surgery has been performed as early as 5 months of age. Some early-spayed females (4-5 months) also masculinize, leg-lifting to urinate, showing more aggression than unspayed littermates. However, since the advent of neutering and spaying puppies only a few weeks old, data is still not sufficient for concrete conclusions regarding behavior problems. 雌性犬的卵巢子宫切除术似乎只会导致两种行为问题。如果手术在 5 个月大时进行，可能会出现持续的幼稚性顺从性尿湿现象。一些早期绝育的雌犬（4-5 个月大）也会表现出男性化行为，如抬腿排尿，且比未绝育的同窝犬更具攻击性。然而，由于最近才开始对几周大的幼犬进行绝育手术，目前关于行为问题的数据仍不足以得出确切结论。
In submissive wetting cases, affected dogs do not appear to be generally less submissive following hormone (stilbestrol) and behavioral therapy, but the urination disappears or is minimized. This also true for aggression in these bitches. 在顺从性尿湿的病例中，受影响的狗在接受激素（雌二醇）和行为治疗后，整体上并未表现出更少的顺从性，但尿尿现象消失或减少。这对于这些母犬的攻击性也同样适用。
Cryptorchidism 隐睾症
Sex hormones exert vital developmental influences during specific periods before and after birth. ^(5,6,9){ }^{5,6,9} I have seen precocious puberty, excessive sexual aggression, and hostile aggression in several pups under 5 months of age. Some of these animals had undescended testicles. Whether there is a relationship between these conditions and the behavior problem is not certain. Once the behavior begins, environmental reactions become part of the problem. The condition itself is considered genetic in origin. However, 性激素在出生前后特定时期对发育起着重要影响。 ^(5,6,9){ }^{5,6,9} 我见过几只不到 5 个月大的幼犬出现早熟、过度性攻击和敌对性攻击。其中一些动物有隐睾症。这些状况与行为问题之间是否存在关系尚不确定。一旦行为开始，环境反应就成为问题的一部分。该状况本身被认为是遗传性的。然而，
all of them have responded well to proper behavioral guidance and several cases required surgery for castration. 它们都对适当的行为指导反应良好，且有几例需要通过手术进行阉割。
Problems Associated With Visual Deficiencies 与视觉缺陷相关的问题
Aggression, fearfulness and shyness have been associated with: 攻击性、恐惧和羞怯与以下情况有关：
Occipital aplasia (under-development of the brain’s visual centers) 枕骨发育不全（大脑视觉中枢发育不足）
Juvenile cataracts and cataracts 青少年白内障和白内障
Excessive hair-coat around the eyes 眼睛周围毛发过多
Occipital tumor 枕部肿瘤
When the conditions are properly diagnosed, remedial programs for these problems in normal dogs are effective, using voice commands and cues to provide new emotional interpretations for the dog. 当这些情况被正确诊断后，针对正常犬只的问题，采用语音指令和提示为犬只提供新的情绪解读，矫正方案是有效的。
Spinal Misalignment 脊柱错位
I consult with increasing numbers of clinical veterinarians and non-veterinary behavior consultants concerning emerging aggression, growling and biting in dogs of both sexes which appears, apparently, spontaneously. However, when we get operational descriptions of the onset and development of the behavior, certain movements by the dog are implicated; such as turning the head, starting to wag the tail, waking, raising the head, starting to sit after a command, etc. In many of these, spinal examinations and/or X-rays revealed sub-luxated vertebra. 我与越来越多的临床兽医和非兽医行为顾问就犬只出现的突然攻击行为、咆哮和咬人问题进行咨询，这些行为似乎是自发出现的。然而，当我们获得关于行为开始和发展的操作性描述时，发现某些犬只动作与之相关；例如转头、开始摇尾巴、醒来、抬头、听命令开始坐下等。在许多此类情况下，脊柱检查和/或 X 光显示椎骨半脱位。
Significantly, most of these dogs were scolded and/or punished severely for growling, often as puppies, which only exacerbated the aggression Once this spiral of pain-growl-punishment starts, serious consequences usually follow. 值得注意的是，这些犬只大多数在幼犬时期因咆哮而被严厉责骂和/或惩罚，这只会加剧攻击性。一旦这种痛苦-咆哮-惩罚的恶性循环开始，通常会带来严重后果。
In one study, 17 dogs out of 400 x-rayed had spinal mis-alignments. Behavior problems were reported in 64.6%64.6 \% of dogs with spinal problems, while only 29.7%29.7 \% of non-injury dogs had problems. 78%78 \% of the dogs with aggressive or hyperactivity complaints had spinal injuries. More details of this study are reported in the Training Systems section. In the meantime, one more 在一项研究中，400 只接受 X 光检查的犬只中有 17 只存在脊柱错位。报告显示，所有脊柱有问题的犬只中均存在行为问题，而无伤害犬只中只有少数存在问题。有攻击性或过度活跃投诉的犬只中，有相当比例存在脊柱损伤。该研究的更多细节将在训练系统部分报告。与此同时，还有一项研究…
important diagnostic tool has been added to the field of veterinary behavior. 一个重要的诊断工具已被引入兽医行为学领域。
Other behavior problems associated with spinal subluxation have been self-mutilation and lick granuloma, scratching, tail chasing, biting (apparently due to hyperesthesia), mis-diagnosed sympathy lameness. 与脊椎半脱位相关的其他行为问题包括自残和舔疮、抓挠、追尾、咬伤（显然是由于感觉过敏）、误诊为同情性跛行。
Once the spine has been aligned successfully, behavioral therapy has proceeded with excellent results. 一旦脊椎成功对齐，行为治疗便取得了优异的效果。
Influence of Pheromones 信息素的影响
Pheromones are chemical substances secreted by an animal that influence the behavior of other animals of the same species. Unlike other hormones, which are secreted internally to regulate an animal’s internal environment, pheromones are secreted externally and influence other animals, typically by smell. ^(10,11){ }^{10,11} In this regard, pheromones may play a very important role in animal behavior. 信息素是动物分泌的化学物质，能够影响同种动物的行为。与调节动物内部环境的内分泌激素不同，信息素是外部分泌的，通常通过气味影响其他动物。 ^(10,11){ }^{10,11} 在这方面，信息素可能在动物行为中起着非常重要的作用。
In dogs, pheromones probably influence group integration and are a factor in fighting and general aggressiveness. There is speculation that dogs release pheromones in urine and feces, and perhaps through exhaled breath, subcutaneous glands at the base of the tail and the foot pads (Fig 5). This would tend to explain why aggressive, fighting dogs are often compulsive urine sniffers and urine markers, and why they become less aggressive when sniffing and urine marking are not allowed by their owners. 在狗身上，信息素可能影响群体融合，并且是打斗和一般攻击性的一个因素。有推测认为，狗通过尿液和粪便释放信息素，也可能通过呼气、尾部基部的皮下腺体和脚垫释放（见图 5）。这可以解释为什么具有攻击性、好斗的狗常常强迫性地嗅尿和标记尿液，以及为什么当主人不允许它们嗅尿和标记尿液时，它们的攻击性会减弱。
There are significant exceptions to these generalizations. Some dogs need no priming whatever to fight or attack other dogs (most do, however). Where there is an olfactory (sniffing) prelude to aggressive behavior, it is reasonable to speculate that pheromones may play a role. 这些概括存在显著的例外。有些狗根本不需要任何诱因就会与其他狗打斗或攻击（不过大多数狗是需要的）。在攻击行为有嗅觉（嗅闻）前奏的情况下，合理推测信息素可能发挥作用。
Pheromones may act as a trigger or primer for certain types of behavior. The trigger pheromone produces an immediate change in behavior of the animal smelling it. The primer pheromone alters long-term physiologic conditions so that the recipient’s behavior can subsequently be influenced by specific accessory stimuli. ^(11){ }^{11} 信息素可能作为某些类型行为的触发器或启动剂。触发信息素会立即改变闻到它的动物的行为。启动信息素则改变长期的生理状态，使接受者的行为随后能够受到特定附加刺激的影响。 ^(11){ }^{11}
A possible example: A 2-year-old male Husky that had been in several fights off his property. The animal was taken on regular evening walks in the neighborhood, and was allowed to sniff and urinate at will. One afternoon the Husky escaped from the yard into the street, where a female and 3 male dogs were congregated. One 一个可能的例子：一只两岁的雄性哈士奇，曾多次在自家院子外与其他狗打架。该动物每天晚上都会在邻里散步，允许它随意嗅闻和排尿。一天午后，哈士奇从院子逃到街上，那里聚集着一只母狗和三只公狗。
of these males, a Collie, urinated every day along the street. The Husky’s approach to the dogs was witnessed by his owners. He approached the group and sniffed the female, and then a male. No hostility was shown. However, when the Husky sniffed the Collie, he instantly attacked it. 其中一只公狗，是一只柯利犬，每天都会沿街排尿。哈士奇的主人目睹了它接近这些狗的过程。它先是接近群体，嗅了嗅母狗，然后嗅了嗅一只公狗，没有表现出敌意。然而，当哈士奇嗅到柯利犬时，立刻攻击了它。
This case is typical of many wherein a dog appears to sense, by smell, another dog that may be perceived as a threat. Also typical among some vicious biting dogs is an apparent need to brand a strange territory with their own pheromones before launching an attack. I have also seen this take place even when the biting dogs were on their home territory. 这种情况在许多案例中很典型，狗似乎通过嗅觉感知到另一只可能被视为威胁的狗。在一些凶猛咬人的狗中，也常见它们在发动攻击前，似乎需要用自己的费洛蒙标记陌生领地。我也见过这种情况发生，即使咬人的狗处于自己的领地内。
Remedial programs include restricting urination of the problem dog to a single area of its own yard. This tends to lower the aggressiveness, as well as diminish the incidence of household urination. 矫正方案包括限制问题狗只在自家院子的一个区域排尿。这往往能降低攻击性，同时减少在家中随地小便的情况。
Hyperkinesis 多动症
Anyone who has worked extensively with dogs has occasionally been confronted by an over-active, sometimes raging, vicious beast, the handling of which has required a heavy-duty tranquilizer and several assistants. In many instances, such behavior cannot be explained by improper handling or cruelty and neglect by owners. When it seems that nothing can be done, the dog is written off as “just plain mean” and relegated to the end of a chain or destroyed as a menace to the neighborhood. Since the early 1970s, such excitable and vicious behavior has been identified in some dogs as hyperkinesis, which in children has been under study for 40 years, and which can be effectively treated medically. 任何与狗长期共事的人，偶尔都会遇到过度活跃、有时甚至狂暴凶猛的动物，处理这类动物时需要使用强效镇静剂和多名助手。在许多情况下，这种行为并不能用不当的处理方式或主人对其的虐待和忽视来解释。当似乎无计可施时，这只狗就被归为“天生凶狠”，被拴在链子的尽头或作为社区的威胁被处置。自 20 世纪 70 年代初以来，这种易激动和凶猛的行为在某些狗身上被认定为多动症，这种症状在儿童中已研究了 40 年，并且可以通过药物有效治疗。
The following information and cases need as much exposure today as when the first and second editions of this book appeared. “Hyperkinesis,” as a diagnostic entity, is described as “… a hyper behavior that is treatable with stimulants.” ^(20){ }^{20} by Bonnie V. Beaver, BS, MS, DVM, Dipl. ACVB in The Veterinarian’s Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior. A great deal of public ignorance abounds regarding hyperkinesis, probably because it has recently been given a new label, i.e. ‘attention deficit disorder.’ While ADD, as it is termed, may describe certain aspects of the readily observable behavior of a hyperkinetic dogs, it lacks the physiologic symptoms which can be described and measured. 以下信息和案例今天仍需像本书第一版和第二版出版时那样广泛传播。Bonnie V. Beaver，理学学士、理学硕士、兽医学博士、美国行为兽医学会认证专家，在《兽医动物行为百科全书》中将“多动症”作为一种诊断实体描述为“……一种可用兴奋剂治疗的过度行为”。关于多动症，公众普遍存在大量无知，可能是因为它最近被赋予了一个新名称，即“注意力缺陷障碍”。虽然所谓的 ADD 可能描述了多动症犬只某些易于观察的行为方面，但它缺乏可描述和测量的生理症状。
Clinical Signs 临床表现
Signs associated with hyperkinesis in dogs are usualiy displayed when the dog is stressed by close confinement and/or social isolation. Signs include rapid heart rate and respiration, excessive salivation, a high metabolic rate and reduced urine output. ^(12){ }^{12} The major difficulty in identifying the syndrome, however, is that there is no apparent cause. Clinical signs may be evident in dogs that are normal in other circumstances. Moreover, dogs identified as hyperkinetic do not always exhibit the same behavior patterns or physical symptoms. 狗的多动症相关症状通常在狗因狭小空间限制和/或社会隔离而感到压力时表现出来。症状包括心率和呼吸加快、过度流涎、新陈代谢率高以及尿量减少。 ^(12){ }^{12} 然而，识别该综合症的主要困难在于没有明显的原因。临床症状可能在其他情况下表现正常的狗身上出现。此外，被认定为多动症的狗并不总是表现出相同的行为模式或身体症状。
Diagnosis 诊断
Despite variations, clinical signs can give the veterinarian diagnostic clues in distinguishing the hyper-reactive from the hyperkinetic pet. Initial clues may come from the pet owner. In my experience, complaints fall into the following categories: the dog cannot sit still, even for a minute; it never becomes accustomed to everyday situations; it cannot be taught anything (often an obedience school failure); and it salivates constantly and always seems excited or nervous. 尽管存在差异，临床症状仍能为兽医提供诊断线索，以区分过度反应型和多动型宠物。最初的线索可能来自宠物主人。根据我的经验，投诉通常分为以下几类：狗无法静坐，即使只有一分钟；它从未适应日常情况；它无法被教导任何东西（常常在服从训练学校失败）；并且它不断流涎，总是显得兴奋或紧张。
Many dogs living in stressful environments may be stimulated toward hyper-reactivity. An amphetamine response test can differentiate hyper-reactivity from hyperkinesis. The seemingly paradoxical calming effect of amphetamines and methylphenidate (Ritalin) on hyperkinetic and even violent children and adults has been put to use for many years. In veterinary cases, amphetamines have resulted in about 75%75 \% positive results, i.e. the hyperactivity subsided markedly. 许多生活在压力环境中的狗可能会被刺激导致过度反应。安非他命反应测试可以区分过度反应和多动症。安非他命和甲基苯丙胺（利他林）对多动甚至暴力的儿童和成人产生的看似矛盾的镇静效果，多年来一直被应用。在兽医案例中，安非他命约有 75%75 \% 个阳性结果，即多动症明显减轻。
Treatment 治疗
The first controlled studies of hyperkinesis in dogs were an outgrowth of a long-term attempt to develop animal models of psychopathology. Dogs were chosen for these studies for several reasons, primarily because there were many carefully bred animals available. This allowed an evaluation of genetic strains in certain breeds. Also, dogs are the only domestic animal with a variety of emotional responses comparable to those seen in people, i.e., they worry about things not essential to their survival. 对犬类多动症的首次控制性研究是长期尝试开发动物精神病理模型的延伸。选择狗进行这些研究有几个原因，主要是因为有许多经过精心繁育的动物可供使用。这使得能够评估某些品种的遗传品系。此外，狗是唯一具有多种情绪反应的家养动物，这些反应与人类相似，即它们会担忧对生存非必需的事情。
In studies designed to evaluate responses to stress, some dogs did not respond to Pavlovian conditioning. Positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and tranquilization were all tried, but nothing worked. 在旨在评估对压力反应的研究中，一些狗对巴甫洛夫条件反射没有反应。正强化、负强化和镇静剂都尝试过，但都无效。
Typically such dogs would be eliminated from the study, but because the researchers were interested in the interaction of genetics and psychological environment, they were curious about dogs that appeared unwilling to be studied. Eventually the researcher decided they were dealing with the equivalent of a hyperkinetic children. On that basis, amphetamines were given, and the tentative diagnosis proved correct. 通常这类狗会被排除在研究之外，但由于研究人员对遗传学与心理环境的相互作用感兴趣，他们对那些看似不愿被研究的狗产生了好奇。最终，研究人员认为他们面对的是相当于多动症儿童的情况。基于此，给予了安非他命，初步诊断被证实是正确的。
The first model of hyperkinesis in a dog was Jackson, a CockerBeagle mix whose usual response to any approach was to snap, snarl, growl or, if possible, bite (Fig 6). Many experienced, gentle dog handlers were bitten, until eventually laboratory personnel refused to approach the dog. Jackson responded the same to other dogs. He viciously attacked any dog without hesitation, even friendly and docile animals. He refused to submit to Pavlovian conditioning, and destroyed laboratory equipment in his rages. 狗的多动症第一个模型是 Jackson，一只可卡比格犬混种犬，它对任何接近的反应通常是咬、吼、咆哮，或者如果可能的话，咬人（见图 6）。许多有经验、温和的训犬师都被咬伤，直到实验室人员最终拒绝接近这只狗。Jackson 对其他狗的反应也一样。他毫不犹豫地凶猛攻击任何狗，即使是友好温顺的动物。他拒绝接受巴甫洛夫条件反射训练，并在发怒时破坏实验室设备。
Because depressants were not effective against Jackson’s abnormally hyperactive and vicious behavior, it was suspected that hyperkinesis may have been involved. On this assumption, the dog was given amphetamine orally at 1mg//kg1 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg}. Within 2 hours, Jackson’s personality changed to complete docility (Fig 7). He whimpered as if he wanted to be petted. When petting was stopped, he begged for more. He became nonviolent, even submissive, toward the same dog he had attacked earlier. Jackson appeared to be perplexed and unsure of what to do. 由于镇静剂对 Jackson 异常的过度活跃和凶暴行为无效，怀疑可能涉及多动症。在此假设下，给狗口服安非他命，剂量为 1mg//kg1 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg} 。两小时内，Jackson 的性格变得完全温顺（图 7）。他呜咽着，仿佛想被抚摸。当停止抚摸时，他会乞求更多。他对之前攻击过的同一只狗变得不再暴力，甚至顺从。Jackson 显得困惑，不知道该怎么办。
When placed in the Pavlovian experimental stand after medication, Jackson responded normally and learned rapidly, indicating that his previous failure was not a result of mental retardation, but rather a secondary effect of his behavior problem. After 6 weeks of drug-facilitated psycho-social therapy, medication could be withdrawn without reappearance of aggression, but hyperkinesis reappeared in low-threat situations. Aggression was apparently trained out by the drug-facilitated social interaction and conditioning experiments, indicating that what is learned under the influence of amphetamines is retained later. 服药后放入巴甫洛夫实验台，Jackson 反应正常，学习迅速，表明他之前的失败不是智力迟钝的结果，而是其行为问题的次级影响。经过 6 周药物辅助的心理社会治疗后，停药时攻击行为未再出现，但在低威胁情境下多动症状重新出现。攻击行为显然通过药物辅助的社会互动和条件反射实验被训练消除，表明在安非他命影响下学到的行为后来得以保留。
After 2 more months of psycho-social therapy using amphetamines, Jackson’s unmedicated hyperkinesis was also reduced. 经过使用安非他命进行两个月的心理社会治疗后，Jackson 未经药物治疗的多动症也有所减轻。
Because he was between 11//211 / 2 and 2 years old at the time of the experiments, maturation could have been associated with the cure; however, 6 older hyperkinetic dogs did not outgrow their abnormal behavior patterns. 由于他在实验时年龄介于 11//211 / 2 至 2 岁之间，成熟可能与治愈有关；然而，6 只年长的多动症犬并未随着年龄增长而摆脱异常行为模式。
Both dextroamphetamine and methamphetamine at moderate dosages alleviated Jackson’s aggression, but resolving hyperkinesis required 4 times as much of the latter drug. There were similar variations in drug response in other hyperkinetic dogs. The effective dosage usually ranged from 0.5 to 1mg//kg1 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg}, but several dogs did not respond to 3 and 4mg//kg4 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg}. 适量剂量的右旋安非他命和甲基安非他命均能缓解 Jackson 的攻击性，但解决多动症则需要后者剂量的 4 倍。其他多动症犬也表现出类似的药物反应差异。有效剂量通常在 0.5 至 1mg//kg1 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg} 之间，但有几只犬对 3 和 4mg//kg4 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg} 剂量无反应。
Undesirable side effects of amphetamine treatment included stereotyped behavior and eating disturbances, particularly in slow eaters. Stereotypy was sometimes manifested as circling, running in place, hopping and head wagging, particularly when large doses of amphetamines were given. Eating disturbances were generally characterized by an approach-avoidance conflict; the dogs seemed unable to approach or finish eating food. Such reactions emphasize the need for careful clinical judgment when administering amphetamines. 安非他命治疗的不良副作用包括刻板行为和进食障碍，尤其是在进食缓慢的犬只中。刻板行为有时表现为绕圈、原地奔跑、跳跃和摇头，尤其是在给予大剂量安非他命时。进食障碍通常表现为接近-回避冲突；犬只似乎无法接近或完成进食。这些反应强调了在使用安非他命时需要谨慎的临床判断。
This study demonstrated that it is possible to permanently eliminate apparently uncontrollable aggression in a hyperkinetic dog. Jackson has since remained a well-behaved dog. The drug therapy probably did not cure the violence; this simply made it possible to develop a positive relationship with the dog. It transformed Jackson from an animal no one could pet, into an animal that appeared to realize that petting may be nicer than biting people. 这项研究表明，有可能永久消除多动症犬明显无法控制的攻击行为。自那以后，Jackson 一直是一只行为良好的狗。药物治疗可能并未治愈其暴力行为；这只是使得与狗建立积极关系成为可能。它使 Jackson 从一只没人敢抚摸的动物，变成了一只似乎意识到被抚摸比咬人更愉快的动物。
Mechanism of Drug Action 药物作用机制
The petting and training given hyperkinetic animals under the influence of drugs made it possible to establish new patterns of behavior. These involve new transmitter mechanisms opening new synapses in the nervous system which, once established, become permanent. 在药物影响下，对多动症动物进行抚摸和训练，使得建立新的行为模式成为可能。这些行为模式涉及新的神经递质机制，开启神经系统中新突触的形成，一旦建立便成为永久性的。
Most animals responded to amphetamine-facilitated therapy. The few that did not, subsequently responded to methylphenidate (Ritalin) or diphenylhydantoin (Dilantin). This suggests that different neurotransmitter mechanisms are involved. It has been hypothesized that hyperkinetic dogs suffer from a lack of neurotransmitters in inhibitory centers of the brain. Amphetamines act by 大多数动物对安非他命辅助的治疗有反应。少数没有反应的动物随后对甲基苯丙胺（利他林）或苯妥英钠（Dilantin）有反应。这表明涉及不同的神经递质机制。有人假设多动症犬的大脑抑制中枢缺乏神经递质。安非他命的作用机制是
either releasing neurotransmitters (phenylnorepinephrine, 1dopamine) or by preventing certain neurotransmitters from re-entering the nerve endings at synapses. In hyperkinetic dogs, these particular neurotransmitters may be lacking only in the inhibitory centers. 要么释放神经递质（苯肾上腺素、多巴胺），要么通过阻止某些神经递质重新进入突触处的神经末梢。在多动症犬中，这些特定的神经递质可能仅在抑制中枢缺乏。
If the appropriate amount of the drug is used, these transmitters are released, supplying inhibitory mechanisms. It appears that the 如果使用适当剂量的药物，这些递质就会被释放，提供抑制机制。看起来
Figure 6. Jackson, a hyperkinetic dog, showed extreme aggression to any approach. 图 6。Jackson，一只多动症犬，对任何接近表现出极端的攻击性。
Figure 7. Within 2 hours of oral amphetamine administration, Jackson became docile and friendly. 图 7。在口服安非他命后 2 小时内，Jackson 变得温顺友好。
primary deficit is not hyperkinesis, but hypo-inhibition. Learning involves constant interaction between inhibitory and excitatory nervous activities. 主要缺陷不是多动症，而是抑制不足。学习涉及抑制性和兴奋性神经活动之间的持续互动。
Clinical Test for Hyperkinesis 多动症的临床测试
The preliminary clinical test for hyperkinesis was recommended by the late Dr. Samuel Corson, who performed the early investigations at Ohio State University’s Department of Bio-Psychiatry. ^(13){ }^{13}. 多动症的初步临床测试由已故的塞缪尔·科森博士推荐，他在俄亥俄州立大学生物精神病学系进行了早期研究。 ^(13){ }^{13} 。
The heart and respiratory rates are measured with the dog in mild physical restraint, such as being held. In hyperkinetic dogs, these rates usually are much higher than normal. ^(2){ }^{2}. 在轻度身体约束下（如被抱着），测量狗的心率和呼吸频率。多动症狗的这些指标通常远高于正常水平。 ^(2){ }^{2} 。
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is given at an oral dosage of 0.2mg//kg0.2 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg} for non-aggressive dogs, and at 1mg//kg1 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg} for fractious, aggressive dogs. Both dosages are considered within the moderate therapeutic range. ^(3){ }^{3}. 甲基苯丙胺（利他林）口服剂量为 0.2mg//kg0.2 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg} ，适用于非攻击性犬只，攻击性强、易怒的犬只剂量为 1mg//kg1 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg} 。这两种剂量均被认为处于中等治疗范围内。 ^(3){ }^{3} 。
The dog is placed in a quiet holding area for 75-90 minutes. ^(4){ }^{4}. 将犬只安置在安静的等待区，时间为 75-90 分钟。 ^(4){ }^{4} 。
The heart and respiratory rates are then measured again, as in Step 1, but preferably in a different exam room by different staff, to avoid any influence of accommodation. ^(5){ }^{5}. A reduction in posttreatment heart and respiratory rates of 15%15 \% or more suggests that the dog is hyperkinetic. ^(6){ }^{6}. 然后再次测量心率和呼吸频率，方法同步骤 1，但最好在不同的检查室由不同的工作人员进行，以避免适应性的影响。 ^(5){ }^{5} 。治疗后心率和呼吸频率降低 15%15 \% 或以上，表明犬只为多动症。 ^(6){ }^{6} 。
During treatment, he dosage should be doubled until an optimum is found; that is, the dosage produces normally calm behavior. This can be done by the owners, with daily veterinary consultation. A dose is given each morning and afternoon, and sometimes before stressful events. The drug is always used in conjunction with a remedial behavior program. ^(7){ }^{7}. When the behavioral goals are achieved, the drug dosage is either gradually reduced until it is completely withdrawn, or drug use may be immediately stopped following veterinary examination. ^(8){ }^{8}. The remedial behavior program is continued for at least 6 weeks after medication is withdrawn. 在治疗过程中，剂量应加倍，直到找到最佳剂量；即剂量能产生正常平静的行为。这可以由主人在每日兽医咨询下进行。每天早晚各服用一次，有时在压力事件发生前服用。该药物总是与矫正行为方案结合使用。 ^(7){ }^{7} 当行为目标达到时，药物剂量要么逐渐减少直至完全停用，要么在兽医检查后立即停止用药。 ^(8){ }^{8} 停药后，矫正行为方案至少继续进行 6 周。
In dogs we have treated, behavioral adjustments have been well retained after withdrawal of the medication. However, mild hyperkinetic fidgeting has reappeared in 3 dogs. Although the following discussions mention dextroamphetamine as the drug used, Ritalin (methylphenidate) is currently the drug of choice. 在我们治疗过的狗中，停药后行为调整得到了良好的保持。然而，有 3 只狗出现了轻微的多动不安。尽管以下讨论提到使用的是右旋安非他命，但目前首选药物是利他林（甲基苯丙胺）。
Clinical Cases 临床病例
Through veterinarians in the Los Angeles area, we treated a number of cases of hyperkinesis. Of 16 animals, all of which came into the program from owners who wanted to get rid of them, 10 were less than 2 years old. Satisfactory results were obtained in 7 of these 10, and in 3 of the 6 older dogs. Since moving from Los Angeles, we have consulted with still more veterinarians and their clients in many cases involving hyperkinesis. When the diagnostic and medical/behavioral protocols were applied properly, the results have always been successful. 通过洛杉矶地区的兽医，我们治疗了多例多动症病例。在 16 只动物中，所有这些动物都是由想要摆脱它们的主人送入该项目的，其中 10 只不到 2 岁。在这 10 只中有 7 只取得了满意的效果，在 6 只较年长的狗中有 3 只取得了满意的效果。自从离开洛杉矶后，我们又与更多的兽医及其客户就多动症病例进行了咨询。当诊断和医疗/行为方案得到正确应用时，结果总是成功的。
For any program with hyperkinetic dogs is to succeed, the owners should be informed by the veterinarian of all aspects of the treatment program. The owner should also be made aware that treatment does not require lifelong medication, and that the treatment regimen is not extensive, expensive or inconvenient. 任何涉及多动症狗的项目要想成功，兽医应向主人告知治疗方案的所有方面。主人还应被告知，治疗不需要终身用药，且治疗方案并不繁琐、昂贵或不便。
Medical treatment does not work a miracle. Rather, what the owner does with the dog really makes the difference. We have not yet encountered a dog that responded like Jackson. The reason for this is probably that the owner’s home environment is not as tightly controlled as that in a research institute. However, owners who have put their hyperkinetic dogs through drug-facilitated therapy state that their pets behave acceptably. The following cases are as typical today as they were when they were treated in the 1970s. 药物治疗并非灵丹妙药。真正起决定作用的是主人如何与狗相处。我们至今还未遇到像 Jackson 那样有反应的狗。原因可能是主人的家庭环境不像研究机构那样严格控制。然而，那些让多动症犬接受药物辅助治疗的主人表示，他们的宠物行为变得可以接受。以下案例在今天依然典型，就像它们在 1970 年代接受治疗时一样。
Case 1: 案例 1：
A 2-year-old spayed Labrador-Setter mix was hyperactive and had to be tranquilized for treatment or bathing. The owners complained of constant unruliness, fence jumping and failure to respond to commands or punishment (Fig 8). They had found Val in their neighborhood and brought her into their home, where she got along well with their 8-year-old Boxer. Five weeks of daily off-leash training did not improve the dog’s behavior, and ultrasonic conditioning was only transiently effective when used for commands or distraction from misbehavior. After 6 weeks the dog was tested for amphetamine response by a veterinarian and was diagnosed as hyperkinetic. 一只 2 岁绝育的拉布拉多-塞特犬混血犬过度活跃，治疗或洗澡时必须镇静。主人抱怨它持续不听话、跳过围栏且对命令或惩罚无反应（见图 8）。他们在邻居家发现了 Val，并将她带回家中，她与家中 8 岁的拳师犬相处融洽。每天五周的无牵引训练并未改善狗的行为，超声波条件反射训练在用于命令或分散注意力时仅有短暂效果。六周后，兽医对该犬进行了安非他命反应测试，诊断为多动症。
The dog was given 10 mg of dextroamphetamine orally twice duily, with a 7 -hour interval between doses. Training sessions then produced stable conditioning and good retention. After 7 days, some regression to hyperactivity and salivation occurred, and the dose was reduced to 5 mg . Improvement in behavior was reported by the owners (Fig 9). Four weeks later, the dog appeared to be accommodating to the drug and was switched to ephedrine ( 25mg//45lb25 \mathrm{mg} / 45 \mathrm{lb} ). At the seventh week, medication was withdrawn, with no adverse signs. Command responses, formerly impossible to obtain, are now said to be excellent. Some initial unruliness with visitors is still noted, but is controllable. The owners originally were considering getting rid of the dog, but now find Val an acceptable pet worth keeping. 这只狗口服给予 10 毫克右旋安非他命，每天两次，剂量间隔 7 小时。训练课程随后产生了稳定的条件反射和良好的记忆保持。7 天后，出现了一些过度活跃和流涎的回归现象，剂量被减少到 5 毫克。主人报告行为有所改善（图 9）。四周后，狗似乎适应了药物，改用麻黄碱（ 25mg//45lb25 \mathrm{mg} / 45 \mathrm{lb} ）。第七周，停止用药，没有出现不良反应。以前无法获得的指令反应现在据说非常出色。仍然注意到与访客初期有些不守规矩，但可以控制。主人最初考虑过要放弃这只狗，但现在认为 Val 是一只值得留下的合适宠物。
Case 2: 案例 2：
A 7-month-old female Golden Retriever displayed unruliness, poor conditioning, no retention to commands or response to discipline, and excessive paw licking (Fig 10). Tranquilizers appeared to aggravate the condition. Hyperkinesis was suspected, and amphetamine response tests proved positive. 一只 7 个月大的母金毛寻回犬表现出不守规矩、条件反射差、对指令无记忆或纪律反应，以及过度舔爪（图 10）。镇静剂似乎加重了病情。怀疑为多动症，安非他命反应测试结果为阳性。
Dextroamphetamine, given orally ( 7.5 mg ) at 5 hour intervals, significantly reduced spontaneous physical activity (Fig 11). Commands and misbehavior inhibition, using an ultrasonic device, were taught by the owner. After 6 weeks of this program, behavioral goals were attained and medication was then withdrawn. During the following days, the clients noted some heightened excitability, after which the dog settled nicely. The owners now express satisfaction with the dog’s behavior. 口服给予右旋安非他命（7.5 毫克），每隔 5 小时一次，显著减少了自发的身体活动（图 11）。主人使用超声波装置教授命令和不良行为的抑制。经过 6 周的训练，行为目标达成，随后停药。在接下来的几天里，客户注意到狗的兴奋性有所增加，之后狗的状态稳定下来。主人现在对狗的行为表示满意。
Case 3: 案例 3：
A 7-year-old male German Shepherd had bitten several small children and a man. Each incident occurred relative to a barrier, either at a door or when the dog was tethered. The dog also urinated on walls 一只 7 岁的雄性德国牧羊犬曾咬伤过几名小孩和一名男子。每次事件都发生在障碍物附近，要么是在门口，要么是在狗被拴住的时候。狗还会在墙壁和窗帘上撒尿。
and draperies. Neighbors complained of constant barking when the dog was placed in a 6xx126 \times 12-foot run as a safety precaution. Hyperkinetic signs displayed included constant physical activity, hyperpnea and excessive salivation (Fig 12). 邻居抱怨当狗被放在一个 6xx126 \times 12 英尺的围栏中作为安全预防措施时，会持续吠叫。表现出的多动症状包括持续的身体活动、过度换气和过度流涎（图 12）。
Response to dextroamphetamine confirmed hyperkinesis. Treatment with 10mg//75lb10 \mathrm{mg} / 75 \mathrm{lb} twice daily at 8 -hour intervals proved effective. The first dose improved barking and overt viciousness (Fig 13). The dog was exposed to children, on and off leash, and remained calm. The only exception was a previously bitten girl, toward whom the dog showed aggression when the girl was at the front door. It is pertinent that this child displayed aggression toward the family children, often hitting them. Urination in the house was corrected by the third day through application of ultrasonic inhibition when the dog sniffed upright articles, walls or drapes. The dog now allows the client’s brother to pet him and appears friendly in response. Though the client didnot test the dog relative to the girl previously bitten at the doorway, its behavior was said to be vastly improved several weeks following withdrawal of the drug. 对右旋安非他命的反应证实了多动症。每天两次，每次间隔 8 小时使用 10mg//75lb10 \mathrm{mg} / 75 \mathrm{lb} 治疗效果显著。第一剂量改善了吠叫和明显的凶猛行为（图 13）。狗狗在有绳和无绳的情况下接触儿童，保持平静。唯一的例外是之前被咬过的女孩，当女孩在前门时，狗对她表现出攻击性。值得注意的是，这个孩子对家里的其他孩子表现出攻击性，经常打他们。通过在狗闻到直立物品、墙壁或窗帘时使用超声波抑制，第三天内纠正了在屋内排尿的问题。狗现在允许客户的兄弟抚摸它，并且表现出友好反应。虽然客户没有在之前被咬的女孩面前测试狗的行为，但据说在停药几周后，狗的行为有了极大改善。
A 1-year-old male Golden Retriever displayed hyperkinetic signs. The client complained of no response to commands, unruliness, digging in the garden, and sexual mounting of female family members. Standard leash training and punishment seemed to stimulate the dog to heightened activity. The dog was very friendly. 一只 1 岁的雄性金毛寻回犬表现出多动症状。客户抱怨狗狗对指令没有反应，行为失控，在花园里挖掘，并对家庭中的女性成员进行性骑跨。标准的牵引训练和惩罚似乎刺激了狗狗的活动量增加。狗狗非常友好。
A dextroamphetamine dosage of 0.1mg//lb0.1 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{lb} was effective. An 11-week program of off-leash command response conditioning and malbehavior correction was successful. Anorexia at the morning feeding was evident for several days after use of the medication was begun, but this resolved. Several weeks after withdrawal of medication, the dog continued to display marked calmness and was acceptable in social situations. 使用剂量为 0.1mg//lb0.1 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{lb} 的右旋安非他命有效。经过 11 周的无牵引指令反应训练和不良行为纠正计划取得了成功。用药开始后几天，早晨喂食时出现了厌食现象，但随后恢复正常。停药数周后，狗狗依然表现出明显的平静，在社交场合中表现良好。
Psychoactive Drugs and Side-Effects 精神活性药物及其副作用
Fortunately, three decades of experience have followed Corson’s work with hyperkinesis in dogs. However, various psychoactive drugs, such as buspirone, fluoxetine, chlorpromazine, phenothiazine, reserpine and imipranine, have been introduced 幸运的是，继 Corson 关于犬类多动症的研究之后，已有三十年的经验积累。然而，各种精神活性药物，如布斯哌酮、氟西汀、氯丙嗪、苯噻嗪、利血平和伊米普拉明等，已被引入使用。
Figure 9. The hyperkinetic dog in Figure 8 became much more calm after treatment with dextroamphetamine and behavioral training. 图 9。图 8 中的多动症犬在使用右旋安非他命和行为训练治疗后变得更加平静。
Figure 10. A hyperkinetic Golden Retriever was overly active. 图 10。一只多动的金毛寻回犬过于活跃。
recently into dog behavior therapy with little or no controlled research in laboratory animals. However, an excellent source for adverse side-effects has been published. ^(21){ }^{21} Some of the behavioral effects are listed here for only a few of the most ‘popular’ drugs. 最近开始应用于犬类行为治疗，但在实验动物中几乎没有或没有受控研究。然而，已经发表了一份关于不良副作用的优秀资料。 ^(21){ }^{21} 这里列出了一些行为影响，仅针对少数几种“最受欢迎”的药物。
Figure 11. The dog in Figure 10 poses quietly for a photograph after treatment with dextroamphetamine and behavioral training. 图 11。图 10 中的犬在使用右旋安非他命和行为训练治疗后，安静地摆姿势拍照。
Chapter 4 第四章
Buspirone (Buspar®) Interference with cognitive (perception, memory, etc.) and motor performance(coordination) Paradoxical increase in aggression. 布斯庇隆（Buspar®）干扰认知（感知、记忆等）和运动表现（协调能力）矛盾性攻击性增加。
Fortunately, veterinarians inform clients whether administration of drugs may adversely affect a pet’s behavior and physical health. For instance, the fact that busparone may interfere with perception and memory may not apply to a house soiling problem, but be highly significant in another, such as any fear-induced behavior, i.e., fighting. 幸运的是，兽医会告知客户用药是否可能对宠物的行为和身体健康产生不良影响。例如，布斯帕龙可能干扰感知和记忆，这一点对家中排泄问题可能无关紧要，但对其他问题，如任何由恐惧引起的行为（即打斗），则可能非常重要。
Figure 12. A hyperkinetic German Shepherd lunged at strangers before treatment. 图 12. 一只多动的德国牧羊犬在治疗前会向陌生人扑去。
Figure 13. The dog in Figure 12 became much less aggressive after dextroamphetamine treatment. 图 13. 图 12 中的狗在服用右旋安非他命治疗后变得不那么具有攻击性。
Alternatives - Herbs 替代方案——草药
Veterinarians, both homeopathic and not, chiropractic, acupuncurists, and many behavior consultants, are increasingly turning to herbs for support during behavioral therapy programs. Side-effects, if any, are minimal, costs are lower than for prescription drugs and clients often prefer the idea of a ‘natural’ agent versus a synthetic laboratory product. Among the most popular for stress and nervousness is a Bach Flower called Rescue Remedy. However, there are also herbs and proper dosages to support nearly every type of remedial behavior program. For instance, for Depression - Pulsatilla or Ignacia, Aggression (various kinds)- Lyss, Bufo, Stramonium or Lachesis, Phobias (storms, fireworks) - the minerals Borax and/or Phosphorous. 兽医，无论是顺势疗法的还是非顺势疗法的，脊椎按摩师，针灸师，以及许多行为顾问，越来越多地在行为治疗项目中转向使用草药辅助。副作用如果有的话也很小，费用比处方药低，客户通常更喜欢“天然”药物而非合成的实验室产品。在缓解压力和紧张方面，最受欢迎的草药之一是巴赫花疗法中的救援药剂。然而，几乎每种行为矫正方案都有相应的草药和适当剂量支持。例如，针对抑郁症——毛茛或伊格纳西亚；攻击行为（各种类型）——狂犬病、蟾蜍、曼陀罗或拉克西斯；恐惧症（暴风雨、烟花）——矿物质硼砂和/或磷。
Information on the WorldWideWeb, etc. 关于万维网等的信息
The best starting address on the Internet for information regarding behavior and the veterinary field and behavior is at: NetVet Veterinary Resources/ The Electronic Zoo at: 关于行为学和兽医领域及行为学的最佳互联网起始地址是：NetVet 兽医资源/电子动物园，网址为： http://netvet.wustl.edu/welctext.htm
This Home Page is maintained by Ken Boschert, DVM at Washington University, St. Louis. It is a virtual gateway to the entire world of pets and behavior, as well as sources for information about nearly every field of animal study and practice. 该主页由华盛顿大学圣路易斯分校的兽医肯·博斯切特（Ken Boschert, DVM）维护。它是通往宠物和行为学整个世界的虚拟门户，同时也是几乎所有动物研究和实践领域信息的来源。
Summary 总结
As we’ve seen, from genetic manipulation to medical treatment, the delicate interplay between the physical condition of a pet dog and his or her behavior is critically important, and obviously needs a great deal more study. Even so, much is already known from clinical and scientific findings. 正如我们所见，从基因操作到医疗治疗，宠物狗的身体状况与其行为之间的微妙相互作用极为重要，显然需要更多的研究。即便如此，临床和科学研究已经揭示了许多相关知识。
As in any developing field, there are conflicting opinions about the efficacy of any type of behavioral therapy, especially when it involves all aspects of physiology and several other disciplines. These conflicts are not new, nor are they unhealthy. At the same time, it is every professional’s obligation to make clients aware that both traditional and alternative therapies are available, and to refer them to sources for more information. All pet professionals should live by the principle: Do no harm. 在任何发展中的领域，对于任何类型的行为疗法的有效性都会存在不同意见，尤其是当它涉及生理的各个方面及其他多个学科时。这些分歧并不新鲜，也不一定是不健康的。同时，每位专业人士都有责任让客户了解传统疗法和替代疗法的存在，并引导他们获取更多信息。所有宠物专业人士都应遵循的原则是：不造成伤害。
Chapter 4 第四章
References 参考文献
Plechner AJ and Zucker M: Pet Allergies. Very Healthy Enterprises, Inglewood, CA, 1986. Plechner AJ 和 Zucker M：《宠物过敏》。Very Healthy Enterprises，英格尔伍德，加利福尼亚州，1986 年。
Wyrwica W: Mechanisms of Conditioned Behavior. Charles C Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1972. Wyrwica W：《条件行为的机制》。Charles C Thomas，斯普林菲尔德，伊利诺伊州，1972 年。
Scott JP: Animal Behavior. Univ Chicago Press, 1972. Scott JP：动物行为。芝加哥大学出版社，1972 年。
Wilson EO, in: Animal Engineering. Freeman Co, San Francisco, 1974. Wilson EO，载于：《动物工程》。Freeman 公司，旧金山，1974 年。
Corson SA et al: Centennial Symposium on Huntington’s Chorea. Raven Press, New York, 1973. Corson SA 等人：《亨廷顿舞蹈症百年研讨会》。Raven 出版社，纽约，1973 年。
Corson SA: Personal communication. Corson SA：个人通讯。
Dunbar I and Bohenkamp G: Behavior Booklets. James and Kenneth, 2140 Shattuck Ave, Berkeley, CA. Dunbar I 和 Bohenkamp G：《行为手册》。James 和 Kenneth，2140 Shattuck Ave，伯克利，加利福尼亚。
J. Neilson, et. al., JAVMA, Vol 211, No. 2, July 15, 1997. J. Neilson 等，《美国兽医医学会杂志》，第 211 卷，第 2 期，1997 年 7 月 15 日。
A. Hallgren, Spinal Anomolies in Dcgs, Animal Behavior Consultant Newsletter, Vol. 9 No. 3, July, 1992. A. Hallgren，《犬类脊柱异常》，《动物行为顾问通讯》，第 9 卷第 3 期，1992 年 7 月。
Klosovski, B.N., Development of the Nervous System and its Disturbance by Harmful Factors, Macmillan, NY, 1963. B.N. Klosovski，《神经系统的发展及其受有害因素干扰》，麦克米伦出版社，纽约，1963 年。
Milani, Myrna M., The Art of Veterinary Practice, U. Pennsylvania Press, 1995 Myrna M. Milani，《兽医实践的艺术》，宾夕法尼亚大学出版社，1995 年。
Beaver, Bonnie B., The Veterinarian’s Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, Iowa St. U. Press, 1994. Beaver, Bonnie B.，《兽医动物行为百科全书》，爱荷华州立大学出版社，1994 年。
Dodman, Nicholas H., BVMS,MRCVS,DVA, Dipl. ACVA and Shuster, Louis, PhD, Pharmacological approaches to managing behavior problems in small animals, Veterinary Medicine, October, 1994. Dodman, Nicholas H.，BVMS，MRCVS，DVA，ACVA 认证专家 和 Shuster, Louis，博士，小动物行为问题的药理学管理方法，《兽医医学》，1994 年 10 月。
5
Nutrition and Behavior 营养与行为
The health and many behavioral tendencies of today’s pet dog depends largely on how its nutrition agrees with its genetic constitution. Fortunately, nutritional diagnoses and dietary management techniques are now at the disposal of every veterinarian and discerning dog owner. In spite of this, as long as most of our dogs (whom nature did not endow with flat molars) are fed grain-based, high carbohydrate diets more suited to horses than carnivores, behavior problems will probably continue to abound. In spite of this, there are ways of manipulating diets and, hence, threshholds of excitability, i.e., behavioral tendencies. 当今宠物狗的健康状况及许多行为倾向，很大程度上取决于其营养是否符合其遗传构成。幸运的是，营养诊断和饮食管理技术现已为每位兽医和有眼光的狗主人所掌握。尽管如此，只要我们大多数狗（天生没有扁平臼齿）仍被喂食以谷物为主、高碳水化合物的饮食，这种饮食更适合马匹而非食肉动物，行为问题可能仍将层出不穷。尽管如此，通过调整饮食，从而影响兴奋阈值，即行为倾向，仍然是可行的方法。
We will cite some relevant literature and a few cases to illustrate the benefits of a holistic approach to canine nutritional behavioral therapy. In the meantime, an excellent source for home-brew diets, and more, is the Volhard/Brown book The Holistic guide for a Healthy Dog. ^(11){ }^{11} 我们将引用一些相关文献和几个案例，以说明整体犬类营养行为疗法的益处。与此同时，关于自制饮食及更多内容的优秀资料是 Volhard/Brown 的《健康犬的整体指南》。 ^(11){ }^{11}
General Feeding Practices 一般喂养习惯
People eat when they want to. Dogs eat what and when their owners want to feed them, except for those allowed constant access to food. Free-feeding dry food works well with some animals, but can lead to catastrophic obesity, dog-fights between family pets, unhygenic conditions or housesoiling. When behavior problems 人们想吃的时候就吃。狗则是按主人想喂的时间和食物吃，除非允许它们随时进食。自由喂食干粮对某些动物效果不错，但可能导致严重肥胖、家庭宠物间打架、不卫生的环境或室内排泄。当行为问题
crop up, it is wise to switch the dog to scheduled feedings at least twice a day. 出现时，明智的做法是将狗改为每天至少定时喂食两次。
Hunger Tension 饥饿紧张
Many dogs switch themselves to once-a-day feedings between 6 months and 11//211 / 2 years of age by turning up their noses at either the morning or evening meal. Most people interpret this behavior as a clue that the pet needs only one meal a day. What is probably happening, though, is that the dog no longer needs rapid growth nutrients and is entering the maintenance stage. In many dogs, maintenance requires a little more than one-half of growth needs! So the owner naively starts feeding once a day, which leaves the dog with an empty stomach for most of its waking hours. This results in what I call “hunger tension,” a phenomenon not hard to imagine when nature’s fuel gauge reads ‘empty’ for more than 12-14 hours a day. 许多狗在 6 个月到 11//211 / 2 岁之间，会通过拒绝早饭或晚饭，自己转为一天喂一次。大多数人将这种行为解读为宠物只需要一天一餐的信号。然而，实际上可能是狗狗不再需要快速生长所需的营养，进入了维持阶段。对于许多狗来说，维持阶段所需的营养仅略多于生长期需求的一半！因此，主人天真地开始一天喂一次，这导致狗狗在大部分清醒时间里都空着肚子。这就产生了我所说的“饥饿紧张”现象，当自然的燃料表显示“空”超过 12-14 小时，这种现象并不难理解。
Dogs digest food in their stomachs longer than humans, probably because canine saliva has no discernible digestive enzyme function. Dogs, as carnivores, are designed by nature to rip, tear and gulp, so it makes sense that their gastric juices require more time to suificiently break down food before it enters the small intestine. It is not hard to imagine the consequences of cutting an accustomed two feedings down to one per day. Some dogs adapt to the change, though many owners give their once-a-day eaters tidbits around the time of their former feeding. Dogs often develop oral behavior problems, such as pica, chewing, stealing food or begging at the table. 狗在胃中消化食物的时间比人类长，可能是因为犬类唾液中没有明显的消化酶功能。作为食肉动物，狗天生设计成撕咬、撕裂和吞咽的方式，因此它们的胃液需要更多时间来充分分解食物，然后才进入小肠。这也不难想象，将习惯的两餐减少到一天一餐会带来什么后果。有些狗能适应这种变化，尽管许多主人会在原本喂食的时间给一天一餐的狗一些零食。狗经常会出现口腔行为问题，比如异食癖、咀嚼、偷食或在餐桌旁乞讨。
The reason some animals require only one, and others two meals a day is mainly due to the rate at which they metabolize their food. Other elements of the environment can bear on the situation as well. The amount of exercise a dog undertakes spontaneously, or is stimulated to undertake, affects food intake; even the temperature. For these reasons, two meals a day are recommended in problem cases. This requires feeding half the once-a-day ration twice daily. 一些动物一天只需一餐，而另一些则需要两餐，主要是因为它们代谢食物的速度不同。环境中的其他因素也会影响这种情况。狗自发进行的运动量，或被激励进行的运动量，会影响食物摄入量；甚至温度也有影响。基于这些原因，问题犬建议一天喂两餐。这需要将一天一餐的食量分成两半，分两次喂食。
Feeding Schedules 喂食时间安排
Dogs have relatively few highlights in daily life as household pets: Waking up in the morning, their first trip outside to investigate the odors of any night invaders, urinating and/or defecating in 作为家庭宠物，狗在日常生活中相对没有太多亮点：早晨醒来后，它们的第一次外出是去调查夜间入侵者留下的气味，排尿和/或排便于
favorite spots, being left alone all day, barking at the mailman or other potential intruders, then welcoming their people at homecoming, and eating. It is no wonder that monotony and boredom are also significant sources of tension and behavior problems. 最喜欢的地方，整天被独自留下，对邮递员或其他潜在入侵者吠叫，然后在家人回家时迎接他们，以及进食。难怪单调和无聊也是紧张和行为问题的重要来源。
Feeding schedules can play a significant role in problem behavior. If these are too near to the regular departure or arrival times of the owners, any change in the schedule because of unexpected delays or early departures can upset the routine-and the dog. This is especially true when feedings are given immediately after the owner’s arrival at home in the afternoon or evening. If the owner is late, the dog has double-trouble. The emotional ritual of the greeting is frustrated and the gastric schedule of the animal is violated. 喂食时间表在行为问题中起着重要作用。如果喂食时间过于接近主人平时离开或回家的时间，因意外延误或提前离开而导致的时间变化会打乱日常规律——也会影响到狗狗。尤其是在主人下午或晚上刚回家时立即喂食的情况下更是如此。如果主人迟到，狗狗会面临双重困扰。迎接主人的情感仪式被打断，动物的胃部时间表也被打乱。
Therefore, even though this practice may not appear clearly to be part of the problem, it is worthwhile to schedule feedings at least an hour before the owner’s departure and an hour after homecoming on regular workdays. The same schedule is used on weekends, at least until the problem is cleared up. This affects the social schedules of some owners, but it can help to solve problems. 因此，尽管这种做法可能看起来并不是问题的明显部分，但在正常工作日，安排喂食时间至少在主人离开前一小时和回家后一小时是值得的。周末也采用相同的时间表，至少在问题解决之前如此。这会影响一些主人的社交安排，但有助于解决问题。
Variety in the Diet 饮食多样性
Changing the type of food to satisfy our own misguided feeling that “Fido needs variety to be happy” risks creating intestinal chaos in a dog. The intestines maintain a bacterial population that helps digest a given diet. When the diet is suddenly changed, the bacterial population may be unable to adjust to the new ingredients. Diarrhea or loose stools often result. Flatulence can be a problem. Because dogs are easily affected by intestinal upsets, problem dogs are best fed a steady diet that supplies all their nutritional requirements. However, dogs that develop food hypersensitivities and/or food allergies, versus food hypersensitivities, need carefully designed programs providing nutritional variety. 为了满足我们自己错误的感觉——“菲多需要多样化才能快乐”——而改变食物种类，可能会导致狗狗肠道混乱。肠道内维持着一种有助于消化特定饮食的细菌群。当饮食突然改变时，细菌群可能无法适应新的成分，常常导致腹泻或稀便。胀气也可能成为问题。由于狗狗容易受到肠道不适的影响，有问题的狗最好喂食一种稳定的饮食，满足其所有营养需求。然而，发展出食物过敏和/或食物超敏反应的狗，则需要精心设计的饮食方案，提供营养多样性。
When a diet is changed, it is best to add the new food in increments of 25%25 \% of total diet volume while deleting 25%25 \% of the old food over a 4 -day period. This allows intestinal bacteria to accommodate to the new food without the shock of instant changeover. Loose stools are avoided, together with their potential behavioral consequences of housesoiling. 当改变饮食时，最好在 4 天内逐步添加新食物，每次增加总饮食量的 25%25 \% ，同时减少旧食物的 25%25 \% 。这样可以让肠道细菌适应新食物，避免因突然更换而产生的冲击。这样可以避免稀便及其可能引发的室内排泄等行为问题。
Even with this gradual approach. highly sensitive dogs, especially those with a history of gastritis, may temporarily have loose stools after a diet change. However, it has been beneficial in these cases to persevere with the change-over rather than revert to the old diet. If the looseness persists, veterinary attention should be sought. 即使采用这种渐进的方法，特别是有胃炎病史的高度敏感犬，在饮食改变后也可能暂时出现稀便。然而，在这些情况下，坚持更换饮食而不是恢复旧饮食是有益的。如果稀便持续，应寻求兽医帮助。
Diet Content 饮食内容
An elegant review on the state of pet dog and cat food was presented by D.S. Kronfeld in Modern Veterinary Practice magazine. ^(9){ }^{9} To quote him, “The commercial dog food industry was founded on the observation that the dog could eat the English tea biscuit. The broken biscuits from the bottom of the barrel sold at cut-rates, and these kibbles became popular with owners if not dogs.” He cited two Nobel prizes awarded for studies of cereal fed dogs. In one, the dogs suffered serious calcium deficiencies. The other study produced dementia (insane behavior) and other damaging effects due to niacin deficiencies. The conclusion was that cereal-based diets should be supplemented with niacin, riboflavin, faí and protein to produce a complete diet. ^(10){ }^{10} D.S. Kronfeld 在《现代兽医实践》杂志上对宠物狗和猫食品的现状做了一个优雅的综述。 ^(9){ }^{9} 引用他的话说：“商业狗粮行业的起源是基于观察到狗可以吃英国茶饼。桶底破碎的饼干以低价出售，这些颗粒状饼干虽然不一定受狗欢迎，但却受到了主人的青睐。”他提到了两项因研究谷物喂养狗而获得的诺贝尔奖。其中一项研究中，狗出现了严重的钙缺乏症。另一项研究则因烟酸缺乏导致了痴呆（疯狂行为）和其他有害影响。结论是，基于谷物的饮食应补充烟酸、核黄素、脂肪和蛋白质，以形成完整的饮食。 ^(10){ }^{10}
The pet food industry blossomed from a commercial desire to use the left-overs from manufactured human foods, mainly cereal by-products, so it is not surprising that most commercial dog foods contain relatively high ratios of carbohydrate to protein, usually in the range of 50:22 or more! 宠物食品行业起源于商业上利用人类食品制造过程中的剩余物，主要是谷物副产品，因此大多数商业狗粮含有相对较高的碳水化合物与蛋白质比例，通常在 50:22 或更高的范围内，这并不令人惊讶！
Protein, Brain Function and Behavior 蛋白质、大脑功能与行为
A 1996 study with dogs, ^(11){ }^{11} investigated a growing misconception among some trainers and veterinarians that low protein diets ( 16 to 20%20 \% protein) can improve the behavior of hyper-active or aggressive dogs that had formerly been fed what was erroneously called a high protein diet ( 28 to 32%32 \% protein) on a dry-matter basis. 1996 年一项针对狗的研究， ^(11){ }^{11} 调查了一些训练师和兽医中日益增长的误解，即低蛋白饮食（16%至 20%20 \% %蛋白质）可以改善那些之前被错误地称为高蛋白饮食（干物质基础上 28%至 32%32 \% %蛋白质）喂养的多动或攻击性犬只的行为。
The results suggested that lowering protein in the diet is not generally useful in treating behavior problems involving territorial aggression, dominance aggression and hyper-activity. Unfortunately, but not surprisingly, a study was not done that reduced carbohydrates, the major component of most dog foods, while increasing protein. 结果表明，降低饮食中的蛋白质通常对治疗涉及领域攻击、支配性攻击和多动行为的问题无效。不幸的是，但并不令人意外的是，没有进行一项研究是在减少碳水化合物（大多数狗粮的主要成分）的同时增加蛋白质。
In a carefully controlled study, protein-starved animals were evaluated for the effects of protein depletion on various organs. ^(2){ }^{2} Examination of the brain revealed only a 14% average protein loss, compared to gross depletion of 27-65%27-65 \% or more in other organs. Researchers concluded that, because it directs hunting/food-seeking behavior, the brain may have naturally evolved to be less susceptible to protein starvation. (The animal can still find food if the liver or heart is failing, but not when the brain falters.) 在一项严格控制的研究中，评估了蛋白质缺乏对各种器官的影响。 ^(2){ }^{2} 对大脑的检查显示，平均蛋白质损失仅为 14%，而其他器官则出现了 27-65%27-65 \% %或更多的严重蛋白质耗竭。研究人员得出结论，由于大脑指导狩猎/觅食行为，它可能自然进化得对蛋白质饥饿不那么敏感。（如果肝脏或心脏衰竭，动物仍能找到食物，但大脑功能障碍时则不行。）
Unfortunately, we must now cite rat studies for further data. Protein-starved experimental animals exhibited no serious learning deficits regarding responses to aversive (shock) stimuli or maze problems involving food rewards. However, the animals did have lower thresholds for electro-convulsive shock, that is, they convulsed at lower voltages than normal animals. The researchers tentatively concluded that a protein depletion of up to 14%14 \% in the mammalian brain does not appreciably affect learning, but slightly reduces excitability thresholds. This study raises interesting questions about the effects of protein, carbohydrate and fat ratios on the general level of excitability in mammals, particularly in problem dogs, many of which are excitable. Unfortunately, there is still a lack of meaningful, objective nutrition/behavioral research using dogs. 不幸的是，我们现在必须引用大鼠研究以获取更多数据。蛋白质缺乏的实验动物在对厌恶性（电击）刺激的反应或涉及食物奖励的迷宫问题上没有表现出严重的学习缺陷。然而，这些动物对电休克的阈值较低，也就是说，它们在比正常动物更低的电压下就会发生抽搐。研究人员初步得出结论，哺乳动物大脑中高达 14%14 \% 的蛋白质缺乏并不会显著影响学习能力，但会略微降低兴奋阈值。这项研究引发了关于蛋白质、碳水化合物和脂肪比例对哺乳动物整体兴奋水平影响的有趣问题，尤其是在许多易激动的问题犬中。不幸的是，至今仍缺乏使用犬类进行的有意义且客观的营养/行为研究。
Studies on rats indicate that carbohydrate-rich diets can significantly increase levels of serotonin in the brain. ^(3){ }^{3} Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) is an essential but still poorly understood chemical neurotransmitter found in greatest concentrations in the raphe nuclei of the medulla oblongata, which has a role in determining the general levels of excitability. I won’t speculate on the role of serotonin in canine behavior-there is more than enough of that around today. What is pertinent is that the ratios between carbohydrate, protein and fat intake may produce both immediate and long-term changes in the excitability of dogs. It now remains to relate this empirically to certain behavior problems. 对大鼠的研究表明，高碳水化合物饮食可以显著增加大脑中血清素的水平。 ^(3){ }^{3} 血清素（5-羟色胺）是一种必需但仍未被充分理解的化学神经递质，主要集中在延髓缝核中，参与决定整体兴奋性水平。我不会对血清素在犬类行为中的作用进行猜测——如今这方面的讨论已经足够多了。相关的是，碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂肪摄入比例可能会对犬只的兴奋性产生即时和长期的变化。现在需要做的是将这些经验性地与某些行为问题联系起来。
Stress Diets 压力饮食
Physical conditions that can create stress include surgery, pregnancy, lactation, demodectic mange, nonspecific dermatitis, diabetes and many other diseases. Some of the major social conditions that induce stress are monotony, inconsistent treatment by people, excessive activity, noise and changes in routines. Canine nutrition 可能引起压力的身体状况包括手术、怀孕、哺乳、毛囊蠕形螨病、非特异性皮炎、糖尿病以及许多其他疾病。一些主要的社会性压力因素包括单调、人与犬之间不一致的对待、过度活动、噪音和日常生活习惯的改变。犬类营养
manuals emphasize feeding stressed dogs a so-called high-protein diet, with moderate amounts of fat and high-quality carbohydrate. Such a diet is expressed by the following dry weight percentages: 46%46 \% carbohydrate (maximum), 29%29 \% protein (minimum), and 10%10 \% fat (minimum). ^(2){ }^{2} The carbohydrate/protein ratio in the example is obviously not representative of a genuinely high-protein diet. 手册强调给压力大的狗喂食所谓的高蛋白饮食，含适量脂肪和高质量碳水化合物。这种饮食以干重百分比表示为： 46%46 \% 碳水化合物（最大值）、 29%29 \% 蛋白质（最小值）和 10%10 \% 脂肪（最小值）。 ^(2){ }^{2} 例子中的碳水化合物/蛋白质比例显然不代表真正的高蛋白饮食。
The nonspecific excitability of rats, ascertained by measuring the rats’ general investigatory activity, susceptibility to noxious stimuli, and libido, was lowered by a diet high in protein ( 60%60 \% protein-calories), and low in carbohydrate-calories ( 27%27 \% ), with fat-calories at 13%13 \%. Working with proper controls and using animals bred as either excitable or inhibitable, general levels of excitability could actually be manipulated with diet changes. ^(2){ }^{2} 通过测量大鼠的一般探索活动、对有害刺激的敏感性和性欲，发现高蛋白饮食（ 60%60 \% 蛋白质热量）和低碳水化合物热量（ 27%27 \% ），脂肪热量为 13%13 \% ，能降低大鼠的非特异性兴奋性。通过适当的对照和使用经过兴奋性或抑制性育种的动物，实际上可以通过饮食变化操控一般的兴奋水平。 ^(2){ }^{2}
Increased potassium in the diet further calmed excitable types if a high-protein, low-carbohydrate diet was fed. This sort of dietary adjustment begs for more serious investigations by canine nutritionists and behaviorists. It may be fruitful toward creating less excitable and hence, less problematic dogs. 如果喂食高蛋白、低碳水化合物饮食，饮食中增加钾含量会进一步使兴奋型动物平静下来。这种饮食调整值得犬类营养学家和行为学家进行更深入的研究。它可能有助于培育出更不易兴奋、因此问题更少的狗。
One difficulty in assessing dietary effects on dog behavior lies in the fact that several days to several weeks are required before changes are discernible. Because behavioral work involves external environmental and social changes as well as dietary adjustment, it is impossible to accurately assess dietary effects alone. However, we do note the following dramatic changes in excitable animals when diets are adjusted by feeding properly supplemented higher protein and lower carbohydrate levels: 评估饮食对犬类行为影响的一个难点在于，需要几天到几周的时间才能观察到变化。由于行为研究涉及外部环境和社会变化以及饮食调整，因此无法准确评估单独的饮食影响。然而，我们确实注意到，当通过提供适当补充的高蛋白和低碳水化合物饮食调整时，易激动动物会出现以下显著变化：
Conditioning to commands and signals is better retained. 对命令和信号的条件反射保持得更好。
The dogs are less hyper-reactive to incidental, unexpected, startling stimuli from the environment, such as other dogs barking or cars backfiring. 狗对环境中偶发的、意外的、令人惊吓的刺激反应较少，如其他狗吠叫或汽车爆炸声。
We have supplemented these diets with a high quality multi-vitamin/mineral/amino acid/enzyme product like (Canine Plus by Vetri-Science) and 500-100mg500-100 \mathrm{mg} of niacinamide. The well-known detrimental effects on the nervous system and behavior in thiamin and niacin deficiencies are often revealed in poor conditioned reflex formation before they become clinically apparent. Therefore, it is good “insurance” when working with problem dogs to give a high quality supplement even though they appear healthy. 我们在这些饮食中补充了高质量的多种维生素/矿物质/氨基酸/酶产品，如（Vetri-Science 的 Canine Plus）和 500-100mg500-100 \mathrm{mg} 的烟酰胺。众所周知，硫胺素和烟酸缺乏对神经系统和行为有不良影响，通常在临床表现之前会通过条件反射形成不良表现出来。因此，在处理问题犬时，即使它们看起来健康，给予高质量的补充剂也是一种良好的“保险”。
High-carbohydrate, low-protein diets have not been used in our programs extensively because clients rarely complain that the problem dog is lethargic! Therefore, there is rarely a need for a pep-up diet. 高碳水化合物、低蛋白质的饮食在我们的项目中并未被广泛使用，因为客户很少抱怨问题犬表现出无精打采的状态！因此，几乎没有必要使用提神饮食。
As mentioned, generations of domestic dogs have now evolved while eating exceptionally high carbohydrate diets. Until recently, the idea that this may have produced animals that are more susceptible to nutritional hyper-sensitivities has either been ignored or sometimes disclaimed by animal nutritionists. However, attitudes are changing, mainly due to pioneering clinical work and a commercial awakening to the growing market for specialized diets. While most pet owners feed their animals for economy, a growing number are becoming quality conscious and seeking alternatives. 如前所述，家养犬经过几代的进化，已经习惯了极高碳水化合物的饮食。直到最近，动物营养学家们要么忽视了这一点，要么有时否认这种饮食可能导致动物对营养过敏更为敏感的观点。然而，态度正在改变，主要是由于开创性的临床研究和对专业饮食日益增长市场的商业觉醒。虽然大多数宠物主人为了经济考虑喂养动物，但越来越多的人开始注重质量并寻求替代方案。
So many specialized diets are appearing every year that a review of them would be obsolete before this text is published. However, applying certain principles can be helpful for problem dogs. 每年出现的专业饮食种类繁多，若对其进行综述，恐怕在本书出版前就已过时。然而，应用某些原则对问题犬仍然有帮助。
In general, if a dog displays personality changes-sudden bursts of activity, avoidance of formerly appealing people or situations, hypersensitivity to sounds, light or touch, etc., and for which no compelling environmental-behavioral cause is apparent-the animal is a candidate for an immediate, complete physical examination and nutritional evaluation, and a combination medical/nutritional/behavioral program. 一般来说，如果一只狗表现出性格变化——突然的活动爆发、回避以前喜欢的人或情境、对声音、光线或触摸过度敏感等，且没有明显的环境或行为原因，这只动物就需要立即进行全面的身体检查和营养评估，并实施结合医疗、营养和行为的综合方案。
If a problem dog shows normal levels of excitability, is not ‘moody’ or depressed, and is in robust health, a nutritional program may not be necessary. However, when environmental factors cannot be implicated as the sole source of a problem, nutrition and other health factors deserve immediate attention. Examples of this are the pet who lives for months with family children and then abruptly starts snapping at people, or the formerly easy-going dog who suddenly exhibits phobic behavior before and/or during storms or when cars backfire. 如果问题犬表现出正常的兴奋水平，不“情绪化”或抑郁，且身体健康状况良好，可能不需要营养方案。然而，当环境因素不能被视为问题的唯一来源时，营养和其他健康因素应立即引起重视。比如，宠物与家庭儿童相处数月后突然开始对人咬人，或者原本性格温和的狗在暴风雨前后或汽车爆炸声时突然表现出恐惧行为。
General Dietary/Behavioral Practices 一般饮食/行为习惯
How Much? 多少合适？
What daily quantity should a dog be fed? This question is no longer properly answered with the “pound of food per 50 pounds of body weight” rule of thumb. A wide array of commercial dog 每天应该给狗喂多少食物？这个问题不再适合用“每 50 磅体重喂 1 磅食物”的经验法则来回答。如今市面上有各种各样的商业狗粮，
foods are available today, so we must ask, “What kind of food?” Is it dry, semi-moist or canned? The best indicator is based on empirical grounds, i.e. the quantity should produce firm and wellformed feces. Any tendency of the stools to become loose indicates overfeeding in a healthy dog. Conversely, a stool so dry that it appears to have a chalky coating indicates underfeeding. The quantity fed should be increased or decreased by 10%10 \% in such cases. 所以我们必须问，“是什么类型的食物？”是干粮、半湿粮还是罐头？最好的判断依据是经验法则，即喂食量应能产生坚实且成形良好的粪便。粪便变稀松的趋势表明健康的狗被喂得过多。相反，粪便干燥到看起来有粉笔状涂层，则表明喂得不足。在这种情况下，应将喂食量增加或减少 10%10 \% 。
In growing puppies, I recommend feeding for formed stools. Further, the number of feedings should be the same as the number of bowel movements per day. This attunes the input frequency with the metabolic rate of the pup. It also results in up to 6 feedings per day for some pups, usually only for a couple of weeks. Most owners agree that this feeding schedule is not quite as inconvenient as an un-house trained puppy. 对于生长中的幼犬，我建议以形成良好粪便为喂食标准。此外，喂食次数应与每日排便次数相同。这使得摄入频率与幼犬的新陈代谢率相匹配。对于某些幼犬，这通常意味着每天喂食多达 6 次，通常只持续几周。大多数主人都同意，这样的喂食安排并不像未训练好排便的幼犬那样麻烦。
Pregnant or lactating bitches with puppies require especially large quantities of high-quality protein. The old wives’ suggestion of “eating for two” tends to carry over into feeding of pregnant bitches, who often eat for ten pups. The uninformed breeder often merely offers 2-42-4 times as much of the bitch’s standard diet. The trouble with this practice is that the huge quantity of a commercial diet usually results in some degree of obesity if the bitch actually eats it. 怀孕或哺乳期的母犬及其幼犬需要特别大量的高质量蛋白质。老一辈人常说的“为两个人吃饭”的说法，往往被用来喂养怀孕的母犬，而实际上母犬往往是为十只幼犬而吃。缺乏经验的饲养者通常只是提供母犬平时饮食的 2-42-4 倍。这样做的问题在于，如果母犬真的吃下这么大量的商业饲料，通常会导致一定程度的肥胖。
This tendency toward obesity stems from the fact that many popular diets are usually significantly higher in carbohydrate than in protein. If the pregnant bitch does not metabolize the vastly increased carbohydrate intake, she usually gets fat. This can lead to a number of problems, such as sick or stillborn pups, or prolonged labor. 这种肥胖倾向源于许多流行的饲料通常碳水化合物含量远高于蛋白质。如果怀孕的母犬无法代谢大量增加的碳水化合物摄入，通常会变胖。这可能导致许多问题，比如幼犬生病或死胎，或者分娩时间延长。
Pregnant and lactating bitches (up to 4 weeks postpartum), as well as their pups, require increased amounts of a high-protein diet. It might be more sensible to meet this need by supplementing, rather than simply feeding them more of the usual diet. Addition of protein in the form of raw liver, cooked eggs, milk, dicalcium phosphate and an oil containing vitamins A and D , in addition to a daily general vitamin-mineral supplement, satisfies the special dietary requirements of mother and offspring, and avoids overfeeding with its possible side-effects of loose stools and obesity. Veterinary examination should be conducted six weeks after the new diet is introduced to ascertain a base line for the new diet. 怀孕和哺乳期的母犬（产后最多 4 周）及其幼犬需要增加高蛋白饮食的摄入量。通过补充营养而不是单纯增加平时的食物量，可能更为合理。添加蛋白质来源如生肝、熟蛋、牛奶、磷酸二钙以及含有维生素 A 和 D 的油脂，外加每日的综合维生素矿物质补充剂，可以满足母犬和幼崽的特殊饮食需求，避免因过度喂食而引起的腹泻和肥胖等副作用。新饮食引入后，应在六周内进行兽医检查，以确定新饮食的基线。
Most nutritionally oriented veterinarians include a complete blood count and serum chemistry profile, urine and fecal analysis. 大多数注重营养的兽医会进行全血细胞计数、血清化学分析、尿液和粪便检查。
Many veterinarians now prescribe high quality diets for dogs under stress. However, the following nutritional adjustments have been helpful in a great many cases of hyper-reactive and excitable dogs. 许多兽医现在为处于压力下的犬只开具高质量的饮食方案。然而，以下营养调整在许多过度反应和易激动的犬只病例中都取得了良好效果。
Replace chlorinated or fluoridated water with unsoftened well or spring water, or mineral-supplemented distilled water. 用未软化的井水或泉水，或添加矿物质的蒸馏水替代含氯或含氟的水。
Eliminate all foods and treats containing artificial coloring, flavoring, preservatives or processed sugars. 消除所有含有人工色素、香料、防腐剂或加工糖的食物和零食。
Start with a Performance Grade diet. As an example, one with 30%30 \% crude protein, 20%20 \% crude animal fat, 4%4 \% fiber and 10%10 \% moisture, totals 64%64 \%, which leaves about 36%36 \% carbohydrate, a 30:36 protein/carbohydrate ratio. 从性能级饮食开始。例如，一种含有 30%30 \% 粗蛋白、 20%20 \% 粗动物脂肪、 4%4 \% 纤维和 10%10 \% 水分，总计 64%64 \% ，剩余约 36%36 \% 碳水化合物，蛋白质与碳水化合物的比例为 30:36。
The Performance Grade food should be introduced, adding 25% of total diet volume while deleting 25%25 \% of the old food. Use a measuring cup to maintain accuracy. 应逐步引入性能级食物，添加总饮食量的 25%，同时减少 25%25 \% 的旧食物。使用量杯以保持准确。
Next, high quality ground lamb, beef or chicken equaling 10%10 \% of the Performance diet’s volume can then be browned and added, with juices, each day for four days while reducing the Performance diet by 10%10 \%. The new protein/carbohydrate ratio will wind up at about 58:2258: 22. The ultimate quantity should produce a formed, firm stool. 接下来，每天可以将等同于 Performance 饮食体积 10%10 \% 的优质绞羊肉、牛肉或鸡肉煎熟并连同汁液一起加入，持续四天，同时将 Performance 饮食减少 10%10 \% 。新的蛋白质/碳水化合物比例最终将达到约 58:2258: 22 。最终的量应能产生成形且坚实的粪便。
If this preparation is too time-consuming, Natura Pet Products’ “California Natural Lamb and and Rice Formula” Canned Dog Food has an excellent product, made wholly from human grade nutritional products. This is the only commercial pet food company we have found that actually compares their products with most of the leading pet foods on their WorldWideWeb home page on the Internet. Every professional dog and cat person and owner visit: http://www.naturapet.com 如果这种准备工作太耗时，Natura Pet Products 的“California Natural Lamb and Rice Formula”罐装狗粮是一个极好的产品，完全由人类级别的营养成分制成。这是我们发现的唯一一家商业宠物食品公司，实际上在其互联网主页上将其产品与大多数领先的宠物食品进行了比较。每位专业的狗猫人士和宠物主人都应访问：http://www.naturapet.com
Supplement either diet daily with a complete canine vitaminmineral supplement, plus 500-1000mg500-1000 \mathrm{mg} of niacinamide. Veterinary examinations, along with blood, urine and fecal analyses are always recommended. 每天在任一饮食中补充完整的犬用维生素矿物质补充剂，以及 500-1000mg500-1000 \mathrm{mg} 的烟酰胺。建议进行兽医检查，并配合血液、尿液和粪便分析。
Chapter 5 第五章
Using this nutritional approach, many over-reactive and excitable dogs have calmed down to become normal, enjoyable pets. 采用这种营养方法，许多过度反应和易激动的狗已经平静下来，成为正常且令人愉快的宠物。
Senility 老年痴呆
Older dogs often “forget” their housetraining rules. This may be a sign of senility. Older dogs don’t recognize their owners or other familiar people. Studies with elderly people indicate that dietary supplementation with choline often produces dramatic improvements in patients with progressive memory loss. ^(5-8){ }^{5-8} 年长的狗狗常常“忘记”它们的家训规则。这可能是老年痴呆的表现。年长的狗狗不再认得它们的主人或其他熟悉的人。对老年人的研究表明，膳食中补充胆碱常常能显著改善渐进性记忆丧失患者的状况。 ^(5-8){ }^{5-8}
I was fortunate to meet S.J. Harless, DVM, during a staff-training program at his Omaha clinic, and learn of his outstanding work with geriatric dogs and cats. ^(8){ }^{8} Our own 14 year-old Norwegian Elkhound had become lethargic and appeared to have “forgotten” some simple command responses. We began supplementing Randy’s daily diet with Dr. Harless’ choline formula. Within 4 days the dog was virtually puppyish; playing with toys, showing interest in every household activity. He remained on his high-protein, hypoallergenic diet for several years and had no health problems requiring medication. Therefore, the rejuvenation process could only be credited to the supplement. Since that time, we have consulted with many clients whose veterinarians also have prescribed such supplements with exceptional results. 我有幸在奥马哈的一次员工培训项目中遇到了兽医 S.J. Harless 博士，并了解到他在老年犬猫方面的杰出工作。 ^(8){ }^{8} 我们自家的 14 岁挪威驯鹿犬变得无精打采，似乎“忘记”了一些简单的指令反应。我们开始给 Randy 的日常饮食中补充 Harless 博士的胆碱配方。四天内，这只狗几乎恢复了幼犬般的活力；玩玩具，对家中的各种活动表现出兴趣。他继续保持高蛋白、低过敏饮食多年，期间没有健康问题需要用药。因此，这种恢复过程只能归功于补充剂。自那时起，我们咨询了许多客户，他们的兽医也开出了类似的补充剂，效果显著。
References 参考文献
Feingold BF: Why Your Child Is Hyperkinetic. Random House, New York, 1974. Feingold BF：《为什么你的孩子多动》。纽约，兰登书屋，1974 年。
Lat J, in Kare MR: The Chemical Senses and Nutrition. Johns Hopkins Univ Press, Baltimore, 1967. Lat J，载于 Kare MR：《化学感官与营养》。巴尔的摩，约翰霍普金斯大学出版社，1967 年。
Plechner AJ and Zucker M: Pet Allergies. Very Healthy Enterprises, Inglewood, CA, 1986. Plechner AJ 和 Zucker M：《宠物过敏》。加利福尼亚州英格尔伍德，Very Healthy Enterprises，1986 年。
Goodman LS and Gilman AG: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapcutics. 6th ed. Macmillan, New York, 1980. Goodman LS 和 Gilman AG：《治疗学的药理学基础》。第 6 版。麦克米伦，纽约，1980 年。
Rosenburg GS and Davis KL: The use of cholinergic precursors in neuropsychiatric diseases. Am J Clinical Nutrition, Oct, 1982. Rosenburg GS 和 Davis KL：胆碱前体在神经精神疾病中的应用。《美国临床营养杂志》，1982 年 10 月。
Harless SJ and Turbes CC: Choline loading: specific dietary supplementation for modifying neurologic and behavioral disorders in dogs and cats. Vet Med/Small Animal Clinician, Aug, 1982. Harless SJ 和 Turbes CC：胆碱负荷：针对犬猫神经和行为障碍的特定膳食补充。《兽医医学/小动物临床》，1982 年 8 月。
Kronfeld, DS, Canine and Feline Nutrition, Modern Veterinary Practice. Vols. 57/1,2,3, 1976. Kronfeld, DS，《犬猫营养学》，现代兽医实践，第 57 卷第 1、2、3 期，1976 年。
Volhard, W. & Brown, K: The Holistic Guide for a Healthy Dog, Howell Book House, 1995. Volhard, W. & Brown, K：《健康犬的整体指南》，Howell 图书出版社，1995 年。
6
Correcting Problem Behavior: Introduction 纠正行为问题：导言
The next few pages describe how dogs perceive the world around them, and how dogs apparently think. We will not theorize about where and how information is stored in the brain, nor the processes involved in recalling it. These mechanisms remain almost as mysterious today as when Karl Lashley, the pioneer of investigations into the subject, said after 30 years’ work: “I sometimes feel in reviewing the evidence on the localization of the memory trace, that the necessary conclusion is that learning is just not possible.” 接下来的几页将描述狗如何感知周围的世界，以及狗显然是如何思考的。我们不会对信息在大脑中存储的位置和方式，也不会对回忆信息时涉及的过程进行理论探讨。这些机制至今仍几乎和卡尔·拉什利（Karl Lashley）——这方面研究的先驱——在经过 30 年研究后所说的那样神秘：“在回顾关于记忆痕迹定位的证据时，我有时觉得必须得出结论，学习根本是不可能的。”
In spite of this, we can theorize what dogs and people experience during the process of thinking. This is central to understanding the development and treatment of behavior problems in dogs. Once this concept is understood, correctional programs emphasizing positive procedures and avoiding physical or psychological negatives can be appreciated for more than their humane aspects. The reasons these methods are effective will become evident. 尽管如此，我们可以推测狗和人在思考过程中所经历的体验。这对于理解狗行为问题的发展和治疗至关重要。一旦理解了这一概念，强调积极方法并避免身体或心理负面影响的矫正方案，其人道性之外的价值也会被认可。这些方法为何有效的原因将变得显而易见。
How Do Dogs Think? 狗是如何思考的？
People generally find it difficult to think like a dog. Most dog owners assume their pets think like people, ascribing to them mental abilities far beyond what they actually possess. 人们通常很难像狗一样思考。大多数狗主人假设他们的宠物像人一样思考，赋予它们远超实际拥有的心理能力。
Because dogs do not use words to communicate, we can assume that they do not use words to think about their daily activities or to remember experiences, people, objects or their environment. For example, a chewing dog who was severely whipped by its owner at homecoming yesterday does not think today, “George is due home in a few minutes. I wonder if I’ll get a whipping today!” More likely, the dog may recall “images” of yesterday’s experience. Despite this difference, the anatomy and other functional aspects of human and canine brains are remarkably similar. 因为狗不使用语言进行交流，我们可以推断它们也不使用语言来思考日常活动或记忆经历、人物、物体或环境。例如，一只昨天在主人回家时被严厉鞭打的咬东西的狗，今天不会想，“乔治几分钟后就回家了。我不知道今天会不会被鞭打！”更可能的是，这只狗会回忆起昨天经历的“画面”。尽管存在这种差异，人类和犬类大脑的解剖结构及其他功能方面却惊人地相似。
Dogs have been used in comparative behavioral studies to better understand human neurophysiologic processes, mostly in Russia and Poland. Western scientists have tended to favor primates, cats and rodents. Studies published by Pavlov, and later by Konorski, have provided valuable insight into many functions of the human brain. Because dogs were their research models, a great deal was also revealed about how dogs perceive the world, learn from their experiences and “think.” The following observations are of great interest. 狗被用于比较行为研究，以更好地理解人类的神经生理过程，主要是在俄罗斯和波兰。西方科学家则倾向于选择灵长类动物、猫和啮齿动物。巴甫洛夫及其后继者科诺尔斯基发表的研究，为人类大脑的许多功能提供了宝贵的见解。由于狗是他们的研究模型，也揭示了大量关于狗如何感知世界、从经验中学习以及“思考”的信息。以下观察结果非常有趣。
Significant Observations 重要观察
In many of his dogs, Konorski noted events he described as “hallucinations.” These involved the visual, tactile, auditory and gustatory/olfaction senses. 在他的许多狗身上，Konorski 观察到他称之为“幻觉”的现象。这些现象涉及视觉、触觉、听觉以及味觉/嗅觉感官。
Visual: A dog was conditioned to salivate upon exposure to a flickering light while food was simultaneously offered. Thereafter, during pauses between presentations of the light, the dog would spontaneously react with salivation and turn its head, as if actually seeing the food. 视觉：一只狗被条件反射训练，在看到闪烁的灯光时流口水，同时给予食物。此后，在灯光呈现的间歇期，狗会自发地流口水并转头，仿佛真的看到了食物。
Tactile: A dog was trained to lift a foreleg and place it on a feeder tray in response to a tactile stimulus on that leg. During pauses, the dog would often spontaneously place its foreleg on the box, though no stimulus had been given. 触觉：一只狗被训练在其前腿受到触觉刺激时抬起前腿并放在喂食盘上。在间歇期，狗经常会自发地将前腿放在盒子上，尽管没有任何刺激。
Auditory: A dog trained to lift its foreleg at the sound of a buzzer would spontaneously turn toward the buzzer’s location during pauses, and lift its leg, as if the buzzer had actually sounded. 听觉：一只狗被训练在听到蜂鸣器声音时抬起前腿，在间歇期会自发地朝蜂鸣器所在方向转头并抬腿，仿佛蜂鸣器真的响了。
Gustatory/Olfactory: Dogs trained to respond to various types of stimuli that signaled introduction of a mild acid into their mouth reacted to the conditioned stimulus with the same vigorous mouth- 味觉/嗅觉：经过训练的狗对各种刺激作出反应，这些刺激预示着口中将引入一种温和的酸性物质，狗对条件刺激的反应与酸本身引起的剧烈舔舐和流涎相同。
ing and salivation elicited by the acid itself. In this case, no reactions were noted between trials. 在试验间隙，没有观察到任何反应。
Konorski suggested that conditioned stimuli can produce not only a particular trained behavior (motor movement), but also a mental image of the original unconditioned stimulus that produced the behavior. The term “mental image” is not limited to a visual picture of the original unconditioned stimulus, but to its total sensory effect, such as odor, flavor, tactile effect and sound. Konorski 提出，条件刺激不仅能引发特定的训练行为（运动动作），还可以产生原始无条件刺激的心理意象，从而引发该行为。“心理意象”一词不仅限于原始无条件刺激的视觉图像，还包括其全部感官效应，如气味、味道、触觉效果和声音。
This is especially significant when considered along with work by Rusinov, who performed electroencephalographic examinations on dogs. By accident, the equipment was not shut off one weekend, and recorded readings from a dog in its kennel. During the weekend, the dog’s brain emitted wave forms almost identical to those recorded during conditioning sessions. It was as if the dog were mentally reliving its weekday experiences. 这一点在结合 Rusinov 的研究时尤为重要。Rusinov 对狗进行了脑电图检查。一次偶然事件中，设备在一个周末未被关闭，记录了狗在狗舍中的脑电波形。整个周末，狗的大脑发出了几乎与条件反射训练时记录的波形相同的波形。仿佛狗在精神上重温其工作日的经历。
Perceptions and Mental Images 感知与心理意象
These findings provide insight into canine thought processes. Most of us can envision, say, a loved one, even with our eyes open. Further, we can usually “hear” the sound of their voice as they say our name. It is also possible to create such mental images regarding emotionally pleasant or unpleasant experiences. For instance, I can vividly envision my first bicycle, as well as the wild-eyed motorcyclist who separated my knee joint one day. Such mental images are etched in all our memories. 这些发现为我们提供了对犬类思维过程的洞察。我们大多数人都能想象，比如说，一个亲人，即使睁着眼睛也能做到。此外，我们通常还能“听到”他们说我们名字时的声音。对于情感上愉快或不愉快的经历，也可以创造这样的心理意象。例如，我能清晰地想象我的第一辆自行车，以及有一天那个让我的膝关节脱臼的狂野摩托车手。这些心理意象深深刻在我们所有人的记忆中。
The term “perception” refers to the sensory information that registers in our brain, as well as the way we interpret this information. “Images” are what we retain and can readily recall of those perceptions, including all of their sensory elements. Some images (memories) can be repressed beyond conscious recall, such as often happens after traumatic experiences. “感知”一词指的是在我们大脑中注册的感官信息，以及我们对这些信息的解释方式。“意象”是我们保留并能轻易回忆起的那些感知，包括它们所有的感官元素。有些意象（记忆）可能被压抑到无法有意识地回忆起来，比如在经历创伤后常常发生的情况。
Such imagery is not limited to incoming sensory perceptions. It also includes emotions stimulated by the original perceptions. For example, we can recall and feel again the happiness of seeing a loved one after their absence, or the sadness of hearing about another’s death. By the same token, I readily re-experience the anger, though at a reduced level, I felt if I recall a man I once saw whipping his dog. 这种意象不仅限于传入的感官知觉，还包括由原始知觉激发的情感。例如，我们可以回忆起并再次感受到在亲人离开后重逢的喜悦，或听闻他人去世时的悲伤。同样地，如果我回想起曾见过一个男人鞭打他的狗，我也会重新体验到当时的愤怒，尽管程度有所减弱。
Mental images associated with painful experiences may not be accompanied by actual pain, but they can produce negative emotional impressions. On the other hand, recalling a favorite comedian may not actually make us laugh, but we will usually feel emotionally positive. It is these positive and negative emotional aspects that have an important effect on dog behavior and behavioral problems, as we will see. 与痛苦经历相关的心理图像可能不会伴随实际的疼痛，但它们可以产生负面的情绪印象。另一方面，回忆起喜欢的喜剧演员可能不会真的让我们笑出声，但我们通常会感到情绪上的积极。这些积极和消极的情绪方面对狗的行为及行为问题有重要影响，正如我们将要看到的那样。
Learning and Memory 学习与记忆
Konorski postulated that a dog’s memories are comprised of mental images and are the result of what he termed “unitary perceptions” of experiences. That is, all of the sensory input and the emotional associations of experiences are stored in memory, with links to the various sensory, motor, visceral and emotional centers in the brain. Konorski 假设狗的记忆由心理图像组成，是他所称的“统一知觉”经验的结果。也就是说，所有的感官输入和经验的情感联结都被存储在记忆中，并与大脑中各种感官、运动、内脏和情绪中心相连接。
This sort of memory is believed to be stored so that information on objects, people, other animals, total contexts, odors and emotions can be used to guide the animal’s behavior when these elements are encountered again. For instance, a juvenile wolf pup, once charged by a bear, would not live long if it had no memory of that harrowing experience to guide it in future encounters. With its memory of the previous experience, the mere scent of a bear would probably cause the pup to avoid contact with the bear. 这种记忆被认为是为了储存关于物体、人、其他动物、整体环境、气味和情绪的信息，以便在再次遇到这些元素时能够指导动物的行为。例如，一只幼年狼崽如果曾被熊袭击过，若没有那次惊险经历的记忆来指导它未来的应对，它很难存活下来。凭借对之前经历的记忆，仅仅是熊的气味很可能就会让狼崽避免与熊接触。
Memory images in people tend to be more vivid when the experiences these images represent elicit a marked emotional reaction, especially fear, pain, anger, love or hate. If we consider hunger to be an emotion, as many behaviorists do, then it makes sense that images of food or of eating would be more vivid if we are hungry. Further, the emotional reaction to food would be much weaker if we are feeling “full.” In fact, many fully sated people feel negative reactions, even nausea, when their favorite food is presented or even imagined. 当人们经历的事件引发强烈的情绪反应，尤其是恐惧、痛苦、愤怒、爱或恨时，记忆中的影像往往更加生动。如果我们将饥饿视为一种情绪，正如许多行为学家所做的那样，那么当我们感到饥饿时，食物或进食的影像会更加鲜明。此外，当我们感到“饱足”时，对食物的情绪反应会大大减弱。事实上，许多完全饱足的人在面对甚至想象自己最喜欢的食物时，都会产生负面反应，甚至感到恶心。
Much of the foregoing discussion is based on studies of human subjects. However, some of these results can be extrapolated to dogs. For instance, any experienced professional dog trainer knows that a hungry dog will learn and perform already learned routines with more motivation than one that has just eaten its fill 上述讨论的大部分内容基于对人类受试者的研究。然而，其中一些结果可以推断到狗身上。例如，任何有经验的专业训犬师都知道，饥饿的狗比刚吃饱的狗在学习和执行已学会的动作时更有动力。
Sensory Priorities 感官优先级
It has been suggested that smell is the dominant canine sense. That is, smell is the dog’s primary sense for identifying objects, people, animals, locations and even situations, as in the wolf pup and the charging bear mentioned earlier. So strong is this sense that many dogs appear not to hear their shouted name or feel a swat on the rump while sniffing a neighborhood canine scent post. In such situations, I have waved my hand across their eyes without eliciting a normal blink reflex. It appears that a strong olfactory stimulus can override any other competing sensory input unless it is exceptionally strong. 有人提出嗅觉是犬类的主导感官。也就是说，嗅觉是狗识别物体、人、动物、地点甚至情境的主要感官，就像前面提到的狼崽和冲来的熊一样。嗅觉如此强烈，以至于许多狗在闻邻居狗的气味标记时，似乎听不到被喊的名字或感觉不到屁股被拍。在这种情况下，我曾挥手掠过它们的眼睛，却没有引发正常的眨眼反射。看来，强烈的嗅觉刺激可以压倒任何其他竞争的感官输入，除非其他刺激异常强烈。
In contrast, I have found that a sudden auditory stimulus, such as a loud handclap next to the dog’s ear, can produce a momentary motor response, ranging from an ear flick to a full-body jerk. This auditory reflex is an invaluable tool in correction programs. It appears to momentarily suppress or interrupt other mental activity. We can then use the time immediately following that sensory suppression to divert the dog’s attention to more acceptable behavior. This is why we use a handclap or some other startling sound at the instant a dog perceives a stimulus that triggers unwanted behavior, to be followed by the Jolly Routine (see Chapter 7) or some other remedial action. 相反，我发现突然的听觉刺激，比如在狗耳边响起的一声响亮的拍手声，可以引发瞬间的运动反应，范围从耳朵抖动到全身抽动不等。这种听觉反射在纠正训练中是非常宝贵的工具。它似乎能暂时抑制或中断其他的心理活动。我们可以利用这种感官抑制后紧接着的时间，将狗的注意力转移到更可接受的行为上。这就是为什么当狗察觉到引发不良行为的刺激时，我们会立即使用拍手声或其他惊吓声，随后进行欢乐程序（见第 7 章）或其他补救措施。
Practical Applications 实际应用
Consider a dog that has become aggressive with arriving visitors. Such dogs usually are initially scolded, physically punished, and denied access to visitors, all of which formed negative memory images, including their emotional content. These negative images are activated at the first sound, sight or odor of subsequent visitors. The images associated with visitors are of the punishment the dog experienced. Though the dog, as an unruly youngster, may have once held positive images of visitors, the increasing strength of the owner’s punishment eventually creates dominant negative images. 考虑一只对来访者变得具有攻击性的狗。这类狗通常最初会被责骂、体罚，并被拒绝接触来访者，所有这些都形成了负面的记忆图像，包括其情感内容。这些负面图像会在听到、看到或闻到后续来访者的第一时间被激活。与来访者相关的图像是狗所经历的惩罚。尽管这只狗作为一个不听话的幼犬，可能曾经对来访者抱有积极的印象，但随着主人惩罚力度的不断加大，最终形成了占主导地位的负面图像。
Before they become aggressive, most dogs with this behavior proceed through an intermediate stage, in which they exhibit anxiety as whining, pacing or barking when visitors arrive. 在变得具有攻击性之前，大多数表现出这种行为的狗会经历一个中间阶段，在这个阶段，当来访者到来时，它们会表现出焦虑，如呜咽、踱步或吠叫。
In correcting such behavior without further punishment or other negative treatment, the auditory reflex must be triggered the instant the dog senses visitors. Then a known positive stimulus must dominate the dog’s senses. Eventually the dog associates visitors with positive images, without the need for handclapping or another auditory stimulus. This procedure may have to begin when a car door slams and then progress to the doorbell’s ring, opening the door, and visitors entering, culminating with the visitors’ petting the dog. 在纠正这种行为时，不使用进一步的惩罚或其他负面处理，必须在狗感知到访客的瞬间触发听觉反射。然后，一个已知的积极刺激必须主导狗的感官。最终，狗会将访客与积极的形象联系起来，而不需要拍手或其他听觉刺激。这个过程可能需要从汽车门砰的一声开始，然后逐步过渡到门铃响、开门和访客进入，最终以访客抚摸狗为高潮。
This procedure does not erase former negative images. Rather, new, positive experiences evolve to dominate recall processes. 这一过程并不会抹去之前的负面形象。相反，新的积极体验逐渐主导回忆过程。
Social/Sensory Aspects 社交/感官方面
Because the owner initially induced the negative associations with visitors, any negative images of the owners must be turned positive as well. It would be foolhardy, even dangerous, in such cases simply to suggest that the owners give the dog a tidbit or bounce a favorite ball so as to replace the negative images associated with visitors and the owner’s punishment with positive images of food or a ball. This is particularly important in cases involving owners who are oversolicitous and inconsistent with their dogs and/or dogs that are bossy, leader types or that have assumed dominance over the owner through growling or biting. For this reason, as a foundation for virtually every correction program, we institute the “learn-to-earn” praise and petting ritual and other leader exercises (see Chapter 7). Also, scolding and all other forms of punishment are excluded so as to allow the dog to develop totally positive, nonconflicting perceptions of the owners. In this way, the dog’s frustrations and anxieties about the owner are alleviated. 因为主人最初引发了狗对访客的负面联想，所以必须将主人在狗心中的任何负面形象也转变为正面形象。在这种情况下，仅仅建议主人给狗一点零食或抛一个它喜欢的球，以此来替代狗对访客和主人惩罚的负面印象，转而形成对食物或球的正面印象，是鲁莽甚至危险的。尤其是在那些对狗过于溺爱且态度不一致的主人，和/或那些霸道、喜欢当领导的狗，或者通过咆哮或咬人来取得对主人的支配地位的狗的案例中，这一点尤为重要。因此，作为几乎所有纠正方案的基础，我们实行“学会赚取”式的表扬和抚摸仪式以及其他领导者训练（见第 7 章）。此外，排除责骂和所有其他形式的惩罚，以便让狗对主人形成完全积极、无冲突的认知。通过这种方式，狗对主人的挫败感和焦虑得以缓解。
When we are frustrated or angry, we can talk about our feelings. For instance, we can tell a person who is aggravating us that they are doing or saying such-and-such and it is beginning to anger us, or that we will leave if they continue. If we find ourselves uneasy or anxious in another’s presence, even if we do not understand why, we can either tell them and discuss it, or avoid their company. In dealing with our children, we explain that inappropriate behavior, if continued, will produce unpleasant consequences, such as a spanking or loss of privileges. 当我们感到沮丧或愤怒时，可以表达我们的感受。例如，我们可以告诉让我们恼火的人，他们正在做或说某事，这让我们开始生气，或者如果他们继续这样做，我们将离开。如果我们发现在别人面前感到不安或焦虑，即使不明白原因，也可以告诉他们并讨论，或者避免与他们相处。在与孩子相处时，我们会解释不当行为如果持续下去，会带来不愉快的后果，比如体罚或失去特权。
In contrast, dogs are limited to nonverbal communication and cannot be forewarned of the consequences of their behavior. Further, they cannot speak to tell us what is frustrating or angering them. Dogs behave in ways that reflect their feelings. This is not to say that a dog who chews up its owner’s belongings is consciously trying to tell the owner it is angry about being left alone all day. Rather, the dog is communicating, probably without intent, that it is frustrated and misses the owner so much that it must taste objects that satisfy the gustatory/olfactory elements of its relationship to the owner. If the dog cannot see, touch and hear the owner, it can at least smell and taste the owner’s belongings. 相比之下，狗只能进行非语言交流，无法预先知道其行为的后果。此外，它们也不能通过说话告诉我们是什么让它们感到沮丧或愤怒。狗的行为反映了它们的感受。这并不是说一只咬坏主人东西的狗是在有意识地告诉主人它因为整天被独自留下而生气。相反，狗是在传达一种信息，可能并非有意为之，那就是它感到沮丧，非常想念主人，以至于必须通过品尝能够满足其与主人关系中味觉和嗅觉元素的物品来表达。如果狗看不到、摸不到、听不到主人，至少还能闻到和尝到主人的物品。
As with any theory, this concept of unitary perceptions is useful only so long as it: helps to explain to dog owners and behaviorists the processes of canine thought and, hence, behavior; and proves itself when the resulting methods are effectively applied to behavioral problem cases. At the time the first edition of this book was published, only my own clinical applications validated the concept. Since then, however, hundreds of behavioral consultants and countless dog owners have successfully applied its positive methods. Therefore, it seems appropriate to explain their theoretical and scientific basis in this second edition. 和任何理论一样，这种统一感知的概念只有在以下情况下才有用：它能够帮助狗主人和行为学家解释犬类的思维过程及其行为；并且当由此产生的方法被有效应用于行为问题案例时，能够证明其有效性。在本书第一版出版时，只有我自己的临床应用验证了这一概念。然而，从那时起，数百名行为顾问和无数狗主人成功地应用了其积极的方法。因此，在第二版中解释其理论和科学基础似乎是合适的。
7
Puppy Behavior Problems 幼犬行为问题
From the moment an individual or family decides to adopt a puppy, the quality of their future relationship depends on the way the owners choose to live with their new pet. The following information is designed to help owners select a puppy best suited to the personalities of its new owners, and to establish a rewarding relationship through enlightened care and handling practices. 从个人或家庭决定领养幼犬的那一刻起，他们未来关系的质量就取决于主人选择如何与新宠物相处。以下信息旨在帮助主人选择最适合其个性的幼犬，并通过开明的照顾和处理方法建立一种有益的关系。
All of the programs to train puppies and correct behavior problems described herein avoid scolding and physical punishment. Instead, the recommended correctional and training techniques use distraction followed by praise and redirection of the puppy’s attention to desirable objects or activities. In this way, negative social associations are avoided and the relationship between owner and pup develops amid positive interactions. This minimizes stress for all parties concerned 本文中描述的所有训练小狗和纠正行为问题的方案都避免了斥责和体罚。相反，推荐的纠正和训练技巧是先用分散注意力的方法，然后给予表扬，并将小狗的注意力引导到理想的物品或活动上。通过这种方式，避免了负面的社会联想，主人与小狗之间的关系在积极的互动中发展。这最大限度地减少了所有相关方的压力。
Frequently asked question: “How can a puppy learn not to do something unless it learns that the behavior is wrong, or that I don’t want it to behave that way?” The answer: “Right” and “wrong,” are verbal-intellectual ideas that probably cannot be learned by dogs. However, puppies do learn quickly that starting to do behavior A will be interrupted by the owner, who guides it to behavior BB, for which the pup rewarded. While the pup may not learn that A begets the owner’s disapproval through scolding or physical 常见问题：“小狗怎么能学会不做某件事，除非它知道这种行为是错误的，或者我不希望它那样做？”答案是：“对”和“错”是口头上的理性概念，狗可能无法理解。然而，小狗确实很快学会，开始做行为 A 时会被主人打断，主人会引导它做行为 BB ，并因此给予奖励。虽然小狗可能不会通过斥责或体罚学会行为 A 会招致主人的不满，
punishment, it readily learns that B is more attractive than A . Within a general erivironment in which the puppy also learns to earn its social rewards, this positive correction technique harmonizes well with a pup’s natural tendency to be and act like its leaders. 惩罚，它很快就会学会 B 比 A 更有吸引力。在一个小狗也学会获得社交奖励的整体环境中，这种积极的纠正技术与小狗天生倾向于像其领导者一样存在和行动的本性相协调。
Since publication of the first edition of this book in 1975, I have heard from thousands of dog owners who have followed these principles faithfully and enjoyed what they described as the “best dog we ever had.” During the same time, I have also spoken with many who have modified or combined the advice with other techniques, with less than satisfactory results. The obvious conclusion is that the programs should not be tampered with. 自 1975 年本书第一版出版以来，我听到了成千上万遵循这些原则的狗主人反馈，他们享受到了他们所描述的“我们养过的最好的狗”。在同一时期，我也与许多将建议进行修改或与其他技术结合使用的人交谈过，结果并不令人满意。显而易见的结论是，这些方案不应被随意更改。
A Behavior Test for Puppy Selection 小狗选择的行为测试
Extensive interviews with clients indicate, whether it is a wise way to to proceed or not, most pups are chosen based on the following considerations, in order of decreasing importance. 与客户的广泛访谈表明，无论这是否是明智的做法，大多数小狗的选择都是基于以下考虑，按重要性递减排序。
Physical appearance. 外观特征。
Behavior toward the prospective owner while with the litter. 在与同窝幼犬相处时，对未来主人的行为表现。
Behavior toward litter-mates. 对同窝幼犬的行为表现。
Once a particular breed or mixed-breed litter has been selected from which to choose a puppy, the prospective owner is faced with a crucial decision: Which puppy should we choose? 一旦选定了某个特定品种或混合品种的幼犬窝，未来的主人就面临一个关键的决定：我们应该选择哪只幼犬？
Unfortunately, a pup’s behavior, while alone with the prospective owner(s), without the social competition of its litter-mates, is seldom observed until after the adoption or purchase has been finalized. Too often this results in disappointment when a formerly friendly puppy avoids the owner in the new home, or a former litter “wallflower” displays excessive nipping, which was suppressed within the litter by dominant pups. 不幸的是，小狗在与潜在主人单独相处时，没有同窝兄弟姐妹的社交竞争，其行为很少被观察到，通常要等到收养或购买完成后才会发现。结果往往令人失望，曾经友好的小狗在新家中会躲避主人，或者曾经在窝里被优势小狗压制的“墙花”小狗表现出过度咬人行为。
I developed the following behavior test to minimize such misreading and allow the prospective owner to experience at least the initial one-on-one behavioral tendencies of puppies while among the litter. 我设计了以下行为测试，以尽量减少这种误判，并让潜在主人在小狗还在窝里时，至少能体验到它们最初的一对一行为倾向。
The prospective buyer should call to explain his or her intentions to the breeder, whose cooperation is vital, as the hreeder must arrange the isolated area and the time required for the testing. It takes only about an hour to test a litter of 12 pups. Considering that 潜在买家应致电向饲养者说明自己的意图，饲养者的配合至关重要，因为饲养者必须安排好隔离区域和测试所需的时间。测试一窝 12 只小狗大约只需一个小时。考虑到这一点
a dog’s lifetime companionship is at stake, it is time well spent. This test presumes that the puppy buyer has chosen the breed s/he desires and that all family members favor adopting a puppy. Family friction caused by a new puppy is the leading cause of puppy behavior problems. The best time to take pups home from the litter is at 7 weeks of age, and certainly no earlier than 6 weeks nor later than 8 weeks. 狗狗一生的陪伴关系岌岌可危，这段时间的投入是值得的。该测试假设幼犬买家已经选择了自己想要的品种，并且所有家庭成员都支持领养幼犬。新幼犬引起的家庭矛盾是幼犬行为问题的主要原因。带幼犬回家的最佳时间是 7 周龄，绝对不早于 6 周，也不晚于 8 周。
A prospective owner, alone, should take each pup singly to an isolated area new to the pup and as free of distractions as possible. The score sheet and pencil or pen should also be taken along. The pups must be handled gently, with no spoken urging or praise during the test. If a pup urinates or defecates during the test, it should be ignored, as this is not uncommon. After all, housebreaking is yet to be learned by the puppy. Any mess should be cleaned up after the pup has been returned to the litter. 潜在的主人应单独带每只幼犬到一个对幼犬来说陌生且尽可能无干扰的独立区域。评分表和铅笔或钢笔也应随身携带。测试过程中必须轻柔地处理幼犬，不得口头催促或表扬。如果幼犬在测试期间排尿或排便，应予以忽略，因为这并不罕见。毕竟，幼犬还未学会如厕训练。任何脏乱应在幼犬返回窝内后清理干净。
The test consists of 5 parts. Puppies are graded according to their responses, as shown in Figure 1. 测试由 5 个部分组成。幼犬根据其反应进行评分，如图 1 所示。
Social Attraction: Immediately upon entering the test area, place the pup down gently in the center of the area, step away from the pup several feet in the direction opposite the door or gate by which you entered the area, kneel down and gently clap your hands to attract the pup to you (Fig 2). How readily the pup comes to you, tail up or down, or if it does not come at all, reveals the pup’s degree of social attraction, confidence or social independence. When it gets there, or does not, take out your test sheet and score appropriately. Put the sheet away and immediately continue with the next part. 社会吸引力：进入测试区域后，立即将幼犬轻轻放置在区域中央，向远离你进入区域的门或门口的方向后退几步，跪下并轻轻拍手以吸引幼犬靠近你（图 2）。幼犬来你身边的速度、尾巴是翘起还是垂下，或者是否根本不来，反映了幼犬的社会吸引力、自信心或社交独立性。当幼犬到达或未到达时，拿出测试表并进行相应评分。收起测试表，立即继续下一部分。
Following: Starting from a position next to the pup, walk away in a normal manner (Fig 3). How readily the pup follows you (watch closely as you walk) reveals its degree of following attraction. In each case, however, make sure the pup actually sees you walk away before scoring it as independent. 跟随：从幼犬旁边的位置开始，以正常的步伐走开（图 3）。幼犬跟随你的积极程度（走路时密切观察）反映了其跟随吸引力的程度。但在每种情况下，确保幼犬确实看到你走开后，才将其评分为独立。
Restraint: Crouch down and gently roll the pup onto its back, holding one hand on its chest until it calms (Fig 4). How strenuously the pup objects to this or how readily it accepts this position indicates the degree of dominance or submissiveness relative to social/physical domination. 约束：蹲下，轻轻将幼犬翻转到背部，一只手按在其胸部，直到它平静下来（图 4）。幼犬对这一动作的强烈反抗程度或接受这一姿势的程度，表明其在社会/身体支配关系中的支配性或顺从性程度。
1. Social Attraction Came readily, tail up, jumped, bit at hands 1. 社交吸引力 迅速靠近，尾巴上扬，跳跃，咬手
Assign each pup a letter (A, B, C, etc.). Circle the code letters scored under each pup's letter in each test section. 给每只幼犬分配一个字母（A、B、C 等）。在每个测试部分，将得分的代码字母圈在对应幼犬字母下方。
E F G H I J K L (dd) dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd
Came readily, tail up, pawed at hands 主动过来，尾巴竖起，用爪子抓手
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
Came readily, tail down 主动过来，尾巴垂下
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
s
Came, hesitant, tail down 犹豫着过来，尾巴垂下
ss
ss
SS
SS
ss
ss
ss
ss
ss
ss
SS
ss
Did not come at all 根本没有过来
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
i
2. Following Followed readily, tail up, got underfoot, bit at feet 2. 跟随 跟得很积极，尾巴翘起，钻到脚下，咬脚
(dd)
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
dd
Followed readily, tail up, got underfoot 紧随其后，尾巴翘起，走到脚下
dd's qquad\qquad d's qquad\qquad s's qquad\qquad ss's = i's == dd 的 qquad\qquad d 的 qquad\qquad s 的 qquad\qquad ss 的 = i 的 == qquad\qquad
ss
ss
ss
ss
ss
ss
ss
ss
ss
ss
ss
ss
1. Social Attraction Came readily, tail up, jumped, bit at hands Assign each pup a letter (A, B, C, etc.). Circle the code letters scored under each pup's letter in each test section.
E F G H I J K L (dd) dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd
Came readily, tail up, pawed at hands d d d d d d d d d d d d
Came readily, tail down s s s s s s s s s s s s
Came, hesitant, tail down ss ss SS SS ss ss ss ss ss ss SS ss
Did not come at all i i i i i i i i i i i i
2. Following Followed readily, tail up, got underfoot, bit at feet (dd) dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd
Followed readily, tail up, got underfoot d d d d d d d d d d d d
Followed readily, tail down s s s s s s s s s s s s
Followed, hesitant, tail down ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
Did not follow or went away i i i i i i i i i i i i
3. Restraint Dominance ( 30 seconds) Struggled fiercely, flailed, bit (dd) dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd
Struggled fiercely, flailed d d d d d d d d d d d d
Struggled, then settled s s s s s s s s s s s s
No struggling, licked at hands ss ss ss ss SS ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
4. Social Duminance ( 30 seconds) Jumped, pawcd, bit, growled dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd
Jumped, pawed d d d d d d d d d d d d
Squirmed, licked at hands (s) s s s s $ s s s 5 s s
Rolled over, licked at hands ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
Went and stayed away i i i i i i i i i i i i
"5. Elevation Dominance ( 30 seconds)
Struggled fiercely, bit, growled" dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd
Struggled fiercely https://cdn.mathpix.com/cropped/2025_07_05_239507f96b9bab25d4b5g-174.jpg?height=48&width=60&top_left_y=1604&top_left_x=664 d d d d d d d d d d
Struggled, settled, licked s s s s s s s s s s s s
dd's qquad d's qquad s's qquad ss's = i's =qquad ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
| 1. Social Attraction Came readily, tail up, jumped, bit at hands | Assign each pup a letter (A, B, C, etc.). Circle the code letters scored under each pup's letter in each test section. | | | | | | | | | | | |
| :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- |
| | E F G H I J K L (dd) dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd dd | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| Came readily, tail up, pawed at hands | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d |
| Came readily, tail down | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s |
| Came, hesitant, tail down | ss | ss | SS | SS | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | SS | ss |
| Did not come at all | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i |
| 2. Following Followed readily, tail up, got underfoot, bit at feet | (dd) | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd |
| Followed readily, tail up, got underfoot | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d |
| Followed readily, tail down | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s |
| Followed, hesitant, tail down | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss |
| Did not follow or went away | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i |
| 3. Restraint Dominance ( 30 seconds) Struggled fiercely, flailed, bit | (dd) | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd |
| Struggled fiercely, flailed | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d |
| Struggled, then settled | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s |
| No struggling, licked at hands | ss | ss | ss | ss | SS | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss |
| 4. Social Duminance ( 30 seconds) Jumped, pawcd, bit, growled | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd |
| Jumped, pawed | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d |
| Squirmed, licked at hands | (s) | s | s | s | s | $ | s | s | s | 5 | s | s |
| Rolled over, licked at hands | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss |
| Went and stayed away | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i | i |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| 5. Elevation Dominance ( 30 seconds) <br> Struggled fiercely, bit, growled | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd | dd |
| Struggled fiercely |  | | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d | d |
| Struggled, settled, licked | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | s | $s$ |
| dd's $\qquad$ d's $\qquad$ s's $\qquad$ ss's = i's $=$$\qquad$ | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss | ss |
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Figure 2. Social attraction is tested by crouching and clapping the hands. This puppy approached with its tail up, and then nipped at the examiner’s hands. Score: dd. 图 2. 通过蹲下并拍手测试社交吸引力。这只小狗尾巴竖起地走近，然后咬了咬检查者的手。评分：dd。
4. Social Dominance: Crouch and gently stroke the pup, from the top of its head, backward along the neck and back (Fig 5). Whether or not the pup accepts this indicates its degree of acceptance of your social dominance or lack of it. Highly dominant pups will try to dominate the examiner by jumping up or even biting and growling. The independent pup may simply walk away. In all cases, 4. 社会支配：蹲下并轻轻抚摸小狗，从头顶开始，沿着颈部和背部向后抚摸（图 5）。小狗是否接受这种抚摸，表明它对你社会支配地位的接受程度。高度支配的小狗会试图通过跳起来甚至咬人和咆哮来支配检查者。独立的小狗可能会直接走开。在所有情况下，
Figure 3. The following test stimulated this puppy to race ahead of the examiner and challenge her progress, biting at her ankles and feet. Score: dd. 图 3. 以下测试激发这只小狗跑到检查者前面，挑战她的前进，咬她的脚踝和脚。评分：dd。
Chapter 7 第 7 章
Figure 4. Restraint dominance caused wild flailing of the legs and biting by this puppy. Score: dd. 图 4. 约束性支配导致这只小狗疯狂地乱踢腿并咬人。评分：dd。
continue stroking the pup until a clearly recognizable behavior is established. Then score the pup. 继续抚摸小狗，直到出现明显可识别的行为。然后对小狗进行评分。
5. Elevation Dominance: Bend over and gently pick up the pup and hold it in your arms. Don’t lift as in Fig 6. Interlaced fingers are too uncomfortable for pups when used by inexperienced testers. 5. 提升性支配：弯腰轻轻抱起小狗，将其抱在怀里。不要像图 6 那样提起。对于没有经验的测试者来说，交叉的手指会让小狗感到非常不舒服。
Figure 5. Social dominance of petting quieted this puppy, stimulating only a few licks at the examiner’s hands and knees. Score: s. 图 5. 抚摸的社会性支配使这只小狗安静下来，只在检查者的手和膝盖上舔了几下。评分：s。
Hold it for 30 seconds. The pup has no control in this position, and the tester has total control. How readily it does or does not accept this situation indicates the degree to which it accepts your dominance. Gently put the pup down and score. 保持这个姿势 30 秒。小狗在这个姿势下没有控制权，测试者则完全掌控。它接受或不接受这种情况的程度，表明它接受你支配地位的程度。轻轻地把小狗放下并评分。
At this point, the pup, no matter how it responded, should be petted, praised and gently carried back to the litter. The next pup should then be tested. All pups must be tested in exactly the same manner for a true indication of behavior tendencies. 此时，无论小狗的反应如何，都应抚摸、表扬并轻轻地将其带回窝里。然后测试下一只小狗。所有小狗必须以完全相同的方式进行测试，才能真实反映其行为倾向。
What the Scores Indicate 评分含义
Two or more dd responses, with d’s in other sections: These pups tend to react in dominant aggressive ways and may bite when handled. A poor environment for this type of pup is one in which small children or elderly people will contact the pup, as the nipping behavior may lead to problems. A fairly calm, adult household and nonphysical teaching methods best suit this type of pup, tending to mold a fine pet capable of aggressive protective actions in time of genuine danger. 两个或更多 dd 反应，且其他部分有 d：这些小狗倾向于以支配性攻击方式反应，处理时可能会咬人。这类小狗不适合有小孩或老人接触的环境，因为咬人行为可能引发问题。相对平静的成年家庭和非体罚的教育方法最适合这类小狗，能培养出在真正危险时具备攻击性保护能力的优秀宠物。
Three or more d responses: These pups tend to be fairly outgoing and dominant. Consistent, gentle training methods yield quick learning. Small children in the home are not best for this type of pup. 三个或更多 d 反应：这些小狗往往相当外向且具有支配性。持续且温和的训练方法能使其快速学习。家中有小孩的环境不太适合这种类型的小狗。
Figure 6. Elevation dominance Due to discomfort of inter-laced fingers, violent struggling occurred, but no vocal reaction in this pup. Score: d. See text above for proper elevation technique. 图 6. 抬高支配性 由于手指交叉的不适，这只小狗剧烈挣扎，但没有发出声音。评分：d。有关正确的抬高技巧，请参见上文。
Three or more s responses: These pups probably fit most environments and are the best for children and elderly people. 三个或更多 s 反应：这些小狗可能适合大多数环境，是最适合儿童和老年人的类型。
Two or more ss responses, especially with one or more i responses: These are highly submissive pups that need plenty of praise and gentle handling to build confidence and bring them fully into the human environment. Normally safe with children, this type usually bites only when threatened severely, and even then only to protect itself. 两个或更多 ss 反应，尤其伴有一个或多个 i 反应：这些是高度顺从的小狗，需要大量表扬和温柔的对待，以建立信心并使其完全融入人类环境。通常对儿童安全，这种类型通常只有在受到严重威胁时才会咬人，即使如此也只是为了自我保护。
Two or more ii responses, especially if an ii is scored in the Social Dominance section: These pups probably will not socialize quickly and may be difficult to train without special techniques. If they also have dd and d responses, they may even attack under such stress as traditional punishment. If they also have ss and/or s responses, they will tend to shy away under stress. These types usually do not interact well with small children. 两个或更多 ii 反应，尤其是在社会支配部分得分为 ii 时：这些小狗可能不会很快社交，且如果没有特殊训练方法，可能难以训练。如果它们还表现出 dd 和 d 反应，甚至可能在传统惩罚等压力下攻击。如果它们还表现出 ss 和/或 s 反应，则在压力下往往会退缩。这类小狗通常不太适合与小孩子互动。
A Mixed Bag: When a pup scores what appears to be contradictory results, such as dd’s with ss’s, it is best to repeat the test in another area new to the pup. Repeated mixed results indicate a pup who may behave unpredictably in the future, and may require special handling. 混合表现：当小狗得分出现看似矛盾的结果，如 dd 与 ss 同时出现时，最好在小狗不熟悉的另一个环境中重复测试。反复出现混合结果表明该小狗未来可能行为不可预测，可能需要特殊的处理方式。
Final Considerations 最终考虑
A pup’s score on the test may seem inconsistent with its behavior when in the litter. This is not unusual, as each litter has its own “pecking order.” A pup that scored dominant in the handling test might not seem so with litter-mates because it ranks low or is even submissive when relating to litter-mates. If getting along with other dogs is important to the prospective owner, some time should be spent watching litter-mates interact. 小狗在测试中的得分可能与其在同窝中的行为不一致。这并不罕见，因为每窝小狗都有自己的“等级秩序”。在处理测试中得分为支配型的小狗，可能在同窝小狗中看起来并非如此，因为它在同窝关系中排名较低甚至表现出顺从。如果未来主人重视与其他狗的相处，应花些时间观察同窝小狗之间的互动。
It must be kept in mind that behavioral tendencies are being tested. The final and deciding factors in how the adult dog actually behaves tend to derive more from a pup’s early experience in the human environment than from its litter. However, pups that are constantly vocal during the test may well respond vocally to later stressful situations. These pups may not be best for apartment dwellers but may be well suited to home owners. 必须记住，测试的是行为倾向。成年犬的实际行为最终和决定性的因素往往更多地来源于幼犬在人的环境中的早期经历，而不是其同窝幼犬的影响。然而，在测试过程中不断发声的幼犬，可能在以后遇到压力情境时也会有声音反应。这类幼犬可能不太适合公寓居民，但可能非常适合有房屋的主人。
Any test administered by a prospective owner is influenced by his or her emotional reactions to the pups. The results, therefore, lack the objectivity normally desirable in scientific testing. How- 任何由潜在主人进行的测试都会受到其对幼犬的情感反应的影响。因此，测试结果缺乏科学测试中通常期望的客观性。
ever, because our interest is in the pup’s behavioral responses to typical people, this seems a necessary feature for optimum satisfaction. This fact also dictates that the test results are valid only for the particular examiner and may not be applicable to others. Each prospective owner must do the testing individually. 然而，因为我们关注的是幼犬对典型人的行为反应，这似乎是实现最佳满意度的必要特征。这个事实也决定了测试结果仅对特定的测试者有效，可能不适用于其他人。每位潜在主人都必须单独进行测试。
Final selection of one pup rests with the examiner, of course. This test is designed to assist the prospective owner to select a pup s/he feels most suited to the home environment and to avoid pups whose behavioral tendencies might be aggravated in this environment. 最终选择哪只小狗当然由考官决定。此测试旨在帮助潜在的主人选择一只他们认为最适合家庭环境的小狗，并避免选择那些在此环境中行为倾向可能会加剧的小狗。
If an appointment for a preliminary veterinary examination, it should be made as soon as possible. And the occasion should be a happy time for the owner, the puppy and the veterinarian! 如果需要预约初步的兽医检查，应尽快安排。这个时刻应该是主人、小狗和兽医都感到愉快的时光！
Introducing the New Puppy 介绍新小狗
When a pup is finally selected, it faces one of the most upsetting experiences of its young life: the transition from canine to human companionship. Whether or not this occurs during the 8- to 10-10- week fear imprint period, and how it is handled by the new owners can shape important aspects of the pup’s initial and long-term behavior. 当小狗最终被选中时，它将面临其幼年生活中最令人不安的经历之一：从犬类伙伴关系过渡到人类伙伴关系。无论这是否发生在 8 至 10-10- 周的恐惧印记期内，以及新主人如何处理，都可能影响小狗初期和长期行为的重要方面。
The Ride Home 回家的路上
If the pup is taken home in an automobile, it should ride beside the owner, or on his or her lap. Most pups whine during the ride, but the hum and sway of the ride usually put them to sleep within a few minutes. It is important to avoid any coddling in response to whining. This can teach the pup that whining is a way to gain sympathy, and the pup may use this throughout life as a way to attract attention when upset. It is better to keep close physical contact during the ride, making no special responses to whining. Above all, do not punish or scold it for whining or trying to investigate its surroundings during the ride. Merely holding the pet close in the lap and petting it when it settles are more appropriate. If the pup gets sick and vomits, make no special fuss. Just clean it up and remain neutral emotionally. Otherwise, a lifetime of carsickness may be imprinted. 如果小狗是乘汽车回家的，应该坐在主人旁边，或者坐在主人的腿上。大多数小狗在车上会呜咽，但车内的嗡嗡声和摇晃通常会让它们在几分钟内入睡。重要的是不要因为它们的呜咽而过度宠爱。这会让小狗学会用呜咽来博取同情，可能会在一生中用这种方式吸引注意力，尤其是在不安时。最好在车上保持亲密的身体接触，对呜咽不做特别反应。最重要的是，不要因为小狗呜咽或试图探索周围环境而惩罚或责骂它。只需将宠物抱在腿上，等它安静下来时轻轻抚摸即可。如果小狗晕车呕吐，也不要大惊小怪。只需清理干净，保持情绪中立。否则，可能会留下终生晕车的印象。
The New Home 新家
Assuming the new owners have named the pup, they should now decide on a ‘nick-name’ to use when talking about, but not to the puppy. This will avoid “Tippy” learning to ignore the proper name. 假设新主人已经给小狗取了名字，他们现在应该决定一个“昵称”，用来谈论小狗，但不要对小狗说这个昵称。这样可以避免“小蒂皮”学会忽视正式名字。
On arrival at its new home, the puppy should be first taken to the spot that will be its permanent toilet area. After the car ride, it will need to eliminate, and training to the toilet area should begin immediately. When the pup performs its duty, enthusiastic praise should be given at the site of urination or defecation. The owner should crouch right down, pointing at the spot and praising until the pup shows some sign of recognition of the waste matter. 到达新家后，应首先带小狗到将作为其固定厕所的地方。经过车程后，它需要排泄，应该立即开始训练它去厕所区域。当小狗完成排泄时，应在排尿或排便的地点给予热情的表扬。主人应蹲下身子，指着那个地方并不断表扬，直到小狗表现出对排泄物的某种认知。
The puppy should then be taken into the house and allowed to investigate freely. A regular dog bed or some type of bedding material should be placed where the puppy can find it when sleepy. A meat-scented nylon bone, or one of the softer synthetic bones, should be given to the pup for chewing. Avoid chewables that are easily destroyed or that resemble leather or fabric, as puppies tend to generalize chewing to other inappropriate articles of the same type of texture. If the pup shows no interest in the bone, it is advisable to play with the bone, teasing the pup to gain interest. The “Puppy-Proofing the House” program in Chapter 15 should be instituted for all puppies. Avoid punishment or tugging to remove inappropriate items from its mouth. Simply distract the pup’s attention and then introduce the bone. 然后应将小狗带入屋内，让它自由探索。应在小狗困倦时能找到的地方放置一个常规的狗床或某种床垫材料。应给小狗一个带有肉味的尼龙骨头，或一种较软的合成骨头供其咀嚼。避免使用容易被破坏或类似皮革或织物的咀嚼物，因为小狗往往会将咀嚼行为泛化到其他同类质地的不适当物品上。如果小狗对骨头不感兴趣，建议用骨头逗弄小狗，激发其兴趣。第 15 章中的“幼犬安全防护”计划应对所有幼犬实施。避免惩罚或拉扯以从其口中取出不适当的物品。只需转移小狗的注意力，然后再给它骨头。
Housetraining 室内训练
Have the water bowl and food dish placed adjacent to the door that leads out of the house to the established toilet area. If possible, design the situation so that the pup does not have to negotiate a maze to get from the feeding and watering spot to the toilet area. Providing as straight a course as possible simplifies housetraining. 将水碗和食盆放置在通向已确定厕所区域的门旁边。如果可能，设计环境使小狗从喂食和饮水处到厕所区域的路线尽量简单，不必绕复杂的迷宫。提供尽可能直的路线可以简化室内训练。
During the remainder of the first day or evening, the puppy should be watched carefully and taken to the toilet area following eating or drinking, excitement, waking (even from a brief nap), chewing activity and vigorous sniffing. These are prime times for teaching the route to the toilet area and praising the animal for proper performance. If the puppy looks to be starting to urinate, clap hands once only, and take it out to the toilet. If the pup does urinate or defecate, calmly (no scolding) pick it up and take it to 在第一天剩余的时间里或晚上，应仔细观察小狗，并在其进食或饮水后、兴奋时、醒来时（即使是短暂的小睡后）、咀嚼活动和剧烈嗅闻时带它去厕所区域。这些时刻是教导它去厕所路线并表扬其正确行为的最佳时机。如果小狗看起来要开始排尿，拍手一次，然后带它去厕所。如果小狗确实排尿或排便，要冷静地（不要责骂）抱起它并带它去
the toilet area. Don’t let the pup watch the mess being cleaned up! Most mothers recognize this regimen as a standard potty-training procedure for children. Happily, pups learn much more quickly than children! 厕所区域。不要让小狗看到清理混乱的过程！大多数母亲都将这种方法视为儿童标准的如厕训练程序。幸运的是，小狗学得比孩子快得多！
Unlike child toilet training programs which recommend that the toddler watch other people using the toilet, puppies should never, never be allowed to see people using the toilet in the house. Harking back to the principle of allelomimetic behavior, the reason becomes clear! I call this the Private Potty Principle. 与儿童如厕训练项目建议幼儿观察他人使用厕所不同，幼犬绝对不应被允许看到家里有人使用厕所。回到同类模仿行为的原理，原因就变得清晰了！我称之为“私人如厕原则”。
Social Aspects 社会方面
During its first day in a new home, a puppy is naturally the object of attention and great excitement. First impressions are particularly lasting in pups, so it is important to make the first day as smooth as possible. Without creating a false and inhibited social atmosphere, it is best to be straightforward in the treatment of a new puppy. Over-exciting it through excessive play or emotional displays may predispose the puppy to such behavior when (to people) the novelty has worn off. The result can be a pup that pesters people for attention, then suffers the inconsistency of being scolded or punished for behaving in the very way it was taught to behave. Puppies normally let people know when they need physical comfort by approaching them and whining. At these times it is a good idea to pet them as in Fig. 5, then pick up as in Fig. 6, which demonstrates both caring and owner dominance. This should take only a minute and is well worth the time effort. 在新家中的第一天，小狗自然会成为关注的焦点，大家都非常兴奋。对小狗来说，第一印象尤为深刻，因此让第一天尽可能顺利非常重要。在对待新小狗时，最好直截了当，不要制造虚假或压抑的社交氛围。过度玩耍或情绪化的表现会使小狗在新鲜感消退后容易表现出类似行为。结果可能是小狗不断缠着人寻求关注，然后又因表现出被教导的行为而遭到责骂或惩罚，造成矛盾。小狗通常会通过接近人并呜咽来表达需要身体安慰。这时，像图 5 那样抚摸它们，然后像图 6 那样抱起它们，既表现出关爱又显示出主人的主导地位。这只需一分钟时间，非常值得付出努力。
Sleeping Arrangements 睡眠安排
The first night in new surroundings is also a critical time for a puppy. If left alone in a strange area, most puppies whine, squeal and perhaps bark. This experience can lay the foundation for a lifelong fear of isolation, which, in turn, causes tension and the well-known cycle of tension-relieving behaviorisms, such as chewing, scratching, digging and barking. 新环境中的第一个夜晚对小狗来说也是一个关键时刻。如果把小狗单独留在陌生的地方，大多数小狗会哀鸣、尖叫，甚至吠叫。这种经历可能为终生的孤独恐惧奠定基础，而孤独恐惧反过来会引发紧张情绪以及众所周知的缓解紧张的行为循环，比如咬东西、抓挠、挖掘和吠叫。
The best solution is to place the pup’s bed in someone’s bedroom, preferably right next to the bed. Sleep is contagious to puppies. If an overturned cardboard carton, with a little doorway cut out, is placed over the pup’s bed, most pups sleep through the night (Fig 7). Little doggie “sleeping pods” work even better. 最好的解决办法是把小狗的床放在某人的卧室里，最好紧挨着床放置。睡眠对小狗具有传染性。如果在小狗的床上方放一个翻倒的纸箱，并在纸箱上切出一个小门，大多数小狗能整夜安睡（见图 7）。小型狗狗“睡眠舱”效果更佳。
Figure 7. Most puppies enjoy the cozy atmosphere of an overturned cardboard box. Some even retreat to the box for daytime naps. 图 7. 大多数小狗喜欢翻倒纸箱营造的舒适氛围。有些小狗甚至会躲进纸箱里午睡。
During sleep, a hormone (vasopressin) goes to work in pups and adult dogs and curtails the system from producing urine. The pup slept the night through in the litter, so this is not time to change the routine. This arrangement has the added advantage of keeping the pup under surveillance for housetraining purposes. First thing in the morning, the pup can be shown out to its toilet spot and praised after elimination. 在睡眠期间，一种激素（加压素）在幼犬和成年犬体内发挥作用，抑制系统产生尿液。幼犬整夜都在窝里睡觉，所以这不是改变日常作息的时机。这种安排还有一个额外的好处，就是便于对幼犬进行排便训练的监控。早晨第一件事就是带幼犬到它的排便地点，排便后给予表扬。
Most puppies enjoy the cozy atmosphere of their beds and actually begin to seek it during the daytime for naps. The bed can be placed in other areas of the house, such as the living room, family room, etc. This can become a further aid in housetraining, as most pups will not soil in the immediate area of their beds. 大多数幼犬喜欢舒适的床铺环境，实际上白天也会开始寻找床铺小憩。床可以放置在房子的其他区域，如客厅、家庭活动室等。这也有助于排便训练，因为大多数幼犬不会在床铺附近弄脏。
Feeding Times 喂食时间
The food fed by the breeder should be continued for at least 4 days after the puppy is brought home. Any change in diet should be done in gradual increments (see Chapter 5) to avoid digestive upset and related housetraining problems. Pups have poor control 幼犬带回家后，应继续喂养繁育者提供的食物至少 4 天。任何饮食的改变都应逐步进行（见第 5 章），以避免消化不良及相关的排便训练问题。幼犬的控制能力较差
over loose stools, which often occur with radical dietary changes, and they cannot be blamed for resulting accidents. 关于稀便，通常发生在剧烈的饮食变化时，因此不能因为由此产生的意外而责怪它们。
A regular feeding schedule should be developed. If the owners work or are away on weekends, the pup should not be fed during those hours on the weekend. To do so would introduce a basic biological inconsistency into the animal’s life that may cause anxiety when food is not forthcoming at the anticipated time. 应制定一个规律的喂食时间表。如果主人工作或周末外出，幼犬在周末这些时间段内不应喂食。这样做会在动物的生活中引入基本的生物学不一致，可能导致当预期时间没有食物时产生焦虑。
Summary 总结
Owners should show calm consistency during a pup’s introduction to its new home. This avoids the risk of traumatic impressions associated with car rides, toilet duties, life with new people, and new feeding times. If the transition from litter to human environment is accomplished smoothly, guided by confident and reassuring owners, the pup will tend to perceive the experience with more emotional balance. The procedures outlined above will not totally eliminate the pup’s emotional stress, but they will minimize it and facilitate easier initial training within the new home. 主人在幼犬适应新家的过程中应保持冷静和一致性。这可以避免与乘车、如厕、与新人的生活以及新的喂食时间相关的创伤性印象。如果从窝里到人类环境的过渡顺利完成，并由自信且令人安心的主人引导，幼犬往往会以更情绪平衡的方式看待这一经历。上述程序不会完全消除幼犬的情绪压力，但会将其降到最低，并促进在新家中的初期训练更加顺利。
Social Attraction 社会吸引力
Despite the myth that a dog must be at least 6 months old to be trained, puppies as young as 5 weeks of age can be trained to some extent. Such early training takes advantage of a unique behavioral element called social attraction. 尽管有一种误解认为狗必须至少 6 个月大才能训练，但实际上 5 周大的小狗也可以在一定程度上接受训练。如此早期的训练利用了一种独特的行为元素，称为社会吸引力。
Social attraction refers to the natural tendency of a pup to follow, or attempt to be near, its owners. Just as it is natural for a puppy to want to remain near its litter-mates, puppies also want to remain near their human companions when their litter-mates are no longer available. This natural tendency can be used to advantage during early training. 社会吸引力指的是幼犬自然倾向于跟随或试图靠近其主人。正如幼犬自然想要留在同窝兄弟姐妹身边一样，当同窝兄弟姐妹不再可用时，幼犬也希望留在它们的人类伙伴身边。这种自然倾向可以在早期训练中加以利用。
The threatening sounds and gestures of scolding or physical punishment, or the loud “whap” of rolled newspaper on the rump can negate the positive effects of social attraction. While trying to teach “No, don’t ever do that!”, the owner actually stimulates the dog’s reflex to fight, freeze or take flight. An 8-to 10-week-old puppy may develop a permanent fear imprint. The outcome may be a dog that is forever unsure of its relationship with the owner, and is panicked by fireworks, auto backfires and other loud noises. In the meantime, any attempt at correcting inappropriate behavior 威胁性的声音和斥责或体罚的手势，或者用卷起的报纸在臀部发出的响亮“啪”声，都会抵消社会吸引力的积极效果。在试图教导“不要，绝对不要那样做！”时，主人实际上激发了狗的战斗、僵住或逃跑的反射。8 到 10 周大的幼犬可能会形成永久的恐惧印记。结果可能是一只永远对与主人的关系感到不确定，并且会因烟花、汽车回火声及其他响亮噪音而惊慌失措的狗。与此同时，任何纠正不当行为的尝试
is rarely, if ever, permanently successful, and the owner’s relationship with the pet deteriorates. Such treatment does not mean “No” in canine language. 几乎从未有过永久成功的案例，且主人与宠物的关系会恶化。这种对待方式在犬类语言中并不意味着“不要”。
Petting is another abused form of communication with dogs. When petted for no reason other than merely being there, a dog is soon spoiled. It becomes the canine counterpart of an overindulged child, whose attitude is “The world owes me a living.” In the world of dogs, it is the underlings that pet (groom) the “boss” dogs. So the coddled pup soon assumes a dominant leader role with its subordinate people. It begins leading the pack, even running away when called, given the chance. The more the owner chases, the more the puppy learns it can, indeed, lead. 抚摸是另一种被滥用的与狗交流的方式。当仅仅因为狗在那里而无缘无故地抚摸它时，狗很快就会被宠坏。它变成了被过度溺爱的孩子的犬类对应物，态度是“世界欠我一份生活”。在狗的世界里，是下属抚摸（梳理）“老板”狗。因此，被宠坏的小狗很快就会假设起主导领导的角色，对其下属的人类表现出支配性。它开始带领群体，甚至在有机会时会逃跑不听召唤。主人越是追赶，小狗越是学会它确实可以领导。
The underlying problem may be the vocal/verbal abilities of people. Verbal language suppresses the need for more primitive, nonverbal forms of communication. Pet owners have lost their “animal sense,” but somehow they expect their dog to learn words associated with physical punishment or manipulation, which is virtually impossible for dogs. 潜在的问题可能是人类的语言/口头能力。口头语言抑制了对更原始、非语言交流形式的需求。宠物主人已经失去了他们的“动物感知”，但他们却期望狗能学会与体罚或操控相关的词汇，而这对狗来说几乎是不可能的。
How can an owner effectively communicate with and “teach” a 6 -week-old rough-and-tumble puppy? Every new puppy owner should take the pet out to strange, new (but not frightening) places and merely walk away from the pup, crouching down to praise it when it starts to follow. By following this procedure in several different areas and situations, the owner can develop a deep and lasting leader relationship in the puppy’s mind (Fig 8). 主人如何有效地与一只 6 周大的活泼好动的小狗沟通并“教导”它？每个新狗主人都应该带宠物去陌生的新地方（但不要让它感到害怕），然后只是离开小狗，当小狗开始跟随时蹲下来表扬它。通过在不同的地点和情境中反复进行这一过程，主人可以在小狗心中建立起深厚而持久的领导者关系（见图 8）。
Figure 8. By merely walking away from this 11 -week-old Springer Spaniel, this owner established an early leadership position with his puppy. Not wanting to be abandoned by his “leader,” the pup follows. 图 8. 这位主人仅仅通过离开这只 11 周大的斯普林格猎犬，便在小狗心中确立了早期的领导地位。小狗不想被它的“领导者”抛弃，因此跟了上来。
The Role of Praise 表扬的作用
In daily life with the puppy, praise and petting should be used as rewards when the pup actually does something the owner desires. Otherwise, praise should be withheld. When a new command is taught, the owner should accompany it with some physical movement or posture to show the pup its meaning. As quickly as the puppy starts to make the proper movement, it should be praised. When the pup completes the desired action, it should be gently petted, preferably on the throat and chest. 在与小狗的日常生活中，当小狗真正做出主人期望的行为时，应使用表扬和抚摸作为奖励。否则，应避免表扬。当教导新的指令时，主人应配合一些肢体动作或姿势来向小狗展示其含义。小狗一开始做出正确动作时，应立即给予表扬。当小狗完成期望的动作时，应轻轻抚摸它，最好是在喉咙和胸部部位。
An example of this highly effective form of instrumental conditioning involves teaching “Sit.” If the puppy’s name is followed by the word “Sit,” and the hand is held a few inches above, then moved slightly behind the pup’s head, the pup will raise its head and sit to keep its eye on the hand. After 3-203-20 such commands, the pup should sit withut the hand signal. Each time the pup’s haunches even begin to sink, the pup should be praised by saying “Good sit.” 这种高度有效的工具性条件反射的一个例子是教“坐下”。如果在叫小狗名字后说“坐”，并且手放在离小狗头几英寸高的位置，然后稍微移到小狗头后方，小狗会抬头并坐下以便盯着手看。经过 3-203-20 次这样的指令后，小狗应该能在没有手势的情况下坐下。每当小狗的臀部开始下沉时，就应该通过说“好坐”来表扬它。
Teaching sessions should be short, no longer than a few minutes, and should end with much praise and petting. A puppy so treated soon learns to earn rewards of praise and petting from its “leader.” We have dubbed this regime the “learn-to-earn-praise-and-petting,” or the “No free lunch” program. In the family situation, all members who are old enough should teach the puppy as a demonstration of consistency among the pup’s people. 训练时间应短，不超过几分钟，并且应以大量表扬和抚摸结束。受到这样对待的小狗很快就会学会从它的“领导者”那里获得表扬和抚摸作为奖励。我们将这种训练方法称为“学会赢得表扬和抚摸”或“没有免费的午餐”计划。在家庭环境中，所有年龄足够大的成员都应参与教导小狗，以示小狗的人际一致性。
Training with treats at this stage is not recommended. While bait training techniques are effective, it can interfere with two aspects of life: Establishing owner leadership and housetraining, since the pup’s after-mealtime defecation schedule can be upset. 此阶段不建议使用零食训练。虽然诱饵训练技巧有效，但它可能干扰生活的两个方面：建立主人领导地位和家庭训练，因为小狗饭后排便的时间表可能会被打乱。
A puppy who enjoys a “follower” role with family members gains a behavioral foundation that makes all of life’s later lessons more easily learned. Because they have competent leadership, subordinate (follower) dogs are less easily frustrated and, hence, less apt to violate (chew) their leader’s belongings, steal their food, soil their property (house), etc. Therefore, a solid leader relationship with one’s dog has the added advantage of avoiding most 一只喜欢在家庭成员中扮演“跟随者”角色的小狗，会获得一种行为基础，使其以后生活中的所有课程更容易学习。因为它们有称职的领导，服从（跟随）地位的狗不容易感到挫败，因此也不太可能破坏（咬坏）领导者的物品、偷食物、弄脏他们的财产（房子）等。因此，与狗建立稳固的领导关系还有一个额外的好处，就是避免大多数
unwanted behavior associated with family dogs. This in itself seems a worthy goal. 与家庭犬相关的不良行为。这本身似乎就是一个值得追求的目标。
Most older dogs also respond well to the total social attraction regimen of teaching. However, because months or years, during which the adult dog has assumed dominance, usually precede such behavioral therapy, the owner must be prepared to spend more time than with a puppy. Two field trips on each weekend for the following exercises, coupled with short, happy daily teaching sessions, should span a 6-week period. Most dog owners begin to note that their pet is keeping track of them, rather than vice versa, on the second or third such field expedition. 大多数成年狗也能很好地响应全面的社会吸引教学方法。然而，由于成年狗通常在行为治疗之前已经假定了主导地位，且这种状态持续了数月甚至数年，主人必须准备比训练小狗花费更多的时间。每个周末进行两次外出训练，配合简短愉快的每日教学课程，应持续约 6 周。大多数狗主人会在第二或第三次外出训练时开始注意到，他们的宠物开始关注他们，而不是相反。
A Natural Method of Housetraining 一种自然的室内训练方法
A common factor in all failed attempts by owners trying to train a dog or correct inappropriate behavior is that the dog appears to have no inkling that its owner is trying to teach something. This communication gap is never more painfully apparent than in housetraining procedures. 所有者在尝试训练狗或纠正不当行为时失败的一个共同因素是，狗似乎完全没有意识到主人正在试图教它什么。这种沟通障碍在家庭训练过程中表现得尤为明显，令人痛心。
Puppies first become fastidious and avoid “messing” in their den aiea at about 5 weeks of age, if the breeder makes another area available to them. We can use this tendency in the pup’s new home to accomplish housetraining chore within days, rather than weeks or months. However, a prerequisite is to make the animal aware that we are actually going to teach it. This is most easily done by first teaching a simple command, such as “Come.” 幼犬在大约 5 周龄时，如果饲养者为它们提供了另一个区域，它们会开始讲究卫生，避免在巢穴区域“弄脏”。我们可以利用幼犬在新家中的这种倾向，在几天内完成家庭训练任务，而不是几周或几个月。然而，前提是让动物意识到我们实际上要教它东西。这最简单的方法是先教一个简单的指令，比如“过来”。
We prefer nonphysical techniques involving “body language,” plus praise reinforcement. These take advantage of the dog’s natural ability to communicate and avoid negative factors involved in physical methods. 我们更倾向于使用非身体接触的技巧，包括“肢体语言”和表扬强化。这些方法利用了狗的自然沟通能力，避免了身体方法中涉及的负面因素。
Even the simplest command to “Sit,” “Stay” and “Down” begins to establish a dominant leadership position for owners, even children. Regardless of which lesson is taught first, the first step toward housetraining is achieved-the owner is teacher, and the dog is the “student.” The very first teaching session starts to lay the groundwork for subsequent housetraining. 即使是最简单的“坐下”、“停留”和“趴下”命令，也开始为主人，甚至是孩子，建立起主导的领导地位。无论先教哪一课，迈向室内训练的第一步已经完成——主人是老师，狗是“学生”。第一次教学课程就开始为后续的室内训练奠定基础。
Most of us cannot recall how long (usually months) it took for our parents to potty train us. If we did, perhaps we would marvel at the fact that a pup can learn the procedure in a matter of days. 我们大多数人都记不得父母花了多久时间（通常是几个月）来训练我们上厕所。如果记得，也许会惊讶于小狗能在几天内学会这个过程。
Interestingly, the training program is about the same for babies as for pups and older dogs. 有趣的是，训练程序对婴儿、小狗和成年狗来说基本相同。
Step 1 第一步
The first step is to feed a balanced, complete diet in accordance with veterinary guidance. Quantity and schedule must be adjusted so the pup produces firm, formed stools at every bowel movement. The number of feedings per day should equal the number of bowel movements. If stools are loose, the feed quantity should be decreased 10%10 \%. This assumes that the stools are not loose because of internal parasites or another medical problems. The amount fed is continually reduced in ten percent steps until a firm stool is produced. If the stools are chalky and very dry, the quantity fed should be increased until a firm stool is achieved. A dog suffering from either constipation or overly loose stools cannot be expected to control its bowel movements on a schedule. I meet many owners who have been severely punishing diarrheic animals for something they themselves could not regulate! 第一步是按照兽医的指导，喂食均衡、完整的饮食。喂食的数量和时间安排必须调整，使幼犬每次排便时都能排出坚实、成形的粪便。每天的喂食次数应与排便次数相等。如果粪便稀软，应减少喂食量 10%10 \% 。这是假设粪便稀软不是由于体内寄生虫或其他医疗问题引起的。喂食量应逐步减少，每次减少 10%，直到产生坚实的粪便为止。如果粪便呈粉笔状且非常干燥，应增加喂食量，直到产生坚实的粪便。患有便秘或粪便过稀的狗无法按计划控制排便。我遇到过许多主人，他们因为无法控制的腹泻而严厉惩罚自己的宠物！
Pavlov noted that, when a dog feels the urge to urinate or defecate, it is not readily susceptible to conditioning (learning). Even so, once a puppy forms a habit of eliminating in one particular place, it usually seeks that spot when the urge to eliminate is felt. Therefore, it makes sense to teach the pup that the toilet area is a positively rewarding location. The location of the toilet area should be selected for easy accessibility, especially after mealtimes. For this reason, doggy doors are a boon to simplified housetraining. 巴甫洛夫指出，当狗狗有排尿或排便的冲动时，它们不容易被条件反射（学习）所影响。即便如此，一旦小狗养成了在某个特定地点排泄的习惯，通常在有排泄冲动时会寻找那个地方。因此，教导小狗将厕所区域视为一个积极奖励的地方是合理的。厕所区域的位置应选择便于进入，尤其是在饭后。基于这个原因，狗门对于简化室内训练来说是一个福音。
The puppy should be urged toward this location after meals, following every drink of water observed, upon awakening (even from a nap), after excitement and after any prolonged chewing on its toys. These are all times at which the pup usually gets the urge to urinate or defecate. Most pups learn their proper toilet area in 36-4836-48 hours. Once they begin using that spot, whether it is on newspaper in an apartment or in the backyard of a house, we are ready for Step 2. 饭后、每次观察到喝水后、醒来时（即使是小睡醒来）、兴奋之后以及长时间咀嚼玩具后，都应引导小狗前往这个地点。这些时刻通常是小狗有排尿或排便冲动的时候。大多数小狗在 36-4836-48 小时内学会正确的厕所区域。一旦它们开始使用那个地方，无论是在公寓里的报纸上还是在房子的后院，我们就可以进入第二步。
Step 2 第二步
Learning when and where not to urinate or defecate is the step that completes total housetraining of any dog, young or old. If the animal is alone from 8:00 AM to 5:30 PM, 5 days a week, it is folly 学习何时何地不排尿或排便，是完成任何狗狗，无论老幼，完全室内训练的关键步骤。如果动物每周五天从上午 8 点到下午 5 点半独处，那么
Chapter 7 第 7 章
to spend these hours playing doorman on the weekend days. Sphincter control can only be taught by keeping the dog inside the house and distracting it from urinating or defecating. During the hours when the pup is to be prevented from eliminating, it may be helpful to take up its water bowl; in problem cases, the veterinarian should be consulted to see it is possible to give water only at mealtimes. This avoids triggering the reflex urge to eliminate during confinement. Water should always be available at meals. 在周末花时间当门卫是愚蠢的。括约肌控制只能通过让狗狗待在屋内并分散其排尿或排便的注意力来教导。在需要防止幼犬排泄的时间段内，收起它的水碗可能会有所帮助；在有问题的情况下，应咨询兽医，看看是否可以只在用餐时提供水。这可以避免在被限制活动时触发排泄的反射冲动。水应始终在用餐时提供。
Punishment, such as putting the dog’s nose into its urine or feces, or swatting it with newspapers is ineffective and can actually make the problem worse. A more natural approach when finding an “accident” is to wait until the pup notices it too, then growl at the mess and shoo the puppy out to its proper area. Afterwards, when the puppy can’t witness the chore, the mess should be cleaned up. 惩罚，比如把狗的鼻子塞进它的尿液或粪便中，或者用报纸拍打它，是无效的，实际上可能会使问题更严重。更自然的方法是在发现“意外”时，等幼犬自己也注意到，然后对着脏物咆哮并把幼犬赶到它正确的排泄区域。之后，当幼犬无法看到时，应清理干净脏物。
Another device that has been helpful, especially with pups or older dogs that sneak away to do their “duty” indoors, is to hang 1 or 2 little brass bells on the collar. This helps the owner hear the dog’s movements around the house during the day. 另一种特别有用的装置，尤其适用于那些偷偷溜到室内“方便”的幼犬或年长犬，是在项圈上挂 1 到 2 个小铜铃铛。这有助于主人在白天听到狗在屋内的动静。
We always recommend that the pup or older offender sleep in the bedroom with the owner during the housetraining period. The 我们总是建议在训练排便期间，让幼犬或年长的违规犬与主人一起睡在卧室里。
Table 1. Steps in the natural method of housetraining. This guide assumes the dog to be in good health, without internal parasites. Therefore, before starting the program, a veterinary examination is advised. 表 1. 自然排便训练法的步骤。本指南假设狗狗身体健康，无体内寄生虫。因此，在开始训练计划前，建议进行兽医检查。
Teach “Come,” “Sit,” or some command at least 2 times daily. 每天至少教“来”、“坐”或其他命令两次。
Feed at the same time every day for a formed, firm stool. If the stool is loose, cut the feed amount 10%10 \%; if the stool is dry, increase 10%10 \%. No tidbits or between-meal snacks. 每天同一时间喂食，以形成坚实的粪便。如果粪便稀软，减少喂食量 10%10 \% ；如果粪便干燥，增加 10%10 \% 。不喂零食或餐间点心。
Establish only 1 toilet area. Take the dog there after eating, drinking water, awakening, excitement or chewing on its toys. 只设定一个排便区域。狗狗吃饭、喝水、醒来、兴奋或咀嚼玩具后，带它去那里。
Once the dog begins to seek its toilet place, be sure to distract it from urination or defecation in the house during the hours it will be left alone. 一旦狗狗开始寻找排便地点，确保在它独处的时间内分散它在屋内排尿或排便的注意力。
When an accident is discovered, do not make a fuss over it, except if the dog notices. Just growl at it, then shoo the dog out to the proper toilet place. Avoid punishment or social isolation. Do not let the animal see you cleaning up the mess. 发现意外时，不要大惊小怪，除非狗狗注意到了。只需对它咆哮一下，然后把狗赶到正确的排便地点。避免惩罚或社交隔离。不要让动物看到你清理粪便。
If the pup is sneaky about housesoiling, as is often the case with dogs that have been punished for their accidents, hang a small brass bell on its collar. Have the pup sleep in your bedroom at night. 如果小狗在室内排泄时很狡猾，就像那些因意外被惩罚的狗常有的情况一样，可以在它的项圈上挂一个小铜铃。让小狗晚上睡在你的卧室里。
Take up drinking water at night or when the dog is left alone. In problem cases, give water with meals only. 晚上或狗狗独处时收起饮用水。在有问题的情况下，只在用餐时提供水。
Never let the puppy watch people using the toilet. 绝不要让小狗看人上厕所。
bell affords the opportunity to perceive when the puppy wakes up and moves around so it can be put back into bed. 铃铛可以让你察觉小狗醒来并四处走动的时机，这样就能把它重新放回床上。
If this natural plan for housetraining is followed by all family members, most pups and older dogs become reliably fastidious in their homes within a week, though some animals take longer. The steps in this natural method of housetraining are summarized in Table 1. 如果所有家庭成员都遵循这种自然的室内训练计划，大多数幼犬和成年犬在一周内就能在家中养成可靠的清洁习惯，尽管有些动物需要更长时间。表 1 总结了这种自然室内训练方法的步骤。
Barking Puppies 吠叫的幼犬
Before undertaking any course of correction for excessive barking, we must determine why excessive barking occurs in the first place. The usual reasons are to protest social isolation, to gain a response from another animal, object or person, and to express alarm at unidentified sounds, movements, objects or odors. Most pups that bark excessively are vocally oriented. That is, in almost any stressful situation, they tend to vocalize by barking, whining or howling. 在采取任何纠正过度吠叫的措施之前，我们必须首先确定过度吠叫的原因。常见的原因包括抗议社会隔离、试图引起其他动物、物体或人的反应，以及对不明声音、动作、物体或气味表示警觉。大多数过度吠叫的幼犬是以声音为导向的。也就是说，在几乎任何压力情境下，它们倾向于通过吠叫、哀鸣或嚎叫来发声。
The most important method of controlling barking in any type of puppy is to make sure that corrective steps do not actually teach the pup to bark. This is a common error made by many owners. Inadvertently they reinforce the behavior (anxiety vocalizing caused by being left alone) by responding (going to the pup) and either positively or negatively handling him or her. The idea that punishment can perpetuate problem behavior is difficult for many owners to grasp. 控制任何类型小狗吠叫的最重要方法是确保纠正措施不会实际上教会小狗吠叫。许多主人常犯的一个错误就是无意中通过回应（走向小狗）并对其进行正面或负面处理，强化了这种行为（因被单独留下而产生的焦虑性叫声）。许多主人难以理解惩罚可能会助长问题行为这一观点。
What has actually occurred, however, is that the pup has achieved its goal: the owner 's presence. This is a positive reinforcement, even if accompanied by a slap on the rump or snout. From the pup’s standpoint, discomfort of punishment is better than isolation. Because barking provides some relief from isolation, the excessive barking is continued. Most owners grasp this when it is framed as “thinking like the puppy.” 然而，实际上发生的是小狗达到了它的目的：主人的出现。这是一种正向强化，即使伴随着拍打屁股或鼻子的惩罚。从小狗的角度来看，惩罚的不适感比孤立要好。因为吠叫能缓解孤立感，所以过度吠叫得以持续。大多数主人在以“站在小狗的角度思考”来理解时会明白这一点。
Isolation Barking 孤立吠叫
A highly “verbal” 4-month-old female Keeshond had been shut in the kitchen at night due to the owners’ fear that chewing or housesoiling might occur if the dog were left free in the house. This isolation had been practiced since the pup was 8 weeks of age, and resulted in 一只非常“多话”的 4 个月大的母基斯霍恩犬因主人担心如果让狗在屋内自由活动会咬东西或随地大小便，晚上被关在厨房里。这种孤立从小狗 8 周大时就开始实行，结果导致了
incessant barking. Every night the husband got up 4 or 5 times, trundled downstairs, and punished the animal for causing a disturbance. The barking was becoming louder as time went by. 持续不断的吠叫。每晚丈夫都会起床 4 到 5 次，拖着疲惫的身躯下楼，惩罚这只因制造骚扰而吠叫的动物。随着时间推移，吠声变得越来越大。
Barking was not the only behavior complaint. The clients also objected to the pup’s destructive chewing and constant nipping at their young children. Further, the pup took every opportunity to run away from the house. Exhaustive chases were required to trap and return the Keeshond. Another problem was that the wife did not want a dog and placed full responsibility for its behavior on her husband’s shoulders, even though she spent most of her time with the puppy during the day. 吠叫并不是唯一的行为问题。客户还反映小狗有破坏性咀嚼行为，并且不断地咬他们年幼的孩子。此外，小狗抓住每一个机会逃离家中。为了抓住并带回这只凯斯猎犬，家人不得不进行耗费体力的追逐。另一个问题是妻子不想要这只狗，却将狗的所有行为责任都推给丈夫，尽管她白天大部分时间都和小狗在一起。
Correction involved building the woman’s sense of responsibility for the pup’s behavior, as well as working with the various problems themselves. The family undertook a 6-week puppy behavior program involving off-leash training of the pet to respond to commands to Come, Sit, Stay, Heel, Lie Down and Go to its own bed. 纠正措施包括增强这位女士对小狗行为的责任感，同时解决各种具体问题。家庭开始了为期 6 周的小狗行为训练计划，内容包括让宠物在无牵引的情况下，学会听从“过来”、“坐下”、“停留”、“跟随”、“趴下”和“回到自己的床上”等指令。
Night barking was extinguished by sound distraction. This required that the husband spend the first few minutes after bedtime outside the kitchen door and apply corrections when any activity could be heard in the kitchen. This kept the puppy away from the door and in its bed. Barking disappeared after 3 weeks. 夜间吠叫通过声音干扰得以消除。这要求丈夫在睡觉后最初几分钟待在厨房门外，并在听到厨房有任何动静时进行纠正。这使小狗远离门口，待在它的床上。吠叫在三周后消失了。
Ordinarily, the barking problem would be solved simply by moving the pup’s bed into one of the bedrooms. However, the wife was adamant that this not be done, even if it became necessary to get rid of the Keeshond. Her excuses were simple: the son had asthma and she refused to have a dog in her own bedroom. This was a highly emotional issue with her. Whether it might have been due to embarrassment about permitting the animal to witness marital intimacies is unknown. However, sexual inhibition is common in such cases and involves men as well as women. 通常，解决吠叫问题只需将小狗的床移到其中一间卧室即可。然而，妻子坚决反对这样做，即使最终不得不放弃这只凯斯猎犬。她的理由很简单：儿子患有哮喘，她拒绝让狗进入自己的卧室。这对她来说是一个高度情绪化的问题。是否因为尴尬让动物目睹夫妻间的亲密行为不得而知。然而，性抑制在此类情况下很常见，且不仅限于女性，男性也会有。
The owners elected the most difficult method of correction. The barking problem was replaced by nightly urination, probably as a result of the pup’s continued frustration. Fortunately, standard housetraining procedures, involving taking up the water early in the evening and at night, corrected this secondary problem in a couple of weeks. 主人选择了最困难的纠正方法。吠叫问题被每晚尿尿的问题所取代，这很可能是由于小狗持续的挫败感所致。幸运的是，标准的室内训练程序，包括晚上早些时候和夜间收起水碗，在几周内纠正了这个次要问题。
Isolation barking can be corrected by not isolating the puppy. If this is not possible, the owner must gain a strong leadership position with the pup and stop reinforcing the barking. A distracting stimulus is used to quiet the pup before the bark actually occurs (as the pup is preparing to bark). This sound stimulus causes a reflexive response away from the object or situation stimulating the barking. I use an ultrasonic device for this purpose (see Chapter 15), but other common noisemakers include bean bags tossed at the door, a metal plate dropped outside the door or behind the pup, a heavy rap on a window away from the bark-stimulus locale, rustling of crisp paper between the hands and other novel sounds. The principle is essentially the same, regardless of the device used. 隔离吠叫可以通过不将小狗隔离来纠正。如果这不可能，主人必须在小狗面前建立强有力的领导地位，并停止强化吠叫。在小狗真正开始吠叫之前（当小狗准备吠叫时），使用分散注意力的刺激使其安静下来。这种声音刺激会引发反射性反应，使小狗远离引发吠叫的物体或情境。我为此使用超声波装置（见第 15 章），但其他常见的噪音制造器包括向门扔豆袋、在门外或小狗身后敲落金属板、在远离吠叫刺激地点的窗户上重重敲击、双手揉搓脆纸以及其他新奇的声音。无论使用何种装置，原理基本相同。
This type of correction for isolation barking succeeds where others may fail because it conforms to conditioning principles known to extinguish certain behavior. That is, if the barking behavior is not reinforced, the behavior will eventually disappear. Some pups bark more persistently than others and therefore require more patience, which is the most important characteristic of those interested in raising a well-adjusted puppy. 这种针对孤独吠叫的纠正方法之所以能成功，而其他方法可能失败，是因为它符合已知能消除某些行为的条件反射原理。也就是说，如果吠叫行为得不到强化，这种行为最终会消失。有些小狗比其他小狗吠叫得更坚持，因此需要更多的耐心，而耐心是那些希望养育一只性格良好小狗的人的最重要品质。
Alarm Barking 警戒吠叫
A pup that barks at unidentified sounds, movements or odors is often reacting normally. Owners who want a watchdog often make the error of encouraging this type of barking by reinforcing it with excited comments after the pup barks, such as “What’s that, Tippy?” This sort of reinforcement can condition an otherwise normal puppy to become a problem barker. 对不明声音、动作或气味吠叫的小狗通常是在正常反应。想要养护卫犬的主人常犯的错误是，通过在小狗吠叫后用兴奋的语气鼓励它，比如说“那是什么，Tippy？”来强化这种吠叫。这种强化可能会使本来正常的小狗变成吠叫成问题的狗。
Some highly excitable pups often overdo their bark responses with no encouragement whatsoever. Others are vocally oriented and may not have had sufficiently varied early experience, especially during the 5 th through 14 th weeks of life. These puppies often bark and circle unfamiliar objects. These include both the aggressive and shy (regressive, flight) types of pups. 一些极易兴奋的小狗即使没有任何鼓励，也常常过度吠叫。还有些小狗天生爱叫，可能在生命的第 5 周到第 14 周期间没有经历足够多样的早期体验。这些小狗常常对陌生物体吠叫并绕圈。这其中既包括攻击性强的，也包括胆小（退缩、逃避）类型的小狗。
Alarm-barking puppies tend to bark whether the owners are home or absent. The problem is more easily corrected at this time than later. Older barking dogs typically have been “shushed” so often when the owners are home that they only carry on their vocal antics when the controlling influence is absent. 警戒吠叫的小狗无论主人在家还是不在家，往往都会吠叫。这个问题在这个阶段比以后更容易纠正。年长的吠叫犬通常在主人在家时被“制止”得太多，以至于只有在控制力量缺失时才会继续吠叫。
The most effective correction involves training the puppy to bark only at the exceptional events, objects, odors, etc. Barking at everyday or non-threatening stimuli should be extinguished (not reinforced). If the problem of barking is viewed in this way by puppy owners, the result is usually a well-adjusted and dependable watchdog. The following routine can be used to train normal pups and correct problem barkers. 最有效的纠正方法是训练小狗只在特殊事件、物体、气味等情况下吠叫。对日常或无威胁刺激的吠叫应被消除（而非强化）。如果小狗主人以这种方式看待吠叫问题，通常会得到一只适应良好且可靠的看门狗。以下程序可用于训练正常小狗和纠正吠叫问题。
Barking Correction for Pups 小狗吠叫纠正
Step # 1: The owner should ask someone to make sounds outside the house or apartment, walk a dog outside the door or fence (if the pup is in a yard), or otherwise visually stimulate the pup in a way that has caused the problem barking in the past or may do so in the future. As soon as the pup barks a few times, the owner quietly calls the animal to different parts of the house. In other words, the pup is taught to sound the “alarm” and then to seek the owner. It is a desirable trait for a dog that will function well as a watchdog to seek out its owner in the event of trouble. When the pup responds, the owner quietly praises it and remains silent thereafter. If the pup turns again toward the stimulus, it is quietly called back until it settles with the owner. Make sure that the outside assistant does not create unnatural situations to stimulate barking. Heavy footsteps, jimmying the door, trying to open a window, etc., are good agitations, but they must not be overdone either in volume or duration. 步骤 1：主人应请他人在房子或公寓外发出声音，或者在门外或围栏外遛狗（如果小狗在院子里），或者以其他方式视觉刺激小狗，这些方式在过去曾引起问题吠叫，或将来可能引起吠叫。小狗吠叫几声后，主人悄悄地召唤它到房子的不同地方。换句话说，小狗被教导先发出“警报”声，然后去找主人。对于一只作为看门狗能良好运作的狗来说，遇到麻烦时去找主人是一个理想的特质。当小狗回应时，主人悄悄地表扬它，随后保持安静。如果小狗再次转向刺激源，主人再次悄悄召回，直到它安定下来并留在主人身边。确保外面的协助者不要制造不自然的情况来刺激吠叫。沉重的脚步声、撬门、试图打开窗户等是很好的刺激，但音量和持续时间都不能过度。
Repeat this procedure until the pup automatically seeks the owner after a couple of barks. Allow at least 21//221 / 2 hours between training sessions. Hold at least 2 sessions per day until the puppy seeks the owner and remains quiet after the alarm barking, without being commanded to do so. 重复此步骤，直到小狗在叫了几声后自动去找主人。训练课程之间至少间隔 21//221 / 2 小时。每天至少进行 2 次训练，直到小狗在警报叫声后主动去找主人并保持安静，无需指令。
In this procedure, the owners should avoid: 在此过程中，主人应避免：
Scolding or otherwise loudly or angrily reinforcing the behavior. 斥责或以大声或愤怒的方式强化行为。
Holding shut the pup’s mouth (this only frustrates the pet and may cause problem barking in the owner’s absence). 用手捂住小狗的嘴巴（这只会让宠物感到沮丧，可能导致主人不在时出现问题性吠叫）。
Physically punishing the puppy, as this may reinforce the barking. 体罚小狗，因为这可能会强化它的吠叫行为。
The teacher should behave as the pup is expected to behave: silently. This exemplary behavior requires patience but teaches the pup without harmful side effects to the relationship between the pup and owner. 训练者应表现出期望小狗表现的行为：保持安静。这种示范行为需要耐心，但能在不损害小狗与主人关系的情况下教导小狗。
Step #2: The puppy that continually barks when alone must be dealt with after the barking is brought under control in the presence of the owners. When this is achieved, a second person should create a situation that triggers barking. Immediately following the bark stimulus, the owner must introduce a distracting stimulus that the pup associates with a feeling of well-being. Some quieting distractions can be the rattle of a dinner dish or a door knob, a radio coming on, etc. (anything associated with quiet behavior). A distraction that has stimulated barking in the past should not be used. 步骤#2：对于独处时持续吠叫的小狗，必须在主人在场时先控制其吠叫。当做到这一点后，第二个人应制造一个引发吠叫的情境。吠叫刺激出现后，主人必须立即引入一个让小狗联想到愉悦感的分散注意力的刺激。一些能使小狗安静下来的分散注意力的刺激可以是餐具的响声、门把手的声音、收音机的开启声等（任何与安静行为相关的声音）。不应使用曾经引发吠叫的分散注意力刺激。
In any of these situations, the interrupting stimulus must be one that is practical to apply until the puppy quiets for longer and longer periods, up to several hours, even when additional bark-inducing stimuli are introduced. 在任何这些情况下，打断刺激必须是实用的，能够持续使用，直到小狗安静的时间越来越长，最长可达数小时，即使引入了更多引发吠叫的刺激。
This procedure may be time consuming and laborious only if the owner neglects that first step in the correction procedure: to control barking when at home with the puppy. Pups have been successfully silenced with this method in only 1 day; others have taken as long as 2-6 weeks. If the procedure is applied regularly, both night and day, an acceptably non-vocal pet will result. 这个过程可能会耗时且费力，前提是主人忽视了纠正程序中的第一步：在家中与小狗相处时控制其吠叫。通过这种方法，有些小狗仅用一天时间就成功安静下来；而有些则需要 2 到 6 周。如果该程序能日夜定期执行，最终会得到一个吠叫行为可接受的宠物。
Barking at Animals, People or Objects 对动物、人或物体的吠叫
When a pup barks at other dogs, cats, people or unfamiliar objects, it is usually the result of some frustration. I once had an ear-wracking lunch with a young couple who had taught their 10-week-old Labrador Retriever to “speak” for tidbits. The pup made conversation virtually impossible and, worse yet, the sheer volume of its barking seemed to inhibit the flow of gastric juices necessary to digest what otherwise might have been a delicious meal. This case is described in detail in the section on Begging. I mention it here because it is a classic example of inadvertent operant conditioning. 当小狗对其他狗、猫、人或陌生物体吠叫时，通常是由于某种挫折感。我曾与一对年轻夫妇共进午餐，耳朵几乎被他们 10 周大的拉布拉多猎犬的吠叫声震聋。他们教这只小狗为了得到零食而“说话”。这只小狗几乎让交谈变得不可能，更糟的是，它吠叫的巨大音量似乎抑制了胃液的分泌，影响了消化，否则这本可能是一顿美味的饭菜。这个案例在“乞食”一节中有详细描述。我在这里提及它，是因为它是无意中操作性条件反射的经典例子。
Most pups between about 12 and 26 weeks of age begin announcing their presence to strangers, attracting the attention of their owners, sounding territorial alarms at other animals or otherwise trying to stimulate some sort of response from unidentified objects, 大多数年龄在 12 至 26 周之间的小狗开始向陌生人宣告自己的存在，吸引主人的注意，对其他动物发出领地警报，或以其他方式试图引起对未知物体、
odors, sounds or movements. The secret of curtailing this natural tendency is to avoid reinforcing the barking, and it usually fades away. This requires ignoring the behavior. To a puppy, the act of vocalizing appears to be identified as just that - vocalizing. Therefore, shouting at a vocalizing, vocally oriented puppy to obtain silence merely reinforces the barking. 气味、声音或动作的某种反应。遏制这种自然倾向的秘诀是避免强化吠叫行为，通常这种行为会逐渐消失。这需要忽视这种行为。对小狗来说，发声的行为被简单地识别为发声。因此，对一个发声且以声音为导向的小狗大声喊叫以求安静，只会强化其吠叫行为。
When the barking is aimed at someone or something the pup perceives as threatening (though this is not so), the animal’s interpretation of the stimulus must be altered. This process takes from a day to a few weeks, and requires the same initial procedures used in alarm barking. That is, the pup is allowed a couple of normal “alarm barks” at the new stimulus, and then is taught to seek the owner and remain silent. When this has been accomplished, the act of barking takes on a functional significance for the pet. 当吠叫针对的是小狗认为具有威胁性的人或物（尽管实际上并非如此）时，必须改变动物对刺激的解读。这个过程需要一天到几周的时间，并且需要使用与警报吠叫相同的初步方法。也就是说，允许小狗对新的刺激发出几声正常的“警报吠叫”，然后教它去找主人并保持安静。当这一点达成后，吠叫行为对宠物来说就具有了功能性的意义。
Eliminating the pup’s misinterpretation of threat by certain people, objects or sounds require that the owner introduce the pet to these stimuli while reassuring it with good-natured and jolly (but low-volume) words and phrases. If a visitor stimulates this type of barking, the owner should approach that person and behave in a friendly manner, crouching down while demonstrating friendly trust as an invitation for the puppy to approach. The puppy should in no way be pulled or ordered to the guest. Rather, it should be allowed to gain confidence at a natural pace. It often helps if the guest assumes the same crouched position as the owner, but remains immobile and passive while the pup begins to gain confidence. I have had successes with especially vocal and fearful pups by having the stranger or guest lie face down on the floor while the pup investigates the individual. 消除幼犬对某些人、物体或声音的威胁误解，需要主人在向宠物介绍这些刺激时，用性格温和、愉快（但音量较低）的言语安抚它。如果访客引发了这种类型的吠叫，主人应走近该人并表现出友好态度，蹲下身来以示友好和信任，邀请幼犬靠近。幼犬绝不应被拉扯或命令去接近客人，而应允许它以自然的节奏建立信心。如果客人也采取与主人相同的蹲姿，但保持不动和被动，幼犬开始建立信心时，这通常会有所帮助。我曾通过让陌生人或客人俯卧在地板上，让特别爱叫且胆小的幼犬自行探查该人，取得了成功。
This same method can be used with a barrier between the pup and the inciting stimulus. The puppy can be taken to the other side of the barrier, whether a gate, fence, door or window, and introduced to the stimulus in a friendly manner. When this concerns other animals, more time and effort are required to obtain the involved animals and have their owners cooperate in correction. The same happy, jolly routine must be undertaken by the owners in these situations. 同样的方法也可以在幼犬和刺激源之间设置障碍物时使用。幼犬可以被带到障碍物的另一侧，无论是门、栅栏、门还是窗户，并以友好的方式介绍给刺激源。当涉及其他动物时，需要更多的时间和精力来获取相关动物并让它们的主人配合纠正。在这些情况下，主人必须进行同样愉快、欢快的训练程序。
Where this procedure does not succeed, the pup should be stimulated between the time of the pup’s initial orientation to the inciting stimulus and its overt barking, followed by jolly reinforcement. If the problem is caused by an odor, sound or movement, the 如果该方法未能奏效，应在幼犬初次接触刺激源与其明显吠叫之间进行刺激，随后进行欢快的强化。如果问题是由气味、声音或动作引起的，
pup should be escorted happily to the area from which these emanate and allowed to investigate, while the owner reassures it that no real threat exists. 应愉快地带领幼犬前往这些刺激源发出的区域，让其自行探查，同时主人安抚幼犬，告诉它没有真正的威胁存在。
In cases of previously reinforced barking, such as in the lunch scene described earlier, an intervening stimulus is almost prerequisite to success. These types of barking pups resemble what I call “gimme kids.” They yap to achieve some specifically learned reinforcement, even if only to gain the owner’s attention. Correction entails withholding reinforcement, or using some neutral intervening stimulus to interrupt the inclination to bark, with a subsequent reward. The latter method generally takes less time. 在先前被强化的吠叫情况下，比如前面描述的午餐场景，介入刺激几乎是成功的先决条件。这类吠叫的小狗类似于我所说的“讨要孩子”。它们吠叫是为了获得某种特定学到的强化，即使只是为了引起主人的注意。纠正方法包括拒绝强化，或使用某种中性介入刺激来打断吠叫的倾向，随后给予奖励。后一种方法通常所需时间较短。
Summary 总结
All puppies normally bark or otherwise vocalize. If problem barking is to be avoided later, it is best not to reinforce this natural barking. It is also wise not to teach the pup to bark for tidbits or otherwise encouraging barking. 所有小狗通常都会吠叫或发出其他声音。如果想避免以后出现吠叫问题，最好不要强化这种自然的吠叫。也明智的是不要教小狗为了零食而吠叫，或以其他方式鼓励吠叫。
A highly vocal pup may develop into a problem barker because of isolation, alarm barking or reinforcement. In any case, corrective procedures should rely on immediate orientation to the owner, non-reinforcement and/or application of a neutral stimulus, causing the pup to orient away from the inciting stimulus and, in non-isolation cases, toward a reassuring, happy reinforcement. The owner must remain calm and pleasant to achieve success. The time required depends on the pup’s degree of previous learning, its tenacity, the owner’s skill and patience, and the strength of the stimulus causing the problem. Correction can be achieved in a day or up to 6 weeks. 一只非常爱叫的小狗可能会因为孤立、警戒吠叫或强化而发展成问题吠叫。无论哪种情况，纠正方法都应依赖于立即引导小狗关注主人，不给予强化和/或施加中性刺激，使小狗转移注意力远离激发刺激，在非孤立情况下，转向一个令人安心、愉快的强化。主人必须保持冷静和愉快，才能取得成功。所需时间取决于小狗之前的学习程度、其坚持性、主人的技巧和耐心，以及引发问题的刺激强度。纠正时间可以在一天内完成，也可能长达 6 周。
Begging and Stealing Food 乞食和偷食
Learning to beg or steal food is the easiest of all life’s lessons for a puppy. The art is most often taught by the pup’s owners. In some cases, it is learned when food is accidentally dropped on the floor, or left unattended where the puppy can get at it. 学会乞食或偷食是小狗最容易学会的生活课程。这个“技巧”通常是由小狗的主人教会的。在某些情况下，是当食物意外掉在地上，或放在小狗能接触到的地方无人看管时学会的。
Human taste discrimination is so crude when compared to the dog’s that many owners fail to appreciate the folly of giving their pups little treats of the family food fare. Many times it only takes one taste of highly spiced table food to ruin a puppy’s appreciation for its less-seasoned commercial diet. The result can be a pup that 与狗相比，人类的味觉辨别能力非常粗糙，许多主人未能意识到给小狗吃家庭食物小零食的愚蠢之处。很多时候，只需尝一口高度调味的餐桌食物，就会破坏小狗对其较少调味的商业狗粮的喜好。结果可能是小狗
turns up its nose at dog food and becomes a roaring menace around the dinner table. 对狗粮嗤之以鼻，成为餐桌旁的吵闹祸害。
In the previous section I mentioned a hectic lunch spent with a young couple and their Labrador puppy. The barker made social interaction impossible, and produced dyspepsia in the owners. The solution was time consuming and nerve wracking. The couple obtained earplugs and spent more than 3 weeks ignoring the vociferous pet at mealtimes before the puppy finally gave up and stopped barking. 在上一节中，我提到过与一对年轻夫妇及其拉布拉多小狗共进午餐的忙乱情景。那只吠叫的狗使社交变得不可能，也让主人们消化不良。解决办法既耗时又令人紧张。夫妇俩买了耳塞，花了三个多星期在用餐时无视这只吵闹的宠物，直到小狗最终放弃吠叫。
Correction 纠正
The natural method of extinguishing begging takes time. The time it takes depends on the duration of the habit, the pup’s tenacity, and the consistency of its owners in carrying out corrective procedures. It requires that absolutely no attention be given the begging pup, regardless of its antics in trying to gain tidbits. 自然消除乞讨行为的方法需要时间。所需时间取决于习惯的持续时间、小狗的坚持程度以及主人在执行纠正措施时的一致性。必须绝对不给乞讨的小狗任何关注，无论它为了获得食物碎屑而耍出什么花招。
In the case of food stealing, the natural method of extinguishing the behavior requires even more careful control of the environment, especially when young children are involved. They usually love to share their goodies with their pets, but it is impractical to explain the cause-effect relationship to such youngsters when they complain that “Tippy jumped up and stole my ice cream cone!” Children also tend to leave articles of food around on low tables and chairs, an irresistible temptation for most puppies. 对于偷食行为，自然消除这种行为的方法需要对环境进行更加细致的控制，尤其是在有小孩的情况下。孩子们通常喜欢与宠物分享他们的零食，但当他们抱怨“提比跳起来偷了我的冰淇淋蛋筒！”时，很难向他们解释因果关系。孩子们也常常把食物放在低矮的桌子和椅子上，这对大多数小狗来说是难以抗拒的诱惑。
To eliminate stealing, whether it is overt (taking food from children) or covert (pilfering the thawing dinner steak), it is necessary to initiate a program of at least 4 weeks, during which no food is ever placed within the pup’s reach. It goes without saying that no tidbits should be given during this period. 为了消除偷食行为，无论是明显的（从孩子那里拿食物）还是隐蔽的（偷吃解冻中的晚餐牛排），都必须启动一个至少持续 4 周的计划，在此期间绝不将食物放在小狗够得到的地方。更不用说，在此期间也不应给任何食物碎屑。
Remedies that often fail include lacing some food with pepper or ammonia, saying “No-no” while tempting the pup, and physically punishing the animal when it approaches the family’s food. These fail because they require the presence of some agent other than the food, either the aversive-tasting element or the owner. When these elements are not present, the pup is rarely discouraged from stealing the food. It learns to discriminate between treated and untreated morsels, and to avoid food in the owner’s presence. 常见但常常失败的补救方法包括在食物中掺入胡椒粉或氨水，在诱惑小狗时说“不不”，以及当小狗靠近家人的食物时对其进行体罚。这些方法失败的原因在于它们需要食物以外的某种因素存在，要么是味道令人反感的成分，要么是主人。当这些因素不存在时，小狗很少会被阻止偷食。它学会区分处理过和未处理的食物，并在主人在场时避免食物。
Use of an intervening stimulus to interrupt the pup’s impulse to take the food seems to work well if applied several times a day for 使用一个介入刺激来打断小狗想要拿食物的冲动，如果每天多次应用，持续大约 6 周，似乎效果不错。
about 6 weeks. However, few dog owners are motivated strongly enough to work at it with the required dedication. Therefore, the best approach is the natural method. This involves totally ignoring the pup’s begging behavior, avoiding dropping food, avoiding all tidbitting, and not leaving “people” food within the pup’s reach for at least 4 weeks, or until the puppy no longer seems attracted by human food. As mentioned, this is difficult when young children are involved, but it can succeed eventually through the process of extinction. 然而，很少有狗主人有足够的动力和专注力去坚持这样做。因此，最好的方法是自然法。这包括完全忽视小狗的乞食行为，避免掉落食物，避免所有的零食喂食，并且至少 4 周内不让小狗接触到“人类”的食物，或者直到小狗不再对人类食物感兴趣。如前所述，当有小孩时这很难做到，但通过消退过程，最终是可以成功的。
Biting and Mouthing 咬人和用嘴啃咬
The wife of a financial tycoon arrived at my office with a very expensive 8-week-old male German Shepherd puppy whose first response to my efforts to stroke it was to bite my wrist. “See what I mean?” she said, displaying her own ravaged hands and forearms. I empathized and stood up to avoid further pain, but the pup then tried to put his dental tattoo on my right ankle. 一位金融大亨的妻子带着一只非常昂贵的 8 周大的雄性德国牧羊犬幼犬来到我的办公室，当我试图抚摸它时，它的第一反应就是咬我的手腕。“明白我的意思了吗？”她说着，展示了自己满是伤痕的手和前臂。我表示同情，站起来以避免更多的疼痛，但小狗随后试图在我的右脚踝上留下它的“牙齿印记”。
The client explained that the pup was a gift from a well-meaning friend who bred especially large German Shepherds, and that its biting might possibly become rather dangerous one day. Possibly? That was the understatement of the year. A pup that emerges from the litter with such highly developed aggressive responses can definitely be described as a potential menace. 客户解释说，这只小狗是一个好心的朋友送的礼物，那位朋友专门繁殖体型特别大的德国牧羊犬，而它的咬人行为有一天可能会变得相当危险。可能？这简直是今年最轻描淡写的说法。一只从窝里出来就表现出如此高度攻击性反应的小狗，绝对可以被描述为潜在的威胁。
This case was extreme. Such unprovoked aggression seldom occurs in pups. Biting and mouthing the hands, pants, cuffs and ankles of people are usually an extension of play-fighting behavior in early litter life. This tendency is aggravated by owners who deduce that the way to solve the problem is to fulfill the apparent need of the pup for such activity. This leads the owner to engage in often violent tug-o’-war games with the naturally aggressive pup. This reinforces the behavior and also places the owner in a physically competitive situation with the pet. In highly excitable pups, tug-o’-war has produced viciousness as early as 13 weeks of age. 这个案例非常极端。幼犬很少会出现如此无端的攻击行为。咬人和用嘴咬人的手、裤子、袖口和脚踝，通常是早期窝内生活中玩耍打斗行为的延伸。这种倾向会因主人误以为解决问题的方法是满足幼犬对这种活动的明显需求而加剧。这导致主人与天性好斗的幼犬进行经常激烈的拔河游戏。这不仅强化了这种行为，还使主人处于与宠物身体上的竞争状态。在极易兴奋的幼犬中，拔河游戏甚至可能在 13 周大时就产生凶狠的行为。
Correction 纠正
Whether the biting has been learned from the litter, from overstimulation by the owners, or a combination of both, attempts at correction are usually successful if the owner has the patience and fortitude to carry them out. Observations of bitches with mouthy and biting pups provide a clue to the best way of discouraging this. When the pup begins biting, the dam simply freezes so as not to provide any sort of feedback to reinforce the onslaught. If this is not successful (as is the case with many very aggressive pups), the dam makes a quick, snarling and menacing move toward the offending pup. This usually puts the “fear of Mom” into the puppy (the dam already has attained a dominant position with the litter) and stops the irritating behavior. I must stress, again, normal dams don’t shake their puppies to correct nipping or any other behavior. 无论咬人行为是从同窝幼犬那里学来的，还是因主人过度刺激所致，或两者兼有，只要主人有耐心和毅力去纠正，通常都能取得成功。观察那些嘴巴爱动、喜欢咬人的母犬，可以发现阻止这种行为的最佳方法。当幼犬开始咬人时，母犬会静止不动，不给予任何反馈以强化这种攻击行为。如果这样无效（许多非常好斗的幼犬就是如此），母犬会迅速做出咆哮且带有威胁性的动作朝咬人的幼犬靠近。这通常会让幼犬产生“害怕妈妈”的心理（母犬已经在同窝中占据了主导地位），从而停止令人恼火的行为。我必须再次强调，正常的母犬不会通过摇晃幼犬来纠正咬人或其他行为。
Particularly aggressive pups occasionally provoke their dams into actually nipping them. However, I have never seen a bitch exhibit vicious aggression toward a pup. Canine parents seem to instinctively avoid the type of corrective behavior that might quash a puppy’s confidence. Unfortunately, this is not the case with some human parents where either children or puppies are concerned. 特别好斗的小狗偶尔会激怒母犬，导致母犬真的咬它们一口。然而，我从未见过母犬对小狗表现出恶意的攻击。犬类父母似乎本能地避免采取那种可能会打击小狗自信的纠正行为。不幸的是，在某些人类父母对待孩子或小狗时，情况并非如此。
Using the dam’s approach may take a few days, but the lesson tends to be well learned. The owner should first establish a strongly dominant leadership position with the pup. Teaching a few simple commands, such as come, sit and stay, is the initial step, as the act of teaching creates subordination in the puppy. Then comes the actual correction of overt biting or mouthing. The “freeze technique,” as described above, should be tried, even to the point of exasperation. 采用母犬的方式可能需要几天时间，但教训往往能被很好地吸收。主人应首先在小狗面前确立强有力的主导领导地位。教几个简单的命令，如“来”、“坐”和“停留”，是第一步，因为教学的过程会在小狗中建立服从感。接下来是对明显咬人或用嘴咬的实际纠正。应尝试上述的“冻结技巧”，即使到了令人恼火的地步也要坚持。
If this fails (as it may with extremely aggressive pups), application of a distracting stimulus just as the pup starts the attacks is often successful. This stimulus may be a single clap of the hands, tossing a favorite chewable toy quickly between the pup and its target, or even a startling countermove toward the puppy by the intended victim. 如果这方法失败了（对于极度好斗的小狗来说可能会失败），在小狗开始攻击的瞬间施加一个分散注意力的刺激通常是有效的。这个刺激可以是一声拍手，快速将一个喜欢的咀嚼玩具扔到小狗和它的目标之间，甚至是被攻击对象对小狗做出的惊吓反应。
There are several topical applications that have turned off many puppies from mouthiness and biting. Liquid styptic can be rolled on the skin. Most dogs withdraw when they experience the sensation of a bone-dry spot on their tongues. Extra dry liquid underarm deodorant often achieves the same result. 有几种外用方法能让许多小狗停止用嘴咬人。液体止血剂可以涂抹在皮肤上。大多数狗在舌头感受到干燥的感觉时会退缩。额外干燥的液体腋下除臭剂通常也能达到同样的效果。
The standard techniques of holding the pup’s snout shut and saying “No,” cuffing under the chin sharply, slapping the snout, pushing a thumb down its throat, scolding or spanking with hands or newspapers, can not only injure a puppy, sometimes seriously, but can induce psychological trauma. Moreover, when these methods are used with aggressive, dominant types, the result is often heightened ferocity and, subsequently, serious aggression. 用手捂住小狗的口鼻说“不”，猛地拍打下巴，拍打口鼻，用拇指按压喉咙，训斥或用手或报纸打屁股的标准方法，不仅可能伤害小狗，有时甚至会造成严重伤害，还可能引发心理创伤。此外，当这些方法用于好斗、占主导地位的类型时，结果往往是凶猛程度加剧，随后出现严重的攻击行为。
The German Shepherd pup mentioned earlier responded well after 3 weeks of command conditioning and correction with untrasonic sound distractions. However, even when it had learned the “Sit-Stay” lesson, it initially complained by yapping bossily! 前面提到的德国牧羊犬幼犬在经过三周的命令训练和超声波干扰纠正后反应良好。然而，即使它已经学会了“坐下-停留”的指令，最初它还是会以吠叫的方式表示不满！
Another case involved an owner who had corrected the biting and mouthing problem by twisting his pup’s tail whenever it tried to bite him. The problem presented was that now the adult male Labrador Retriever chased and bit its tail whenever it became frustrated. This case was resolved when we discovered the dog was exceptionally leader-oriented (therefore easily stressed) and that it responded well to standard subordination command teaching procedures, combined with ultra-sonic corrections. 另一个案例涉及一位主人，他通过扭幼犬的尾巴来纠正咬人和用嘴啃咬的问题。问题是，这只成年雄性拉布拉多寻回犬在感到沮丧时会追逐并咬自己的尾巴。这个问题在我们发现这只狗非常以领导者为导向（因此容易紧张）后得到解决，采用了标准的服从命令教学程序，结合超声波纠正，效果良好。
Summary 总结
Cuffing, shaking, snout-clamping risk injuring puppies and often actually create behavior problems. Excitable, aggressive pups that are presented as problem biters and mouthers usually respond to physical measures by becoming even more aggressive. Correction involves the owner’s gaining a leadership position, combined with minimal corrections, such as freezing to avoid feedback reinforcement for the biting. If this is unsuccessful, a strong counter-move toward the advancing puppy, or application of an intervening and strongly distracting stimulus usually stops the behavior. Some of the topical repellents work well. Nonphysical corrections have the advantage of avoiding injury and aggression. 掐脖子、摇晃、夹住鼻子等行为有伤害幼犬的风险，且往往实际上会造成行为问题。表现出兴奋、攻击性的幼犬，通常被认为是咬人和啃咬的问题犬，对身体惩罚的反应往往是变得更加具有攻击性。纠正方法包括主人取得领导地位，结合最小限度的纠正措施，比如通过僵住身体来避免对咬咬行为的反馈强化。如果这方法无效，向前冲的幼犬采取强烈的反制动作，或施加一个介入且强烈分散注意力的刺激，通常能停止这种行为。一些局部驱避剂效果很好。非身体惩罚的纠正方法有避免伤害和攻击性的优点。
Finicky Eating 挑食
I have yet to see a pup emerge from a well-managed litter as a finicky eater. Usually the new owners create the problem by feeding the puppy “people food” as treats or changing its diet in the mistaken belief that variety is required for a happy pup. Feeding 我还没见过从管理良好的窝里出来的幼犬会挑食。通常是新主人通过给幼犬喂“人类食物”作为零食，或者错误地认为多样化饮食是让幼犬快乐的必要条件，从而造成了这个问题。喂食
only kibble (dry food) as the morning meal and then providing meat (canned food) at the other meal(s) may cause trouble. It is always better to mix the meat and kibble. Let the kibble soak for 5-105-10 minutes to break down the binders used in the kibble and release its nutritional and flavor elements, then serve it to the puppy. 仅用干粮（干食）作为早晨的餐食，然后在其他餐食中提供肉类（罐头食物）可能会引起问题。最好将肉类和干粮混合。让干粮浸泡 5-105-10 分钟，以分解干粮中使用的粘合剂，释放其营养和风味成分，然后再喂给小狗。
Another significant factor in finicky eating is the practice of overfeeding a puppy. Most pups eat until they appear on the brink of bursting at any given meal. Some owners are prone to give a puppy as much as it seems prepared to eat. The result is often loose stools (with poor housetraining potential) and a poor appetite at the next mealtime. When the pup turns up its nose at the following meal, the owner may resort to a diet change or a treat of “people food” to entice the pup to eat again. 挑食的另一个重要因素是给小狗喂食过量。大多数小狗在每顿饭时都会吃到看起来快要撑破肚子。有些主人倾向于给小狗尽可能多的食物。结果往往是大便稀松（难以训练排便）且下一顿饭时食欲不佳。当小狗对下一顿饭不感兴趣时，主人可能会通过更换饮食或用“人类食物”作为零食来诱使小狗再次进食。
Another element that should never be overlooked in the finicky eater is its health. If a properly fed puppy suddenly stops eating, it is time for a trip to the veterinarian. Poor appetite is one of the earliest signs of many common puppy ailments. The old saw, “Better safe than sorry,” cannot be overused in this situation. 挑食的小狗还有一个绝不能忽视的因素是它的健康状况。如果一只正常喂养的小狗突然停止进食，就该带它去看兽医了。食欲不振是许多常见小狗疾病的早期症状之一。在这种情况下，“小心驶得万年船”这句老话用得再合适不过了。
Correction 纠正
Given a healthy but finicky puppy, the solution is simple for the puppy but often difficult for its owners to carry out. A wholesome diet should be presented in the proper quantity (that which produces a firm and well-formed stool), with no variations. All food should be placed in the pup’s regular food dish and no hand-feeding practiced. 对于一只健康但挑食的小狗来说，解决方法对小狗来说很简单，但对主人来说往往难以执行。应提供适量的营养均衡饮食（能产生坚实且成形良好的粪便），且不做任何变化。所有食物都应放在小狗的常用食盆中，禁止手喂。
I once had a client with an 8-year-old male Poodle that had always been hand-fed by its mistress. This was no problem until it became necessary to board the pampered pet. A change in diet from the usual “people food” tidbits, kibble and hamburger to a kibble-only diet, together with the altered feeding method (dish), caused a neurotic withdrawal from food. The client had to break off her trip to New York and return to Los Angeles to retrieve her starving Poodle, which had become emaciated after several foodless days of pacing, whining and barking in the kennel. 我曾有一位客户，他有一只 8 岁的雄性贵宾犬，一直由主人手喂。这本来没什么问题，直到需要将这只被宠坏的宠物寄养。饮食从平时的“人类食物”零食、干粮和汉堡肉，改为仅喂干粮，加上喂食方式（食盆）的改变，导致狗狗出现了神经性拒食。客户不得不中断前往纽约的行程，返回洛杉矶去接回这只在寄养所里饥饿了几天、瘦骨嶙峋、不断踱步、哀鸣和吠叫的贵宾犬。
In this case, as with all finicky dogs, the standard correction procedure produced results in 2-4 days. Given satisfaction of other needs, such as social contentment and minimal exercise, I have yet to see a finicky eater that has not responded positively to this program. 在这种情况下，和所有挑食的狗一样，标准的纠正程序在 2-4 天内见效。在满足其他需求的前提下，如社交满足和适度运动，我还没见过不对该方案有积极反应的挑食者。
Sexual Mounting 性行为中的骑跨行为
Some puppies begin sexual mounting behavior at the tender age of 6 or 7 weeks, though it usually begins at about 12 weeks of age. It is self-rewarding behavior, in that it “feels good” to the pup. The problem rarely persists if the object of its attentions is made inaccessible. Unfortunately, many owners think that the behavior will disappear if they just let it run its course. They may allow the pup to mount until it reaches sexual climax. This, of course, makes the owner a subordinate sexual partner for the pet and can later develop into severe problems involving overprotection and biting. 有些小狗在 6 到 7 周大的时候就开始出现性骑跨行为，尽管通常是在大约 12 周大时开始。这是一种自我奖励的行为，因为对小狗来说“感觉很好”。如果让它关注的对象无法接触到，这个问题很少会持续存在。不幸的是，许多主人认为这种行为只要让它自然发展就会消失。他们可能允许小狗骑跨直到达到性高潮。当然，这使得主人成为宠物的次级性伴侣，后来可能发展成涉及过度保护和咬人的严重问题。
Correction 纠正
Mounting should be discouraged by withdrawing the target (leg, arm, clothing) in as startling a manner as possible, as the pup starts the mounting rather than when it is under way. 当小狗开始骑跨时，应通过尽可能令人惊讶的方式撤回目标（腿、手臂、衣物）来制止，而不是等到骑跨行为进行中才干预。
Sexual experimentation seems to be a normal part of maturation in mammals, including people. Therefore, in cases involving permissive owners who allow the pup to persist in mounting, or where children actually stimulate the behavior (as one youngster told me, “just to see what happened”), all family members should be brought into consultation to explain the possible side effects of the problem. 性探索似乎是哺乳动物（包括人类）成熟过程中的正常部分。因此，在允许小狗持续骑跨的宽容主人，或孩子们实际上刺激这种行为的情况下（正如一位小孩告诉我，“只是想看看会发生什么”），应让所有家庭成员参与咨询，解释该问题可能带来的副作用。
The most dramatic case I have seen in this regard was a young, single girl who lived alone with her male German Shepherd. At about 3 months of age, the dog began to mount her leg or foot. She allowed this until it became a daily occurrence. However, as the dog matured it became more and more persistent, snarling if the girl tried to stop this behavior. By the time I was consulted, the dog (then 14 months old) had severely bitten 2 boyfriends and would mount the owner - freezing her in terror with its snarling - even when she entertained guests. 我见过的最严重的案例是一位年轻的单身女孩，她独自一人和她的雄性德国牧羊犬生活。大约在狗狗三个月大的时候，它开始骑在她的腿或脚上。她允许这种行为，直到它变成了每天都会发生的事情。然而，随着狗狗的成长，这种行为变得越来越执着，如果女孩试图阻止，它会咆哮。到我被咨询时，这只狗已经 14 个月大，曾严重咬伤过两位男友，甚至在女孩招待客人时也会骑在她身上——用咆哮让她吓得动弹不得。
In these extreme cases, the owner must establish a leadership position with the pup or dog, preferably away from their home ground at first. This can be accomplished through standard obedience programs in some cases. However, a nonphysical approach to teaching is usually quicker, even if the dog is taught only to sit and stay on command. Along with this regimen, the aggressive ‘Romeo’ must be distracted effectively before the overt mounting starts, with some strong intervening stimulus that takes its mind off the sex act. A food distraction is a poor substitute in most cases. Better is an invitation to play ball or otherwise engage in some strenuous physical activity that is enjoyed by the pet. 在这些极端情况下，主人必须与幼犬或狗建立领导地位，最好一开始在它们的家门之外进行。这在某些情况下可以通过标准的服从训练课程来实现。然而，非身体接触的教学方法通常更快，即使狗只被教导坐下和听从命令保持不动。配合这一训练方案，具有攻击性的“罗密欧”必须在明显的骑跨行为开始之前被有效分散注意力，使用一些强烈的干预刺激使其转移对性交行为的关注。食物分散注意力在大多数情况下效果较差。更好的方法是邀请它玩球或以其他方式参与宠物喜欢的剧烈体育活动。
All unearned petting and praise must be stopped in cases of persistent mounting, even with very young offenders. If the pup pesters for attention, the owner should give it one of the simple commands until it obeys, then gently and briefly.pet the animal and go on about some other business. After a few days to weeks of this type of correction, the puppy usually stops mounting and becomes oriented to the more typical play activity as a displacement mechanism. 对于持续骑跨行为的情况，即使是非常年轻的犯错者，也必须停止所有无条件的抚摸和表扬。如果幼犬纠缠着寻求注意，主人应给予它一个简单的命令，直到它服从，然后轻柔且简短地抚摸它，接着继续做其他事情。经过几天到几周这种类型的纠正后，幼犬通常会停止骑跨行为，并转而以更典型的玩耍活动作为替代机制。
This type of problem pup may persist in mounting inanimate objects, such as the owner’s clothing, pillows or bedclothes, in the absence of its living sex object. However, this behavior usually fades away after a few weeks. One helpful corrective aid is to remove things that stimulate the behavior when the owner must be absent. 这种类型的问题幼犬可能会持续对无生命的物体进行骑跨，比如主人的衣物、枕头或床上用品，当缺少其活体性对象时尤为明显。然而，这种行为通常会在几周后逐渐消失。一种有效的纠正方法是在主人必须离开时，移除那些会刺激该行为的物品。
Chewing 咀嚼
The sense of taste is well developed even in newborn pups. However, applying a noxious substance, such as oil of citronella, to the bitch’s mammary gland causes withdrawal of the nursing neonate’s head. This has led to the marketing of several commercial substances designed to prevent destructive chewing by pups and mature dogs. If these are used regularly from the age at which conditioned responses are possible ( 3 weeks), investigative chewing may be minimized or prevented in later life, especially when teething becomes a stimulus for the problem. However, because the breeder would have to begin this type of regimen, and because most litters are raised under conditions that do not expose puppies to chewing taboos, correction is usually necessary. 即使是新生幼犬，味觉也发育良好。然而，将一种刺激性物质，如香茅油，涂抹在母犬的乳腺上，会使正在哺乳的新生幼犬缩回头部。这促使市场上出现了几种旨在防止幼犬和成年犬破坏性咀嚼的商业产品。如果从条件反应可能形成的年龄（3 周）开始定期使用这些产品，调查性咀嚼行为在后期生活中可能会被最小化或预防，尤其是在换牙成为问题刺激时。然而，由于这种方案需要由繁殖者开始实施，并且大多数窝犬是在不让幼犬接触咀嚼禁忌的环境中养育的，因此通常需要进行纠正。
Almost every owner recognizes that pups need to chew, if only to teethe properly. On the other hand, few appreciate that a dog’s mouth is somewhat analogous to the human hand as an investigative tool, or that the healthy development of nervous and muscle tissue depends on hearty chewing exercise. The usual procedure is to give a pup numerous chewables, hoping these will be so attractive that electric cords, rugs, clothing and shoes will be saved from destruction - and the pet spared a possibly serious (or fatal) injury. However, furnishing many different kinds of things to chew may lead the pup to believe that everything is chewable. 几乎每个主人都知道小狗需要咀嚼，至少是为了正常长牙。另一方面，很少有人意识到狗的嘴巴在某种程度上类似于人类的手，是一种探索工具，或者健康的神经和肌肉组织发育依赖于充分的咀嚼锻炼。通常的做法是给小狗提供许多咀嚼物，希望这些东西足够吸引它们，从而保护电线、地毯、衣物和鞋子免遭破坏——同时避免宠物受到可能严重（甚至致命）的伤害。然而，提供多种不同的咀嚼物可能会让小狗误以为所有东西都可以咀嚼。
Chewing appears to be an enjoyable experience for nearly all pups and many older dogs. So, the element of fun may also be part of chewing problems. The best approach to destructive chewing involves prevention and then guidance to chewable articles, such as a ball or bone. This helps the pup to discriminate between toys and inappropriate items. Practices that risk creating an orally oriented puppy include: 咀嚼对几乎所有小狗和许多成年狗来说似乎都是一种愉快的体验。因此，乐趣因素也可能是咀嚼问题的一部分。解决破坏性咀嚼的最佳方法是预防，然后引导它们咀嚼适当的物品，如球或骨头。这有助于小狗区分玩具和不适当的物品。可能导致小狗过度口腔取向的行为包括：
Playing tug-o’-war. 玩拔河游戏。
Allowing personal belongings (socks, shoes) to be chewed. 允许咀嚼个人物品（袜子、鞋子）。
Excessive attention to pup’s mouth during teething. 在幼犬出牙期间对其嘴部过度关注。
Punishment for chewing taboos. 对咬东西的禁忌行为进行惩罚。
Some pups are more oral than others. When this is coupled with an excitable or extremely inhibited nervous type, minor stress produces tension that tends to be released orally (rather than vocally or physically). Some of the causes for excessive tension in pups are: 有些幼犬比其他幼犬更喜欢用嘴。当这与易激动或极度抑制的神经类型结合时，轻微的压力会产生紧张，这种紧张倾向于通过口腔释放（而不是通过声音或身体动作）。幼犬过度紧张的一些原因包括：
Emotional departures and homecomings by the owner. 主人情绪化的离开和回家。
Excessive attention to the pup. 对幼犬过度关注。
Social isolation. 社会隔离。
Barrier frustration. 障碍挫折。
Delay of feeding. 延迟喂食。
Inconsistent tidbitting by the owners. 主人喂食零食不一致。
Monotony, boredom. 单调，乏味。
When 2 or more pups live together, chewing may result from competition for articles. Also, pups play games. When these in- 当两只或更多幼犬一起生活时，咀嚼行为可能源于对物品的竞争。此外，幼犬还会玩游戏。当这些在—
volve articles of some value, the owner often attributes such chewing to spite or revenge. “Bozo’s mad at me for leaving him alone, and he’s getting even.” This is seldom the case. Usually one or more of the aforementioned conditions are involved. As diligently as one might try to be a model puppy owner, it is obvious that few people can avoid all of the causes for chewing. 涉及一些有价值的物品时，主人常常将这种咀嚼行为归因于恶意或报复。“Bozo 因为我把他一个人留下而生气，他是在报复我。”这种情况很少发生。通常是上述一种或多种情况导致的。尽管人们尽力成为模范小狗主人，但显然很少有人能避免所有导致咀嚼的原因。
Among the best steps in prevention is to make sure that articles within reach of the puppy are expendable and non-lethal. Another practice that may help, if followed consistently, is to introduce some very attractive chewable, such as a meat-scented nylon bone or a fresh beef neck bone, immediately after each of the pup’s post-meal toilet training sessions. This serves as an additional reward after praise for proper elimination behavior and also associates a specific chewable with chewing behavior. 预防的最佳措施之一是确保小狗能够接触到的物品是可消耗且无毒的。另一种可能有帮助的做法是，如果能坚持执行，在小狗每次饭后排便训练后，立即给它一些非常有吸引力的咀嚼物，比如带有肉香味的尼龙骨头或新鲜的牛颈骨。这不仅作为对正确排便行为的表扬后的额外奖励，还将特定的咀嚼物与咀嚼行为联系起来。
When the pup begins to chew an inappropriate item, the best remedial action is to interrupt the chewing with some distracting stimulus, such as a clap of hands or shrill whistle. Scolding or otherwise vocally impressing one’s presence on the pup tends to create a sneaky chewer that avoids chewing in the owner’s presence but chews in the owner’s absence. The “Puppy-Proofing the House” program in Chapter 15, if followed religiously, can virtually eliminate destructive chewing. 当小狗开始咀嚼不适当的物品时，最好的补救措施是用一些分散注意力的刺激打断它的咀嚼，比如拍手或尖锐的口哨声。斥责或用声音让小狗感受到主人的存在，往往会导致小狗变成偷偷咀嚼的“偷吃者”，在主人面前避免咀嚼，但在主人不在时咀嚼。如果严格执行第 15 章中的“幼犬安全防护”计划，几乎可以完全消除破坏性咀嚼行为。
Every new puppy owner should expect a certain amount of destruction from curiosity-based or tension-relieving oral tendencies of the pet. The preventive and corrective approaches mentioned above can help minimize problems while allowing the pup to develop a healthy relationship with its owners. Further causes and corrections relating mainly to mature dogs are presented in Chapter 10 and provide helpful reference. 每个新养小狗的主人都应该预期宠物因好奇心或缓解紧张的口腔行为而造成一定程度的破坏。上述的预防和纠正方法可以帮助减少问题，同时让小狗与主人建立健康的关系。第 10 章介绍了主要针对成年犬的更多原因和纠正方法，提供了有用的参考。
Submissive Urination 顺从性尿失禁
The earlier in a pup’s life an owner starts correcting the problem of submissive urination, the better. Most puppy owners are not aware of the underlying cause of this problem. Rather, they tend to feel their pup is displaying signs of cowardice and may not become a desirable adult dog. When the underlying reasons for the wetting are understood by the owner, correction may be accomplished in a few days to several weeks, depending on the strength of this tendency in the pup. 主人越早开始纠正小狗的顺从性尿失禁问题，效果越好。大多数小狗主人并不了解这一问题的根本原因。相反，他们往往觉得小狗表现出胆怯的迹象，可能不会成为理想的成年犬。当主人理解了尿湿的根本原因后，纠正工作可能在几天到几周内完成，具体取决于小狗这一倾向的强弱。
Causes 原因
During the early neonatal period, a puppy’s activities consist mainly of sleeping, blindly rooting around the litter group in search of the dam’s teat, reflexive sucking for nourishment, and then being nuzzled onto its back and licked by the dam from stem to stern. The pup’s unconditioned response to this licking is to urinate and defecate, allowing the dam to swallow the excreta and maintain litter sanitation. 在新生早期，小狗的活动主要包括睡觉、盲目地在窝里寻找母犬的乳头、反射性地吮吸以获取营养，然后被母犬翻到背上并从头到尾舔舐。小狗对这种舔舐的无条件反应是排尿和排便，使母犬能够吞食排泄物，保持窝内清洁。
The licking procedure occurs well before the puppy is capable of acquiring conditioned (learned) reflexes at a conscious level. However, at about the third and fourth week of life, there is an apparently conscious perception by the puppy that being turned over is a dominant behaviorism by the bitch, and that assuming a belly-up position is an appropriate response to this approach. Urination and/or defecation in these circumstances appears to be an acquired response on an emotional, rather than an intellectual, level of brain activity. When a solid food diet is introduced, the defecation response fades away, but submissive urination may persist longer. 舔舐行为发生在小狗能够在意识层面获得条件（学习）反射之前。然而，在生命的第三到第四周左右，小狗似乎有了意识上的感知，认为被母犬翻身是一种主导行为，而采取仰卧姿势是对这种行为的适当反应。在这种情况下的排尿和/或排便似乎是一种情绪层面而非智力层面的习得反应。当引入固体食物饮食时，排便反应逐渐消失，但顺从性排尿可能会持续更长时间。
Why submissive urination occurs more in females than in males is a matter for conjecture. One theory is that females have less of the hormones identified with dominant-aggressive behavior and are therefore more prone to submissive behavioral extremes than males. However, I have often seen the problem in mature males. 为什么顺从性尿尿在雌性犬中比雄性犬更常见，尚属推测。一种理论认为，雌性犬体内与支配-攻击行为相关的激素较少，因此比雄性犬更容易表现出顺从行为的极端反应。然而，我也经常在成熟的雄性犬身上见到这个问题。
Because submissive urination occurs in response to dominant treatment, either by other animals or people, it tends to appear more often in submissive puppies than in dominant puppies. Originally the behavior filled a genuine physiologic need, that is, to evacuate so that proper internal and external health factors could be maintained. But if the behavior persists beyond this point, we can assume either that the pup is oversensitive to dominant stimulation, or that its submissive responses have been over-stimulated and the behavior has become ingrained on an emotional level. 由于顺从性尿尿是对支配性对待的反应，无论是来自其他动物还是人，因此它往往在顺从的小狗中比在支配性的小狗中更常见。最初，这种行为满足了真正的生理需求，即排泄，以维持适当的内外部健康因素。但如果这种行为持续存在，我们可以假设小狗对支配性刺激过于敏感，或者其顺从反应被过度刺激，行为已在情感层面上根深蒂固。
The term “emotional level” is appropriate here because a pup with this problem has no “conscious” awareness that it has urinated. It is doubtful that the puppy with this problem consciously concludes, “I’d better urinate because here comes my owner to reprimand me for chewing on that shoe.” 这里使用“情感层面”一词是恰当的，因为有此问题的小狗并没有“意识”到自己已经尿尿。怀疑有此问题的小狗会有意识地想，“我最好尿尿，因为主人要来责备我咬那只鞋了。”
Correction 纠正
The important point for owners to appreciate is that submissive urination is not deliberate. It just happens in response to dominant behavior. This being the case, punishment or other dominant behavior approaches are counterproductive. Scolding, picking up the pup, shaking, spanking or hitting it, pushing its nose into the urine or slapping newspapers at the bewildered and innocent animal are to be avoided. 主人需要理解的重要一点是，顺从性尿尿并非故意为之。它只是对支配行为的反应而发生的。因此，惩罚或其他支配行为的方法是适得其反的。责骂、抱起小狗、摇晃、打屁股或打它、把它的鼻子推到尿液里，或者用报纸拍打这只困惑且无辜的动物，都应避免。
These puppies lack confidence and therefore worry about their ability to cope with situations wherein they must be subordinate. To correct the problem, a pup’s confidence levels must be raised and strengthened so that the conditioned urination is not triggered. 这些小狗缺乏自信，因此担心自己在必须处于从属地位的情况下能否应对。要纠正这个问题，必须提高并增强小狗的自信心，这样条件反射性的尿尿才不会被触发。
An environmental factor involved in most cases of submissive urination is that the pup is reprimanded far more often than it is praised for its achievements. In fact, most clients do not really consider their pup’s need for praise. Most owners believe the pup should be punished for doing the wrong thing, especially if it is “caught in the act.” This leads to that vicious circle mentioned earlier; urination is reinforced by the stimulus that causes it in the first place (punishment or dominant behavior). 大多数顺从性尿尿案例中涉及的一个环境因素是，小狗被训斥的次数远多于因其成就而受到的表扬。事实上，大多数客户并没有真正考虑小狗对表扬的需求。大多数主人认为小狗做错事应该受到惩罚，尤其是在“当场抓住”时。这导致了前面提到的恶性循环；尿尿行为被最初引发它的刺激（惩罚或支配行为）所强化。
A preferable corrective measure is to create situations wherein the pup can be praised both for doing the right things in response to its owners, and for not doing the wrong things. This approach is totally positive and avoids submissive urination in most cases. The puppy should be taught to respond to the simplest commands of “Come,” “Sit” and “Stay,” and be given immediate praise even for starting to make the appropriate responses. All teaching must be done without physical force, punishment or even gentle positioning of the puppy. These may be too closely associated with dominance behavior and could lead to urination. 一种更可取的纠正方法是创造情境，让小狗因对主人做出正确反应而受到表扬，同时因没有做错事也得到表扬。这种方法完全是积极的，在大多数情况下可以避免顺从性尿尿。小狗应被教导响应最简单的命令，如“来”、“坐”和“停”，即使只是开始做出适当反应，也应立即给予表扬。所有教学必须在不使用体力、惩罚甚至轻柔摆放小狗位置的情况下进行。这些行为可能与支配行为过于相关，可能导致尿尿。
Other recommendations include: 其他建议包括：
Do not “hover over” the pup if this has caused urination in the past. When calling or petting the pup, the owner should crouch down. Petting is done palm up, under the chin and on the throat and chest, to avoid placing the hands upon the pet’s head. 如果过去“盘旋”在小狗身边曾引起尿尿，则不要这样做。呼唤或抚摸小狗时，主人应蹲下。抚摸时手掌向上，轻抚下巴、喉咙和胸部，避免将手放在宠物头上。
If homecomings stimulate urination, ignore the pup for at least 5 minutes after arrival home. Then, when greeting the puppy, crouch as described above. 如果回家时引发尿尿，回家后至少忽视小狗 5 分钟。然后，按照上述方式蹲下与小狗打招呼。
Associate the phrase “Good dog” with petting and say it when putting down the pup’s dish at feeding times. Then, whenever the puppy does something desirable, happily repeat “Good dog” a couple of times. 将“好狗”这句话与抚摸联系起来，并在喂食时放下小狗的食盘时说这句话。然后，每当小狗做出令人满意的行为时，愉快地重复说几次“好狗”。
Avoid all scolding vocal tones, especially if these have stimulated wetting in the past. 避免使用所有责备的语调，尤其是那些过去曾引发尿湿的语调。
When these corrective steps, including the simple commands, have been practiced for at least 2 weeks, the pup should be gradually taken through situations (except those involving punishment) that have caused wetting in the past. Take only one situation per day. For instance, if merely leaning toward the pup and calling it has stimulated wetting in the past, try this a few times during a day. If the pup’s haunches start to lower into the submissive urination stance, straighten up, walk away quickly and praise the pet to interrupt its behavior. 当这些纠正步骤，包括简单的命令，至少练习了两周后，应逐渐让小狗经历过去曾引发尿湿的情境（惩罚情境除外）。每天只尝试一种情境。例如，如果过去仅仅是向小狗倾身并呼唤它就引发了尿湿，那么一天内尝试几次。如果小狗的后臀开始降低，进入顺从性尿尿的姿势，立即站直，迅速走开并表扬宠物，以打断其行为。
This type of program helps build the puppy’s confidence in responding correctly to commands, as well as merely doing the “right things” without commands. A change in personality should be noticed within 4 days of starting the program, and the problem should clear up completely within 6 weeks. 这种训练方案有助于建立小狗对正确回应命令的信心，以及在没有命令时也能做“正确的事情”。开始训练后 4 天内应能注意到性格的变化，问题应在 6 周内完全解决。
Exceptions to the above regimen are pups that urinate only in excitement. This occurs at homecoming times or when some other of life’s naturally stressful and/or exciting situations develop. To correct this problem, it is best to ignore the puppy at homecomings and at all other times urination tends to occur. If this is practiced for several weeks, the urination problem usually resolves permanently. 上述方案的例外情况是那些仅在兴奋时排尿的小狗。这种情况通常发生在回家时，或在生活中其他自然产生压力和/或兴奋的情境下。要纠正这个问题，最好在回家时以及所有其他排尿倾向发生的时刻忽视小狗。如果坚持这样做几周，排尿问题通常会永久解决。
Sympathy Lameness 同情性跛行
Sympathy lameness is a classic example of behavior resulting from psychic trauma. Almost every puppy owner has had the misfortune to step inadvertently on a puppy’s paw. The result is predictable; the pup yelps, whines and carries the foot elevated until the pain is gone. Whether the experience produces lifelong sympathy lameness depends mainly on the degree of pain involved and the owner’s reaction to the situation. 同情性跛行是由心理创伤引起的行为的经典例子。几乎每个小狗主人都有过不小心踩到小狗爪子的倒霉经历。结果是可预见的；小狗会尖叫、哀鸣，并抬起受伤的脚直到疼痛消失。是否会产生终生的同情性跛行，主要取决于疼痛的程度以及主人对情况的反应。
Many years ago our family dog, a feisty male that my parents chose to call a Toy Collie, developed the ridicu- 多年前，我们家的狗，一只我父母称之为玩具柯利犬的好斗公狗，出现了荒谬的——
lous habit of trying to exercise his herding skills on every passing motorcycle. One day the inevitable result found him writhing in the street with a broken pelvis. Our reactions were typical. We all gathered round, showed the greatest pity by applying liberal phrases of “puppy talk,” and wrapped him in a blanket for the trip to the veterinarian. During the ride we cooed and petted him while he whined in a heartbreaking way. 他有一个糟糕的习惯，总想对每一辆经过的摩托车施展他的牧羊技能。一天，意料之中的结果发生了，他在街上痛苦地扭动着，骨盆骨折。我们的反应很典型。我们都围了上来，用大量“幼犬语”表达极大的怜悯之情，并用毯子把他包裹起来，送往兽医处。在车上，我们一边轻声细语地安慰他，一边抚摸他，而他则发出令人心碎的哀鸣。
After 6 weeks in a cast, “Sandy” was able to use his repaired hip, which performed up to former standards when a few more weeks had passed, except when he was taken to the doctor, or when a motorcycle buzzed by. In either event, he would elevate his right rear leg or noticeably limp. If the motorcycle came close to the house, he would run after it in a most pathetic manner, the mended leg and hip almost dragging behind, a factor that probably saved his life in the long run. Never again was he able to catch one. However, if we threw a ball to chase, Sandy ran as though he had never been injured. Routine trips to the veterinarian always produced whining in the car and that pathetic limping gait. 打了石膏 6 周后，“桑迪”能够使用修复好的臀部，几周后其功能恢复到了以前的水平，除了去看医生时，或者有摩托车呼啸而过时。无论哪种情况，他都会抬起右后腿或明显跛行。如果摩托车靠近房子，他会以极其可怜的姿态追赶，修复的腿和臀部几乎拖在后面，这一点可能从长远来看救了他的命。他再也没能抓住过一辆摩托车。然而，如果我们扔球让他追，桑迪跑起来就像从未受过伤一样。例行的兽医之行总是在车里引发他的哀鸣和那可怜的跛行步态。
This example of sympathy lameness is well remembered because of the severe trauna involved. Most sympathy-induced behaviorisms are caused by trivial circumstances (such as accidentally treading on the pup’s paw) that are soon forgotten by the owner and the dog. 这个同情性跛行的例子因涉及严重的创伤而被人们深刻记忆。大多数由同情引起的行为问题是由琐碎的情况引起的（例如不小心踩到小狗的爪子），这些情况很快就会被主人和狗遗忘。
The true cause of sympathy lameness in such situations is not the pain in the paw. Rather, it is the way in which the puppy, or older dog, interprets the incident. This interpretive factor usually involves not just self-pity, but owner-induced self-pity. This emotional conditioning is the basis of many canine behavior problems. The limping is an outward display of a conditioned connection from emotional centers in the dog’s brain. 这类情况下同情性跛行的真正原因并不是爪子的疼痛。而是小狗或年长的狗对事件的解读方式。这种解读因素通常不仅涉及自怜，还包括主人引发的自怜。这种情绪条件反射是许多犬类行为问题的基础。跛行是狗脑中情绪中枢形成的条件反射的外在表现。
A spayed, year-old German Shepherd bitch’s owners complained of chewing and general unruliness. The dog, “Sheba,” was adopted from the pound at about 7 months of age, and the owners were dismayed to find that their new pet was unable to tolerate confinement when left alone. In my office the Shepherd appeared to be genu- 一只已绝育、一岁大的德国牧羊母犬的主人抱怨它咬东西且行为不听管教。这只名叫“Sheba”的狗是在大约 7 个月大时从收容所领养的，主人们失望地发现他们的新宠物在独处时无法忍受被限制。在我的诊所里，这只牧羊犬表现出膝关节-
inely claustrophobic. She paced, whined, tried to paw her way out the doors and even climbed on a couch in an attempt to crawl out a window. Unfortunately for her, the couch was on casters and it rolled out from under her, whereupon she crashed to the tile floor, striking an elbow. 她感到极度幽闭恐惧。她来回踱步，呜咽，试图用爪子抓开门，甚至爬上沙发试图从窗户爬出去。不幸的是，沙发装有滚轮，结果在她身下滑开，她摔到了瓷砖地板上，撞到了肘部。
When this happened, the owners cried, "Oh, my baby, " and rushed over to the Sheba, who began screaming as only an injured dog can. I saw that she wasn’t really injured, interpreted the dramatics, and suggested that we all go out onto our acreage and act happy. The couple looked at me as if I were out of my mind. However, I reassured them that the pet was not injured and away we went, with the now-limping dog tagging along and looking a bit confused. 发生这事时，主人们喊道：“哦，我的宝贝，”并冲向 Sheba，Sheba 开始发出只有受伤的狗才会发出的尖叫声。我看到她其实并没有受伤，判断她是在夸张表现，便建议我们大家一起到院子里去，表现得开心些。那对夫妇看着我，仿佛我疯了似的。不过我安慰他们宠物没受伤，于是我们出发了，那只现在一瘸一拐的狗跟在后面，看起来有些困惑。
When we reached the open spaces, we all ran and acted jolly about the situation. The owners were amazed to see their formerly hobbling dog now prancing about, jumping up at them and otherwise behaving as if nothing had happened. Even when we were back in the office, Sheba didn’t revert to her limp. When I touched the injured elbow, she exhibited signs of pain by withdrawing, but the limp was gone. 到了开阔地，我们都跑起来，表现得很开心。主人们惊讶地看到他们之前一瘸一拐的狗现在跳跃着围着他们转，跳起来扑向他们，表现得好像什么事都没发生过。即使回到办公室，Sheba 也没有再跛行。当我触摸她受伤的肘部时，她表现出疼痛的迹象，缩回了身体，但跛行已经消失了。
The interpretive factor appears to be paramount in the cause of persistent sympathy lameness. In most cases, the dog interprets the painful incident emotionally in the way people around it behave. 解释因素似乎是持续性同情性跛行的主要原因。在大多数情况下，狗根据周围人的行为情绪性地解读疼痛事件。
Correction 纠正
I have only known of 2 cases in which the owners found sympathy lameness to be a problem. One concerned a Golden Retriever that went lame in the field; the other involved an overly concerned owner with a Sheltie that went lame when a new pup was introduced into the family. 我只知道有两个案例中，主人发现同情性跛行成为问题。一个是金毛寻回犬在野外跛行；另一个是一个过于担忧的主人，他的雪纳瑞在家中新引入一只小狗时出现跛行。
Remembering that the cause of the problem lies in the dog’s emotional response to certain situations (usually involving stress), the solution lies in placing the dog in these situations and gradually inducing a different type of emotional response. It goes without saying that “sympathy” must be avoided during the procedure. Therefore, the owner’s tone of voice is vitally important; any 记住，问题的根源在于狗对某些情境（通常涉及压力）的情绪反应，解决办法是将狗置于这些情境中，逐渐引导其产生不同类型的情绪反应。不言而喻，在此过程中必须避免“同情”。因此，主人的语气至关重要；任何
mewling at the dog is strictly forbidden. Only happy “Good dogs” and other phrases that are known to evoke tail wagging should be used. 严禁对狗狗发出呜咽声。只能使用“好狗狗”等能引起摇尾巴的愉快词语。
This type of switch conditioning on an emotional level must start at the instant the dog exhibits anxiety about whatever stimulus triggers the lameness. This is often well before the lameness appears; therefore, this part of the correction is difficult for an owner to apply. Most people seem to want to see the lameness disappear, rather than prevent it. However, if applied properly, switch conditioning is successful. 这种情绪层面的切换条件反射必须在狗狗对引发跛行的刺激表现出焦虑的瞬间开始。这通常发生在跛行出现之前；因此，这部分纠正对主人来说较难实施。大多数人似乎更想看到跛行消失，而不是预防它。然而，如果正确应用，切换条件反射是有效的。
In the case of the hunting dog that went lame in the field, the reconditioning procedure had to begin while the hunter and his dog were just getting into the truck at home, as it was at this time the Retriever began whining and otherwise showing anxiety. It took several field trips before she performed without showing her limp. 对于那只在野外跛行的猎犬，重新训练程序必须从猎人和他的狗刚上车回家时开始，因为就在那时，猎犬开始呜咽并表现出焦虑。经过几次野外训练，她才在不表现跛行的情况下完成任务。
It is interesting that the initial cause of the Retriever’s lameness was the owner’s over-concern when the pup was first exposed to gunfire. We were unable to discover any association with pain involving the dog’s legs. 有趣的是，猎犬跛行的最初原因是主人在幼犬首次接触枪声时过度担忧。我们未能发现狗狗腿部疼痛的任何关联。
The Sheltie that limped as a response to a new puppy in the household had been stepped on as a pup. The correction program involved the owners’ “jollying” the pet whenever the new pup appeared. Complete correction required only a few days, where a 21-day course of tranquilizers had failed. While the dog was given medication, the lameness disappeared, but it reappeared on withdrawal. 那只因家中新来的小狗而跛行的谢尔蒂犬，小时候曾被踩过。纠正方案是当新小狗出现时，主人“逗乐”这只宠物。完全纠正只用了几天，而 21 天的镇静剂疗程却失败了。虽然狗狗服用了药物，跛行消失了，但停药后又重新出现。
Summary 总结
Sympathy lameness is usually rooted in the owner’s overly sympathetic reaction to some painful incident. This tends to fix an emotional response to stress in the pup, which may be generalized to other stressful situations. The motor response is the lameness. 同情性跛行通常源于主人对某些痛苦事件过度同情的反应。这往往使幼犬对压力产生情绪反应，并可能泛化到其他压力情境中。运动反应表现为跛行。
Correction involves introducing the dog to situations that cause the feigned lameness and switching the response at the first signs of anxiety to an active, happy emotional mood. This should be done daily until the correction is complete. 纠正方法是让狗狗接触引发假跛行的情境，并在出现焦虑的第一迹象时，将反应转变为积极、愉快的情绪状态。应每天进行，直到纠正完成。
Whining 呜咽
Whining is one of the earliest vocal behaviorisms of puppies. Its first significance appears to be related to the stress of social isolation, cold and hunger. When whining becomes a problem in a pet under 6 months of age, the cause is usually easily determined by defining when and where it occurs. 呜咽是幼犬最早出现的声音行为之一。它最初的意义似乎与社会隔离、寒冷和饥饿的压力有关。当 6 个月以下的宠物出现呜咽问题时，通常通过确定其发生的时间和地点可以轻松找出原因。
Causes 原因
A pup whines to gain some objective. For example, the pup that is isolated in the kitchen on its first nights in a new home finds that sufficient whining gains the sympathy of the owners, who may then carry the pet into bed with them. This puppy often generalizes its whining to many other of life’s frustrating stresses, and whines for relief. Another cause may be a genuine internal physical discomfort, such as gastritis or internal parasitism. If a problem whiner has not been thoroughly checked by its veterinarian for health problems, this should be done before any remedial behavioral steps are undertaken. 幼犬呜咽是为了达到某种目的。例如，刚到新家头几晚被单独关在厨房的幼犬发现，只要呜咽足够多，就能获得主人的同情，主人可能会把它抱到床上。这只幼犬往往将呜咽泛化到生活中许多其他令人沮丧的压力上，并通过呜咽寻求缓解。另一个原因可能是真正的内部身体不适，如胃炎或体内寄生虫。如果有呜咽问题的幼犬尚未由兽医彻底检查健康状况，应在采取任何行为矫正措施之前进行检查。
Certain Arctic breeds (Malamutes and Huskies) and some strains of German Shepherds are apt to emit an excruciatingly piercing whine whenever they are anxious. This type of anxiety whining is more complex and requires careful attention to the relationship between the owners and the pet involved than the simpler forms usually shown by young puppies. 某些北极犬种（马拉缪特犬和哈士奇）以及一些德国牧羊犬的品系在焦虑时容易发出刺耳的尖叫声。这种焦虑尖叫比幼犬通常表现出的简单形式更为复杂，需要仔细关注主人与宠物之间的关系。
Correction 纠正
In the simplest type of whining, that which is goal oriented, correction is straightforward: satisfy the need. However, if isolation is the cause, the problem must be solved with the same steps applied in barking. In the interest of brevity, these will be mentioned here and the reader can refer to the Barking section for details. 在最简单的哀鸣类型中，即以目标为导向的哀鸣，纠正方法很直接：满足其需求。然而，如果原因是孤立，则必须采用与吠叫相同的步骤来解决问题。为了简洁起见，这里只提及，读者可参考吠叫部分了解详细内容。
The owner should stop isolating the pup, or, if this is impossible, gain a strong leadership position with the pup and use some distracting stimulus to interrupt the first signs of anxiety when the pet is isolated. This type of correction requires some play acting. The owner must pretend to be going off to work even on the 主人应停止将幼犬孤立，或者如果无法避免，应在幼犬面前确立强有力的领导地位，并利用某种分散注意力的刺激来打断宠物孤立时出现的焦虑初期信号。这种纠正方法需要一定的表演技巧。主人必须假装即使在
weekends, and start the workday an hour earlier than usual to allow enough time for the correction procedure. 周末，并比平时提前一小时开始工作日，以便有足够的时间进行纠正程序。
When whining results from generalized anxiety, the pup involved is typically a “bossy” type. These pups whine when the owner’s attentions are withdrawn, even during initial consultations at our offices. They seem generally discontent in any situation they cannot control, such as car rides, when the owners have company and try to ignore the pup, or when the owner tries to make a telephone call. In other words, these pets become the canine counterparts of human children best described as spoiled brats. One way to test this causative factor is to keep the puppy away from its owners for a few hours. Interestingly, most of them cease whining within minutes of the owner’s absence. 当呜咽源于广泛性焦虑时，涉及的小狗通常属于“专横”类型。这些小狗在主人撤回注意力时会呜咽，即使是在我们办公室的初次咨询期间也是如此。它们似乎在任何无法控制的情况下都感到不满，比如乘车时，主人有客人并试图忽视小狗，或者主人试图打电话时。换句话说，这些宠物成为了人类孩子中最能被形容为被宠坏的坏孩子的犬类对应物。测试这一原因的一个方法是让小狗与主人分开几个小时。有趣的是，大多数小狗在主人离开几分钟内就停止了呜咽。
Correction in these pups involves the owner’s gaining response to simple commands, such as “Come,” “Sit” and “Stay.” The puppy must be ignored at all other times insofar as praise, petting or other unearned social (or food) rewards are concerned. If the pup pesters for attention, it is immediately given one of the commands taught and then petted briefly. This teaches the puppy that the owners are in control of the relationship and avoids physical punishment, a step that is usually unsuccessful. 对这些幼犬的纠正包括让主人对简单命令如“来”、“坐”和“停留”做出反应。在其他时间，幼犬在赞扬、抚摸或其他未获得的社交（或食物）奖励方面必须被忽视。如果幼犬纠缠要注意力，立即给出一个已教的命令，然后简短地抚摸它。这教会幼犬主人掌控关系，避免体罚，而体罚通常是无效的步骤。
Other Problems 其他问题
For further problem corrections, the following chapters should be consulted. 有关进一步的问题纠正，应参考以下章节。
8
Aggressive Behavior 攻击性行为
Aggression Toward Owners 对主人表现出的攻击行为
A dog that growls at and/or bites its owner does so for some reason, even if the behavior appears “unreasonable” to the owner. If the case history reveals no environmental elements stimulating the aggression, then a complete medical examination, including tests for hormonal balance, neurophysiologic function and allergies, may reveal the underlying cause. This has been especially helpful in dogs that have swings in mood. 狗对主人咆哮和/或咬人总有其原因，即使这种行为在主人看来“没有道理”。如果病史中没有显示出引发攻击的环境因素，那么进行全面的医学检查，包括激素平衡、神经生理功能和过敏测试，可能会揭示潜在的原因。这在情绪波动较大的狗身上尤其有帮助。
When growling or biting has erupted as a consequence of scolding or punishment for such behavior as chewing, jumping, general unruliness, or overprotection of food, these problems must be treated at the same time the program to correct aggression is initiated. Discussion on how to manage these problems are found in other sections of this text. 当咆哮或咬人是因为因咀嚼、跳跃、一般性不守规矩或对食物过度保护等行为而受到责骂或惩罚时，必须在开始纠正攻击行为的方案时，同时处理这些问题。本书其他章节中有关于如何管理这些问题的讨论。
The Owner's Actions 主人的行为
Owners must understand that their dog growls or bites at them as a result of defensive feelings. Even the dog that growls when ordered off the couch is reacting defensively, as it feels its dominance status has been threatened. If scolding and punishment provoke aggression, the dog is reacting to a perceived 主人必须明白，狗对他们咆哮或咬人是出于防御性的情绪。即使是那种在被命令离开沙发时咆哮的狗，也是出于防御反应，因为它感觉自己的支配地位受到了威胁。如果责骂和惩罚激发了攻击行为，狗是在对其身体安全受到威胁做出反应。在这两种情况下，主人的威胁行为都会产生负面效果。对这些狗加重惩罚只会适得其反。
threat to its physical safety. In either of these situations, the owner’s threatening behavior is producing negative results. Increased punishment of these dogs is only counterproductive. When the dog is aggressive to everyone except the authoritarian member of the family (for example, an adult male), the “Betadog” syndrome is usually involved, as in the case of the shoeguarding Shepherd mentioned on page 204. 当狗对除了家庭中的权威成员（例如成年男性）之外的所有人都表现出攻击性时，通常涉及“次级犬”综合症，就像第 204 页提到的那只守鞋的牧羊犬一样。
Correcting Aggression Toward Owners 纠正对主人的攻击行为
The solution, then, must be aimed at changing the way the owner and dog relate to each other. The owners must understand why the dog is behaving the way it is. 因此，解决办法必须着眼于改变主人与狗之间的相处方式。主人必须理解狗为何会有这样的行为。
Once the reasons for the dog’s aggressiveness are understood, as described in earlier chapters, the following program can be implemented. It has been highly successful in changing the dog’s perception, hence imagery, of the owners, and has brought about dramatic improvements in behavior. 一旦理解了狗狗攻击性的原因，如前几章所述，就可以实施以下方案。该方案在改变狗狗对主人的认知及其心象方面非常成功，并带来了行为上的显著改善。
The "Cold Shoulder" “冷落法”
To convey to the dog that its relationship with its owner will be altered, this procedure is very effective. Most people have been the object of or have used this method in their relationship with other people, so it is easily appreciated. Even when we don’t appreciate that we have done something to offend another, we are quickly aware of their change in attitude when we suddenly find ourselves ignored. So, the “cold shoulder” is particularly effective with bossy, dominant, leader-type dogs. 为了向狗狗传达它与主人的关系将发生改变，这一方法非常有效。大多数人在与他人的关系中都曾成为这一方法的对象或使用者，因此很容易理解。即使我们没有意识到自己做了令对方不快的事，当我们突然被忽视时，也会迅速察觉到对方态度的变化。因此，“冷落法”对专横、支配型、领导型的狗狗尤其有效。
The “cold shoulder” procedure requires all members of the family to ignore the dog, except for feeding and other basic needs. Even saying the dog’s name and making eye contact should be avoided. If the dog approaches for affection or attempts to otherwise gain attention by “herding,” leaning or standing in the owner’s way, they should merely move away and avoid contact. This must be done until it is apparent to the owners that the dog is concerned about what is going on. This will be shown by more persistent approaches for petting, etc. However, the dog must appear to be asking for the petting, rather than bullying the owner for it. When this stage is reached, usually within 4 days, the next step is instituted. “冷处理”方法要求家庭中的所有成员都忽视狗，除了喂食和其他基本需求。甚至连叫狗的名字和进行眼神交流都应避免。如果狗靠近寻求宠爱，或试图通过“放牧”、靠近或站在主人面前来引起注意，主人应当只是移开并避免接触。必须持续这样做，直到主人明显感受到狗对发生的事情感到关心。这通常表现为狗更坚持地靠近寻求抚摸等。然而，狗必须表现出是在请求抚摸，而不是以霸凌的方式强迫主人。当达到这个阶段，通常在 4 天内，下一步措施就可以开始实施。
In the meantime, situations that have triggered the aggression must be strictly avoided. For instance, if growling while near the food bowl is a problem, the dog should be fed and then left alone. If the dog has growled while on the owner’s bed, the dog should either be denied the on-bed privileges or kept out of the bedroom. 与此同时，必须严格避免引发攻击行为的情境。例如，如果狗在食盆附近咆哮是个问题，应先喂食狗，然后让它独处。如果狗在主人的床上咆哮，应拒绝狗上床的权限，或者将狗限制在卧室之外。
Learn-to-Earn: Each time the dog seeks affection, it must be pleasantly told to “Sit” or perform some other command, such as “Down.” Subsequent petting and upbeat praise must be brief (under 5 seconds), after which the dog must be released with an “OK.” 学会赚取奖励：每当狗狗寻求宠爱时，必须愉快地告诉它“坐下”或执行其他命令，如“趴下”。随后的抚摸和积极的表扬必须简短（少于 5 秒），之后必须用“好”来释放狗狗。
Leadership Exercises: Along with the learn-to-earn step, each time the dog precedes the owner when walking around the house or through doors, the owner must reverse direction. Though this may be inconvenient for a few hours, it will result in a dog that follows, rather than leads its owner around the house, through doors, etc. 领导力训练：配合学会赚取奖励的步骤，每当狗狗在屋内走动或通过门时走在主人前面，主人必须改变方向。虽然这在最初几个小时可能不太方便，但这将使狗狗学会跟随主人，而不是带领主人在屋内走动、通过门等。
When this program is combined with the correction programs for the problems that originally created the aggressive behavior, most dogs quickly become more manageable. However, the owners must feel confident that they are in control of the emotional reactions of the dog. Otherwise, the Jolly Routine may not be effective. Stated more simply, if the owner is “walking on eggs,” the dog will sense it and may resume its aggressive behavior. 当该方案与最初导致攻击行为的问题纠正方案结合使用时，大多数狗狗很快变得更易管理。然而，主人必须有信心自己能够控制狗狗的情绪反应。否则，愉快的训练程序可能无效。简单来说，如果主人“如履薄冰”，狗狗会察觉到这一点，可能会恢复其攻击行为。
Jolly Routine: Whatever the situation(s) that produced aggressiveness, when the underlying problems have been dealt with, the owner should use the Jolly Routine at the instant the dog is beginning to become aggressive. 欢乐程序：无论导致攻击性的情况是什么，当潜在问题得到解决后，主人应在狗开始表现出攻击性的一瞬间使用欢乐程序。
For instance, the dog growls or bites as the owner approaches the dog as it is lying in a doorway. When this situation occurs again, the instant the dog perceives the owner approaching, the single hand clap, followed immediately by ball bouncing, happy praise, etc, must be applied until the dog responds to the owner’s approach happily before the hand clap. However, to reinforce this conditioned emotional response, the happy praise routine should be applied until the owner feels confident that the problem is solved. 例如，当主人接近躺在门口的狗时，狗发出咆哮或咬人。当这种情况再次发生时，在狗察觉主人接近的瞬间，必须立即拍手一次，紧接着进行球的弹跳、愉快的表扬等，直到狗在拍手前对主人的接近表现出愉快的反应。然而，为了强化这种条件情绪反应，应持续进行愉快的表扬程序，直到主人确信问题已解决。
This procedure for correcting aggressive behavior applies to more than aggression toward owners. It has been an effective 这种纠正攻击行为的程序不仅适用于对主人的攻击行为。它已成为
foundation for correction of aggressive behavior in other circumstances. It avoids negative treatment of the dog and the possibly negative results. It will be referred to in the following discussion of other types of aggression. 纠正其他情况下攻击行为的有效基础。它避免了对狗的负面对待及可能产生的负面结果。接下来关于其他类型攻击行为的讨论中将提及此方法。
Aggression Toward Outsiders 对外来者的攻击性
Dogs that bite or show aggressiveness toward people outside the family group usually feel insecure about their relationship with their owners and/or their property, or have been frustrated relative to people at barriers, on leashes, etc. Some of these dogs may have been mistreated by strangers or former family members, often unbeknownst to the owners. 对家庭以外的人咬人或表现出攻击性的狗，通常对与主人及/或其财产的关系感到不安全，或者在面对障碍物、牵引绳等情况下对人感到挫败。这些狗中有些可能曾被陌生人或前家庭成员虐待，主人往往对此并不知情。
Pack (family) and property protection tendencies naturally begin to appear at about 6 months of age. At this time the dog may show slight signs of hostility toward outsiders who threaten the integrity of its property or group. This behavior may become extreme in the following circumstances: 群体（家庭）和财产保护倾向通常在大约 6 个月大时开始显现。此时，狗可能会对威胁其财产或群体完整性的外来者表现出轻微的敌意。在以下情况下，这种行为可能变得极端：
The dog’s owners do not have a uniform leader relationship with the pet (dog is submissive to some, dominant toward others). 狗的主人与宠物之间没有统一的领导关系（狗对某些人表现出顺从，对另一些人表现出支配）。
The family has very few visitors. 这个家庭很少有访客。
Fear, hostility or aggression is commonly shown toward outsiders by family members (often by the children). 家庭成员（通常是孩子）通常会对外人表现出恐惧、敌意或攻击性。
At the dog’s first signs of hostility toward outsiders, the owners have encouraged the behavior. 当狗第一次对外人表现出敌意时，主人鼓励了这种行为。
The dog has been frightened or teased by outsiders. 这只狗曾被外人吓到或戏弄。
The dog has been shut away from the family when guests visit (often because of other types of misbehavior). 当有客人来访时，狗被关在家人之外（通常是因为其他类型的不良行为）。
A family consisting of father, mother, 12 -year-old son, 15-year-old daughter and a live-in housekeeper complained that their 2-year-old castrated male Shep-herd-mix had bitten or threatened everyone but the father, and had also bitten visitors. These incidents always occurred in the father’s absence. He had taken the dog through an obedience program a year earlier. 一个家庭由父亲、母亲、12 岁的儿子、15 岁的女儿和一名住家保姆组成，他们抱怨他们两岁的阉割公牧羊犬混血犬咬过或威胁过除了父亲以外的所有人，也咬过访客。这些事件总是在父亲不在时发生。一年前，父亲曾带狗参加过服从训练课程。
The main problem erupted when the dog began to “guard” the father’s shoes or clothing in his absence. 主要问题爆发是在狗开始在父亲不在时“守护”父亲的鞋子或衣物。
One morning after the father left for work, the Shepherd would not allow the mother to get into the clothes closet to get dressed. The man had to return home from work to remove the diligent watchdog from the closet floor. 一天早晨，父亲去上班后，牧羊犬不让母亲进入衣柜去换衣服。父亲不得不从工作地点返回家中，将这只勤奋的看门狗从衣柜地板上移开。
Scolding and physical punishment were unavailing. Correction involved weekly meetings of all household members to discuss nonphysical methods of correcting the dog’s behavior. With show-and-tell teaching methods, the Shepherd was responding well to each person by the third week of the program. Incidents of hostility tapered off to zero by the sixth week, after which only one further episode occurred, this after the family boarded the pet for several weeks during an extended vacation. The Jolly Routine (described above) was applied and no further problems were reported. 斥责和体罚无济于事。纠正措施包括每周召开全家会议，讨论纠正狗狗行为的非体罚方法。通过展示和讲解的教学方法，牧羊犬在项目的第三周就对每个人都有了良好的反应。敌对事件在第六周时逐渐减少至零，之后只发生过一次，这次是在家庭因长时间度假将宠物寄养几周后。采用了上述的欢乐日常（Jolly Routine），之后没有再报告任何问题。
An 18-month-old male Old English Sheepdog had viciously bitten its owners, a husband and wife. No children were involved. From 8 months of age, the dog had been shut away due to unruliness whenever guests called. The biting occurred when the owners were either pulling the dog from the house by its collar or, in the final instance, when the wife was trying to entice the dog out with a frankfurter as bait. 一只 18 个月大的雄性古英语牧羊犬曾恶狠狠地咬伤了它的主人，一对夫妇。没有涉及儿童。从 8 个月大起，每当有客人来访时，由于狗狗行为失控，它就被关起来。咬人事件发生在主人试图用项圈拉狗出门时，或者在最后一次事件中，妻子试图用一根热狗作为诱饵引诱狗狗出来时。
In addition to spontaneous viciousness, the Sheepdog displayed hyperkinetic signs. We were told of the case after the owners requested euthanasia. Before the quarantine period at the veterinary clinic expired, we suggested that the dog be given oral dextroamphetamine ( 1mg//kg1 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg} ) in a meatball at 6 -hour intervals for 2 days. Before treatment, the dog snarled whenever a hand was extended toward it, and any touching with hands elicited viciousness (Fig 1). Ninety minutes after it consumed the dextroamphetamine, the animal displayed lip smacking, but allowed us to lean against the meshed wire gate while it pressed its head against us. The dog still snarled when touched, but would allow us to gently pull the hair on its head. 除了自发的凶猛行为，这只牧羊犬还表现出多动症状。我们是在主人请求安乐死后得知此案的。在兽医诊所的隔离期结束前，我们建议用口服右旋安非他命（ 1mg//kg1 \mathrm{mg} / \mathrm{kg} ）混入肉丸中，每 6 小时一次，连续服用 2 天。治疗前，每当有人伸手接近时，狗都会咆哮，任何用手触碰都会引发凶猛反应（图 1）。服用右旋安非他命 90 分钟后，动物出现了舔嘴唇的行为，但允许我们靠在网状铁门上，它则将头靠在我们身上。狗仍然会在被触摸时咆哮，但会允许我们轻轻拉扯它头上的毛发。
Figure 1. This 18 -month-old Old English Sheepdog was spontaneously vicious, and showed signs of hyperkinesia. Treatment with dextroamphetamine reduced signs of aggression. 图 1。这只 18 个月大的老式英国牧羊犬表现出自发的凶猛行为，并显示出多动症状。右旋安非他命治疗减轻了攻击性表现。
Unfortunately, this case was closed before we had an opportunity to attempt rehabilitation. However, several other hyperkinetic dogs have been treated with some success. 遗憾的是，在我们有机会尝试康复之前，此案就已结案。然而，其他几只多动症犬只的治疗取得了一定成功。
We have obtained marked improvement in cases involving breeds whose hair covers their eyes. These cases involved dogs that appeared hyperreactive to hand movement in the visual field by displaying aggressive biting responses. When the hair was either cut off or tied back, the dogs appeared more relaxed and tolerated hand movements far better. Aggression toward hand movement reappeared when their hair was again untied. 我们在那些毛发遮住眼睛的犬种病例中取得了显著的改善。这些病例中的狗对视野中的手部动作表现出过度反应，表现为攻击性咬咬反应。当毛发被剪掉或绑起来时，狗显得更加放松，对手部动作的容忍度也大大提高。当毛发再次松开时，对手部动作的攻击行为又重新出现。
I have observed only one apparently psychotic biting dog in action. This dog, a male German Shepherd of 6 years, ravaged my wrists to the extent that I was disabled for 2 weeks. The case deserves scrutiny because, after years of experience with hundreds of so-called vicious dogs, it was the only time I had ever been attacked. 我只见过一只明显精神错乱的咬人狗。这只狗是一只 6 岁的雄性德国牧羊犬，咬伤了我的手腕，导致我瘫痪了两周。这个病例值得关注，因为在多年与数百只所谓凶猛狗的经验中，这是我唯一一次被攻击。
At 5 1/2 months of age, the German Shepherd had swallowed at least 50 mg of methedrine, inadvertently left within its reach. The convulsing pup was rushed to the hospital. Four days later, after appropriate treatment, the Shepherd was released. 这只德国牧羊犬在 5 个半月大时，不小心吞下了至少 50 毫克的甲基苯丙胺，正好在它够得到的地方。抽搐的小狗被紧急送往医院。经过适当治疗后，四天后牧羊犬被释放。
The dog had always been what the client described as “skittish,” and had never been formally trained. The 这只狗一直被主人描述为“胆小”，且从未接受过正式训练。
first aggressive episode occurred when the dog was sleeping in the client’s bedroom. The wife was in bed when the husband entered the room late at night from work. The awakened dog snarled and chased him from the room. The wife took the Shepherd by the collar and put it in the backyard. 第一次攻击事件发生在狗狗正在客户卧室睡觉时。妻子正在床上，丈夫深夜下班进入房间。被惊醒的狗狗咆哮着将他赶出了房间。妻子抓住牧羊犬的项圈，把它关到了后院。
After reflecting on the fact that his own dog had attacked him, the husband went to the backyard to “have it out” with his dog. He was bitten severely on the arms and legs. 在反思自己的狗竟然攻击了自己之后，丈夫走到后院想要“解决”这只狗。结果他的手臂和腿被严重咬伤。
No further incidents occurred for 6 months because the dog was banished to the backyard. Then a friend known to the dog was bitten on the knee while entering the yard. Also, another friend was bitten on the arm when meeting the Shepherd in the couple’s house. The biting episodes were related to property protection and threats of a beating. The original bedroom episode was probably related to misperception in dim light. Behavior at the veterinary hospital was tolerable if mild tranquilization was administered, according to the wife. The veterinarian’s staff reported no adverse behavior during treatment. 因为狗被赶到了后院，接下来的 6 个月内没有发生进一步的事件。然后，一位狗认识的朋友在进入院子时膝盖被咬伤。还有另一位朋友在夫妻家中见到牧羊犬时手臂被咬。咬人事件与保护领地和受到威胁有关。最初卧室里的事件很可能是因为昏暗的光线导致误判。妻子说，如果给予轻度镇静，狗在兽医医院的行为是可以接受的。兽医工作人员报告治疗期间没有出现不良行为。
Despite the wife’s reservations about it, I decided to see the Shepherd while it was off leash. The husband was not worried. “If you’ve got the guts for it, I don’t think there’ll be any trouble.” 尽管妻子对此有所顾虑，我还是决定在牧羊犬没有拴绳的时候见它。丈夫并不担心。“如果你有胆量，我觉得不会有麻烦。”
It was 90 degrees on a June afternoon when they arrived. From the air-conditioned car emerged “Thunder,” followed by his owners, both of whom were perspiring. Thunder ignored me while we seated ourselves under a walnut tree’s welcome shade. 那是一个六月的下午，气温高达 90 华氏度。他们到达时，我从空调车里看到“雷霆”走出来，紧跟着他的主人，两人都满头大汗。雷霆无视我，我们坐在一棵核桃树下的阴凉处。
After several stops to urinate, Thunder approached to within a foot, looked me in the eye and snarled viciously. In textbook style, I froze, wondering what might happen to my crossed knee. It was directly in the path of the dog’s jaws. My blood rewarmed slightly as the snarl stopped and Thunder inquisitively sniffed the knee. I then said, “Good boy,” and was allowed to chuck the dog under his chin. Thunder then trotted off toward 雷霆在几次停下来撒尿后，走近到一英尺的距离，直视我的眼睛，恶狠狠地咆哮起来。按照教科书上的做法，我僵住了，心想我的交叉膝盖会发生什么事。那正好在狗嘴的路径上。我的血液稍微回暖了一些，因为咆哮停止了，雷霆好奇地嗅了嗅我的膝盖。然后我说：“好孩子，”并被允许在它的下巴下轻轻拍了拍。雷霆随后小跑着走向
our half-acre rear lot. We followed, chatting about the fact that the dog had asserted himself successfully and now probably would accept me as nonthreatening and subordinate. 我们半英亩的后院。我们跟着它，一边聊着这只狗已经成功地确立了自己的地位，现在很可能会接受我为无威胁且服从的存在。
Once in the open spaces, we stood talking while the dog investigated the terrain. I started to walk away toward a new area, saying “C’mon, Thunder.” My act of group leadership triggered a full-blown, psychotic rage avalanche in the Shepherd. He brushed by my leg from behind, spun, then flew at my throat in less time than it takes to think, “Now I know why they were sweating inside that air-conditioned car!” 一到开阔地带，我们站着交谈，狗则在周围探查地形。我开始朝一个新区域走去，同时说：“来吧，Thunder。”我表现出的群体领导行为，触发了牧羊犬一场彻底的、精神失控的愤怒爆发。它从我身后擦过我的腿，旋转一圈，然后在我还没来得及想“现在我明白为什么他们在那辆开着空调的车里满头大汗了！”的时候，就扑向了我的喉咙。
Thunder was subdued by the tail-lift method, only after I was severely bitten on the wrists and hands. When the dog was led away by its mistress, the avalanche had run its course. Put into the car, the dog appeared dazed and withdrawn, though it had suffered no blows, pain or injury. Thunder 被尾巴抬起法制服，前提是我手腕和手部被严重咬伤。当狗被它的主人带走时，那场愤怒爆发已经结束。被放进车里后，狗显得迷茫且退缩，尽管它没有受到任何打击、疼痛或伤害。
During the ensuing 2 weeks, I gathered more facts about the animal from the owners and others who had encountered it. Initial fact-finding, it turned out, had been deficient. The husband mentioned that 4 men were required to restrain the dog on its last visit to the veterinarian, even though the dog was tranquilized. Previous biting had been more spontaneous than territorially related. Thunder had been constantly threatening toward the husband, to the point that the wife would not allow the 2 in the house together. 在接下来的两周里，我从主人和其他接触过这只动物的人那里收集了更多关于它的事实。事实证明，最初的事实调查是不充分的。丈夫提到，上次带狗去看兽医时，即使狗被镇静了，也需要四个人才能控制住它。之前的咬人行为更多是自发的，而非出于领地意识。Thunder 不断对丈夫发出威胁，以至于妻子不允许两人在屋内共处。
Thunder was fed a high-protein diet. The couple’s veterinarian prescribed stilbestrol, which appeared to mellow Thunder, but not sufficiently to reassure the owners enough to attempt any behavioral modification. Thunder 被喂食高蛋白饮食。夫妻俩的兽医开了雌激素类药物 stilbestrol，似乎让 Thunder 变得温和了一些，但仍不足以让主人放心尝试任何行为矫正。
Thirteen months later, after living in virtual isolation in the backyard, the dog growled viciously even when its mistress tried to open the door and bring food. Thunder developed a severe leg infection but could not be approached for treatment, and was consequently destroyed. 十三个月后，经过几乎与世隔绝地生活在后院，狗即使在主人试图开门喂食时也会恶狠狠地咆哮。Thunder 患上了严重的腿部感染，但无法接近进行治疗，最终被安乐死。
The indication of psychosis in this case comes from Thunder’s obvious lack of contact with reality during the vicious episodes, at our facilities and at home. The owners’ treatment (an autocratic master and permissive mistress), combined with probable early neural damage from methedrine overdosing, produced a type of paranoid mania often seen in violent human criminals. 本案例中精神病的迹象来自于 Thunder 在恶劣发作期间，在我们设施内和家中明显脱离现实的表现。主人的对待方式（专制的主人和放任的女主人），加上可能因甲基苯丙胺过量导致的早期神经损伤，产生了一种常见于暴力人类罪犯的偏执狂躁症。
Overprotectiveness 过度保护
Clients who complain about overprotective behavior are usually concerned that their dog may bite someone. In most cases they state that the dog’s on-guard behavior is acceptable and even desirable. However, the possibility of a lawsuit or the fear of being maimed usually motivates the owner to seek help. This type of ambivalence relative to the dog’s behavior indicates some basic insecurity in the owner. When this can be brought into the open through consultation, the total problem can be placed in proper perspective and a corrective program becomes possible. 抱怨过度保护行为的客户通常担心他们的狗可能会咬人。在大多数情况下，他们表示狗的警戒行为是可以接受甚至是可取的。然而，诉讼的可能性或被伤害的恐惧通常促使主人寻求帮助。这种对狗行为的矛盾态度表明主人存在某种基本的不安全感。当通过咨询将这一点公开出来时，整个问题就能被正确看待，纠正方案也变得可能。
A woman who enrolled her 4-month-old Poodle/Terrier in a puppy behavior program complained of housesoiling, chewing, jumping up on furniture and people, and a lack of response to her. However, when I entered the office, the pup barked and even growled at me. 一位女士为她 4 个月大的贵宾犬/梗犬混血幼犬报名参加了幼犬行为训练课程，她抱怨幼犬在家大小便、咬东西、跳上家具和人身上，而且对她没有反应。然而，当我走进办公室时，小狗对我吠叫，甚至咆哮。
“Wow! That’s pretty aggressive behavior for a youngster,” I remarked above the racket. “哇！这么小的狗表现出这么有攻击性的行为，真不多见，”我在吵闹声中说道。
“Oh, I’m pleased about his wanting to protect me. It’s one of the reasons I like him so much,” she shouted back. “哦，我很高兴它想保护我。这也是我这么喜欢它的原因之一，”她大声回应。
“Who’s running the show?” I asked. “到底谁才是主导者？”我问道。
“What do you mean?” She leaned forward in her chair as if she hadn’t quite understood. “你是什么意思？”她向前倾了倾身子，仿佛还没完全明白。
When I sat down, the pup immediately became quiet. While he sniffed my pantlegs, I explained what I call the “responsibility factor” in dog-owner relationships. 当我坐下时，小狗立刻安静了下来。在它嗅我的裤腿时，我解释了我所说的狗与主人关系中的“责任因素”。
Who's In Charge? 谁来掌控？
In the daily interaction between a dog and its owner, most overprotective animals have devised various ways of telling the 在狗与主人日常互动中，大多数过度保护的动物已经想出了各种方式来告诉主人
owner when to get up in the morning, when to open the doors out or into the house on cue, when to pet and stroke in response to nudging, etc. 主人什么时候起床，什么时候按指令开门进出房子，什么时候在被轻推时抚摸和爱抚等。
On the other side of the ledger, these dogs only do something on command when they want. Commands to Come when called, Sit, Stay and various other commands are rarely if ever obeyed, except when the dog happens to be in the mood. In other words, the dog is in command and is naturally going to become upset when some outsider interferes with its concept of how life ought to proceed. The dog’s response to such intrusions can range from submissive recumbency to a vicious attack on the interloping party. 另一方面，这些狗只有在自己愿意的时候才会服从命令。召唤、坐下、停留以及各种其他命令很少甚至从不被遵守，除非狗正好有心情。换句话说，狗处于主导地位，当外来者干涉它对生活应有方式的观念时，它自然会感到不安。狗对这种干扰的反应可以从顺从地卧倒到对入侵者的恶意攻击不等。
An overprotective animal usually combines its jealousy of its owner’s attentions with overdeveloped active defense reflexes. Overly developed defense reflexes usually result from the owner’s deliberate encouragement of early signs of aggression toward strangers, lack of any attempt to control this tendency, or an excessively physical or emotional response when the aggression begins to emerge. In fact, most cases I encounter involve clients who have committed all of these errors. 过度保护的动物通常将对主人关注的嫉妒与过度发达的主动防御反射结合在一起。过度发达的防御反射通常是由于主人故意鼓励对陌生人的早期攻击迹象，未尝试控制这种倾向，或在攻击开始显现时反应过于激烈或情绪化造成的。事实上，我遇到的大多数案例都涉及客户犯了这些错误。
In such cases, the dog behaves as if it feels responsible for rather than to its owner. Most clients can see the value of having a dog take its cues about protection from the owner, rather than allowing it to make the critical decision regarding toward whom it should be aggressive. The corrective procedure requires that both the owner and dog possess one vital personality factor: a sense of humor, an element missing in some older dogs. If this is absent, then devices must be improvised to develop it. 在这种情况下，狗的行为表现得好像它对主人负有责任，而不是对主人负责。大多数客户都能理解让狗从主人那里获取保护的信号的重要性，而不是让狗自己决定应该对谁表现出攻击性。纠正这种行为的方法要求主人和狗都具备一个重要的性格因素：幽默感，而一些年长的狗缺乏这一点。如果缺少幽默感，就必须想办法培养它。
The Jolly Routine 欢乐程序
I have yet to see the dog that does not wag its tail in response to some sort of pleasant stimulus, if only the suggestion that a ride in the car is in the offing. In rehabilitating an overprotective dog, these types of responses are used to gain a new kind of association for the dog with visitors, using the “Jolly Routine.” This must be coupled with an overall environmental adjustment that requires the owner to teach the misbehaving pet to respond dependably to basic commands before receiving any praise or petting. Further, when the dog solicits petting or otherwise 我还没见过哪只狗不会对某种愉快的刺激摇尾巴，哪怕只是暗示即将有一次汽车旅行。在矫正过度保护的狗时，会利用这些反应来让狗对访客产生新的联想，这就是“欢乐程序”。这必须与整体环境调整相结合，要求主人在给予任何表扬或抚摸之前，先教会行为不当的宠物可靠地响应基本命令。此外，当狗主动寻求抚摸或其他行为时，...
attempts to “direct” its owner’s behavior, the owner must turn the tables and direct the dog in one of these simple command responses. This mechanism helps impress on the animal that the dog is now responsible to its owner, rather than vice versa. 当狗试图“指挥”主人的行为时，主人必须反过来，使用这些简单的指令反应来指挥狗。这一机制有助于让动物明白，现在狗应对主人负责，而不是相反。
Application of the Jolly Routine requires that we know what kinds of events stimulate the onset of the unwanted behavior. These can involve such things as a ringing doorbell, a knock on the door, a car door closing, footsteps on the walk, or the approach of another person. Whatever the key stimulus may be, it is at this initial signal stimulus that the Jolly Routine must begin. This is the time at which the dog’s neurochemical responses begin, and therefore the time when switching to a “jolly circuit” is most effective. To wait until the dog is fully involved in aggressive threats requires stopping the avalanche of learned behavior in midcourse, which is ineffective. The following case illustrates this aspect of correction. 应用“快乐程序”需要我们了解哪些事件会刺激不良行为的开始。这些事件可能包括门铃响、敲门声、车门关闭声、人行道上的脚步声，或另一个人的接近。无论关键刺激是什么，快乐程序都必须从这个初始信号刺激开始。这是狗的神经化学反应开始的时刻，因此切换到“快乐回路”最为有效。等到狗完全陷入攻击性威胁时再介入，就需要在行为雪崩中途停止，这种做法是无效的。以下案例说明了纠正这一点的重要性。
The owners of a 4-year-old male Spaniel-mix complained of aggressiveness toward any visitors to the house. They had tried every type of correction, from food treats by guests to muzzles and even a shock collar. The dog still snarled and menaced visitors with every type of aggressive canine display short of biting, which the owners prevented by physical restraint. 一只 4 岁雄性斯潘尼尔混种犬的主人抱怨说，狗对任何来访者都表现出攻击性。他们尝试过各种纠正方法，从客人用食物奖励到使用口套，甚至电击项圈。狗仍然咆哮并用各种攻击性犬类表现威胁来访者，除了咬人，主人通过身体约束防止了咬人行为。
In consultation, I discovered that the Spaniel had a sense of humor. It would wag its tail whenever the owners laughed. Further, the dog enjoyed playing fetch with a tennis ball. 在咨询过程中，我发现这只斯潘尼尔有幽默感。每当主人笑时，它都会摇尾巴。此外，狗喜欢用网球玩接球游戏。
The doorbell initiated the onset of anxiety, before the actual appearance of visitors. The clients were advised to secure the cooperation of a few brave and understanding friends and neighbors in the following daily routine for at least 4 days. 门铃响起会引发焦虑，甚至在访客实际出现之前。建议客户争取几位勇敢且理解的朋友和邻居的配合，按照以下日常程序至少持续 4 天。
Visitors ring the doorbell. 访客按门铃。
Family members all laugh and jolly the dog, avoiding any signs of “sympathy reassurance.” 家人们都笑着逗狗，避免表现出任何“同情安慰”的迹象。
Steps 1 and 2 are continued until the dog appears happily (rather than aggressively) anxious. 步骤 1 和 2 持续进行，直到狗表现出快乐的（而非攻击性的）焦虑。
The door is opened and visitors enter to a jolly greeting by the owners. 门被打开，访客进入，主人热情地迎接。
Visitors toss the tennis ball for the dog to fetch and return. Each visitor takes a turn until the dog relaxes, after which the guests and owners are seated for the remainder of the visit. 访客们抛网球让狗去捡回来。每个访客轮流进行，直到狗放松，随后客人和主人坐下，度过剩余的拜访时间。
If the dog shows any renewed signs of aggression, everyone laughs and jollies the dog. 如果狗表现出任何新的攻击迹象，大家都会笑着逗弄它。
This procedure is not only effective if repeated daily for a few days, but it can also provide hilarious entertainment for everyone involved. In the above case, the client reported that after the first few rather strained and shallow chuckles by their edgy guests, the entire scene struck everyone simultaneously as being riotously ludicrous. The remainder of the evening was spent in spontaneous eruptions of raucous laughter, during which their formerly overprotective Spaniel interrupted its sleep in a corner to raise its head and feebly wag its tail. 如果每天重复几天，这个方法不仅有效，还能为所有参与者带来欢乐的娱乐。在上述案例中，客户报告说，在最初几次客人们略显紧张和浅浅的笑声之后，整个场景突然让所有人同时觉得极其滑稽可笑。接下来的整个晚上，大家都自发地爆发出哄堂大笑，而他们那只曾经过度保护的猎犬则从角落的睡眠中抬起头，虚弱地摇了摇尾巴。
The Insecure Owner 不自信的主人
A 4-year-old male German Shepherd owned by a widow had become increasingly aggressive toward all callers during the 8 months since the husband’s death, especially when out with the owner in the car. The dog was a severe leash strainer and constantly displayed anxiety behavior at the large front window of the family house. 一只 4 岁的雄性德国牧羊犬，属于一位寡妇，自从丈夫去世后的 8 个月里，对所有来访者变得越来越具有攻击性，尤其是在和主人一起开车外出时。狗在牵引绳上极度挣扎，并且经常在家中大窗户前表现出焦虑行为。
Consultation revealed that the owner had become subject to increased feelings of insecurity since her husband’s death. These feelings had manifested in plans to move from her home to another state. She admitted to particular fearfulness when out in her car, even though she had never been threatened in any way. 咨询显示，自从她丈夫去世后，主人变得更加不安全感。这种感觉表现为她计划搬离现住地，迁往另一个州。她承认在开车外出时特别害怕，尽管她从未受到过任何威胁。
Whether a dog “senses” insecurity in its owner or actually observes certain subtle changes in the owner’s actions and speech, we have noted definite evidence of mood transferrals from owners to dogs. In this case, the dog had a history of anxious behavior at the back fence and at the front window of the house in relation to other dogs and to people. The owner’s heightened 无论狗是“感知”到主人不安全感，还是实际上观察到主人行为和言语中的某些细微变化，我们都注意到主人情绪向狗传递的明确证据。在本例中，这只狗在后围栏和房屋前窗对其他狗和人表现出焦虑行为的历史。主人的高度
insecurity appeared to have been the deciding factor in the dog’s final display of overt aggression. 不安全感似乎是导致狗最终表现出明显攻击性的决定性因素。
As in all cases of overprotectiveness, the owner must institute the learn-to-earn praise and petting program and the Jolly Routine when situations that have stimulated problem behavior arise. When this has produced the desired emotional and behavioral changes, it is often advisable to have the owner enroll the dog in some sort of obedience work. In such an obedience program, an experienced professional instructor can assist the owner in gaining leash and command control. 正如所有过度保护的情况一样，当引发问题行为的情境出现时，主人必须实施“学会通过努力获得赞扬和抚摸”的计划以及“欢乐日常”程序。当这些措施产生了预期的情绪和行为变化后，通常建议主人让狗参加某种服从训练。在这样的服从训练中，有经验的专业教练可以帮助主人获得牵引绳和口令的控制权。
Overprotectiveness Within the Family 家庭内部的过度保护
An 11-month-old male German Shepherd had bitten the wife and growled at the husband when they had shown physical affection for their 10 -year-old son. The husband was not as demonstrative as the boy’s mother. 一只 11 个月大的雄性德国牧羊犬在妻子对他们 10 岁的儿子表示身体亲昵时咬了妻子，并对丈夫咆哮。丈夫不像男孩的母亲那样表现得那么亲昵。
The dog had been obtained from friends, who had mistreated the dog with excessive physical punishment and isolated it in the backyard since about 11 weeks of age. The only person to have had a close relationship with the dog was the 10 -year-old son. We learned that this boy objected to his parents’ punishment of the dog, often crying hysterically when the animal was beaten. 这只狗是从朋友那里得到的，朋友从大约 11 周大时就对狗进行了过度的体罚，并将其隔离在后院。唯一与狗有亲密关系的人是那个 10 岁的儿子。我们了解到，这个男孩反对父母惩罚狗，当动物被打时，他经常歇斯底里地哭泣。
The new family had immediately integrated the dog into their home, and the son quickly developed a strong rapport with the Shepherd. In our first discussion, it was obvious the boy did not approve of seeking help through me. He seemed to enjoy being the only one who could control the dog even in the face of physical danger to his mother. This was a fascinating consultation in that the boy was almost impudently disinterested in the proceedings. To gain a position of some authority in his eyes, I had to uncover the boy’s lack of respect for his parents’ authority, which, in turn, was the cause of the dog’s overprotectiveness of the boy. 新家庭立即将这只狗融入了他们的生活，儿子很快就与这只牧羊犬建立了深厚的感情。在我们第一次交谈时，很明显男孩并不赞成通过我来寻求帮助。他似乎喜欢成为唯一能控制这只狗的人，即使这意味着他的母亲会面临身体上的危险。这次咨询非常有趣，因为男孩几乎是无礼地对整个过程表现出漠不关心。为了在他眼中获得一定的权威地位，我不得不揭示男孩对父母权威的缺乏尊重，而这正是导致狗对男孩过度保护的原因。
I said, “Tommy, I want you to understand that your mom and dad have brought you and Sparks to see me to avoid having to get rid of the dog. Did you know that if they hadn’t heard about me, they would have taken him to the pound?” 我说：“汤米，我希望你明白，你的爸爸妈妈带你和斯帕克斯来找我是为了避免不得不把狗送走。你知道吗，如果他们没听说过我，他们本来会把它送到收容所的？”
Tommy ignored this question, responding to what was important to him: “Earl is not my dad. He’s my stepdad.” His eyes were on the floor and his voice had a slight tremor. His remark elicited a shrug and expressions of helplessness from his parents. 汤米无视了这个问题，回应了他关心的事情：“厄尔不是我爸爸，他是我继父。”他的目光盯着地板，声音带着轻微的颤抖。他的这番话引来了父母的耸肩和无奈的表情。
I could only answer in a way that would focus the boy’s attention on the goal that was needed to salvage the situation. "OK, Tommy, I understand that. But, what we are really concerned with is that Earl and your mom have asked me to help them make a very serious decision about Sparks’ future. And, from what I’ve seen and heard here today, I think that decision is going to depend mostly on you. What do you want to have happen with Sparks? 我只能用一种能让男孩把注意力集中在挽救局面的目标上的方式来回答。“好吧，汤米，我理解你的想法。但我们真正关心的是，厄尔和你妈妈请我帮他们做一个关于斯帕克斯未来的非常重要的决定。根据我今天在这里看到和听到的情况，我认为这个决定很大程度上取决于你。你希望斯帕克斯的未来会怎样？”
“I want to keep him.” “我想留下他。”
“Even if he bites your mother?” “即使他咬了你妈妈？”
(Long pause.) “I never wanted him to bite her!” Tommy was on the verge of tears. （长时间沉默。）“我从来不想让他咬她！”汤米几乎要哭了。
It was time to clearly define a goal that Tommy might value and work toward. I said, “OK, I’ll tell you what I think it’s going to take to get Sparks straightened out. Then you tell us if you can help us do it.” 是时候明确一个汤米可能重视并愿意为之努力的目标了。我说：“好吧，我告诉你我认为要让斯帕克斯改正过来需要做什么。然后你告诉我们你是否能帮我们做到。”
I outlined a procedure for Tommy and his parents that required them all to direct the dog before any praise or petting. This required 6 weeks of daily off-leash training by all of them, combined with weekly visits to our facilities for coaching and discussions. 我为汤米和他的父母制定了一个方案，要求他们在任何表扬或抚摸之前都必须先指挥狗狗。这需要他们每天进行为期 6 周的无绳训练，并每周来我们这里接受指导和讨论。
During the first session in which the dog was taught to come on command, Tommy and Sparks displayed a remarkable degree of communication. When the father was teaching Sparks, Tommy would actually turn his back on the situation, whereupon the dog would run over to the boy and whine at him rather than go to Earl. It was also apparent that both parents were frightened of Sparks. They balked at crouching down to administer praise, a movement that is necessary to attract the animal in off-leash training. We were witnessing the boy’s jealousy of the parents’ relationship with “his” dog. Rather than abandon the session, I decided to shift the responsibility to Tommy, so I asked, “Tommy, how can we expect Sparks to be interested in learning if you’re not interested?” 在第一次教狗狗听令过来的训练课上，汤米和斯帕克斯表现出了惊人的沟通能力。当父亲在教斯帕克斯时，汤米竟然会背过身去，这时狗狗会跑向男孩，向他哀鸣，而不是去找厄尔。显然，双方父母都害怕斯帕克斯。他们不愿意蹲下来给予表扬，而蹲下是无绳训练中吸引动物注意力的必要动作。我们目睹了男孩对父母与“他的”狗之间关系的嫉妒。为了不放弃这次训练，我决定把责任转移给汤米，于是我问：“汤米，如果你不感兴趣，我们怎么能指望斯帕克斯有兴趣学习呢？”
“I am interested.” “我感兴趣。”
“You’ll have to show me by paying strict attention to what’s going on.” “那你必须通过专注于正在发生的事情来向我证明。”
He turned slowly and leaned on a post. I then got the family to call the dog alternately. This helps demonstrate to the dog consistency among family members. It is more time consuming than working with individuals, but it is highly effective when jealousy is a factor. 他慢慢转过身，靠在一根柱子上。然后我让家人轮流叫狗。这有助于向狗展示家庭成员之间的一致性。虽然比单独训练更费时间，但当嫉妒成为因素时，这种方法非常有效。
Once the dog was responding well to all, I had Tommy run to mother and hug her. This elicited only whining and some jumping up on them by Sparks, after which all 3 alternately, then together, petted the dog while acting jolly about it all. The dog responded with tail wags and the characteristic Shepherd whining sounds. 一旦狗对所有人反应良好，我让汤米跑向母亲并拥抱她。这只引起了斯帕克斯的哀鸣和一些跳跃，之后三个人轮流，然后一起抚摸狗，同时对这一切表现得很开心。狗以摇尾巴和典型的牧羊犬哀鸣声作出回应。
Back in the office, the dog settled by Tommy’s chair while Tommy and his mother exchanged a familial kiss. Sparks did not seem unduly upset by this action. I suggested that this procedure be repeated back in the home at least 3 times daily; also that Tommy run to his stepfather happily and that Sparks be praised on these occasions. After the third week, the parent-oriented overprotectiveness was no longer a problem. The remainder of the program was spent dealing with the same behavior related to Tommy’s many friends, a secondary complaint in the case. The same technique was successful. 回到办公室，狗安静地坐在汤米的椅子旁，汤米和他的母亲交换了一个家庭式的亲吻。斯帕克斯似乎并没有对此举感到过分不安。我建议在家中每天至少重复这个程序三次；同时让汤米高兴地跑向他的继父，并在这些场合表扬斯帕克斯。三周后，针对父母的过度保护行为不再是问题。剩下的时间用来处理与汤米许多朋友相关的同样行为问题，这是此案中的次要投诉。相同的技巧也取得了成功。
Overprotectiveness Related to Socialization 与社交相关的过度保护
A 4-year-old male Lhasa Apso was showing hostility toward visitors to the apartment of its owner, a recently divorced woman. Urination in the apartment was also a complaint. 一只 4 岁的雄性拉萨犬对其主人——一位最近离婚的女性——公寓的访客表现出敌意。公寓内的尿尿问题也是投诉之一。
The dog was extremely rigid in its movements when first investigating various urination posts in our consultation area. The dog continued to lift its leg numerous times, even though the dog was void of urine after the third time. When I tried to approach, the Lhasa growled menacingly and stiffened to a defensive posture. The owner complained of the same behavior whenever she tried to groom the animal. 这只狗在首次调查我们咨询区内的各种排尿点时，动作极为僵硬。即使在第三次之后已经没有尿液排出，这只狗仍然多次抬腿。当我试图靠近时，拉萨犬恶狠狠地低吼，并僵硬地摆出防御姿态。主人抱怨每当她试图给动物梳理毛发时，都会出现同样的行为。
This dog displayed no sense of humor. Its owner also showed a singular lack of this quality, so necessary for rehabilitation 这只狗一点幽默感都没有。它的主人也同样缺乏这种对康复极为必要的品质。
through the Jolly Routine. It turned out that Rex had been used for breeding in the apartment where the trouble first began. This can be a major contributory factor in urination problems, as it may heighten territorial protectiveness in certain dogs, especially those with strong leader inclinations. 事实证明，雷克斯曾在问题最初出现的公寓里被用作繁殖犬。这可能是排尿问题的一个主要促成因素，因为它可能会增强某些狗的领地保护意识，尤其是那些具有强烈领导倾向的狗。
It was interesting to note that when the former owner of this “little Caesar” attended a consultation, the dog’s entire demeanor changed to one of almost puppyish joy. It wagged its tail and jumped up on the former owner, interrupting this happiness only to become stiff and hostile when the current owner or I tried to influence it in some way. The former owner, a breeder, had kept the dog for a year before selling it to the current owner. It was obvious the breeder alone enjoyed the needed benefit of an early relationship involving the period of critical socialization. 有趣的是，当这只“小凯撒”的前主人来参加咨询时，狗的整个举止立刻变得几乎像小狗般欢快。它摇着尾巴，跳到前主人身上，只有当现任主人或我试图以某种方式影响它时，它才会中断这种快乐，变得僵硬且敌对。前主人是一位繁育者，曾养了这只狗一年，然后才卖给现任主人。显然，只有繁育者享受到了早期关系中关键社交期所带来的必要益处。
Despite the owner’s wistfully sad outlook on life in general and her problem in particular, I still recommended that the Jolly Routine be attempted, not only in specific stressful situations, but also in the overall daily interaction with the morose animal. I also suggested that the owner gain off-leash control of the recalcitrant dog, and undertake a basic housesoiling correction program. 尽管主人对生活整体以及她所面临的问题抱有淡淡的悲伤，我仍然建议尝试“快乐日常”方案，不仅在特定的压力情境中使用，也在与这只忧郁动物的日常互动中实施。我还建议主人获得对这只顽固狗狗的无绳控制能力，并开展一个基本的室内排泄纠正计划。
Though the hostility was brought under control to the point that Rex was no longer a potential menace to the owner and outsiders, the inappropriate urination did not cease entirely. This may have been due to the fact that the dog continued to be used for breeding on its home territory. 尽管敌意得到了控制，雷克斯不再对主人和外人构成潜在威胁，但不适当的排尿行为并未完全停止。这可能是因为这只狗仍然在其家中领地内用于繁殖。
Narcissistic Overprotectiveness 自恋式过度保护
This type of protection-of-self and/or of the dog’s “belongings” deserves special discussion because such dogs may progress to biting their owners. Narcissism, or self-love, usually has its roots in puppyhood and often centers around owners who dote on their pets. If the dog tends to dominate and has matured in an environment in which its wishes have been fulfilled, at 6-126-12 months of age we often see aggressive tendencies when the owners attempt to physically manipulate, scold or otherwise impose their wishes on the pet. This tendency has been noted in pups the first day after leaving the litter, but such cases are rare and generally involve the litter “bully.” If taught by nonphysical 这种自我保护和/或保护狗“财物”的行为值得特别讨论，因为这类狗可能会发展到咬伤主人。自恋或自我喜爱通常根源于幼犬时期，往往集中在那些溺爱宠物的主人身上。如果狗倾向于支配，并且在一个其愿望被满足的环境中成长，那么在 6-126-12 个月大时，当主人试图用身体方式控制、责骂或以其他方式强加自己的意愿时，我们常常会看到攻击性倾向。这种倾向在幼犬离开窝的第一天就有观察到，但此类情况较为罕见，通常涉及窝里的“恶霸”。如果通过非身体方式教导
methods, these pups usually respond well and eventually develop into worthwhile pets. Given excessive physical punishment, however, they can become dangerous adults. 通过这些方法，这些幼犬通常反应良好，最终成长为值得拥有的宠物。然而，若受到过度的体罚，它们可能会变成危险的成年犬。
A 2-year-old male Doberman Pinscher growled menacingly at its owners when scolded. From puppyhood, the Doberman showed self-protective tendencies, even under veterinary examination. At 3 months it had persistent diarrhea, but no physiologic cause was found. The owners were required to obtain rectal temperature readings twice daily for a period of several months. During this time the Doberman received constant sympathy and doting attention from the couple. 一只 2 岁的雄性杜宾犬在被主人训斥时发出威胁性的低吼。从幼犬时期起，这只杜宾犬就表现出自我保护的倾向，即使在兽医检查时也是如此。3 个月大时，它持续腹泻，但未发现生理原因。主人被要求在几个月内每天两次测量直肠温度。在此期间，这只杜宾犬得到了夫妻俩不断的同情和宠爱。
The case was referred to me after the dog had viciously menaced the wife when she tried to approach and take away a stick it had brought into the house. The first meeting at our facilities indicated an extremely self-oriented, leader-type animal tending toward overprotection of the wife. When released, the dog urinated excessively on scent posts, circled my chair and raised its hackles in response to my speaking its name. Though the dog had been thoroughly obedience trained, commands (especially Come) were only grudgingly obeyed. 这起案例是在狗恶狠狠地威胁妻子试图接近并拿走它带进屋内的棍子时转介给我的。我们设施的第一次会面显示这是一只极度以自我为中心、具有领导型性格的动物，倾向于过度保护妻子。放开后，狗在气味标记处频繁排尿，绕着我的椅子转圈，并在我叫它名字时竖起了背毛。尽管这只狗经过了彻底的服从训练，但对命令（尤其是“过来”）的服从只是勉强的。
A 6-week behavior program, involving nonphysical methods, was used to gain instant responses to commands. The Jolly Routine was recommended for situations involving strangers (to whom the Doberman showed consistent hostility), as well as when the dog tended to become menacing with the owners. 一个为期六周的行为训练计划，采用非身体惩罚的方法，用于获得对指令的即时反应。Jolly Routine（欢乐例行程序）被推荐用于涉及陌生人的情况（杜宾犬对陌生人表现出持续的敌意），以及当狗对主人表现出威胁倾向时。
One milestone in this case was that the attitude of the owners changed from autocratic to leadership by example. It is interesting that many of these types of dogs have owners who believe the dog ought to “accept” punishment in order to be a good pet. When owners understand that they have the type of pet that will respond aggressively to threats (probably due both to innate and acquired tendencies), they must decide on a different (nonphysical) method of teaching. When this method produces a behavioral change in the dog, owner attitude normally changes from 此案例的一个里程碑是主人态度从专制转变为以身作则的领导。值得注意的是，许多这类狗的主人认为狗应该“接受”惩罚才能成为好宠物。当主人明白他们拥有的宠物会对威胁做出攻击性反应（这可能既源于天性也源于后天习惯）时，他们必须选择一种不同的（非身体）教学方法。当这种方法在狗身上产生行为改变时，主人的态度通常会从
autocratic to that of an enlightened leader. At this time the Jolly Routine takes on sincerity that has tremendous impact on the dog. The switch from hostility to lightheartedness usually brings quick results. 专制转变为开明的领导者。此时，Jolly Routine 变得真诚，对狗产生巨大影响。从敌意转为轻松愉快的转变通常会带来快速的效果。
A serious detriment to this procedure is the owner’s understandably cautious approach to the dog. One aspect of the Doberman case illustrates the problem: the dog was particularly sensitive about its rear quarters. If the owners attempted to touch or manipulate the dog’s rear quarters, it immediately froze, turned its eyes rearward and growled dangerously, apparently on the verge of biting. The first signal to the Doberman that it should feel concerned about the procedure was the owner’s hesitancy about handling it. “Once bitten, twice shy” translates to “once growled at, twice shy” in these cases. 这一程序的一个严重缺陷是主人对狗狗的谨慎态度，这是可以理解的。多伯曼犬的一个案例说明了这个问题：这只狗对其后躯特别敏感。如果主人试图触摸或操作狗的后躯，它会立即僵住，眼睛转向后方，危险地低吼，显然快要咬人了。主人对狗的犹豫不决，是多伯曼犬第一次感到对该程序应有所警惕的信号。在这种情况下，“一朝被蛇咬，十年怕井绳”可以理解为“被低吼过一次，之后更加谨慎”。
In an effort to demonstrate the method that generally works well with this type of case, Ijollied the dog, and it responded with tail wagging and generally giddy behavior. While the upbeat vocalizations continued, I rubbed its ear and moved my other hand along its back to the rump. The dog appeared to be unaware of this invasion into formerly forbidden territory. The final test was to cease rubbing the ear, continue the vocal jollies and see what happened when the dog became aware of the hand manipulating the rear quarters, legs, gonads and anal area. The Dober-man remained cheerful. 为了展示通常对这类情况有效的方法，我逗弄了这只狗，它以摇尾巴和整体兴奋的行为作出回应。在持续愉快的声音中，我揉了揉它的耳朵，另一只手沿着背部移动到臀部。狗似乎没有察觉到这次对先前禁区的侵犯。最后的测试是停止揉耳朵，继续发出愉快的声音，观察当狗意识到手在操作后躯、腿部、生殖器和肛门区域时会发生什么。多伯曼犬依然保持愉快的状态。
When this was demonstrated, the client was invited to join in the merriment, to the delight of the pet. The dog continued its good natured acceptance after the behavioral “ice” was broken, and the problem resolved itself with only daily sessions. 当这一点被证明后，客户被邀请加入这场欢乐之中，宠物对此感到非常高兴。行为上的“冰块”被打破后，狗狗继续以友好的态度接受，问题仅通过每日的训练课程便自行解决了。
A word of warning: this approach should not be undertaken suddenly with self-oriented aggressive dogs, or in a way that tends to surprise the animal. In the Doberman case, I told the veterinarian that the dog would accept physical manipulation as long as the manipulator laughed a lot while so doing. Because the dog was hypersexual and intermittently displayed signs of possible prostatitis, it was examined by the veterinarian the following week. The doctor initially approached the Doberman suddenly from behind a counter, “ho-ho-ing” like a Santa Claus. The surprised dog lunged toward an equally surprised doctor, who has since been less than enthusiastic regarding the Jolly 一句警告：对于以自我为中心的攻击性犬只，不应突然采用这种方法，也不应以令动物感到惊讶的方式进行。在杜宾犬的案例中，我告诉兽医，只要操作者在进行身体操作时大笑，狗狗就会接受。由于这只狗性欲旺盛，且间歇性表现出可能的前列腺炎症状，兽医在接下来的一周对其进行了检查。医生最初从柜台后面突然接近杜宾犬，模仿圣诞老人“呵呵”地叫着。惊讶的狗狗扑向同样惊讶的医生，医生此后对这套欢乐的例行程序兴趣不大。
Routine. However, once the element of surprise was overcome the Doberman allowed prostate examination peacefully while the owner and the doctor chuckled more appropriately. 然而，一旦克服了惊吓因素，杜宾犬便平静地接受了前列腺检查，主人和医生也更加适当地轻声笑着。
There is nothing funny about being viciously threatened by one’s own dog. When the owner understands the problem’s cause, environmental changes are made, and specific corrective techniques are mastered, such behavior can be corrected. 被自己的狗恶意威胁绝不是一件好笑的事。当主人了解问题的原因，进行环境调整，并掌握具体的纠正技巧时，这种行为是可以纠正的。
Other Methods of Correcting Aggression 纠正攻击行为的其他方法
Dental Treatment: Biting has reportedly been corrected by grinding the canine (eye) teeth to a level just below that of the adjacent incisors. As reported in the feline literature, transection of the infraalveolar and infraorbital branches of the trigeminal nerves in mouse-killing cats caused the cats to normally stalk and pounce on the mice, but not bite them. Dr. Joseph Stuart reported success in correcting biting in a St. Bernard and a Cocker Spaniel, as well as fighting between Foxhounds in a kennel, after grinding down the canine teeth as described. 牙科治疗：据报道，通过将犬齿（眼齿）磨平至略低于相邻门牙的水平，可以纠正咬人行为。正如猫科文献中所述，切断捕鼠猫的三叉神经下牙槽支和眶下支，使猫能够正常潜伏并扑向老鼠，但不会咬它们。Joseph Stuart 博士报告称，在磨平犬齿后，成功纠正了一只圣伯纳犬和一只可卡犬的咬人行为，以及犬舍中猎狐犬之间的打斗。
These findings suggest that impairing proprioception of the canine teeth may inhibit biting, though more clinical evidence is needed. In dogs and cats treated in this manner, the procedure did not affect the eating habits or dental health. 这些发现表明，损害犬齿的本体感觉可能抑制咬人行为，尽管还需要更多的临床证据。以这种方式治疗的狗和猫，其饮食习惯和牙齿健康未受影响。
Castration: Castration has sometimes been effective in curtailing fighting between male dogs. However, castration has been unrewarding in correcting aggression toward people. 阉割：阉割有时在减少雄性犬之间的打斗方面有效。然而，阉割在纠正对人的攻击行为方面效果不佳。
Drug Therapy: Numerous reports in the veterinary literature indicate that progestin therapy has also been unrewarding. Tranquilizers and antidepressants, such as amitriptyline (Elavil: Merck Sharp & Dohme), have been reported in a limited number of cases. However, I have not asked referring veterinarians to prescribe them due to the possibility of the problem behavior recurring after withdrawal of the drugs. 药物治疗：兽医文献中有大量报告表明孕激素治疗同样效果不佳。镇静剂和抗抑郁药，如阿米替林（Elavil：默克夏普与多姆），在少数病例中有所报道。然而，由于停药后问题行为可能复发，我没有要求转诊的兽医开具这些药物。
Summary 总结
Dogs who bite outsiders require the same general remedial programs as those who bite their owners. This is because similar canine and owner attitudes are at work. The dog perceives its “targets,” often including the owners, negatively. Therefore, the 咬伤外人的狗需要与咬伤主人的狗相同的一般矫正方案。这是因为类似的犬只和主人态度在起作用。狗对其“目标”，通常包括主人，持负面看法。因此，
relationship between the dog and its owners must be converted to a positive one, after which the owners can use the Jolly Routine, combined with continued learn-to-earn and leadership exercises, to change the dog’s perceptions, imagery and behavior toward outsiders. 狗与其主人的关系必须转变为积极的关系，之后主人可以使用欢乐日常程序，结合持续的“学以致用”和领导力训练，来改变狗对外人的认知、想象和行为。
Aggression Toward Other Dogs 对其他狗的攻击行为
Dogs that fight tend to have any or a number of the following characteristics: 打架的狗通常具有以下一种或多种特征：
Are dominant in their relationship with their owners. 在与主人的关系中表现出支配性。
Lacked exposure to other dogs during critical socialization periods. 在关键的社交化时期缺乏与其他狗的接触。
Have been attacked by other aggressive dogs. 曾被其他攻击性强的狗袭击过。
Fight only when a neighborhood bitch is in heat. 只有在邻居的母狗发情时才会打架。
May have been the litter bully as a pup. 可能在幼犬时期是窝里的霸凌者。
Usually become excited when stressed. 通常在压力下变得兴奋。
Are jealous because of owner favoritism. 因为主人偏爱而感到嫉妒。
Most fights between unacquainted dogs are related to the territorial boundaries or property (human owners in some cases) of one or both combatants. This type of aggression is easily understood but difficult to correct. Another type of aggression that is difficult for owners to understand and correct involves dogs that live in the same household. Though both dogs receive what appears to be the same treatment from their owners, they engage in savage fights. Though the causes vary, corrective methods involve the same principle. Correction centers around converting the feelings of hostility to “happy” emotional responses. This requires extreme self-control on the part of the owner, but it has proved effective when performed properly. 大多数不相识的狗之间的打斗都与一方或双方的领地边界或财产（在某些情况下是人类主人）有关。这种类型的攻击行为容易理解，但难以纠正。另一种令主人难以理解和纠正的攻击行为涉及同一家庭中的狗。尽管两只狗似乎都得到了主人的同等待遇，但它们仍会发生激烈的争斗。虽然原因各异，但纠正方法遵循相同的原则。纠正的核心是将敌对情绪转化为“快乐”的情感反应。这需要主人极大的自我控制，但如果正确执行，已被证明是有效的。
Territory and Property Fights 领地和财产争斗
Among wild dogs and wolves, the integrity of the home territory is normally well respected by roaming loners or intruders. An especially bold or aggressive stranger may test the degree of protectiveness of a home-pack leader or other pack member, but this is rare. The usual sequence of events consists of: approach, 在野生犬类和狼群中，游荡的独行者或入侵者通常会尊重领地的完整性。一个特别大胆或具有攻击性的陌生者可能会测试领地首领或其他群体成员的保护程度，但这种情况很少见。通常的事件顺序是：接近，
confrontation, threat display by the established animal, and retreat by the intruder (Fig 2). In situations involving people, this type of behavior becomes seriously distorted, not by the dogs but by people. 对峙，已建立地位的动物进行威胁展示，入侵者撤退（见图 2）。在人类介入的情况下，这种行为会被严重扭曲，扭曲的原因不是狗，而是人。
Neighborhood Urine Marking 邻里尿液标记行为
A commonly accepted myth among dog owners is that dogs, especially males, have a fundamental need to spread their urine widely in order to be emotionally well adjusted. As a result, the dog is often taken off its own property, to dutifully sprinkle up, down and across the street. In addition to methodically despoiling the area’s greenery, the owner is allowing the dog to extend its protective feelings beyond its natural home and yard. An aggressive dog consequently begins to defend what the ignorant owner has “taught” it to consider its territory. This is especially true when the 2 dogs involved both suffer the misfortune of having equally ignorant owners. Each dog tries to protect its own extended boundaries. This type of defensive behavior predominates among males, but also has been noted in females. 狗主人中普遍存在一个被广泛接受的误区，认为狗，尤其是雄性狗，有一种基本需求，就是要广泛地撒尿，以保持情绪的稳定。因此，狗经常被带出自家院子，去街道上有规律地撒尿，向上、向下、横向洒尿。除了系统性地破坏周围的绿地外，主人还允许狗将其保护欲扩展到自然的家和院子之外。结果，一只具有攻击性的狗开始防卫那些无知的主人“教”它认为是自己领地的范围。当两只狗的主人都同样无知时，这种情况尤为明显。每只狗都试图保护自己扩展的边界。这种防御性行为在雄性狗中尤为普遍，但在雌性狗中也有观察到。
When the foregoing facts are appreciated, one portion of a remedial program becomes rather obvious: the owner must not allow the dog to “brand” the neighborhood territory. Further, in dogs that are fighters, whenever and wherever they go off 当理解了上述事实后，矫正方案的一部分就变得相当明显：主人必须不允许狗“标记”邻里领地。此外，对于那些好斗的狗来说，无论何时何地它们外出时，
Figure 2. Two dogs “square off” when first meeting. The German Shepherd, with tail and ears erect, is the aggressor in this situation. A fight could ensue if the Dalmatian does not show signs of submission. 图 2. 两只狗在初次见面时“摆开架势”。德国牧羊犬尾巴和耳朵竖起，在这种情况下是攻击者。如果斑点狗不表现出服从的迹象，可能会引发争斗。
their property, it is best not to allow any urinating at all unless 5 or 6 hours have passed and the dog genuinely must urinate. This avoids one of the most common canine rituals preceding aggression: urine marking. 在它们的领地内，最好不要允许任何排尿，除非已经过去了 5 到 6 个小时且狗确实需要排尿。这可以避免犬类攻击前最常见的仪式之一：尿标记。
An example of this took place when I was taking photographs of biting dogs. A local guard dog company graciously brought out an old German Shepherd to accommodate my need for an aggressive display. When it first came into the area and faced me (on leash), it was commanded to “Watch it!” Even though I crouched and made threatening gestures, the old warrior did not seem perturbed. 一个例子发生在我拍摄咬人狗的照片时。一家当地的看门狗公司慷慨地带来了一只老德国牧羊犬，以满足我对攻击性展示的需求。当它第一次进入区域并面对我（牵着绳子）时，被命令“盯着它！”尽管我蹲下并做出威胁姿势，这位老战士似乎并不为所动。
However, during a pause in the proceedings as the handler and I pondered our problem, the Shepherd went to a nearby bush, hiked its leg and branded the area, after which it turned and gave me a most convincing, throaty growl (Fig 3). Thereafter I was intruding on the dog’s marked territory. 然而，在处理者和我思考问题的间隙，牧羊犬走到附近的灌木丛，抬腿在该区域留下尿标记，随后转身对我发出了一声极具说服力的低沉咆哮（图 3）。从那以后，我就成了侵入这只狗标记领地的入侵者。
Freedom Frustration 自由受挫
Another cause of dog fights lies in constant frustration by harriers between excitable, aggressive animals and other dogs that they find threatening (Fig 4). When this situation occurs as part of the fighting dog’s environment, it is best to remove the animal from the area, even if it means making major structural 狗打架的另一个原因是猎犬在兴奋、好斗的动物与它们认为有威胁的其他狗之间不断感到挫败（图 4）。当这种情况作为打斗犬环境的一部分发生时，最好将动物移出该区域，即使这意味着进行重大结构调整。
Figure 3. Guard dog showing signs of aggression upon command by its handler. 图 3. 守卫犬在训导员命令下表现出攻击迹象。
Figure 4. Dogs that are constantly restrained, such as this male Pit Bull Terrier, tend to become very aggressive because of frustration with captivity. 图 4. 经常被限制的狗，如这只雄性比特斗牛犬，因对被囚禁感到挫败，往往变得非常具有攻击性。
changes. I have seen good responses with the addition of an inner fence-within-a-fence, whereby the dog is unable to approach nearer than 6-8 feet to intruders and vice versa. 变化。我见过在增加内围栏的情况下效果很好，这种围栏是在外围栏内，狗无法靠近入侵者少于 6-8 英尺，反之亦然。
Fighting With Other Resident Dogs 与其他家犬打架
Fighting between canine members of a household usually involves dogs of the same sex, often littermates. Trigger people in the family often stimulate such fights, though sometimes food or another dog may also stimulate fighting. To avoid such fights, it is best not to obtain littermates of the same sex, particularly those that appear competitive within the litter. Also, when a new dog is adopted into the family, it is a good idea to pay more “jolly-type” attention to the resident dog(s) than was shown before the newcomer’s arrival. Make the additional pet fun for the resident pet. Allow the new animal to fit in and adjust with less attention than is shown the older members. This will cause resident dogs to have pleasant associations with the new animal. 家庭中犬只之间的打架通常涉及同性犬，常常是同窝的。家庭中的某些人常常会激发这种打架，尽管有时食物或另一只狗也可能引发争斗。为了避免这种打架，最好不要同时养同窝的同性犬，尤其是那些在窝中表现出竞争性的犬只。此外，当新狗被领养进家庭时，最好给予原有的狗更多“欢乐型”的关注，超过新狗到来之前的关注程度。让额外的宠物对原有宠物来说是有趣的。让新动物适应并融入，给予的关注要少于对年长成员的关注。这将使原有的狗对新动物产生愉快的联想。
If a fight should erupt, never induce more hostility into the situation by shouting, screaming, scolding, hitting, kicking the heads or bodies of the fighters or pulling them apart by the heads or necks. Most serious canine quibbling I see involves owners who induce hysteria into the original battle, which, if allowed to reach its conclusion naturally (if the owners had left the scene 如果发生打斗，切勿通过大喊大叫、尖叫、责骂、打击、踢打斗犬的头部或身体，或抓住它们的头部或脖子将它们拉开来加剧敌意。我见过的大多数严重犬只争斗，都是因为主人在最初的争斗中引发了歇斯底里，如果让争斗自然结束（如果主人离开现场的话）
or remained passive), more than likely would have concluded bloodlessly and with one permanently dominant and one submissive dog. 或者保持被动），很可能会无血腥地结束，并且形成一只永久占主导地位的狗和一只顺从的狗。
The most effective method I know for stopping a fight requires that someone pick up the more aggressive of the warring pair by the tail, just high enough so its hind feet cannot touch the ground. If both dogs are aggressors, then both must be elevated. Lack of hindquarter traction often quickly short circuits hostility. If either dog has a docked tail, the hind legs may be picked up to equal advantage. There are exceptions, of course. I know of one Pit Bull whose owner had to carry an axe handle to pry the determined gladiator off other dogs or people’s legs or arms. One must, of course, use extreme caution when intervening in any dog fight so as to avoid being bitten. 我所知道的最有效制止打斗的方法是有人抓住其中较具攻击性的那只狗的尾巴，提起高度刚好使其后脚无法触地。如果两只狗都是攻击者，那么两只都必须被提起。失去后肢支撑通常能迅速终止敌意。当然，如果有狗的尾巴被截断，可以改为提起其后腿，效果相同。当然也有例外。我知道有一只斗牛犬，它的主人不得不带着一根斧柄，用来把这只顽固的斗士从其他狗或人的腿或手臂上撬开。当然，介入任何狗斗时必须极其小心，以避免被咬伤。
A common underlying cause of persistent fighting is owner hysteria when such fights break out. Most owners of multiple dogs who do not have such problems did not become hysterical when fights or hostilities initially erupted. 持续打斗的一个常见根本原因是当打斗爆发时，主人表现出歇斯底里。大多数拥有多只狗且没有此类问题的主人，在打斗或敌对行为初次发生时并没有变得歇斯底里。
In more than 95%95 \% of sibling-type fighting, the dogs never fought unless the owners were present. A good percentage of them were boarded together in the same run without hostile signs. This brings us to one type of remedial program that is often successful: boarding the dogs together on neutral territory, there to be visited by the family under controlled conditions after a week or so. If no fight ensues, a daily series of visits, followed by rides in the family car to other neutral areas, will often help if the plan spans 3-63-6 weeks. After this, a daily trip home can be included. 在超过 95%95 \% 的兄弟犬类型打斗中，狗只有在主人在场时才会打架。其中相当一部分狗曾被一起安置在同一个围栏中，且没有表现出敌对迹象。这引出了一个常常成功的矫正方案：将狗一起寄养在中立区域，家人在一周左右后在受控条件下探视。如果没有发生打斗，接下来每天一系列的探视，随后乘家用车前往其他中立区域，通常会有帮助，前提是计划持续 3-63-6 周。之后，可以包括每天回家的行程。
Dogs fighting for any reason must be taught to respond to simple commands to Come, Sit and Stay when the owner directs. All fondling, coddling or solicitous behavior toward the pet must be avoided. This helps the owner assume dominance over the dogs involved and is prerequisite to all procedures recommended. 无论因何原因打斗的狗，都必须被教导在主人指令时响应简单命令，如“来”、“坐”和“停留”。必须避免对宠物的任何抚摸、溺爱或过分关心的行为。这有助于主人对涉事狗建立支配地位，是所有推荐程序的前提条件。
Correction of Fighting 打斗的矫正
The Jolly Routine: This method of rehabilitating fighting dogs in all categories requires owners who possess a sense of humor and some theatrical ability, plus a dog that tends to wag its tail or otherwise show the signs of canine joy when hearing its 快乐日常法：这种用于改造各类斗犬的方法需要主人具备幽默感和一定的表演能力，同时狗狗在听到主人笑声时会摇尾巴或以其他方式表现出犬类的快乐迹象。
owners laugh. Fortunately, this is the case in most of the situations I encounter. When I meet a Grim Jim or Gripey Jane owner with an equally sullen fighting dog, I flatly tell them that to succeed they will have to figure out some way of laughing a lot during their time with their scrapper. Then, when the pet begins showing signs of a more pleasant disposition, we can offer assistance. 幸运的是，我遇到的大多数情况都是如此。当我遇到一个面无表情的吉姆或抱怨连连的简的主人，以及一只同样阴郁的斗犬时，我会直截了当地告诉他们，要想成功，就必须想办法在与这只好斗的狗相处时多笑。然后，当宠物开始表现出更愉快的情绪时，我们才能提供帮助。
The Jolly Routine requires precise timing to achieve an emotional change from defensive feelings to predominantly pleasant ones. Whatever the trigger mechanism (stimulus) that normally creates the very first outward sign of fighting, it must be accompanied by the owners’ laughter and movements or activities that have happy meaning to the offender. 快乐日常法需要精准的时机把握，以实现情绪从防御状态向主要愉快状态的转变。无论通常引发最初斗争外在表现的触发机制（刺激）是什么，都必须伴随着主人的笑声和那些对狗狗有快乐意义的动作或活动。
For example, if the mere sight of another dog creates aggression, then other dogs must be brought into view. As soon as the fighter perceives them, the Jolly Routine must be initiated and continued until the upset animal is imbued with happiness. If the simple odor of a sibling through a door creates hostile reactions, the aggressive dog must be exposed to the odor and the Jolly Routine undertaken by the owners. 例如，如果仅仅看到另一只狗就会产生攻击性，那么必须让其他狗进入视线范围内。一旦好斗的狗察觉到它们，就必须启动并持续进行“快乐程序”，直到这只烦躁的动物充满快乐。如果通过门缝闻到兄弟姐妹的气味就会引发敌对反应，那么攻击性的狗必须暴露在这种气味中，并由主人执行“快乐程序”。
Depending on the dogs involved and the degree of success with early attempts using the Jolly Routine, the potential antagonists should be brought closer more often. In some cases this occurs on the very first day, often within an hour. In seriously ingrained cases, it may take up to 6 weeks of conditioning to achieve success. 根据涉及的狗和使用“快乐程序”早期尝试的成功程度，应更频繁地将潜在的对立者拉近距离。在某些情况下，这可能在第一天内发生，通常在一小时内。在严重根深蒂固的情况下，可能需要长达 6 周的条件训练才能取得成功。
I have seen good results when the dogs involved have been handled on leashes in conjunction with this routine. We find that a sharp sound distraction used at the instant the trigger stimulus appears, followed by the Jolly Routine, makes the task considerably quicker and easier than with any other training aid. 我见过当涉及的狗在牵引绳上配合此程序进行处理时，效果很好。我们发现，在触发刺激出现的瞬间使用尖锐的声音干扰，随后进行“快乐程序”，使任务比使用任何其他训练辅助工具都快且更容易完成。
Other elements necessary to rehabilitate these dogs include: 康复这些狗所需的其他要素包括：
Instant command response at least to Come, Sit and Stay. 对“来”、“坐”和“停”命令的即时响应。
Total avoidance of solicitousness toward the dog(s)\operatorname{dog}(\mathrm{s}) by family members. 家庭成员完全避免对 dog(s)\operatorname{dog}(\mathrm{s}) 表现出过分关心。
The owner’s ability to act jolly when stimuli triggering hostility appear, plus the dog’s tendency to respond with tail wagging or other pleasant behavioral reactions. 当出现引发敌意的刺激时，主人能够保持愉快的态度，且狗倾向于以摇尾巴或其他愉快的行为反应回应。
Discontinuance of all territorial urine marking. 停止所有领地尿标记行为。
Where freedom frustration is a factor, the physical environment must be modified so as to alleviate the animal’s proximity to frustrating stimuli. 当自由受限成为因素时，必须修改物理环境，以减轻动物接近令人沮丧的刺激的情况。
Avoidance of emotional displays or threatening handling by the owner in the event fighting occurs. 在发生打斗时，避免主人表现出情绪化或威胁性的处理。
Removing the involved dogs from the home territory (in the case of sibling fighting), combined with increasingly frequent visits by the owner before field trips, concluding with a return to the original situation. 将涉事犬只从家庭领地移出（在兄弟犬打斗的情况下），并结合主人在外出前越来越频繁的探访，最终回归原始环境。
As mentioned previously in the section on Biting, fighting between kenneled Foxhounds ceased after the dogs’ canine teeth were ground down to a level just below that of the incisors. 如前文咬伤部分所述，关笼的猎狐犬之间的打斗在犬齿被磨短至略低于门牙水平后停止了。
Killing Other Animals (Predatory Behavior) 杀死其他动物（捕食行为）
Dogs have not travelled far along the evolutionary road since the time they hunted and killed for food. In fact, some breeds are still selectively bred for their tendency to chase or stalk prey and at least capture, if not kill and/or eat them. Notable among these are the Terriers, Dachshunds, sighthounds and various hunting breeds. It is no wonder then, that pet dogs occasionally succumb to their ancestral tendency, even without special training. 自从狗开始为了食物而狩猎和杀戮以来，它们在进化的道路上并未走得很远。事实上，一些品种仍然被有选择地培育，以保持它们追逐或潜伏猎物的倾向，至少会捕捉猎物，即使不杀死和/或食用它们。其中较为显著的有梗犬、腊肠犬、灵视猎犬以及各种猎犬品种。因此，宠物狗偶尔屈服于它们的祖先本能，即使没有经过特别训练，也不足为奇。
Dogs are often inadvertently trained to kill. For example, many dog owners have urged their pets (sometimes playfully) to chase cats, squirrels and stray dogs, and are often horrified when their dogs bring home the neighbor’s Teacup Poodle as a trophy of the chase. Sometimes other animals, usually cats, have “trained” dogs to become killers. These animals do this unknowingly by sitting on fences, rooftops, in trees or beyond fences, tantalizing the dog from a safe vantage point. After enough of this teasing, the dog becomes sufficiently frustrated to attack an animal when the opportunity presents itself. 狗常常在无意中被训练成杀手。例如，许多狗主人曾（有时是玩笑地）催促他们的宠物去追逐猫、松鼠和流浪狗，当他们的狗带回邻居家的迷你贵宾犬作为追逐的“战利品”时，常常感到震惊。有时其他动物，通常是猫，会“训练”狗成为杀手。这些动物无意中通过坐在篱笆、屋顶、树上或篱笆外的安全高处，诱惑狗。当这种戏弄足够多次后，狗会变得非常沮丧，一旦有机会就会攻击动物。
Dogs that kill other animals are usually, but not necessarily, of the excitable type and react aggressively or dominantly to other species or smaller dogs. The killing of smaller dogs or cats by larger dogs is usually the case in urban areas. However, when 通常情况下，杀死其他动物的狗属于易激动型，会对其他物种或体型较小的狗表现出攻击性或支配性反应，但这并非绝对。较大体型的狗在城市地区通常会杀死较小的狗或猫。然而，当
dog packs operate as hunting groups, much larger animals become the prey, sometimes even people. 狗群作为狩猎群体行动时，猎物则是体型更大的动物，有时甚至是人类。
Most dogs that have killed people, either by themselves or in packs, select children as their prey. Child killings (especially those committed by lone dogs) have usually occurred at or within the dog’s “territory,” or have involved a child who screamed shrilly when first approached or knocked down. A small percentage of dogs appears to be stimulated in the most primitive way by the screaming of any animal: their reaction is to kill that animal. Wild canids have killed members of their own pack that cry out after they have become trapped or are injured. 大多数杀死人类的狗，无论是单独行动还是成群结队，通常选择儿童作为猎物。儿童被杀事件（尤其是由单只狗造成的）通常发生在狗的“领地”内或附近，或者涉及到当孩子在首次接近时尖叫或被推倒。少数狗似乎会被任何动物的尖叫以最原始的方式刺激：它们的反应就是杀死那个动物。野生犬科动物也会杀死被困或受伤后发出哀鸣的同伴。
Dogs that kill other animals should be differentiated from those with a fighting problem. Most dog fights end before either of the combatants is seriously injured. These episodes rarely result in the death of either dog. Predatory attacks aimed at killing the prey animal are deliberate, with the fangs aimed at the base of the prey’s neck just above the shoulders. If the prey is on its back, the soft flesh of the throat or belly is attacked. A predatory attack also usually includes violent shaking of the victim. Rarely does a domestic dog actually eat its kill, though some that prey on chickens and other fowl tend to do so more often that cat or dog killers. 杀死其他动物的狗应与有打斗问题的狗区分开来。大多数狗打架在任何一方严重受伤之前就结束了。这些事件很少导致任何一只狗死亡。旨在杀死猎物的捕食性攻击是有意为之，犬齿瞄准猎物颈部基部肩膀上方的位置。如果猎物仰面朝上，攻击的则是喉咙或腹部的柔软肉体。捕食性攻击通常还包括对受害者的剧烈摇晃。家养狗很少真正吃掉它们的猎物，尽管有些捕食鸡和其他家禽的狗比猫或其他狗杀手更常这样做。
Correcting Predatory Attacks 纠正捕食性攻击
The method I advise has worked well, even with older dogs. In principle, it involves desensitizing the offender through intense exposure to the chosen prey. This avoids force or punishment such as that involved in the often-recommended methods whereby the prey is forced into the dog’s mouth and the mouth taped shut, or where the prey is hung around the dog’s neck until it virtually rots off the collar. Both of these rather harsh methods have worked with many dogs. However, it is rare that an owner will carry them out. Especially with very excitable or aggressive dogs, the situation can become much worse and produce other behavioral problems. 我建议的方法效果很好，即使是对年长的狗也适用。原则上，它涉及通过对选定猎物的强烈暴露来使犯错的狗脱敏。这避免了使用强制或惩罚，比如常被推荐的方法——将猎物强行塞进狗嘴里并用胶带封住嘴巴，或者将猎物挂在狗脖子上直到猎物几乎腐烂脱落。这两种相当严厉的方法对许多狗确实有效。然而，主人很少会真正执行这些方法。尤其是对于非常兴奋或具有攻击性的狗，情况可能会变得更糟，并引发其他行为问题。
Whatever the prey involved, a sufficient number of prey animals must be obtained for retraining sessions at least 3 times weekly, or twice daily with several hours between sessions. In a controlled situation (dog on leash if necessary), the dog must be 无论涉及哪种猎物，都必须获得足够数量的猎物动物，用于每周至少 3 次的再训练课程，或者每天两次，课程之间间隔数小时。在受控环境下（如有必要，狗需拴绳），狗必须
exposed to the potential prey and its response converted from an aggressive response to a happy, playful response, first toward the owner and then toward the prey animals. This Jolly Routine is essentially the same as that used for fighting, general aggression, biting or shy and fearful pets. 暴露于潜在猎物面前，并将其反应从攻击性反应转变为对主人先是，然后对猎物动物表现出快乐、玩耍的反应。这种快乐例行程序本质上与用于打斗、一般攻击性、咬人或害羞胆怯宠物的训练方法相同。
The routine works most effectively if some novel, intervening stimulus can be applied to distract the offender at the instant the dog notices the prey. Each retraining session should end when the dog shows signs of genuine relaxation in the presence of the prey and seems content to undertake some other activity. This may include playing fetch, performing basic obedience routines (the most helpful pastime of all) or simply ignoring the prey animals. The routine should take place on a regular schedule spanning 6 weeks for permanent correction. If at the end of this time the dog has still not learned to adjust to the prey animals, the program should be extended. 如果能在狗注意到猎物的瞬间施加一些新颖的干预刺激以分散其注意力，这一训练程序的效果会更佳。每次再训练课程应在狗在猎物面前表现出真正放松的迹象并且愿意进行其他活动时结束。这些活动可以包括玩接物游戏、执行基本服从训练（这是最有帮助的消遣方式）或干脆忽视猎物动物。该训练程序应按规律的时间表进行，持续 6 周以实现永久矫正。如果在此期间结束时，狗仍未学会适应猎物动物，则应延长训练计划。
If the dog attacks its prey only in the presence of one or more owners, it is necessary that all the owners gain a strong leader position through off-leash command responses to Come, Sit and Stay. Without this degree of control and orientation, the program will probably be unsuccessful. All fondling should be stopped, and brief petting should be given only as a reward for response to commands. For example, if the dog approaches and nuzzles for attention, it is immediately told to Sit, after which the owner may say “Good dog,” and pat the dog a couple of times for its performance. In some cases involving bossy leader dogs, this command response training should be continued for several weeks before actual exposure to prey so the owner can gain the proper position of leadership. The value of this part of the program is seen in the owner’s increased confidence when directing the jolly sessions. 如果狗只在一个或多个主人在场时攻击猎物，那么所有主人都必须通过无绳指令反应（如“来”、“坐”和“停”）获得强有力的领导地位。没有这种程度的控制和引导，训练计划很可能不会成功。所有的宠爱行为都应停止，只有在狗对指令作出反应时，才给予简短的抚摸作为奖励。例如，如果狗走近并用鼻子蹭寻求关注，应立即命令它“坐下”，之后主人可以说“好狗”，并轻拍狗几下以表扬其表现。在一些涉及霸道领导型狗的案例中，这种指令反应训练应持续数周，才真正接触猎物，以便主人获得适当的领导地位。该训练环节的价值体现在主人在指导玩耍时信心的提升。
Grinding the canine teeth down to a level just below that of the incisors has reportedly curtailed fighting and biting in a limited number of cases. No cases involving killing animals have been reported. However, the technique may be useful. 据报道，将犬齿磨短至略低于门牙的水平，在少数案例中减少了打斗和咬人事件。尚无涉及杀死动物的案例报告。然而，这一技术可能有一定的作用。
Chasing Vehicles and Other Moving Objects 追逐车辆及其他移动物体
For no apparent reason, the instinct to chase seems to be stronger in some dogs than in others. In sighthounds (Grey- 无明显原因，某些狗的追逐本能似乎比其他狗更强烈。在猎犬（灵缇）中——
hounds, Basenjis, Afghans, etc), this tendency is understandable from a genetic standpoint, in that their early selection favored strong sight and low thresholds for chase reflex excitation. In other breeds not of the sighthound class, the tendency is probably genetic in its initial stages (the dog as a pup probably displayed strong chase tendencies) but develops into problem behavior through frustration or reinforcement. The dog may be behind a barrier or on a tether relative to fast-moving objects, or may even have been encouraged to chase vehicles through naive behavior by the owner. An example of this inadvertent stimulation of chasing is the owner who chases bike-mounted neighborhood children off the sidewalk. A dog witnessing this a few times thereafter assumes the guard-duty function. 猎犬、巴森吉犬、阿富汗猎犬等，从遗传学角度来看，这种倾向是可以理解的，因为它们早期的选择偏好强烈的视觉能力和较低的追逐反射激发阈值。在非猎犬类的其他品种中，这种倾向在初期可能也是遗传性的（幼犬时期可能表现出强烈的追逐倾向），但通过挫折或强化发展成问题行为。狗可能被置于障碍物后面或系在绳索上，面对快速移动的物体，甚至可能因主人天真的行为而被鼓励去追逐车辆。一个无意中刺激追逐行为的例子是，主人驱赶骑自行车的邻居孩子离开人行道。狗目睹几次后，便承担起守卫的职责。
Another element often present in dogs that chase moving objects is an overdeveloped sense of territorial defense that has been allowed to extend well beyond the dog’s own yard. Aggressive dogs with overprotective tendencies often attempt to keep their territories clear of invading vehicles. This tendency is frequently noted in dogs that are either allowed to wander around their neighborhood or that are taken on regular walks during which they urine mark beyond their own territorial limits. Females as well as males may claim “street right” and chase cars. 另一种常见于追逐移动物体的狗的特征是过度发展的领地防御意识，这种意识已经被允许扩展到远远超出狗自己院子的范围。具有过度保护倾向的攻击性犬类常常试图将入侵的车辆赶出它们的领地。这种倾向经常出现在那些被允许在邻里四处游荡或经常被带出去散步、在散步过程中在自己领地范围之外留下尿标记的狗身上。雌性和雄性狗都可能宣称“街道权利”并追逐汽车。
Correcting Chasing Behavior 纠正追逐行为
In young pups or dogs that have only chased a few times, correction is far simpler than if the dog has been chasing for more than a few weeks. Early correction can usually be made by transforming the stimulus, whether it is a car, bicycle, motorcycle, children on skates, etc, from an attractive to an aversive stimulus. One of the most effective methods involves the “mon-key-see, monkey-do” principle. This requires the cooperation of one or several car owners who are prepared for the dog and stop their vehicle before any injury can be sustained. If bicycles, motorcycles or other stimuli cause the chase, these of course should be employed. 在幼犬或只追逐过几次的狗身上，纠正行为要比狗已经追逐了几周以上时简单得多。早期纠正通常可以通过将刺激物（无论是汽车、自行车、摩托车、滑冰的孩子等）从一种吸引性的刺激转变为厌恶性的刺激来实现。其中一种最有效的方法涉及“猴子看猴子学”的原则。这需要一位或多位车主的配合，他们愿意为狗做好准备，并在狗受伤之前停车。如果是自行车、摩托车或其他刺激物引起追逐，当然也应使用这些刺激物。
The owner should walk with the dog toward the street from various starting points the dog has used in the past or would be likely to use in the future for its attacks. Just as the dog starts 主人应带着狗从狗过去使用过或未来可能用来发动攻击的不同起点朝街道方向行走。就在狗开始时
to break into its run, the owner should suddenly reverse direction away from the vehicle, shouting as if fearful. The vehicle’s operator must slam on the brakes, screeching the tires to a halt, after which the vehicle and operator must remain still until owner and dog have retreated to their own property and have gone from sight. Then, the vehicle should be driven or pedaled onward and a repeat performance set up. 为了打断狗进入其跑道，主人应突然转身远离车辆，大声喊叫，表现出害怕的样子。车辆驾驶员必须猛踩刹车，使轮胎发出刺耳的刹车声停下，随后车辆和驾驶员必须保持静止，直到主人和狗退回到自己的地盘并消失在视线中。然后，车辆应继续行驶或踩动，并重新进行表演。
The process must be repeated until the owner no longer needs to reverse his direction to stimulate the dog to retreat back to its own property. This may take as many as 20 repetitions, with the cooperating operators and vehicles rotating their appearances. When this is accomplished, the same method is used, with the owner absent from the scene, to test the degree of conditioning obtained. If the dog resumes chasing the vehicles, the procedure should be started anew until success is achieved. 该过程必须重复进行，直到主人不再需要反向行驶来刺激狗退回自己的地盘。这可能需要多达 20 次重复，配合的驾驶员和车辆轮流出现。当达到这一点后，使用相同的方法，在主人不在场的情况下测试所获得的条件反射程度。如果狗重新开始追逐车辆，应重新开始该程序，直到成功为止。
The value of this method is best demonstrated in young dogs or those that have recently acquired the behavior. In older and more experienced dogs, more preparation and work are required. The tenacious chaser is usually one that has been at it for more than a few weeks. Underlying causes frequently involve more than simple satisfaction of a chase reflex. Many affected dogs have suffered severe injuries from their “conquests” after catching up with the mechanical prey, and yet have persisted in their folly to chase cars and other fast-moving vehicles. 这种方法的价值在于对年轻犬只或刚刚出现该行为的犬只效果最佳。对于年长且经验丰富的犬只，则需要更多的准备和工作。顽固的追逐者通常已经持续了数周以上。潜在原因往往不仅仅是满足追逐反射。许多受影响的犬只在追上机械猎物后遭受了严重伤害，但仍然固执地追逐汽车和其他快速移动的车辆。
In these cases, the total environmental and behavioral background must be examined to determine the causative factors; these must then be removed. Possible inciting causes include: 在这些情况下，必须全面审查环境和行为背景，以确定诱因；然后必须消除这些诱因。可能的诱发原因包括：
Barrier or tether frustration. 围栏或系绳引起的挫败感。
Wandering free around the neighborhood. 在邻里自由漫游。
Regular walks and urine marking. 定期散步和尿标记。
Tendencies acquired through the owner’s previous anxiety or overt chase behavior of vehicles or children on skates, skateboards, bikes, etc. 通过主人之前的焦虑或对车辆、滑冰鞋、滑板、自行车等儿童的明显追逐行为所获得的倾向。
In any of the above situations, the dog is usually aggressive and excitable, and often in a leadership role in its relationships with its owners and with other people. For such dominant dogs, correction proceeds as follows: 在上述任何情况下，狗通常表现出攻击性和兴奋性，并且在与主人及其他人的关系中常处于领导地位。对于这种支配型的狗，纠正方法如下：
The owner must gain a strong off-leash and nonphysical leader relationship with the dog through command teaching and general environmental adjustments. If the dog pesters for an owner response, the dog must respond to a command before any petting or other action. 主人必须通过命令训练和整体环境调整，与狗建立强有力的无牵绳且非身体接触的领导关系。如果狗纠缠要求主人的回应，狗必须先服从命令，才能获得抚摸或其他行为。
Neighborhood roving, walks, barrier frustration, and any owner hostility toward vehicles must be stopped. 必须停止在邻里游荡、散步时的障碍挫败感以及任何主人对车辆的敌意。
The method described above for young or novice chasers may then be applied after a minimum of one and a maximum of about a dozen sessions involving up to 6 vehicle setups per session over a period of 3 weeks. 上述方法可用于年轻或初学追逐者，前提是经过至少一次、最多约十二次的训练，每次训练包含最多 6 个车辆设置，训练周期为 3 周。
This correction method takes time and patience. However, the habit in these cases is ingrained and the owner must be prepared to accept that “unlearning” usually takes longer than the initial learning of such a serious problem. 这种纠正方法需要时间和耐心。然而，在这些情况下，习惯已经根深蒂固，主人必须准备好接受“忘记”通常比最初学习这样严重的问题所需的时间更长。
Other devices that have been successful are described in much of the popular literature and involve applying some sort of unpleasant stimulus to the chasing dog. These include the dangerous actions of squirting the dog from the vehicle with lemon juice, diluted ammonia or some other noxious fluid, throwing chains (up to even more than 1//2lb1 / 2 \mathrm{lb} ) at the animal from a hidden vantage point, shock collars, tying a long lead (up to 60 feet) on the dog’s collar and yanking it as it approaches the vehicle and, incredibly, accompanying the dog on the chase and then suspending it by a choke collar until the animal becomes unconscious. These methods may work with some animals, but the risk of heightening anxiety and aggression toward the chase target, coupled with the reluctance of most owners to apply such measures, dictates that a better way is usually desirable in everyday practice. 其他成功的装置在许多通俗文献中都有描述，通常涉及对追逐的狗施加某种不愉快的刺激。这些方法包括用柠檬汁、稀释的氨水或其他刺激性液体从车内喷射狗，向动物投掷链条（甚至超过 1//2lb1 / 2 \mathrm{lb} ），使用电击项圈，在狗的项圈上系上长达 60 英尺的牵引绳并在其接近车辆时猛拉，甚至令人难以置信地陪同狗追逐，然后用勒颈项圈悬挂它直到动物失去意识。这些方法对某些动物可能有效，但由于可能加剧对追逐目标的焦虑和攻击性，加上大多数主人不愿采取此类措施，因此在日常实践中通常需要更好的方法。
One boasted to me that he had “cured” his dog of car chasing by shooting it with rocksalt from a 20 -gauge shotgun. His only complaint about his now-adult pet was that every New Year and July 4th, the dog tried to eat its way through the back door. The obvious side effect had cost the owner more than $150\$ 150 in screen and backdoor replacements. The fellow was genuinely convinced that his dog was neurotic. I could only comment at this point that something was surely neurotic about the situation! 有个人向我吹嘘说，他用 20 号猎枪发射的岩盐射击“治好了”他的狗追车的毛病。他对这只现在已经成年的宠物唯一的抱怨是，每年新年和 7 月 4 日，狗都会试图啃穿后门。显而易见的副作用让主人在更换纱窗和后门上花费了超过 $150\$ 150 。这位家伙真心相信他的狗有神经质。我只能在此评论，这种情况肯定有些神经质！
Another client spread thumb tacks in the street and then allowed the dog to chase the cars. In doing so, he had not solved the problem, but had succeeded in training the dog, a 2 -year-old Doberman Pinscher, to long-jump almost 15 feet over the tacks to carry on its merry chase. In this case, the standard method outlined above succeeded in a matter of 2 weekends involving about 4 sessions and 5 vehicles. 另一位客户在街上撒了大头针，然后让狗去追车。这样做并没有解决问题，反而训练了这只两岁的杜宾犬几乎跳过 15 英尺长的大头针，继续它快乐的追逐。在这种情况下，上述标准方法在大约两个周末内，通过 4 次训练和 5 辆车的配合，成功解决了问题。
Sexual Mounting and Jumping Up 性行为的骑跨和跳跃
Problems concerning sexual mounting and jumping up are combined in this section because they tend to be caused by similar owner actions; corrective measures are closely related. In basic canine behavior, the act of placing the forefeet upon another animal indicates dominance as is the act of mounting. 关于性爬跨和跳跃的问题合并在本节讨论，因为它们往往由类似的主人行为引起；纠正措施也密切相关。在基本的犬类行为中，将前爪放在另一只动物身上表示支配地位，爬跨行为也是如此。
Causes 原因
In puppies, mounting seems to have some roots in physiologic development or conditions. However, when mounting or jumping up persists in a dog older than 6 months, the cause is usually found within the external environment. Often the owners have either tolerated or encouraged this behavior. Among the physiologic causes of sexual mounting are: proestrus or estrus (in bitches); male response to estrus in a neighborhood bitch; and hypersexuality in males, evidenced by frequent erections when petted, general excitability and aggressiveness. 在幼犬中，爬跨似乎与生理发育或状况有关。然而，当一只超过 6 个月的狗持续出现爬跨或跳跃行为时，原因通常在于外部环境。通常，主人要么容忍，要么鼓励这种行为。性爬跨的生理原因包括：发情前期或发情期（母犬）；公犬对邻近发情母犬的反应；以及雄性犬的性亢进，表现为被抚摸时频繁勃起、整体兴奋和攻击性。
Most cases of jumping up involve dogs that have been roughhoused extensively, inconsistently allowed to jump up onto the owner’s lap or, in large breeds, allowed to place the feet upon the owner’s chest or shoulders. In other words, the problem behavior has been taught and the owners naively think their dogs can discriminate between guests who permit such behavior and those who do not, the types of clothing worn by people (it’s OK if I’m wearing my old clothes, but not if I’m wearing my good ones), inside jumping vs outside jumping (you can jump up in the yard, but not in the house), etc. In these cases of inconsistent treatment, the owners are unaware of the potent training methods they are using. That is, intermittent and random reinforcement teaches more effectively in many situations than methods involving regularly applied reinforcement. 大多数跳跃行为的案例涉及那些经常被粗暴玩耍、时而允许跳到主人膝盖上，或者在大型犬种中允许将爪子放在主人的胸部或肩膀上的狗。换句话说，这种问题行为是被教会的，主人天真地认为他们的狗能区分允许这种行为的客人和不允许的客人，区分人们穿的衣服类型（穿旧衣服可以，但穿好衣服不行），区分室内跳跃和室外跳跃（院子里可以跳，但屋里不行）等等。在这些不一致的对待情况下，主人并未意识到他们正在使用强有力的训练方法。也就是说，间歇性和随机强化在许多情况下比定期强化的方法更有效。
Correcting Sexual Mounting 纠正性骑跨行为
Sexual mounting has been successfully treated in many cases by neutering the offender. However, when the behavior is psychologically ingrained, this may be ineffective. If the dog (male or female) is neutered in an attempt at correction, environmental/behavioral alterations are also advisable. It should go without saying that the owners must not allow or encourage further sexual mounting. 通过对施害者进行绝育，许多性骑跨行为已成功得到治疗。然而，当这种行为在心理上根深蒂固时，绝育可能无效。如果为了纠正行为而对狗（无论公母）进行绝育，同时也建议进行环境和行为上的调整。不言而喻，主人绝不能允许或鼓励进一步的性骑跨行为。
An example of inconsistency involved a couple with 2 teenage boys and a year-old mixed Shepherd. The parents went on a 2 -week vacation and left the boys to fend for themselves. On their return, they were horrified to see the dog mounting their younger boy ( 14 years old) with the tenacity of what the mother described as a “sex maniac.” The dog literally had to be pried off the boy’s leg by 2 people. 一个不一致的例子涉及一对有两个青少年的夫妇和一只一岁的混种牧羊犬。父母去度假两周，留下孩子们自己照顾自己。回家时，他们惊恐地看到狗以母亲形容的“性狂”的执着态度骑跨他们较小的儿子（14 岁）。这只狗实际上需要两个人合力才能从男孩的腿上拉开。
In consultation, the boy indicated that the objectionable behavior began shortly after the parents left for vacation, which was also the time that the dog was allowed to sleep on the boy’s bed at night. The boy was an exceptionally sound sleeper, but he had been awakened several times by his pet’s amorous clutching at an elevated knee. This was discouraged by lowering the knee and scolding the dog, but subsequently the behavior became worse and the dog would often be put outside to sleep. This produced a secondary behavioral probelm: the dog barked when left alone in the yard at night. 在咨询中，男孩表示，令人反感的行为是在父母去度假后不久开始的，那时狗被允许晚上睡在男孩的床上。男孩睡得非常沉，但他曾多次被宠物在抬高的膝盖上热情地抓挠而惊醒。对此，男孩通过放下膝盖并责骂狗来制止这种行为，但随后情况变得更糟，狗经常被赶到外面去睡觉。这又引发了一个次级行为问题：狗在夜晚独自留在院子里时会吠叫。
This case did not seem to include the usual permissiveness or even encouragement of mounting by the owners, an element that is prevalent in most sexual mounting problems. It was probably true that the boy slept so soundly that the dog actually experienced satisfaction without the sleeping partner’s knowledge. Though most of my cases do not include extensive discussion about permitting or encouraging the act, I have had clients who mentioned rather elaborate sexual rituals with their pets. In these instances I have found it helpful to maintain a neutral 这个案例似乎并不包括主人通常的纵容甚至鼓励爬跨行为，而这在大多数性爬跨问题中是普遍存在的因素。男孩睡得如此沉，以至于狗实际上在睡伴不知情的情况下获得了满足感，这可能是真的。虽然我处理的大多数案例中并未广泛讨论允许或鼓励此行为，但我确实遇到过一些客户提到与宠物之间相当复杂的性仪式。在这些情况下，我发现保持中立态度是有帮助的。
profile while listening to the descriptions, and then explain the relationship of the activity to the problem. Clients have always made the behavioral adjustments necessary to eliminate the causes of the problem. 在听取描述的同时建立档案，然后解释该活动与问题的关系。客户总是做出必要的行为调整以消除问题的根源。
Doting or fondling of the dog must be stopped. If the dog pesters for attention, it should be given a command before any reward of spoken praise or petting. Rewards should be friendly and brief, no longer than a few seconds. I say “a few seconds” because in some cases the owner may use the dog’s response as an excuse to pet and fondle it for as long as 10 minutes. This, of course, encourages the practice that contributed to the problem in the first place. 必须停止对狗的溺爱或抚摸。如果狗纠缠着要注意，应先给出命令，然后才给予口头表扬或抚摸作为奖励。奖励应友好且简短，不超过几秒钟。我说“几秒钟”是因为在某些情况下，主人可能会以狗的反应为借口，抚摸和宠爱它长达 10 分钟。当然，这会助长最初导致问题的行为。
When correcting sexual mounting, it is best to distract the dog to some other activity before it becomes firmly attached to a leg or other part of the owner’s anatomy. The early signs of mounting are usually easy to spot. A rather vacant stare as the animal approaches, pawing at the owner’s legs, a “humping” motion, or penile erection signal the onset of some sexual action, and mark the ideal time for distraction. 在纠正性爬跨行为时，最好在狗牢牢抓住主人的腿或身体其他部位之前，将其转移到其他活动上。爬跨的早期迹象通常很容易发现。动物接近时目光有些空洞，抓挠主人的腿，做出“爬跨”动作，或阴茎勃起，这些都表明性行为即将开始，是转移注意力的最佳时机。
Distracting agents I have used include throwing a ball or some other plaything, followed by several minutes of intensive playexercise; issuance of a command to Sit and Stay, to be maintained until the dog appears settled; and application of a sharp sound as an intervening stimulus, followed by quiet praise when the dog stops the mounting attempts. 我使用过的分散注意力的方法包括扔球或其他玩具，随后进行几分钟的高强度玩耍锻炼；发出“坐下”和“停留”的命令，直到狗看起来安定下来；以及发出尖锐的声音作为干预刺激，当狗停止爬跨行为时给予安静的表扬。
Traditional corrections that usually fail include stepping on the hind toes to discourage mounting; sharply raising the knee into the dog’s chest area to knock it away from the leg; and picking up the offender and shaking it while saying “No.” Less traditional, and equally ineffective, approaches include hitting the dog on the muzzle, holding a lighted cigarette in the target area of the romantic pet, and shouting, screaming and other hysterical behavior. 通常无效的传统纠正方法包括踩狗的后脚趾以阻止爬跨；用膝盖猛地顶向狗的胸部将其从腿上推开；以及抱起犯错的狗摇晃并说“不”。不太传统且同样无效的方法包括打狗的口鼻部、将点燃的香烟放在目标宠物的部位，以及大喊大叫和其他歇斯底里的行为。
Severe physical punishment may lead to other behavior problems. Also, with aggressive dogs, the act of sexual mounting is sometimes closely related to general aggressive tendencies, and a strong physical rebuff can produce biting, even in puppies under 6 months old. 严厉的体罚可能导致其他行为问题。此外，对于攻击性强的狗来说，性爬跨行为有时与一般的攻击倾向密切相关，强烈的身体反击甚至可能引发咬人行为，即使是不到 6 个月大的幼犬也不例外。
If mounting is accompanied by penile erection in male dogs, castration combined with correction of the causative factors has been successful. The effects of neutering may not become evident for up to 90 days, though in most cases some lessening of sexual aggression is noted within a day or so. In spayed bitches with masculine tendencies, progestin hormone therapy has been helpful when carefully supervised by a veterinarian. 如果雄性犬只在爬跨时伴有阴茎勃起，结合纠正诱因的阉割手术已取得成功。阉割的效果可能需要长达 90 天才能显现，尽管在大多数情况下，性攻击行为在一两天内就会有所减轻。对于具有男性倾向的绝育母犬，在兽医的仔细监督下，孕激素激素治疗已被证明有效。
Correcting Jumping Up 纠正跳跃行为
Jumping up on people is a highly social and usually dominant way for dogs to say “Hello.” Play-fighting by dominant types involves similar behavior. The socially bold dog that is isolated often jumps excitedly when a person enters its area. Removal of the causative factors, such as excessive isolation, horseplay between owners and their dogs (or neighbors, friends, etc), or what appears to be genuine hyperexcitability, must be accompanied by some recognition by the dog of the leadership position of its owners. 跳跃到人身上是狗表达“你好”的一种高度社交且通常带有支配性的方式。支配型狗的嬉戏打斗也包含类似行为。被隔离的社交大胆的狗在有人进入其区域时常常兴奋地跳跃。消除诱因，如过度隔离、主人与狗之间（或邻居、朋友等）过度嬉戏，或看似真正的过度兴奋，必须伴随着狗对主人领导地位的某种认可。
The jumper that does not respond to traditional knee, stomp or push methods of correction is usually the excitable and socially bold type. Such a dog’s response may be even more tenacious (albeit usually good-natured) malbehavior. If simple command responses are taught on a nonphysical basis, the corrections are generally easily accomplished. Dogs that respond readily to Come, Sit and Stay commands are quick to recognize behavior that displeases their leaders. 对传统的膝盖、踩踏或推挤纠正方法无反应的跳跃犬，通常是兴奋且社交大胆的类型。这类狗的反应可能表现为更顽固的（尽管通常性情温和的）不良行为。如果在非身体接触的基础上教授简单的命令反应，纠正通常较为容易。能够迅速响应“来”、“坐”和“停留”命令的狗，能快速识别令其主人不悦的行为。
One method of stopping the jumping is to crouch down so the object of attention, the owner’s face, is where the pet need not jump to achieve its greeting (Fig 5). This requires physical stamina and patience in the case of extremely exuberant pets, but it yields excellent results quickly in mild cases. 阻止跳跃的一种方法是蹲下，使注意的焦点——主人的脸——处于宠物无需跳跃即可达到的高度（见图 5）。对于极其活跃的宠物，这需要体力和耐心，但在轻微的情况下能迅速取得良好效果。
A method that often works with highly reactive dogs is a quick, toward-the-dog movement, almost like a cha-cha dance step, followed by absolute stillness of the owner. The sudden movement toward the pet often stops its approach; the following stillness secures calmness. If a jump is still in the offing, a quick side step, followed by absolute stillness, is called for. This method takes more time than some others, but the cure is lasting once achieved. 一种常用于高度反应性犬只的方法是快速向狗靠近的动作，几乎像恰恰舞步一样，然后主人保持绝对静止。突然向宠物靠近的动作常常能阻止它的接近；随后的静止则确保了平静。如果狗仍然准备跳跃，则需要快速侧步，然后保持绝对静止。这种方法比其他一些方法花费时间更多，但一旦成功，效果持久。
Chapter 8 第八章
Use of a distracting stimulus has proved effective when applied as the dog approaches with the intent of jumping. This may involve throwing a ball or some other unique stimulus. After a few such distractions, the dog will be conditioned not to jump up. If a ball has been thrown, a frantic search for the play object is a substitute behaviorism often welcomed by harassed owners or guests. 当狗准备跳跃时，使用分散注意力的刺激被证明是有效的。这可能包括扔球或其他独特的刺激物。经过几次这样的分散注意力训练，狗会被条件反射地不再跳跃。如果扔了球，狗疯狂寻找玩具的行为常常被受惊扰的主人或客人所欢迎，成为一种替代行为。
In all cases of correction, the dog must be praised with a soft-spoken “Good dog” and petted, if at all, in a slow and calming manner. This helps reinforce following behavior and instills calmness to replace the previous excitement. 在所有纠正情况下，必须用轻声说“好狗”来表扬狗，并且如果要抚摸，也应以缓慢且安抚的方式进行。这有助于强化随后的行为，并灌输平静以取代之前的兴奋。
Another effective deterrent is to allow the dog to jump, then grab the forepaws and hold them until the dog starts to pull them away. Then the paws are instantly released, the hands are put behind the owner’s back, and praise is spoken. This reinforces the reflex to withdraw the feet from entrapment. Putting the hands behind the back avoids calling the dog’s attention to them, as some dogs have substituting hand-biting for jumping when this has not been done. A few corrections usually solve the problem. 另一种有效的威慑方法是允许狗跳起来，然后抓住它的前爪并握住，直到狗开始试图拉开爪子。随后立即放开爪子，将双手放到主人背后，并给予表扬。这强化了狗将脚从束缚中撤回的反射动作。将手放在背后可以避免引起狗的注意，因为有些狗在没有这样做时，会用咬手代替跳跃。几次纠正通常就能解决问题。
Figure 5. A simple way to prevent jumping up when a dog greets you is to crouch down. 图 5. 当狗迎接你时，防止它跳起来的一个简单方法是蹲下。
When small children or other animals are involved, correction takes longer, as the adult owner must supervise the correction sessions. Dogs that jump up on children are usually stimulated to do so by the child’s behavior. Therefore, the child must run or play with the dog while the parent applies correction before outright jumping takes place. In these cases, distraction with a sharp sound is especially valuable because it represents a neutral stimulus (one not requiring the owner’s voice or movement). Therefore, the dog’s conditioned behavioral inhibition will more easily relate to the child than to the owner’s presence or voice. 当涉及小孩或其他动物时，纠正需要更长时间，因为成年主人必须监督纠正过程。跳到孩子身上的狗通常是被孩子的行为激发的。因此，孩子必须在父母进行纠正之前与狗跑动或玩耍，以防止狗直接跳起来。在这些情况下，用尖锐的声音分散注意力尤其有价值，因为这代表一种中性刺激（不需要主人的声音或动作）。因此，狗的条件性行为抑制更容易与孩子相关联，而不是与主人的存在或声音相关联。
Some clients have told me of success in correcting jumping related to children through use of pebbles tossed at the dog, BB guns shot at the dog’s rump (a dangerous practice for canine and child eyes), and water thrown on the dog or squirted through a hose. All of these were effective in some instances, but aggravated the problem in others. The methods I recommend avoid the aggravation of physical punishment or injury while allowing the owner’s position of leadership to control the pet’s general behavior beyond the immediate problem. 一些客户告诉我，他们通过向狗扔小石子、用 BB 枪射击狗的臀部（这对狗和孩子的眼睛都是危险的做法）、以及向狗泼水或用水管喷水，成功纠正了与孩子相关的跳跃行为。这些方法在某些情况下有效，但在其他情况下却加剧了问题。我推荐的方法避免了体罚或伤害的加剧，同时允许主人通过领导地位控制宠物的整体行为，而不仅仅是解决眼前的问题。
9
Unruly Behavior 不守规矩的行为
With all types of unruly behavior, the fundamental relationship between the owners and the dog must be modified at the time corrective programs are applied. Such modifications include: 对于所有类型的不良行为，在实施纠正方案时，必须调整主人与狗之间的基本关系。这些调整包括：
Instituting the learn-to-earn praise and petting regimen. The dog must be pleasantly told Sit or Down when it seeks attention or when the owners feel like petting. After compliance, the dog is petted and praised briefly ( 3-53-5 seconds), and released. 实行“学会通过努力获得赞扬和抚摸”的制度。当狗寻求关注或主人想要抚摸时，必须愉快地命令它“坐下”或“趴下”。服从后，狗会被简短地抚摸和表扬（约 0 秒），然后释放。
Applying the leadership by movement exercise. In daily activity with the dog, any time it begins to move ahead of the owners, they must immediately clap hands once and reverse directions until the dog follows them dependably. 应用通过动作展现领导力的训练。在与狗的日常活动中，每当它开始走在主人前面时，主人必须立即拍手一次并改变方向，直到狗可靠地跟随他们。
Avoiding emotional homecomings and departures. 避免情绪化的回家和离开。
About half of dogs that dash out of doors do so because they are frustrated by captivity. The others are often leader types and/or either trying to get into the house to socialize with their owners or 大约一半冲出门外的狗是因为被囚禁而感到沮丧。其他的通常是领导型性格，和/或试图进入屋内与主人社交，或者
to continue their social contact by attempting to leave with the owner. 试图跟随主人离开以继续他们的社交接触。
Whatever the basic motivation, the act can be both financially and emotionally costly. Such door-dashing has seriously injured children and elderly people, caused premature birth in pregnant women, resulted in injury and death of the dog and, in one case, caused an automobile accident when a motorist swerved to miss the dog. 无论基本动机是什么，这种行为都可能带来经济和情感上的双重代价。这样的冲门行为曾严重伤害儿童和老人，导致孕妇早产，造成狗受伤甚至死亡，在一起案例中，一名司机为了避开狗而猛打方向盘，导致了车祸。
Causes 原因
When the problem involves a dog that dashes merely to get out there to run about the neighborhood, avoiding its owners’ pleas to return, the pet is usually unruly in other circumstances as well. These cases often involve an independent, self-oriented (spoiled) dog. Other factors may involve an early history of unrestricted outdoor activity, followed by restriction because of some problem that has arisen outside (fighting, car chasing, etc.). 当问题涉及一只狗只是为了跑到外面在街区里奔跑，且无视主人召唤不肯回来时，这只宠物通常在其他情况下也表现得不听话。这类情况往往涉及一只独立、自我中心（被宠坏）的狗。其他因素可能包括早期无限制的户外活动历史，随后因外部出现的问题（打架、追车等）而被限制活动。
Some cases involve continuous frustration relative to neighborhood activities, such as the dog’s “fretting” behind a gate or at a window. Depending on the excitability of the animal, it may develop the same type of stereotyped behavior seen in fence-running dogs. Simple freedom-dashing may be tension relieving in itself, or the escaped dog may have a frustration target, such as passing cars, playing children, mail carrier or other animals. 有些案例涉及到对邻里活动的持续挫败感，比如狗狗在门后或窗边的“烦躁”。根据动物的兴奋程度，它可能会发展出与围栏奔跑的狗相同类型的刻板行为。简单的自由奔跑本身可能有缓解紧张的作用，或者逃跑的狗可能有一个挫败的目标，比如经过的汽车、玩耍的孩子、邮递员或其他动物。
Correcting the Freedom Dasher 纠正自由奔跑的狗
By the time I see a freedom-dashing dog, the pet has already failed to respond to traditional methods of scolding and/or punishment. Some punishments are inordinately harsh. One client had repeatedly shot his dog in the rump with a pellet gun whenever it tried to escape. I strongly disapprove of such dangerous methods. Another rather harsh method that has succeeded (usually inadvertently) entails shutting the door on the dog as it proceeds through. This risks physical injury and is not recommended. Depending on the degree of tenacity shown by the dog, either of 2 methods can be used. A prerequisite to both is that the owner gain off-leash command responses, at least to Come, Sit and Stay. 当我看到一只自由奔跑的狗时，这只宠物已经未能对传统的责骂和/或惩罚方法作出反应。有些惩罚过于严厉。一位客户每当狗试图逃跑时，都会用气枪反复射击狗的臀部。我强烈反对这种危险的方法。另一种相当严厉但通常是无意中成功的方法是，当狗通过时关门夹住它。这有造成身体伤害的风险，不推荐使用。根据狗表现出的顽固程度，可以使用两种方法中的任意一种。两者的前提是主人必须获得狗在无牵引状态下的服从指令，至少包括“来”、“坐”和“停留”。
Given a moderately severe problem and a dog that is easily stimulated by quick movement, the first method requires that the 对于一个中度严重的问题以及一只容易被快速动作刺激的狗，第一种方法要求
owner, other family members, and friends perform the following steps. 主人、其他家庭成员和朋友执行以下步骤。
Approach the door or gate. (Of course, the door-dasher will be close by.) 接近门或大门。（当然，喜欢冲门的狗会就在附近。）
Given an inward-opening door, abruptly open it no more than 2 inches and abruptly close it. An outward-opening door should be opened no more than an inch and then closed very quickly, or the dog may push through or get a pinched snout. 对于向内开的门，突然打开不超过 2 英寸，然后迅速关闭。对于向外开的门，应打开不超过 1 英寸，然后迅速关闭，否则狗可能会冲过去或被夹到鼻子。
As the door is closed, the owner must abruptly move away from it at least 8 feet and praise the dog for following, after which the owner should be encouraged to remain still for at least a minute (Fig 1). If the dog remains at the door, steps 1,2 and 3 must be repeated until the dog retreats along with the owner. 当门关闭时，主人必须迅速远离门至少 8 英尺，并表扬跟随的狗，然后鼓励主人至少静止不动一分钟（见图 1）。如果狗仍然停留在门口，则必须重复步骤 1、2 和 3，直到狗和主人一起后退。
Step 3 must be repeated until the dog stays away from the door when the owner approaches it and when the door is opened. When this occurs, the door should be opened a full foot. If the pet dashes, the door should again be slammed shut and Step 3 applied with this larger opening. 必须重复步骤 3，直到当主人靠近门口并打开门时，狗能远离门口。当达到此情况时，门应打开一整英尺。如果宠物冲出，门应再次猛地关闭，并在更大开口处应用步骤 3。
Figure 1. As the dog dashes toward the opening, the gate or door is slammed shut, causing the dog to withdraw. Repetition teaches the dog to accept open gates or doors without dashing through. 图 1。当狗冲向开口时，门或门闩被猛地关闭，导致狗后退。反复训练教会狗接受打开的门或门闩而不冲出去。
5. Step 4 is repeated until the door can be opened to its normal exit width, with the dog staying at least 8 feet away from it. When this is accomplished the owner must stay inside, close the door, return to the dog and praise it quietly. Then the owner should remain in the house, going about some other activity for at least half an hour before repeating the procedure. 5. 重复步骤 4，直到门可以打开到正常的出口宽度，且狗保持至少 8 英尺远。当达到此目标时，主人必须留在屋内，关上门，回到狗身边并轻声表扬它。然后主人应留在屋内，进行其他活动至少半小时后再重复此程序。
6. When the dog stays away from the door on the initial approach, the owner should then proceed outside, close the door and stay away for at least 15 minutes, after which s/he should return as nonchalantly as possible (Figs 2, 3). 6. 当狗在最初接近时远离门口，主人应随后走到外面，关上门并远离至少 15 分钟，之后应尽可能若无其事地返回（见图 2、图 3）。
If this method is applied daily for a few days, most dogs begin to ignore the comings and goings of their owners. Dogs that are extremely tenacious in their efforts to dash through a door ahead of people often have a long history of frustration about barriers, or are highly motivated by a strong stimulus on the other side of the door. 如果每天连续几天应用这种方法，大多数狗会开始忽视主人进出门的动作。那些极力想抢先穿过门的狗，通常有着长期对障碍物感到沮丧的历史，或者被门另一侧的强烈刺激高度驱动。
A word of caution about using the command “Stay” to solve a serious dashing problem: It might seem practical to simply tell the dog to Stay, and then proceed through a door. The trouble with this method is that people often forget to give the command or are not aware that the dog is lurking nearby, ready to make its frantic dash. If a command is needed to stop the dog, all is lost. On the other hand, the leadership by movement exercise conditions the dog to respond in a certain manner to a particular situation without a 关于使用“停留”命令来解决严重冲门问题的一个警告：看似简单地告诉狗“停留”，然后自己通过门似乎很实用。但这个方法的问题在于，人们常常忘记发出命令，或者没有意识到狗就在附近潜伏，准备疯狂冲出。如果需要命令来阻止狗，事情就完了。另一方面，通过动作领导训练让狗在特定情况下以特定方式反应，无需命令。
Figure 2. These dogs have been taught to refrain from passing through an open gate or door, even if their owner appears to be leaving. 图 2. 这些狗被训练成即使主人看似要离开，也不会穿过敞开的门或门口。
Figure 3. The dogs bolt through the gate only after being released with “Okay!” 图 3. 只有在听到“好！”的命令后，狗才会冲过门口。
command. This conditioning is permanent and eliminates the difficulties of inconsistent verbal commands. 这种条件反射是永久性的，消除了口头命令不一致带来的困难。
Jumping Fences 跳跃围栏
Of all behavior problems, fence jumping generally requires the most careful consideration. When, where and why the problem occurs must be determined before corrective measures can be taken. When this is understood, the solutions become apparent. 在所有行为问题中，跳围栏通常需要最为仔细的考虑。必须确定问题发生的时间、地点和原因，才能采取纠正措施。当这些被理解后，解决方案便会显现。
Causes 原因
Most dogs jump fences when their owners are absent. This leads us to ask just why the pet is shut out of the house when the owners go away. Destructive behavior in the house is often the underlying complaint. A solution to the destructiveness is more pertinent than an effort to correct fence jumping. 大多数狗在主人不在时会跳围栏。这使我们不得不问，为什么宠物在主人离开时会被关在屋外。屋内的破坏行为往往是潜在的抱怨。解决破坏行为比纠正跳围栏更为重要。
If the dog is jumping out at a location where the fence or gate is only 3 feet high, a simple physical adjustment may entail raising the level of the barrier (Fig 4). 如果狗在围栏或门只有 3 英尺高的地方跳出，简单的物理调整可能就是提高障碍物的高度（见图 4）。
Fence jumping usually involves social factors. The dog is often seeking the company of other dogs or people. The social aspect is most evident in dogs that are shut out of their homes and jump even when the family is present. These dogs generally wind up scratching at the front door to get back into the family group. Installation of a dog door may clear this up rather quickly. 围栏跳跃通常涉及社交因素。狗狗往往是在寻找其他狗或人的陪伴。社交因素在那些被关在家外，即使家人都在场仍跳围栏的狗身上表现得尤为明显。这些狗通常会在前门抓挠，试图重新回到家庭群体中。安装一个狗门可能很快就能解决这个问题。
The cause of goal-oriented fence jumping usually relates to the animal’s ultimate activity when it is free of the yard. For example, one dog jumped the fence only on Thursday mornings. Many dogs were allowed to roam free in the neighborhood, and tended to congregate on Thursday morning, which happened to be garbage collection time. The normally content pet needed only the extra stimulus of the weekly dog pack to sufficiently motivate it to jump a 6 -foot block wall. The solution to this problem involved keeping the dog in the house on Thursday mornings for a few weeks to break the pattern. After 6 months, the clients were still keeping the pet inside and seemed content with the arrangement, and the dog displayed no anxiety. 有目标导向的围栏跳跃通常与动物在离开院子后的最终活动有关。例如，有一只狗只在星期四早上跳围栏。许多狗被允许在邻里自由活动，且倾向于在星期四早上聚集，那时正好是垃圾收集时间。平时满足的宠物只需要每周狗群的额外刺激，就足以激励它跳过 6 英尺高的围墙。解决这个问题的方法是在几个星期的星期四早上将狗关在屋内，以打破这一模式。六个月后，客户仍然让宠物待在屋内，似乎对这种安排感到满意，狗也没有表现出焦虑。
The sexually motivated jumper is more difficult to correct, especially if its behavior has been rewarded. The simplest correction is to keep the dog or bitch indoors until the season is over. When this is impossible and no physical adjustments can be made, some sort of conditioning to reshape the jumping is required. This will be discussed later. 性冲动引起的跳跃行为更难纠正，尤其是当这种行为已经得到奖励时。最简单的纠正方法是将公犬或母犬关在室内，直到发情期结束。当这不可能且无法进行物理调整时，就需要通过某种条件反射训练来改变跳跃行为。后面会详细讨论这一点。
Dogs that are permitted to roam or are regularly walked in the neighborhood and allowed to urinate freely may jump fences for the purpose of re-marking their territory and/or fighting with other neighborhood dogs. When these elements are present, the walks 允许狗自由漫游或经常在邻里散步并自由排尿的狗，可能会为了重新标记领地和/或与其他邻居的狗打架而跳过围栏。当存在这些因素时，散步
Figure 4. If the dog jumps the fence at a specific location, the height of the fence in that area can be raised. 图 4。如果狗在某个特定位置跳过围栏，可以将该区域的围栏高度加高。
must be stopped as part of the correction. Urine marking can develop into a habitual pattern. Urban pet owners believe this activity is necessary for the happiness of their dogs, especially male animals. It may appear to be rewarding, but it is actually an idiosyncrasy of city dogs rarely noted in their rural cousins. The primary reason for this behavior is that owners allow it to occur. If all owners prevented their pets from urinating around the neighborhood, a major cause of fence jumping would be eliminated. 必须作为纠正的一部分加以制止。尿标记行为可能发展成一种习惯性模式。城市宠物主人认为这种行为对他们的狗，尤其是雄性动物的幸福是必要的。它看似有回报，但实际上是城市狗的一种怪癖，在乡村的同类中很少见到。这种行为的主要原因是主人允许它发生。如果所有主人都阻止他们的宠物在邻里周围撒尿，那么围栏跳跃的一个主要原因就会被消除。
Several cases have involved dogs that apparently perceived the yard itself as an aversive stimulus at certain times. For example, one dog with a history of digging tended to jump the fence just before its owners arrived home. The animal had been severely punished when the owners arrived home and found fresh holes in the yard. Therefore, the dog began to relate the existence of holes and the presence of its owners with punishment. When the dog’s biological clock told it that the owners were due to arrive, the animal left the yard. 有几起案例涉及狗在某些时候显然将院子本身视为一种厌恶刺激。例如，一只有挖洞历史的狗倾向于在主人回家前跳过围栏。当主人回家发现院子里有新挖的洞时，曾对这只狗进行了严厉的惩罚。因此，这只狗开始将洞的存在和主人的出现与惩罚联系起来。当狗的生物钟告诉它主人即将到达时，动物就会离开院子。
Frustration with confinement is also responsible for a good deal of jumping. A dog that is isolated and does not receive enough social interaction will often try to escape. Freedom then becomes a goal in itself, no matter the consequences in terms of later punishment or further confinement. 对被限制空间感到沮丧也是导致跳跃行为的一个重要原因。被隔离且缺乏足够社交互动的狗常常会试图逃脱。自由因此成为了目标本身，无论后续的惩罚或进一步的限制会带来什么后果。
Correcting Fence Jumping 纠正跳围栏行为
In addition to such obvious corrective measures as getting the dog into the house, installing a pet door, raising the wall, and curtailing neighborhood walks and urination, the following steps have proved helpful. 除了诸如让狗进入屋内、安装宠物门、加高围墙、减少邻里散步和排尿等明显的纠正措施外，以下步骤也被证明是有效的。
Sometimes it is effective to erect an inner fence to interfere with the animal’s approach to the barrier. In some cases, an inner fence of only 30 inches has proved effective. If the pet climbs the main barrier, an inward-slanting overhang can be installed along the top of the wall. One bright client saved the expense of raising his wall by digging sunken gardens around the inside perimeter. The dry moats interrupted the dog’s approach and raised the effective height of the wall. 有时设置内围栏以阻碍动物接近障碍物是有效的。在某些情况下，仅 30 英寸高的内围栏就能起到作用。如果宠物攀爬主围栏，可以在墙顶安装向内倾斜的悬垂结构。一位聪明的客户通过在内侧周边挖掘下沉花园，省去了加高围墙的费用。干燥的护城河阻断了狗的接近路径，并提高了围墙的有效高度。
Corrective measures should never include use of shock collars, tethers, hobbles, physical punishment, electrified fences and noxious chemicals applied to the wall. Though I have heard of in- 纠正措施绝不应包括使用电击项圈、牵引绳、束缚器、体罚、电围栏以及涂抹在墙上的有害化学物质。尽管我听说过……
stances in which these have succeeded, the risk of injury and adverse behavioral side effects is great. Complications from use of such measures have included viciousness, displaced aggression toward fanily children, death from hanging by a collar, physical burns from caustics on the wall, and self-mutilation from hobbles. 在这些方法成功的情况下，受伤和不良行为副作用的风险仍然很大。使用这些措施引发的并发症包括凶暴行为、对家庭儿童的转移性攻击、因项圈勒死而死亡、墙壁上腐蚀性物质造成的烧伤，以及因束缚导致的自残。
“Invisible” Fencing: With “invisible” electronic shock fencing, an electric shock is emitted from a collar to the dog’s throat if the dog crosses a wire around the perimeter of the yard. To delineate for the dog the area beyond which the dog should not pass, the perimeter is initially marked with obvious cues. The procedure requires a great deal of time and effort, and the devices are expensive, considering the electronics involved is slightly more sophisticated than a remote control garage door opener. “隐形”围栏：使用“隐形”电子电击围栏时，如果狗越过院子周边的电线，项圈会向狗的喉咙发出电击。为了让狗明确知道不应越过的区域，周边最初会用明显的标志进行标示。该过程需要大量时间和精力，且设备价格较高，考虑到其电子元件仅比遥控车库门开关稍微复杂一些。
While manufacturers and adherents of the “invisible” fencing devices claim many successes, the system very serious drawbacks relative to safety of the dog and possible trespassers. These dangers warrant careful consideration, since there may be heavy legal consequences, should serious injury to passersby occur. There is also the danger that a frustrated, electronically confined aggressive dog may redirect, or displace its frustration and turn on a resident child or adult. 虽然“隐形”围栏设备的制造商和支持者声称取得了许多成功，但该系统在狗的安全性和可能的入侵者方面存在非常严重的缺陷。这些危险需要认真考虑，因为如果路人受到严重伤害，可能会带来严重的法律后果。还有一种危险是，受电子限制而感到沮丧的攻击性犬只可能会转移或置换其挫败感，转而攻击家中的儿童或成人。
Aggressive stray dogs or malicious people are free to attack or harass the electrically confined dog. 具有攻击性的流浪狗或恶意的人可以自由攻击或骚扰被电子限制的狗。
The conditioned pain and frustration associated with the perimeter may also be associated with passersby, including children. If the “fenced” dog feels aggressive toward outsiders and they cross the property line, the result could be unfortunate for all parties concerned. 与围栏相关的条件性疼痛和挫败感也可能与路人有关，包括儿童。如果“围栏”内的狗对外来者感到攻击性，而他们越过了物业界线，结果可能对所有相关方都不利。
Electric shock has been shown to induce acute stress in dogs. And stress has many undesirable side-effects, both psychological and physical, especially on the immune system. 电击已被证明会引起狗的急性压力。压力有许多不良的副作用，包括心理和身体方面，尤其是对免疫系统的影响。
Behavioural, saliva cortisol and heart rate responses to different types of stimuli in dogs" by Bonne Beerda, et.al.; Utrecht University, The Netherlands; Applied Animal Behaviour Science, Volume 58, Issue 3-4, 01-July-1998) 《犬类对不同类型刺激的行为、唾液皮质醇和心率反应》——Bonne Beerda 等；荷兰乌得勒支大学；《应用动物行为科学》，第 58 卷，第 3-4 期，1998 年 7 月 1 日
I always advise owners who are considering these devices to buckle the collar on their own throat and set it off on a medium strength. I have yet to hear of anyone putting it on their dog afterward! 我总是建议考虑使用这些装置的主人先将项圈系在自己的脖子上，并以中等强度启动。我还没听说有人之后把它戴在狗身上！
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solicitation. This helps reorient the dog to its owner’s control and reverses the leadership position. Combined with daily training sessions and other corrective measures, this procedure produces results in 1-3 weeks. 征求。这有助于使狗重新回到主人控制之下，并扭转领导地位。结合每日训练课程和其他纠正措施，这一程序在 1-3 周内产生效果。
Owners who allow their dogs to roam free in the neighborhood are contributing to the runaway problem, and should be made aware of the dangers related to this practice. The pet’s safety and health are at risk because of poisoning, road accidents, fighting, and diseases contracted from other animals. The animal may become lost, picked up by animal control officers or stolen. What is seldom considered also is that the owner may be subjected to civil suit or criminal charges if the wandering pet causes destruction of property, including fights with other dogs, or human injury. 允许狗在社区自由漫游的主人助长了逃跑问题，应让他们意识到这种做法的危险。宠物的安全和健康面临中毒、交通事故、打斗以及从其他动物传染疾病的风险。动物可能走失，被动物控制人员带走或被盗。人们很少考虑的是，如果流浪宠物造成财产损失，包括与其他狗的打斗或造成人员伤害，主人可能会面临民事诉讼或刑事指控。
If an owner cannot appreciate the folly of allowing a pet to roam, any attempt at teaching the animal to behave at home is wasted. When the dog has been taught to accept the confines of its own property, the problem of running away is solved, and such associated problems as dashing in or out of doors, jumping fences, and other escape behavior can be dealt with effectively. 如果主人不能理解允许宠物自由漫游的愚蠢之处，那么任何试图教导动物在家中守规矩的努力都是徒劳的。当狗被教导接受自己领地的限制时，逃跑的问题就解决了，诸如冲进冲出门、跳过围栏以及其他逃跑行为等相关问题也能得到有效处理。
Licking and Sniffing at People 舔舐和嗅闻人类
The first licking experienced by a puppy comes from its dam even before the pup’s eyes are open. Licking is used to groom the pup and, after feeding, to cause urination and defecation. It is doubtful that a young pup consciously considers licking a dominant behavior. However, the act of licking can acquire various other meanings to puppies as they mature and gain feedback from other animals (including people) they lick. Licking by neonatal pups is usually aimed at the dam’s mouth and, at least in wild canines, elicits a gratifying regurgitation of food by the dam for its offspring. This behavior is also seen in domestic litters, even though it seldom results in a meal from the bitch. 幼犬第一次经历舔舐来自母犬，甚至在幼犬睁开眼睛之前。舔舐用于给幼犬梳理毛发，并在喂食后促使其排尿和排便。幼犬很可能不会有意识地将舔舐视为一种支配行为。然而，随着幼犬成长并从它们舔舐的其他动物（包括人类）那里获得反馈，舔舐行为可能会获得各种其他含义。新生幼犬的舔舐通常针对母犬的嘴部，至少在野生犬类中，这会引发母犬为幼崽反刍并吐出食物的满足反应。这种行为在家养的犬窝中也能看到，尽管很少因此获得母犬的食物。
This section discusses dogs that lick objectionably (to the owners) as a device to attract some response from its owners or another animal. Licking involved in self-grooming is discussed in the section on self-mutilation. 本节讨论那些令主人反感的舔舐行为，这种舔舐是狗用来引起主人或其他动物反应的一种手段。涉及自我清洁的舔舐将在自残章节中讨论。
Problem Licking 问题舔舐
Licking another animal can broadly be classified as care-seeking behavior. However, in some bitches and apparently “feminized” males, licking may occur as a genuine mutual grooming gesture, which could be considered dominant behavior in such situations. When one dog tries to lick the genitals of another, the behavior is considered submissive. This is usually practiced by submissive pack members toward their dominant counterparts. 舔舐另一只动物大致可以归类为寻求关怀的行为。然而，在一些母犬和明显“女性化”的公犬中，舔舐可能表现为真正的互相梳理动作，在这种情况下可以被视为支配行为。当一只狗试图舔另一只狗的生殖器时，这种行为被认为是顺从的。这通常是顺从的群体成员对其支配成员表现出的行为。
Licking seems to acquire different meanings when the puppy is brought into the human group. The significance of licking then depends on the type of feedback provided by the pup or its owners. The old idea that dogs lick our hands to benefit from the salt on our skin rarely applies to licking problems. Rather, the problem generally involves a submissive dog and a permissive owner. In these cases, early episodes of licking are permitted (some people feel genuinely flattered when their dog licks them) and the dog appears to enjoy the owner’s response. 当小狗被带入人类群体时，舔舐似乎获得了不同的含义。舔舐的意义取决于小狗或其主人所提供的反馈类型。过去认为狗舔我们的手是为了从我们皮肤上的盐分中获益的观点，很少适用于舔舐问题。相反，这个问题通常涉及一只顺从的狗和一个纵容的主人。在这些情况下，早期的舔舐行为被允许（有些人当狗舔他们时会感到真心受宠若惊），而且狗似乎很享受主人的反应。
Only once has a client complained to me of a licking problem. In this case the objection was not about the licking per se, but that the dog practiced the habit in the middle of the night and ruined a good night’s sleep. Otherwise the owner tolerated and even enjoyed the ritual. 只有一次有客户向我抱怨过舔舐问题。在这种情况下，抱怨的并不是舔舐本身，而是狗在半夜进行这种习惯，破坏了良好的睡眠。除此之外，主人容忍甚至享受这种仪式。
In many cases, licking is a factor in another type of problem behavior. These usually involve the dog’s use of licking to dominate the owner’s attentions or to demonstrate its dominant feelings relative to the owner. 在许多情况下，舔舐是另一种问题行为的一个因素。这些通常涉及狗用舔舐来主导主人的注意力，或表现出相对于主人的支配感。
Correcting Problem Licking 纠正舔舐问题
Licking is a problem only when the owner is present. Therefore, licking is usually easily stopped merely by telling the dog not to do it or by moving away and avoiding it. After a few days or weeks of this rejection, the problem disappears. However, this procedure does not correct the basis of the problem, that is, attempts to dominate the owner. 舔舐只有在主人在场时才是问题。因此，通常只需告诉狗狗不要舔舐或移开并避免它，舔舐行为就很容易停止。经过几天或几周的拒绝，这个问题就会消失。然而，这种方法并不能纠正问题的根本原因，即试图支配主人。
In addition to discouraging licking, the dog must be taught to respond to commands, and owner adjustments made if the dog is “coddled” or otherwise doted on. When it seeks petting or tries to dominate the owner, it should be given a simple command, such as Sit, and then petted briefly as a reward for obedience. 除了阻止舔舐外，还必须教狗狗服从命令，并且如果狗狗被“溺爱”或过度宠爱，主人也应做出调整。当狗狗寻求抚摸或试图支配主人时，应给它一个简单的命令，比如“坐下”，然后作为服从的奖励，简短地抚摸它。
I also usually recommend using some intervening stimulus when the dog begins to pester the owner. Whether this involves introduction of a chewable toy that the pet is urged to fetch, or a sharp sound, the goal is to divert the animal’s mind off licking and onto something else. During the initial stages of correction, there may be seen many types of substitutional behavior, such as whining, pacing or self-licking. If ignored, this behavior usually disappears in a few days. 我通常还建议在狗狗开始纠缠主人时使用某种干预刺激。无论是引入一个可咀嚼的玩具让宠物去取，还是发出尖锐的声音，目的是转移动物的注意力，不再舔舐，而是关注其他事物。在纠正的初期阶段，可能会出现许多替代行为，如哀鸣、踱步或自我舔舐。如果忽视这些行为，通常几天内就会消失。
Pestering Problems 纠缠问题
Many dogs are described as “perfect pets,” except that they become constant, good-natured pests when guests visit or the owners’ attentions are diverted, such as during telephone calls, reading or watching television. If scolded or punished, these dogs react by coming back for more. Though their dog does not develop problems of aggression, submissive wetting or self-mutilation, the owners would like to curtail the pestering while preserving the pet’s generally pleasant personality and behavior. The following program usually meets these objectives. It does not use punishment or scolding, yet curtails the pestering behavior. 许多狗被描述为“完美的宠物”，只是当有客人来访或主人注意力被分散时，比如打电话、阅读或看电视时，它们会变成持续不断、性情温和的烦人小家伙。如果被责骂或惩罚，这些狗反而会更加纠缠。虽然它们不会出现攻击性、顺从性尿湿或自残等问题，但主人希望在保持宠物总体愉快的性格和行为的同时，减少这种烦人的行为。以下方案通常能达到这些目标。它不使用惩罚或责骂，却能抑制烦人的行为。
Put the dog on the learn-to-earn praise and petting program. It must be told pleasantly to Sit or Down to earn its rewards. 让狗狗参加“学会通过表现获得赞扬和抚摸”的训练计划。必须愉快地告诉它“坐下”或“趴下”，以获得奖励。
Command the dog to Sit (praise), Down (praise), Sit (praise) and Down (praise), then release it after 4 commands. Do this until all 4 responses are performed quickly (within 5 seconds for small and medium-sized breeds, 7-87-8 seconds for large breeds). 命令狗狗“坐下”（赞扬）、“趴下”（赞扬）、“坐下”（赞扬）和“趴下”（赞扬），然后在发出 4 个命令后释放它。重复此过程，直到所有 4 个动作都能迅速完成（小型和中型犬在 5 秒内，大型犬在 7-87-8 秒内）。
Whenever the dog begins pestering, the target person initiates the sequence of 4 commands, as outlined in Step 2. If a set of 4 commands does not calm the pet, the commands should be continued until the dog noticeably slows down in executing them. Then it may be released. 每当狗开始纠缠时，目标人应按照步骤 2 中概述的顺序发出 4 个指令。如果一组 4 个指令不能使宠物平静下来，应继续发出指令，直到狗明显放慢执行速度。然后可以让它自由活动。
This routine has proven extremely effective with good-natured pestering dogs. It is interesting to note that the dogs usually wag their tails excitedly as they perform the exercise! Therefore, it is not rational to consider the procedure as punishment. The most plausible explanation seems to be that the sheer intensity of the exercise, though apparently enjoyable to the dog, fills its need to interact with the person commanding the exercise. 这一方法对性格温和的纠缠型狗狗非常有效。有趣的是，狗狗在执行训练时通常会兴奋地摇尾巴！因此，将此程序视为惩罚是不合理的。最合理的解释似乎是，尽管这项训练对狗狗来说显得愉快，但其强度满足了狗狗与发出指令的人互动的需求。
Most pestering dogs are good natured but “bossy.” Many of these become vocal during the exercise, with yapping or mild howling, even though the tail is wagging. This can be considered good-natured objection, but the vocalizing does not diminish the effectiveness of the procedure. 大多数纠缠型狗狗性格温和，但有些“爱发号施令”。许多狗狗在训练过程中会发出吠叫或轻微的嚎叫，尽管尾巴在摇动。这可以视为性格温和的抗议，但这种叫声并不会降低训练的效果。
Stealing Food and Other Articles 偷食物和其他物品
Dogs steal food for obvious reasons. The problem is easily managed by keeping food items out of reach. Stealing other articles, however, is a more complex problem and requires more extensive investigation before correction is attempted. 狗偷食物的原因显而易见。这个问题通过将食物放在够不着的地方就能轻松解决。然而，偷窃其他物品则是一个更复杂的问题，需要在尝试纠正之前进行更深入的调查。
Food 食物
Stealing food is simply eating that which is appealing. My Dalmatian, for instance, had to be taught not to drink my martini when the opportunity presented itself. Because she was encroaching upon her leader’s beverage, correction involved only a gruff “get away from that,” followed by my own ingestion of the martini. Correction was simple because the Dalmatian recognized that the martini was mine; the drink was never present except in the context of the person drinking it. In most problem cases, the pet has been given food items in certain situations, and expected to ignore the same food at other times, or a naive dog has the opportunity to take food when the owner is not present 偷食物就是吃那些诱人的东西。例如，我的斑点狗必须被教导在有机会时不要喝我的马提尼酒。因为她侵犯了她主人的饮料，纠正只需严厉地说一句“离开那里”，然后我自己喝掉那杯马提尼。纠正很简单，因为斑点狗知道那杯马提尼是我的；这饮料只有在有人喝的时候才会出现。在大多数问题案例中，宠物在某些情况下被允许吃食物，但在其他时候被期望忽视同样的食物，或者一只天真的狗在主人不在时有机会拿食物。
The simplest approach to correcting a food stealing problem is the realistic approach. This requires that the owner take special and basically sensible measures to deprive the pet of the opportunity to steal food. It also avoids the need for punishment or the mere sophisticated and time-consuming methods used with puppies. The puppy-training methods may be tried if the owner wants to make the sacrifice, but only in conjunction with the standard rule, “Never leave food within the dog’s reach.” 纠正偷食问题的最简单方法是现实的方法。这要求主人采取特别且基本合理的措施，剥夺宠物偷食的机会。这样也避免了惩罚的需要，或者仅仅使用那些针对幼犬的复杂且耗时的方法。如果主人愿意付出努力，可以尝试幼犬训练方法，但必须配合标准规则：“绝不将食物放在狗能够够到的地方。”
Other Articles 其他文章
When various articles, such as shoes, clothing and hair brushes, are stolen, the dog is usually displaying a lack of respect for the owner’s leadership (particularly when stealing occurs in the owner’s presence), or the dog has learned that its actions instigate an enjoyable ritual, such as a tug-0’-war. These motivations differ somewhat from those of a dog that takes the owner’s articles and 当各种物品，如鞋子、衣物和发刷被偷时，狗通常是在表现对主人的领导权缺乏尊重（尤其是在主人在场时偷窃），或者狗已经学会它的行为会引发一种愉快的仪式，比如拔河游戏。这些动机与狗在独处时或感到被排除在社交活动之外时，拿主人的物品并
chews them when alone or when it feels excluded from social activities. 咀嚼它们的动机有所不同。
When a lack of leadership and/or tug-o’-war are central to the problem, the pet must be taught simple command responses without punishment so as to reestablish the owner’s authority. All fondling of the pet must cease, as well as tug-o’-war and other orally stimulating interaction between owner and dog. As in the case of food stealing, any articles likely to be stolen should be kept out of reach. 当缺乏领导力和/或拔河游戏成为问题的核心时，必须教宠物简单的指令反应，且不使用惩罚，以重新确立主人的权威。所有对宠物的抚摸必须停止，拔河游戏以及主人与狗之间其他口腔刺激性的互动也必须停止。正如食物偷窃的情况一样，任何可能被偷的物品都应放在够不着的地方。
If the dog is caught trying to steal an article, the dog should be given commands to Come, Sit and Stay, and praised lavishly for its responses. The gruff “get away from that” warning also helps if followed by praise for positive response away from the article. 如果狗被抓到试图偷取物品，应给狗下达“过来”、“坐下”和“停留”的指令，并对其反应给予大量表扬。严厉的“离开那个”警告也有帮助，随后对狗远离物品的积极反应进行表扬。
Yet another technique is to introduce the preamble to some kind of treatment the dog finds obnoxious, such as get out the nail clippers as the dog looks at the food, quickly go and start to run the bath water, get a tissue as if preparing to clean the dog’s eyes, etc. 另一种方法是引入狗觉得讨厌的某种处理的前奏，比如当狗看着食物时拿出指甲钳，迅速去放浴缸水，拿纸巾好像准备清理狗的眼睛等。
Distraction with a sharp sound may also work with some dogs. However, if this method is to be employed successfully, the sound must be made at the instant the pet appears to be contemplating the theft. Any distracting noise stimulus can be used in the same manner. This could be a slap on a tabletop or stomping on the floor. I never recommend slapping a rolled newspaper, as the paper becomes closely associated with the owner’s presence and therefore tends not to inhibit the behavior except when the owner is on the scene. Whatever type of distracting stimulus is used, the owner must maintain a neutral posture so as to avoid owner-dependent inhibition. 用尖锐的声音分散注意力对某些狗也可能有效。然而，如果要成功使用这种方法，声音必须在宠物似乎正打算偷窃的瞬间发出。任何分散注意力的噪音刺激都可以用同样的方式。这可以是拍打桌面或踩踏地板。我从不建议拍打卷起的报纸，因为报纸会与主人的存在紧密联系，因此除非主人在场，否则往往不能抑制行为。无论使用哪种类型的分散注意力刺激，主人都必须保持中立的姿态，以避免依赖主人的抑制。
Keeping Dogs off Furniture, etc. 防止狗上家具等
The dog or cat that gets onto countertops and furniture usually does it when the owner is not on the scene. Here are some successful techniques for discouraging sneaky invasions of no-no locations. 狗或猫通常在主人不在场时会跳上台面和家具。以下是一些成功阻止偷偷进入禁区的技巧。
Double-sided Scotch Tape 双面胶带
Get a roll of 1//21 / 2 or 3//43 / 4 inch double-sided Scotch Tape. Carefully cut a sufficient number of 3 -inch strips and stick them firmly on the forbidden surface, one piece per each 4 square inches. When the animal either jumps onto, or puts its forepaws on the furniture 准备一卷 1//21 / 2 或 3//43 / 4 英寸宽的双面 3M 胶带。小心剪出足够数量的 3 英寸长条，并牢固地粘贴在禁止接触的表面上，每 4 平方英寸贴一条。当动物跳上或将前爪放在家具上时，
the tape will tend to make the paws adhere to the surface. Dogs and cats have extremely strong brain-stem limb-withdrawal reflexes when the freedom of their paws becomes endangered. 胶带会使爪子粘附在表面上。狗和猫在爪子自由受到威胁时，会表现出极强的脑干肢体撤回反射。
If the pet only gets onto tables or countertops when food or some other articles are there, ‘bait’ the area before leaving. It’s a good idea to stay in the house, but out of sight. When the pet has experienced the ‘trap’ and jumped down or withdrawn, leave the house for a few minutes to test the set-up again. It generally takes only a couple of experiences before success is permanent. 如果宠物只有在桌子或台面上有食物或其他物品时才会上去，离开前可以在该区域放置“诱饵”。最好待在屋内，但不要被宠物看到。当宠物经历了“陷阱”并跳下或撤回后，离开屋子几分钟，再次测试设置。通常只需几次经历，效果就能持久保持。
Avery Removable Glue Stic Avery 可移除胶棒
This sticky stuff is used in many paste-up operations, such as for photographs, artwork, etc. The glue makes a non-permanent bond when it is rubbed onto cardboard, or any hard surface. However, when the pet steps on it, the surface tries to hold the paws, as with the Scotch tape. Immediate retraction and evacuation of the area generally result. It washes off easily with warm, soapy water after successful corrections. 这种粘性物质用于许多拼贴操作中，如照片、艺术品等。当胶水被擦到纸板或任何硬表面时，会形成非永久性的粘合。然而，当宠物踩到它时，表面会试图抓住爪子，就像胶带一样。通常会立即缩回并离开该区域。成功纠正后，用温肥皂水很容易洗掉。
Unscented Deodorant Deterrents 无香味除臭剂驱避剂
The same set-ups as for the tape will often succeed by using one of the many liquid unscented underarm deodorant sprays or rollons. The physiological basis for this technique is the deodorant’s ability to dry any moisture on the pet’s paw-pads. This makes for slippery footing on smooth surfaces, such as countertops and tables. We have had success with dogs that get onto fabric or leather furniture or dig at furniture or carpeting, as well. 与使用胶带的设置相同，通常使用多种无香味腋下除臭喷雾或滚珠除臭剂之一也能成功。这种方法的生理基础是除臭剂能够使宠物爪垫上的任何水分干燥。这使得在光滑表面上，如台面和桌子上，脚下变得滑溜。我们也曾成功应对过那些爬上布艺或皮质家具，或挖掘家具或地毯的狗。
Roll-on liquid styptic, with it’s immediate drying effect on fluids has been used with success to correct mouthy pets–puppies, adults, kittens and cats. The sharp taste is almost as unpleasant as the intense drying effect on the lips and tongue. Pets should not witness the owner applying the styptic. 滚涂式止血液，因其对液体的即时干燥效果，已成功用于纠正爱咬人的宠物——幼犬、成犬、小猫和猫。其辛辣的味道几乎和对嘴唇和舌头的强烈干燥感一样令人不快。宠物不应看到主人涂抹止血液。
We are also using these techniques with puppies, kittens, and cats that make a pastime out of predatory stalking and attacking the owners’ legs, ankles, hands, etc. 我们也在对那些以捕猎潜行和攻击主人腿部、脚踝、手等为乐的幼犬、小猫和猫使用这些技巧。
10
Destructive Behavior 破坏性行为
Destructive Chewing 破坏性咀嚼
Irksome and sometimes expensive, destructive chewing usually takes place when the owners are not with the dog. Therefore, correction when the dog begins to chew or is in the act of chewing is impossible. The client who returns home to find the sofa arm hanging in tatters usually becomes upset and punishes the dog, to no avail (Fig 1). A quick look at a dog’s eyes during punishment (they are either shut or watching the owner) indicates that the dog’s attention is not on the damaged furniture but on the source of punishment. Harmful side effects can ensue, including even heightened chewing activities due to owner-induced tensions when the dog’s biological clock tells it the owner will soon arrive. 令人恼火且有时代价高昂的破坏性咀嚼通常发生在主人不在狗身边的时候。因此，当狗开始咀嚼或正在咀嚼时进行纠正是不可能的。客户回家发现沙发扶手被咬得破烂不堪时，通常会感到沮丧并惩罚狗，但无济于事（见图 1）。在惩罚时快速观察狗的眼睛（它们要么闭着，要么盯着主人看）表明狗的注意力并不在被损坏的家具上，而是在惩罚的来源上。可能会产生有害的副作用，包括由于主人引发的紧张情绪而导致的咀嚼行为加剧，尤其当狗的生物钟告诉它主人很快就会回来时。
Causes 原因
There are many causes of destructive chewing. They lie not so much in the dog as within its environment. Some dogs chew to relieve tension. Other dogs bark, howl, pace or dig. The solution to chewing problems involves removing the environmental causes of tension, and diverting the dog to chew on appropriate articles instead of forbidden objects. 破坏性咀嚼的原因有很多。它们更多地存在于狗的环境中，而非狗本身。有些狗通过咀嚼来缓解紧张情绪。其他狗则通过吠叫、嚎叫、踱步或挖掘来表达。解决咀嚼问题的方法是消除引起紧张的环境因素，并引导狗去咀嚼适当的物品，而不是禁止咀嚼的物品。
Figure 1. This dog has destroyed a chair by chewing. Note that the arms of the chair, on which the owner’s scent is strongest, have received the most attention. 图 1。这只狗通过咀嚼毁坏了一把椅子。注意椅子的扶手部分，主人的气味最浓厚，那里受损最严重。
Puppies are the most common problem chewers, for obvious reasons. Teething irritates the gums, and chewing seems to ease this irritation. With such teething puppies, we recommend diverting the chewing to appropriate articles, as described below. Time and maturation eventually resolve such problems. 幼犬是最常见的咀嚼问题制造者，这很明显。换牙时牙龈会感到不适，咀嚼似乎能缓解这种不适。对于这种换牙期的幼犬，我们建议将它们的咀嚼行为引导到适当的物品上，如下文所述。随着时间的推移和成熟，这类问题最终会得到解决。
Table 1 lists environmental factors that tend to evoke destructive chewing in older dogs. 表 1 列出了容易引发成年狗破坏性咀嚼的环境因素。
A Boxer literally ripped apart a living room couch. The dog often sat on the couch, watching street activities through a window. A neighborhood cat made a practice of sitting on the outside ledge, throwing the dog into a frenzy that was “taken out” on the couch. The solution involved putting an outside shade on the window where the dog could not tear it down. Also, the nightly street walks were stopped, as the dog was overprotective about its neighborhood, having been allowed to urinate along the street for several years. 一只拳师犬把客厅的沙发撕得粉碎。狗经常坐在沙发上，通过窗户观察街上的活动。邻居家的猫习惯坐在外面的窗台上，这让狗陷入狂躁，最终把怒气发泄到沙发上。解决办法是在窗户外面装上遮阳帘，狗无法撕下来。同时，停止了每晚的街道散步，因为这只狗对自己的社区过于保护，之前被允许在街上撒尿已有数年。
Correction of Destructive Chewing 纠正破坏性咀嚼行为
Once the factors that create tensions in the dog are recognized, a program of correction must be started. The key factor in all corrective programs involves the owner’s gaining a powerful leadership role. The most difficult cases are those involving 一旦识别出导致狗狗紧张的因素，就必须开始纠正计划。所有纠正计划的关键因素是主人获得强有力的领导地位。最困难的案例是那些涉及
Table 1. Factors that tend to evoke destructive chewing in older dogs. 表 1. 促使年长犬发生破坏性咀嚼的因素。
Owner-Related Factors 与主人相关的因素
Tug-o’-war games. 拔河游戏。
Providing personal belongings to chew on. 提供个人物品让狗咬。
Excessive attention to the dog’s mouth during teething. 在换牙期间对狗的嘴部过度关注。
Excessive punishment of the pup’s mouthing tendencies. 对幼犬咬嘴行为的过度惩罚。
Stress-Related Factors 与压力相关的因素
Emotional homecomings and departures of the owner. 主人情绪化的归来和离开。
Lack of owner leadership. 缺乏主人的领导。
Excessive attention to the dog when the owner is home. 主人在家时对狗狗过度关注。
Isolation during critical socializing period (5-12 weeks of age). 在关键社交期（5-12 周龄）被隔离。
Isolating the dog as a punishment. 将狗隔离作为惩罚。
Barrier frustration at doors, windows, gates. 门、窗、门闸处的障碍物挫败感。
Psychologic trauma associated with locale or situation. 与地点或情境相关的心理创伤。
Physical punishment administered too long after chewing. 咬东西后过久才施加的体罚。
Marked emotional upset of owners, though not directly involving the dog. 主人明显的情绪激动，虽然并未直接涉及到狗。
Delay of feeding or other habitual routines. 延迟喂食或其他习惯性日常活动。
Inconsistent tidbitting practices by the owner. 主人不一致的零食喂养方式。
Boredom. 无聊。
overdependent owners. Dogs that are especially overprotective tend to have owners who feel flattered by the dog’s aggressive tendencies. However, once the owner understands that his dog does not feel responsible to but for the owner (the dog is taking the dominant position), adjustments can be made. 过度依赖的主人。那些特别过度保护的狗往往有着被狗的攻击性倾向所取悦的主人。然而，一旦主人明白他的狗并不觉得自己对主人负责，而是为了自己（狗处于主导地位），就可以进行调整。
Leadership of dogs mainly involves movement. Though command responses on a leash are of some value, they unfortunately do not relate to the dog’s off-leash behavioral problem. Most owners have some degree of verbal control over their dogs. Whatever the command is, such as Sit or Stay, the owner must run through a short twice-daily exercise of these commands to assert control of the dog. The exercise must be performed in many areas, not just within the home. The owner should take the dog to areas remote and new to the dog, and literally walk away, praising the pet when it follows. This should be done once a week for at least 6 weeks. 对狗的领导主要涉及行动。虽然牵绳时的命令反应有一定价值，但遗憾的是，它们与狗在无牵绳时的行为问题无关。大多数主人对他们的狗有一定程度的口头控制。无论命令是什么，比如“坐下”或“停留”，主人必须每天两次进行简短的这些命令练习，以确立对狗的控制。练习必须在多个地方进行，而不仅仅是在家里。主人应带狗去狗不熟悉且偏远的地方，字面意义上走开，当狗跟随时给予表扬。此练习应每周进行一次，至少持续 6 周。
We have had excellent results in reorienting a dog’s chewing objectives by taking all inappropriate chewables and introducing 我们在通过收走所有不适当的咀嚼物并引入新的咀嚼目标来重新引导狗的咀嚼行为方面取得了极好的效果。
a meat-scented nylon bone, available at most pet stores. This bone is made the focus of fetch-and-play sessions at least twice a day. The owner’s scent and the meat scent make it an appealing object for chewing (Fig 2). Any attention toward forbidden objects should be immediately distracted as the bone is introduced to the dog. When the dog is to be left alone, the bone is handled by the owner before leaving. Because the bone, rather than such other articles as socks, shoes, leather or fabric toys, now has become the focus of interaction between dog and owner, most dogs divert their attentions to the bone. 一种带有肉味的尼龙骨头，在大多数宠物店都有售。这个骨头至少每天两次成为取回和玩耍活动的重点。主人的气味和肉味使它成为一个吸引狗狗咀嚼的物品（见图 2）。当狗狗对禁止接触的物品表现出兴趣时，应立即转移其注意力，同时将骨头递给狗狗。当狗狗要被单独留下时，主人会在离开前先拿着骨头。因为骨头，而不是袜子、鞋子、皮革或布制玩具等其他物品，已经成为狗狗与主人互动的焦点，大多数狗狗都会将注意力转移到骨头上。
Of prime importance in most cases is to minimize emotional displays at homecomings or departures by the owners. On these occasions, the owners must ignore the dog totally for at least 5 minutes preceding departure or after arrival. Eye contact with the pet should be avoided. When a greeting is given at least 5 minutes after homecoming, it must be calm and away from the usual portals of entry or departure, as these are generally where the dog manifests frustration and anxiety behavior in the owners’ absence. This is not a simple procedure for many owners because they enjoy being greeted. When the problem has been resolved, the owners may resume quiet greetings on arrivals home and subdued goodbyes when departing. 在大多数情况下，最重要的是在主人回家或离开时尽量减少情绪化的表现。在这些时刻，主人必须在离开前或到家后至少 5 分钟内完全忽视狗狗。应避免与宠物进行眼神交流。当在回家后至少 5 分钟进行问候时，问候必须保持冷静，并且远离通常的进出门口，因为这些地方通常是狗狗在主人不在时表现出挫败感和焦虑行为的地方。对于许多喜欢被迎接的主人来说，这并不是一个简单的过程。当问题解决后，主人可以恢复在回家时的安静问候和离开时的低调告别。
If the dog has destroyed an item, such behavior should not be reinforced by calling attention to it or scolding or punishing the dog. Upon discovering a chewed item, the owner must ignore the mess and, after 5 minutes and a quiet greeting away from the 如果狗狗破坏了物品，不应通过引起注意、责骂或惩罚来强化这种行为。发现被咬坏的物品时，主人必须忽视混乱，并在 5 分钟后，在远离门口的地方进行安静的问候。
Figure 2. A meat-scented nylon bone can be used to redirect a dog’s chewing attentions. This dog’s inappropriate chewing was corrected with fetch-andplay sessions using the bone. 图 2. 一种带有肉味的尼龙骨头可以用来转移狗狗的咀嚼注意力。这只狗的不当咀嚼行为通过使用骨头进行取回和玩耍的训练得到了纠正。
chewing area, get the dog out of the area of the chewed article, cleaning it up without emotion. 咀嚼区域，将狗从被咀嚼物品的区域带走，情绪平静地清理干净。
The dog is likely to revert to former chewing habits if the daily leadership or bone-play sessions are applied inconsistently. However, if the program is carried out daily for 6 weeks, the problem usually can be permanently resolved. The positive nature of the program appeals to most owners who have tried the traditional punishment and scolding methods, as these are forbidden in this corrective procedure. 如果日常的领导训练或玩骨头的时间不一致，狗很可能会恢复以前的咀嚼习惯。然而，如果该方案每天坚持进行 6 周，问题通常可以永久解决。该方案的积极性质吸引了大多数尝试过传统惩罚和责骂方法的主人，因为这些方法在此纠正程序中是被禁止的。
Another purely mechanical approach to destructive chewing has been successful in over 65% of cases tested by my clients. The basis for correction lies in the fact that most dogs exhibit withdrawal defensive behavior when surprised by a hissing sound. If this is associated with a mild but novel odor, a dog may withdraw from the odor alone. The procedure is as follows: 另一种纯机械的方法在我客户测试的案例中成功率超过 65%。纠正的基础在于，大多数狗在被嘶嘶声惊吓时会表现出退缩防御行为。如果这种声音与一种温和但新奇的气味结合，狗可能仅因气味而退缩。具体步骤如下：
Obtain a can of aerosol, dry, unscented (to people) underarm deodorant (one that does not contain hexachlorophene). In the area where the chewing takes place, kneel in the dog’s presence, holding the spray can so it will squirt at a 90 -degree angle to the dog’s nose (Fig 3). When the pet is about to sniff the can, depress 准备一罐干燥、无香味（对人类无味）的腋下喷雾除臭剂（不含六氯酚）。在狗狗咀嚼的区域，跪在狗狗面前，手持喷雾罐，使喷嘴与狗鼻子成 90 度角（见图 3）。当宠物准备嗅闻喷雾罐时，按下
Figure 3. An aerosol spray can be used to distract dogs from destructive chewing. Note that the spray is oriented at a 90 -degree angle to the dog’s muzzle. 图 3. 喷雾罐可用来分散狗狗对破坏性咀嚼的注意力。注意喷雾方向与狗的口鼻成 90 度角。
the button briefly as you move the can smartly toward the dog’s snout (do not hit the dog’s muzzle). If the pet’s response is to withdraw quickly, simply put the can away. Without the dog in the area, take the can and lightly spray the articles the dog has chewed or might be likely to chew. Continue this process daily until the problem clears up. If no success is achieved, follow previous advice regarding chewing problems. 按钮，同时迅速将喷雾罐朝狗的口鼻方向移动（不要碰到狗的口鼻）。如果宠物的反应是迅速后退，则将喷雾罐收起。没有狗在场时，取出喷雾罐，轻轻喷洒狗狗曾咀嚼过或可能咀嚼的物品。每天持续此过程，直到问题解决。如果无效，请按照之前关于咀嚼问题的建议进行处理。
Digging 挖掘
If an owner complains about a digging dog, it must be determined where and when the digging occurs. When those questions are answered, the cause for the digging usually becomes clear, and corrective action may be planned. 如果主人抱怨狗狗挖洞，必须确定挖洞发生的地点和时间。当这些问题得到解答后，挖洞的原因通常会变得清晰，并且可以制定纠正措施。
The owners of “Misty,” a 2-year-old male Irish Setter, complained that it had ruined their entire back lawn by destructive digging. The traditional corrections they had tried unsuccessfully reflected the degree of their own growing frustration. First, they simply showed Misty the hole and spanked the dog’s rump and snout. They then tried burying chicken wire under the earth. This resulted in torn paw pads and medical expense. Next, the holes were filled with rocks. Then the dog’s own feces were buried in the holes. Finally, they filled a freshly dug hole with water and forced the hysterical dog’s head into it, holding it under until the animal was nearly unconscious. All of these actions merely caused Misty to change the site of digging activities. Further, the clients’ relationship with their pet suffered severely. Whenever the dog saw either of its owners approaching, it now urinated submissively. In desperation, the clients sought my advice. “Misty”是一只两岁的雄性爱尔兰塞特犬，主人抱怨它通过破坏性挖洞毁坏了他们整个后院的草坪。他们尝试过的传统纠正方法都未能奏效，反映出他们日益增长的挫败感。起初，他们只是向 Misty 展示洞穴，并拍打它的臀部和鼻子。随后，他们尝试在土壤下埋设鸡网，结果导致狗狗的爪垫撕裂并产生医疗费用。接着，他们用石头填满洞穴。然后，他们将狗狗自己的粪便埋入洞中。最后，他们在新挖的洞里注满水，并强迫歇斯底里的狗狗将头按入水中，直到动物几乎失去意识。所有这些行为只是让 Misty 改变了挖洞的地点。此外，客户与宠物的关系也严重受损。每当狗狗看到任何一位主人接近时，它现在都会顺从地撒尿。走投无路之下，客户寻求了我的建议。
Misty appeared normal and healthy, a happy-go-lucky type. “Where does he dig?”, I asked. “All over the place,” was the disconsolate reply. “All over” tells us nothing, so I asked where the very first digging occurred. The digging began next to the back door. However, punishment relative to that site inotivated Misty to dig farther out toward the lawn’s center. Thereafter, the rocks, feces and water-in-the-hole treatments spread the digging even farther. Misty 看起来正常且健康，是那种无忧无虑的类型。“他在哪里挖洞？”我问。“到处都是，”她沮丧地回答。“到处都是”没有告诉我们任何具体情况，所以我问最初挖洞的地点在哪里。挖洞最初是在后门旁边开始的。然而，针对那个地点的惩罚反而促使 Misty 向草坪中央挖得更远。此后，石头、粪便和在洞里放水的处理方法使挖洞范围进一步扩大。
“When does Misty dig?”, I asked. “Whenever our backs are turned,” anguished Mrs. Client. “He knows it’s wrong, but he does it anyway.” She was on the verge of crying. “When we leave him alone now, we put him in the garage. And, do you know what he’s doing? He’s actually eating the door!” In an effort to calm her, I explained that their problem was not unusual and that Misty could be a well-behaved pet, but that we would need a little more information as to what happened when excavating activities first began. “什么时候 Misty 会挖洞？”我问。“只要我们背过身去，”焦虑的客户夫人说。“他知道这样做不对，但他还是会去做。”她几乎要哭了。“现在我们把他单独留下时，会把他关在车库里。你知道他在做什么吗？他竟然在啃门！”为了安慰她，我解释说他们的问题并不罕见，Misty 完全可以成为一只行为良好的宠物，但我们需要更多关于挖洞行为最初发生时的情况的信息。
“What does Misty do in the house that made you put him out in the yard?”, I asked. It seemed that Misty was unruly when guests arrived, sniffed in embarrassing places, and licked and jumped up on people. As a result, the hapless Setter was hauled by the collar to the backyard and banished from the social activities of the family. Frustration built tension, which must be normally released through some activity. Misty began to dig. In the first instances, the dog’s digging was aimed at the object of frustration: the door leading back into the house. After sufficient punishment, merely being placed in the backyard produced tension, and digging became a tension-relieving mechanism. Another dog that was vocally rather than physically oriented would bark in the same situation. An orally oriented dog would chew when isolated. “‘Misty 在屋子里做了什么事，让你把他赶到院子里去？’我问道。似乎当有客人来访时，Misty 表现得很不听话，会在令人尴尬的地方嗅来嗅去，还会舔人和跳到人身上。因此，这只可怜的塞特犬被人拽着项圈赶到后院，逐出家庭的社交活动。挫败感积累成紧张情绪，这种情绪通常需要通过某种活动来释放。Misty 开始挖掘。最初，狗挖掘的目标是挫败感的来源：通往屋内的门。在受到足够的惩罚后，仅仅被关在后院就会产生紧张情绪，挖掘成了缓解紧张的机制。另一种以声音表达为主的狗在同样的情况下会吠叫，而以口腔活动为主的狗则会在被隔离时咀嚼东西。”
Once these aspects of behavior were clear, the clients agreed to a controlled program of rehabilitation for Misty. Because the underlying cause for digging was isolation following household unruliness, the dog was kept inside the house as much as possible. Guests were forewarned of the problem and Misty was taught to lie, on command, on the throw rug that served as a bed. After a dozen guest arrivals over a 5 -week period, Misty was behaving well. Because both husband and wife had jobs, the dog was left indoors on weekdays. Some investigative chewing occurred during the first 2 days, but stopped thereafter. A daily regimen of command response sessions gave Misty a more functional relationship with people, thereby calming his general demeanor considerably. 一旦这些行为方面的问题明确，客户们同意为 Misty 制定一个有控制的康复计划。由于挖掘的根本原因是家庭混乱后导致的孤立，狗被尽可能地留在屋内。客人们被事先告知了这个问题，Misty 被教导在命令下躺在作为床铺的地毯上。经过五周内十二次客人到访后，Misty 的行为表现良好。由于夫妻双方都有工作，工作日里狗被留在室内。最初两天内出现了一些探索性咀嚼行为，但随后停止了。每天的命令反应训练使 Misty 与人建立了更有效的关系，从而大大平静了它的整体情绪。
The factors in Misty’s case are evident in nearly 90%90 \% of all digging problems I see. Underlying household misbehavior may range from housesoiling to viciousness with guests, but the causes rather than the symptomatic digging must be dealt with. Misty 案例中的因素在我所见的几乎所有挖掘问题中都很明显。潜在的家庭不当行为可能从室内排泄到对客人的攻击性不等，但必须处理的是原因，而不是挖掘这一症状。
Causes 原因
Some dogs dig by example. “Monkey see-monkey do” is normal canine as well as primate behavior. Clients who spend the weekend gardening often complain that their handiwork is destroyed by their pet the minute their backs are turned. Though deliberate, the pet’s digging was probably not done in malice. In such situations, the best remedy is prevention. The dog should be kept out of sight during the gardening. 有些狗是通过模仿来挖掘的。“猴子看猴子学”不仅是灵长类动物的正常行为，也是犬类的正常行为。那些周末花时间园艺的客户经常抱怨，一转身他们的宠物就把他们的劳动成果毁了。虽然宠物的挖掘是故意的，但很可能并非出于恶意。在这种情况下，最好的解决办法是预防。园艺时应将狗狗隔离开，不让其看到。
Digging to escape from a yard is usually caused by some stimulus outside the yard. If the stimulus cannot be removed, the dog should be kept in another area, preferably inside the house. Many dogs dig in an effort to catch gophers. The correction, of course, is to eliminate the gophers. 为了逃离院子而挖洞，通常是因为院子外有某种刺激物。如果无法移除该刺激物，应该将狗狗安置在另一个区域，最好是屋内。许多狗挖洞是为了抓地鼠。当然，解决办法是消除地鼠。
Simple boredom is another common cause of digging. A program of intensive interaction between the dog and owner, such as playing fetch with a ball in the area of the digging for no longer than 15 minutes daily, often results in correction. Teaching the dog to Come, Sit, Stay or Lie Down on command in the area also helps alleviate tension. 单纯的无聊也是挖洞的常见原因之一。主人与狗狗之间进行密集互动的计划，比如每天在挖洞区域玩接球游戏，时间不超过 15 分钟，通常能纠正这种行为。在该区域教狗狗听从“来”、“坐”、“停留”或“躺下”等指令，也有助于缓解紧张情绪。
Dogs of the northern breeds, such as Huskies, Malamutes and even German Shepherds, may dig cooling holes and lie in them (Fig 4). Dogs that dig cooling holes should be guided to a spot in the yard that is naturally cool, preferably close to the house, and encouraged to excavate there. This has worked well if the owners are willing to make the area available. 北方犬种，如哈士奇、马拉穆特甚至德国牧羊犬，可能会挖掘凉爽的洞穴并躺在里面（图 4）。对于喜欢挖凉洞的狗，应引导它们到院子里一个自然凉爽的地方，最好靠近房屋，并鼓励它们在那里挖掘。如果主人愿意腾出这片区域，这种方法效果很好。
Most digging reflects the target of the dog’s frustration. Once the causes are clearly defined, corrective action can be started. Though traditional punishment sometimes is successful, more often its deleterious effects on the pet-owner relationship make such steps inadvisable. 大多数挖掘行为反映了狗的挫折目标。一旦原因被明确界定，就可以开始纠正措施。虽然传统的惩罚有时有效，但它对宠物与主人的关系往往产生不良影响，因此通常不建议采取此类措施。
Digging on Furniture 家具上的挖掘
Many dogs seem to want to rough up the material on which they lie. When this occurs on chairs, couches or beds, it becomes expensive. With this type of problem, it is best to find out which family member tends to occupy the damaged areas on the furniture. Bitches often dig spots occupied by male family members, and male dogs may seek out furniture used by female family members. When a bed is involved, the digging usually occurs in 许多狗似乎想要弄乱它们躺着的材料。当这种情况发生在椅子、沙发或床上时，维修费用会很高。针对这类问题，最好找出哪个家庭成员经常使用被损坏的家具区域。母狗常常挖掘由男性家庭成员使用的地方，而公狗可能会寻找女性家庭成员使用的家具。当涉及床铺时，挖掘通常发生在
Figure 4. Dogs of northern breeds often dig holes in the dirt so they can lie in them and cool off. 图 4. 北方犬种的狗经常在土里挖洞，以便躺在里面降温。
the area of the bed from which scents emanate. Correction of this problem centers on the owner’s establishing a strong leader relationship with the dog. There is usually a strong element of sexual misorientation that leads to the problem. Once this has been resolved, the behavior usually ceases. 床铺散发气味的区域。解决这个问题的关键在于主人与狗建立强有力的领导关系。通常存在强烈的性别错位因素导致该问题。一旦解决了这个问题，这种行为通常会停止。
One case that did not fall into the preceding categories involved a 4 -year-old male Terrier-mix that dug only after guests were entertained, and only on the furniture occupied by guests. The dog, affectionately nicknamed “Gopher,” also barked incessantly at guests and usually was put into a bedroom as a result. Jealousy was an element in other areas of its relationships with the family. Gopher even barked if the owners attempted to talk on the telephone. The little Terrier did not accept being ignored. 有一个案例不属于上述类别，涉及一只 4 岁的雄性杂交梗犬，它只在招待客人后挖洞，而且只在客人所坐的家具上挖洞。这只狗被亲切地昵称为“地鼠”，还会不停地对客人吠叫，通常因此被关进卧室。嫉妒也是它与家庭成员关系中的一个因素。如果主人试图打电话，地鼠甚至会吠叫。这只小梗犬不能接受被忽视。
In this case, the usual correction by establishing leadership was accompanied by distraction with a sharp sound during barking episodes. Both destructive digging and barking disappeared after several weeks. 在这个案例中，除了通过建立领导地位进行常规纠正外，还在吠叫时用尖锐的声音进行分散注意力。几周后，破坏性挖洞和吠叫行为都消失了。
Jumping Out of Windows 跳出窗户
Jumping through screens, glass windows, or an open window is about the most dangerous escape behavior a dog can display. 跳过纱窗、玻璃窗户或从开着的窗户跳出，是狗狗表现出的最危险的逃跑行为之一。
Thus also sppless to jutuputh flurough various operumes into s house. In elther inse, the esuses sare sumblar. 因此，从各种开口跳入房子也是类似的情况。在这两种情况下，原因是相似的。
Causes 原因
The most sommon casuse for jumputg through withdows is social isolathen. Most eases genterally involve dogs that do not accept being left slone in the house sad estape to seek sume somal contact in the newhenthoud. Some escape and remain on the fout porth to swat the return of their owners. Most of these dogs have expertenced some sort of highly gratifying social intersetion when outside. Males or bitche’s in hest may escape to ubtath sexual satisfichen. Ofhers have beented by neighbors or of herwise webended into their homes. Some have be’m generally allowed to run loves when their owners are at home, but are confined when the owner is away. 跳窗的最常见原因是社交隔离。大多数情况通常涉及那些不接受独自在家被留下的狗，它们逃跑是为了在邻居家寻求一些社交接触。有些逃跑后会停留在门廊上等待主人归来。这些狗大多数在外面经历过某种高度令人愉快的社交互动。发情的公狗或母狗可能逃跑以满足性需求。还有些被邻居驱赶或以其他方式被限制在家中。有些狗在主人在家时通常被允许自由活动，但主人外出时则被限制在家中。
A less common cause is genume fear of continement inside the house or in the yard, causing the animal to jump out of the yard and or into the house. In these cases, there has usually been some sort of experience involving the area in which the does is contined. Such tramatic events may include severe physical punishment, extreme hunger (one dog was left without food or water for 2 days), pain from Bli shots or rocks thrown at the dog. and firecrackers or other explasions nearby or in the yard. Such distress has caused some dogs to jump out of windows as well. 一种较少见的原因是真正害怕被限制在屋内或院子里，导致动物跳出院子或进入屋内。在这些情况下，通常在被限制的区域内发生过某种经历。这些创伤性事件可能包括严重的体罚、极度饥饿（有一只狗被关了两天没有食物和水）、注射疫苗时的疼痛或有人向狗扔石头，以及附近或院子里的鞭炮或其他爆炸声。这种痛苦也导致一些狗跳出窗外。
Correcting Window Jumping 纠正跳窗行为
When the dog escapes to achieve social interaction in the neighborhood, the owner must establish a very strongleadership role with the dog. This tends to fulfill ite need for socializing within the confines of its own home, a step necessary for complete correction. This can be accomplished through basic obedience command responses, practiced daily over a 6 -week period. 当狗逃跑是为了在邻里间进行社交时，主人必须在狗面前建立非常强的领导地位。这往往满足了它在自己家中社交的需求，这是完全纠正行为的必要步骤。这可以通过基本的服从命令反应来实现，每天练习，持续 6 周。
Some problems of this type have been solved by installing frosted glass in the dogr s favorite escape window, eliminating its view of the outside. However, several dogs have switched to other windows when this has been done, so the owner must be prepared to face this possibility. The more important adjustment is to eliminate the social gratification formerly sought, such as “bumming around.” If neighbors are feeding or otherwise accommodating the dog, their help must be sought to stop this. 这类问题中的一些已经通过在狗最喜欢逃跑的窗户上安装磨砂玻璃来解决，从而消除了它对外面的视线。然而，当这样做后，有几只狗转而选择了其他窗户，因此主人必须准备好面对这种可能性。更重要的调整是消除狗以前寻求的社交满足感，比如“到处讨吃的”。如果邻居在喂食或以其他方式迁就这只狗，就必须寻求他们的帮助来制止这种行为。
It is always necessary to determine when the dog jumps out of a window. If it occurs shortly after the dog is left alone, the owner must leave the house, sneak back to the premises and apply some strongly distracting stimulus as the dog begins to prepare for the freedom leap. In every case, a period of initial anxiety behavior, such as whining, pacing or barking, precedes the actual leap. 必须始终确定狗跳出窗户的时间。如果发生在狗被单独留下不久后，主人必须离开房子，然后悄悄返回，在狗开始准备跳窗自由时施加一些强烈的干扰刺激。在每种情况下，实际跳跃之前都会有一段初期的焦虑行为，比如哀鸣、踱步或吠叫。
If the jumping occurs just before the owner arrives home, the owner should arrange to come home earlier than usual to apply the corrections. Just as in barking cases, the distracting stimuli should not be painful, but should take the dog’s mind off its anxiety. This may involve a rap on a door some distance from the escape scene, and (as in one case mentioned by a client) even stomping on the roof while monitoring the dog’s behavior by listening through an air vent. 如果跳跃行为发生在主人刚到家之前，主人应安排比平时更早回家以进行纠正。就像处理吠叫问题一样，干扰刺激不应让狗感到痛苦，而应转移狗对焦虑的注意力。这可能包括在逃跑现场较远的门上敲击，或者（如一位客户提到的案例）在通过通风口监听狗的行为时，甚至在屋顶上跺脚。
If jumping is associated with fear of surroundings, it is necessary to change the area in which the dog is confined (the simplest method) or to switch the dog’s emotional association with the area from fear to contentment. This may be difficult because the fearful response usually occurs when the pet is alone; conditioning requires the presence of the owner or some other intervening factor. However, if the dog has been severely punished in the area, especially at homecoming times, it is often practical for the owner to stop the punishment and virtually ignore the dog when arriving home. Any interaction between the owner and dog at other times should consist of play, training work for command responses and quiet activities, such as just sitting around. This sort of correction takes several days to weeks. 如果跳跃行为与对周围环境的恐惧有关，就需要更换狗被限制的区域（这是最简单的方法），或者将狗对该区域的情绪联结从恐惧转变为满足感。这可能比较困难，因为恐惧反应通常发生在宠物独处时；而条件反射的建立需要主人或其他干预因素的存在。然而，如果狗在该区域内曾受到严厉惩罚，尤其是在主人回家时，主人通常可以停止惩罚，并在回家时几乎忽视狗。主人与狗在其他时间的互动应包括玩耍、训练命令反应以及安静的活动，比如只是坐着。这种纠正过程需要几天到几周的时间。
If jumping into the house is the problem, the simplest correction is installation of a pet door. This removes the barrier between the pet and its goal: the inside of the house. In most aases, however, the dog has been relegated to the yard because it is destructive or not housetrained. Therefore, another problem must be solved before approaching the jumping problem, However, it is worthwhile to work on the problem that caused the jumping rather than to try to force the pet to accept confinement in the yard. It is easier to correct housesoiling or chewing than to curtail isolation-induced misbehavior. 如果跳进屋子是问题，最简单的纠正方法是安装宠物门。这消除了宠物与其目标——屋内——之间的障碍。然而，在大多数情况下，狗被限制在院子里是因为它具有破坏性或没有受过室内训练。因此，在解决跳跃问题之前，必须先解决另一个问题。不过，值得努力解决导致跳跃的问题，而不是试图强迫宠物接受被限制在院子里的生活。纠正室内排泄或咬东西的问题比制止因孤立引起的不良行为要容易得多。
Many of my clients state that the dog is left outside because it needs the fresh air and exercise. I answer this by asking the 我的许多客户表示，狗被留在外面是因为它需要新鲜空气和锻炼。对此，我的回答是
owner to take 2 pieces of plain white paper in the morning and place 1 outside in the open air and the other inside the house. A comparison of the 2 in the evening should convince any city dweller that the air outside is less clean. As for exercise, 10 minutes of tossing a ball in the yard will fulfill most dogs’ requirement, and is more wholesome than the perilous activity of jumping in windows and tearing down screens. 让主人早上拿两张普通白纸，一张放在户外空气中，另一张放在屋内。晚上比较这两张纸，应该能让任何城市居民相信外面的空气并不更干净。至于锻炼，在院子里扔球 10 分钟就能满足大多数狗的需求，这比跳窗户和撕破纱窗这些危险的活动更健康。
If a pet door is installed, the dog can make its own choice of air and exercise area. In cases involving fear of the yard, where no problem exists, the pet door alone is a splendid solution. 如果安装了宠物门，狗狗可以自行选择空气和运动的区域。在涉及对院子的恐惧且实际上不存在问题的情况下，仅使用宠物门就是一个极好的解决方案。
Scratching At Objects 抓挠物体
Destructive scratching is related to escape chewing, digging and jumping out of windows. That is, the dog normally undertakes the behavior when it has been confined and wants to escape. 破坏性抓挠与逃脱性啃咬、挖掘和跳窗有关。也就是说，狗狗通常在被限制活动时会采取这种行为，想要逃脱。
Causes 原因
To discover the causes of this troublesome and sometimes expensive behavior, one must determine when and where the scratching takes place. Aside from obvious causes as the bitch next door being in heat, or confinement because the dog is a social pest or is being punished, the usual causes relate to confinement alone. 要发现这种令人烦恼且有时代价高昂的行为的原因，必须确定抓挠发生的时间和地点。除了显而易见的原因，比如隔壁母狗发情，或者因为狗是社交上的麻烦制造者或正在被惩罚而被限制活动外，通常的原因仅与限制活动有关。
One exception is the dog that scratches on the seats or cushions of furniture or through bedding or mattresses. These excavators are usually digging a hole for themselves to curl up in or are scratching in frustration at their owner’s anal and/or genital scents (see Digging). When pillows and clothing are the target, the dog may be attempting to masturbate with them (see Chapter 12). 一个例外是狗在家具的座位或垫子上，或者通过床上用品或床垫抓挠。这些“挖掘者”通常是在为自己挖一个可以蜷缩的洞，或者是在因主人肛门和/或生殖器的气味而感到沮丧时抓挠（参见“挖掘”）。当枕头和衣物成为目标时，狗可能是在尝试用它们自慰（参见第 12 章）。
Correcting Destructive Scratching 纠正破坏性抓挠
Scratching for escape can occur in dominant or overdependent dogs. In either case, correction involves the same methods as for destructive chewing. The owner must teach at least the Come, Sit and Stay commands without use of force. These commands should be used whenever the dog nudges for attention. The dog 为了逃脱而抓挠可能发生在支配性或过度依赖的狗身上。在这两种情况下，纠正方法与纠正破坏性咀嚼相同。主人必须教会至少“来”、“坐”和“停留”这几个命令，且不使用强制手段。每当狗用鼻子顶寻求注意时，应使用这些命令。狗
should be praised for desirable responses. If punishment has been used, this must be stopped, as this is usually counterproductive. 应当表扬狗狗的理想反应。如果曾经使用过惩罚，必须停止，因为惩罚通常适得其反。
To minimize the contrast between the owner’s presence and absence, all unsolicited attention, such as talking to the dog, petting it or playing with it in response to the dog’s attention seeking, should be stopped. Examples of these taboo activities include tug-o’-war, wrestling, chasing the dog, and playing fetch when the owner must force the dog to give up the ball or stick. In other words, interactions must involve the dog’s responding to the owner, rather than vice versa. Homecoming receptions and/or guilt-ridden departure rituals also must be avoided. It is also helpful to leave a radio turned on at normal volume at all times to stabilize the acoustic environment. 为了减少主人在场与不在场之间的反差，所有未经请求的关注行为，如对狗狗说话、抚摸或在狗狗寻求关注时与其玩耍，都应停止。这些禁忌活动的例子包括拔河、摔跤、追逐狗狗，以及当主人必须强迫狗狗放弃球或棍子时的捡球游戏。换句话说，互动必须是狗狗对主人的回应，而不是相反。回家时的热烈欢迎和/或离开时的愧疚仪式也必须避免。同时，始终保持收音机以正常音量开着，有助于稳定声环境。
Most dogs begin destructive scratching soon after the owner leaves or just before homecoming times. When this can be ascertained, the “sneak 'n peek” method of correcting the overt behavior is sometimes practical (see Jumping Out of Windows). This procedure must be carried on until the dog literally forgets about the scratching. However, if the dog is also vocally oriented, care must be taken not to induce barking as a substitute behavior. If barking does occur, the sound level of the stimulus should be lowered so as not to be upsetting. 大多数狗在主人离开后不久或主人即将回家时开始破坏性抓挠。当能够确定这一点时，纠正明显行为的“偷看法”有时是可行的（参见跳出窗外）。这一程序必须持续进行，直到狗字面上忘记抓挠行为为止。然而，如果狗也有发声倾向，必须小心避免引发吠叫作为替代行为。如果发生吠叫，应降低刺激的声音水平，以免引起不安。
If the cause of destructive scratching is known, that cause should be eliminated, if possible. If a confined male dog is scratching because a neighborhood bitch is in heat, use of some medication for the bitch in heat has proved successful, providing the bitch’s owners are willing. If not, and if the problem is recurrent with a male that is not to be bred, castration has proven helpful if combined with the other steps outlined here. If the dog is unruly or shut away as punishment for some other behavior, the basic behavior problem should be corrected. 如果已知破坏性抓挠的原因，应尽可能消除该原因。如果一只被限制的公狗因邻居的发情母狗而抓挠，使用针对发情母狗的某些药物已被证明有效，前提是母狗的主人愿意配合。如果不愿意，且问题在不打算繁殖的公狗身上反复出现，结合这里概述的其他步骤，阉割已被证明有帮助。如果狗行为不听话或因其他行为被关起来作为惩罚，应纠正其基本行为问题。
11
Vocal Behavior 发声行为
Note: The term “barking” is used throughout this chapter. However, the discussion also pertains to such other forms of vocalization as howling, whining and yowling. 注意：本章中贯穿使用了“吠叫”一词。然而，讨论内容同样适用于其他形式的发声，如嚎叫、哀鸣和呜咽。
Causes 原因
Barking is one of the most reasonable behavior problems in dogs. They bark at or about something for several reasons: 吠叫是犬类最常见的行为问题之一。它们因多种原因对某事物吠叫：
To announce their presence. 为了宣布它们的存在。
To answer another dog’s barking or to stimulate another dog’s bark response. 回应另一只狗的吠叫或激发另一只狗的吠叫反应。
To alert the pack (or human family) to some perceived threat. 提醒群体（或人类家庭）注意某些感知到的威胁。
To warn outsiders that they are encroaching on the dog’s territory. 警告外来者他们正在侵犯狗的领地。
To indicate impending defensive behavior, such as biting. 表示即将进行防御行为，例如咬人。
To seek relief from some disturbing condition, usually social isolation. 寻求从某种令人不安的状况中解脱，通常是社会隔离。
To relieve tension created by frustration, generally related to socal isolation. 缓解由挫折引起的紧张，通常与社会隔离有关。
Correction of Problem Barking 纠正问题吠叫
When barking becomes a problem, the cause must be determined so the appropriate remedial program can be used. The following programs have produced excellent results. 当吠叫成为问题时，必须确定原因，以便使用适当的纠正方案。以下方案已取得了优异的效果。
More than 75%75 \% of the barkers that are kept in the backyard or on the porch are isolated because of other problems, such as chewing or housesoiling. In these cases, the underlying problem should be identified and corrected, at which time the dog can be readmitted to the house and the barking usually ceases. 超过 75%75 \% 的那些被关在后院或门廊上的吠叫犬，是因为其他问题如咬东西或室内排泄而被隔离的。在这些情况下，应找出并纠正潜在的问题，届时狗狗可以重新被允许进入屋内，吠叫通常会停止。
Dogs that bark to relieve tension caused by frustration need a simple, but consistent program to remove the source of their frustration. Even if the barking has been inadvertently reinforced by owners who have returned to the dog to punish it, the following program has been highly successful. 因挫折引起的紧张而吠叫的狗，需要一个简单但一致的方案来消除它们的挫折源。即使吠叫行为曾被主人无意中通过惩罚狗狗而强化，以下方案也非常有效。
Learn-To-Earn and Pushups. The learn-to-earn praise and pet program can be used in correcting barking. Each time the dog seeks affection or attention, it must be pleasantly told to Sit, then praised and petted briefly ( 3-53-5 seconds), then released from the Sit. 学以致用与俯卧撑。学以致用的表扬和抚摸方案可用于纠正吠叫。每当狗狗寻求关爱或注意时，必须愉快地命令它坐下，然后简短地表扬和抚摸（ 3-53-5 秒），随后允许它从坐姿中解放。
The dog should also be taught to go Down on command after being told to Sit, then Up to Sit from Down, then back Down from Sit, then released and petted briefly. This exercise, called Pushups, can be used as described later. 还应教狗狗在被命令坐下后服从“趴下”指令，再从趴下姿势起身坐下，然后从坐姿再趴下，最后解放并简短抚摸。这项练习称为俯卧撑，后文将有详细说明。
Limited Barking Permitted: If the dog barks when the owners are at home, it should be immediately called to the owner on the first bark and very quietly told to Sit. If the stimulus that caused the first bark is known not to warrant barking (the barking was unnecessary in that situation), the sitting dog should be quietly released and immediately recalled, and the routine repeated until the dog settles down. 允许有限的吠叫：如果狗在主人在家时吠叫，第一次吠叫时应立即叫它到主人身边，并非常轻声地命令它坐下。如果引起第一次吠叫的刺激被认为不值得吠叫（在这种情况下吠叫是不必要的），则应轻声释放坐着的狗并立即召回，重复此过程直到狗安静下来。
If the owner believes the stimulus should be investigated, the dog should be called, told to Sit, then released, at which time the owner should go quietly to investigate the stimulus that caused the barking. If the cause for the bark is not worrisome, the owner should quietly tell the dog again to Sit, release it and return to former activities. This teaches the dog that its bark is important, but that the owner is in control of the situation, not the dog. If the dog starts again to bark during this procedure, it must again 如果主人认为该刺激需要调查，应叫狗过来，命令它坐下，然后释放，此时主人应安静地去调查引起吠叫的刺激。如果吠叫的原因无须担忧，主人应再次轻声命令狗坐下，释放它并回到之前的活动中。这教会狗它的吠叫很重要，但主人才是控制局势的人，而不是狗。如果狗在此过程中再次开始吠叫，必须再次叫它过来并重复该程序。
be called and the routine repeated. When this is done consistently, the dog will soon begin to give a single alarm bark, then seek the owner for further guidance. 当这一过程持续进行时，狗很快就会开始发出单声报警吠叫，然后寻求主人的进一步指示。
This exercise is very important in that it teaches the dog it has a function in the family group. At the same time, it learns not to sound the alarm at stimuli that are not important, such as neighbors returning home, visitors arriving, or sirens sounding. 这个练习非常重要，因为它教会狗狗在家庭群体中有其功能。同时，它学会不对那些不重要的刺激发出警报，比如邻居回家、访客到来或警报声响起。
Defusing Homecomings and Departures: At homecomings or departures, the owners must avoid all emotional interplay with the dog. This requires behaving matter of factly. In many cases, even eye contact with the dog should be avoided if it causes excitement. Homecoming greetings should be delayed at least 5 minutes and then should be low key, with minimal petting and a few quiet words. If the dog barks for attention, the greeting must be ignored until the dog becomes quiet. 缓解归家和离别时的紧张情绪：在归家或离别时，主人必须避免与狗狗产生任何情绪上的互动。这需要表现得平淡无奇。在许多情况下，如果与狗狗的眼神接触会引起兴奋，也应避免。归家问候应至少延迟 5 分钟，然后以低调方式进行，尽量少抚摸，轻声说几句话。如果狗狗吠叫以引起注意，问候必须被忽视，直到狗狗安静下来。
Leadership Exercises: Many barking dogs are leader types. That is, if the owner walks from one room to another, the dog rushes ahead of them. The owner must understand that this is the dog’s way of leading in their relationship. To reverse this situation, the dog should be taught, by movement (the dog’s language), that the owner is in charge of movements around the house. This is not difficult, but it must be applied consistently. 领导力训练：许多吠叫的狗狗属于领导型。也就是说，如果主人从一个房间走到另一个房间，狗狗会抢先跑在前面。主人必须明白，这是狗狗在它们的关系中表现出领导地位的方式。要扭转这种情况，应通过动作（狗狗的语言）教导狗狗，主人才是家中行动的主导者。这并不难，但必须坚持执行。
Each time the owner starts to go somewhere and the dog begins to move ahead, the owner should produce a single hand clap and reverse direction, which puts the owner in the lead. If the dog catches up and again starts to move ahead, the hand clap and direction reversal are repeated. This should be done if the dog rushes ahead of the owner when the doorbell or phone rings, or at meal times, until the dog begins following its new leader. If the dog is a backyard barker, this exercise should be applied there as well as in the house. 每当主人准备出门而狗开始向前走时，主人应拍一次手掌并改变方向，这样主人就处于领先位置。如果狗追上来又开始向前走，就重复拍手和改变方向的动作。无论是门铃响了、电话响了，还是吃饭时间，只要狗冲在主人前面，都应这样做，直到狗开始跟随它的新领导者。如果狗是在后院吠叫，这个练习也应在后院和屋内同时进行。
Staging for Correction of Isolation Barking: Staging “setups” must coincide with the times of day or night at which troublesome barking occurs. For instance, if the dog barks when the owners leave for work Monday through Friday, setups should be staged during weekend days at those times. 纠正孤独吠叫的情境设置：情境“设置”必须与问题吠叫发生的时间（白天或夜晚）相吻合。例如，如果狗在主人周一至周五上班时吠叫，那么应在周末的相同时间进行设置。
The owner should quietly leave the dog, but be prepared to monitor it for any signs of restlessness or anxiety. This may mean sneaking to a window, listening at a door, or peeking over or 主人应悄悄离开狗，但要准备监视狗是否有不安或焦虑的迹象。这可能意味着偷偷走到窗边、在门口偷听，或从上方窥视，或者
through a fence (downwind of the dog). If the dog shows anxiety or starts to bark, a single, loud sound should be made to startle the dog and reorient its attention. This can be a hand slapped on a wall, or a sharp knock on a window. Then the owner must remain silent. If needed, this should be repeated each time anxiety behavior or barking occurs until the dog settles down. 通过围栏（在狗的下风处）。如果狗表现出焦虑或开始吠叫，应发出一次响亮的声音以惊吓狗并重新引导其注意力。这可以是手拍墙壁，或是窗户上的一声急促敲击。然后主人必须保持沉默。如有必要，每次出现焦虑行为或吠叫时都应重复此操作，直到狗安静下来。
At least 5 minutes after the dog has settled quietly, the owner should return, again with no emotional interplay, waiting at least 31//231 / 2 hours before repeating the procedure. This period between setups allows the conditioned learning to “incubate” better than if the sessions were conducted over a shorter time. 在狗安静下来至少 5 分钟后，主人应再次回来，同样不带任何情绪互动，等待至少 31//231 / 2 小时后再重复此程序。两次训练之间的这段时间有助于条件学习的“孵化”，比连续进行训练效果更好。
The time the owner remains away can usually be doubled between sessions. That is, the owner initially stays away for 5 minutes, then 10,20,40,8010,20,40,80, etc, until the dog has quieted dependably. 主人离开的时间通常可以在两次训练之间加倍。也就是说，主人最初离开 5 分钟，然后是 10,20,40,8010,20,40,80 ，依此类推，直到狗能够可靠地保持安静。
More Pushups: If, after 4 days, all of the foregoing steps have been strictly applied with little or no progress, the setup should be repeated by leaving the dog and applying the single, sharp sound stimulus one time. Then the owner must literally rush into the area where the dog is and pleasantly, but with urgency, apply the pushup routine of “Tippy, sit. Good. Sit. Tippy, down. Good. Down. Tippy, sit. Good. Sit,” etc, until the dog shows signs of tiring. At this time, and again with no emotion or eye contact, quietly leave the dog, again to monitor and repeat the routine until the dog is quiet for the required minimum of 5 minutes. The time the owner spends away can be increased by doubling, as previously described. 更多俯卧撑：如果在 4 天后，以上所有步骤都已严格执行但几乎没有进展，应重复该设置，方法是离开狗狗并发出一次单一、尖锐的声音刺激。然后，主人必须迅速进入狗狗所在的区域，愉快但紧迫地进行“提比，坐。好。坐。提比，趴下。好。趴下。提比，坐。好。坐”等俯卧撑训练，直到狗狗表现出疲倦的迹象。此时，再次不带任何情绪或眼神接触，安静地离开狗狗，继续观察并重复该训练，直到狗狗安静达到至少 5 分钟的要求。主人离开的时间可以按之前描述的方法加倍延长。
Correction of Anticipation Barking: Many dogs bark in anticipation of the owners’ homecoming. This usually can be resolved using the steps outlined above. When barking persists, the owner must arrive home early, applying the setups at the first signs of anxiety or barking. 纠正预期吠叫：许多狗狗会在主人回家前预期性地吠叫。通常可以通过上述步骤解决。当吠叫持续时，主人必须提前回家，在出现焦虑或吠叫的最初迹象时立即进行训练。
Remove the Cause: Some vocal dogs bark in response to stimuli that can be removed. These dogs may bark at neighborhood cats or other dogs. If the neighbor’s cat or other dogs can be kept away, the barking may stop. Some dogs gazing out their favorite window may bark at people or other animals. Keeping the drapes drawn often resolves these problems. Many dogs that bark in the backyard for entry to the house benefit from a pet door. 消除原因：一些爱叫的狗是对可以消除的刺激作出反应而吠叫的。这些狗可能会对邻居的猫或其他狗吠叫。如果能将邻居的猫或其他狗隔离开，吠叫可能会停止。有些狗喜欢望着它们最喜欢的窗户，对人或其他动物吠叫。拉上窗帘通常能解决这些问题。许多在后院吠叫要求进入房屋的狗，安装宠物门会有帮助。
Debarking: Surgical removal of the vocal cords, while often successful in removing the noise associated with barking, does not address the cause of the barking. Debarking, however, may not be totally effective, as many debarked dogs can still make objectionable noises or the vocal cords may regrow. If surgery is elected, the preceding program should still be used. 去声带手术：虽然去除声带的手术通常能成功消除吠叫声，但并未解决吠叫的根本原因。然而，去声带手术可能并非完全有效，因为许多去声带的狗仍能发出令人反感的声音，或者声带可能会再生。如果选择手术，仍应配合前述的训练方案使用。
12
Introverted Behavior 内向行为
The term introversion generally refers to people whose attention and interest are inwardly oriented, while extroversion refers to people who direct their interests outwardly. 内向一词通常指注意力和兴趣向内集中于自身的人，而外向则指兴趣和注意力向外指向他人的人。
For our purposes, we will use introversion to refer to such behavior problems as pica (eating nonfood items), coprophagy (eating stools), carsickness, inappropriate urination or defecation, and self-mutilation. 在我们的讨论中，内向性行为问题指的是异食癖（吃非食物物品）、食粪癖（吃粪便）、晕车、不适当的排尿或排便以及自残行为。
The basis for correcting all of the following problems is a regimen of earned praise and petting, leadership exercises by the owner, and discontinuation of scolding or punishment. 纠正以下所有问题的基础是通过获得的表扬和抚摸、主人进行的领导力训练，以及停止责骂或惩罚。
Phobias 恐惧症
Unreasonable fear of any situation or thing, such as thunder, social isolation, certain people or objects, is termed a phobia. Phobias often develop in dogs when the owner first notices anxiety in response to a specific stimulus, such as a thunderstorm. A high degree of concern and sympathy by the owner toward the dog usually reinforces the dog’s fears. This worsens the problem instead of eliminating it. 对任何情况或事物的不合理恐惧，如雷声、社交隔离、某些人或物，被称为恐惧症。恐惧症通常在狗首次对特定刺激（如雷暴）表现出焦虑时发展。主人对狗表现出的高度关心和同情通常会强化狗的恐惧。这会使问题恶化，而非消除。
Phobias are combatted by directing the dog’s attention to happy activities. To accomplish this, the owners must be viewed 通过引导狗狗的注意力转向愉快的活动来对抗恐惧症。为此，主人必须被视为
by the dog as its leaders, or they will not succeed in diverting the dog’s emotional responses from thunder, gunshots, veterinary offices, certain people, etc. Before treatment for phobias is initiated, the following steps must be accomplished: 被狗视为其领导者，否则它们无法成功转移狗对雷声、枪声、兽医诊所、某些人等的情绪反应。在开始恐惧症治疗之前，必须完成以下步骤：
The earned praise and petting regimen (Chapter 8 ) is practiced, wherein the dog is told pleasantly to Sit whenever it seeks attention or the owners wish to pet it. 采用了获得表扬和抚摸的训练方法（第 8 章），当狗狗寻求关注或主人想要抚摸它时，会愉快地命令它坐下。
The dog dependably follows rather than leads the owner in daily movements around the home (Chapter 1). This requires a single handclap and reversing directions any time the dog begins to move ahead of the owner. 狗在日常家中活动中总是跟随主人，而不是引领主人（第一章）。每当狗开始走在主人前面时，只需拍手一次并改变方向即可。
After these conditions are met, attempts are made to recreate the situation that stimulates the phobic response. At the instant that stimulus occurs, the Jolly Routine (Chapter 8) must be applied and the situation repeated until the dog responds on its own with happy behavior before the owners can even apply the single handclap. One of the most difficult phobic situations to recreate is that related to thunderstorms. 在满足这些条件后，尝试重新创造引发恐惧反应的情境。在刺激发生的瞬间，必须应用“欢乐程序”（第 8 章），并反复重复该情境，直到狗狗在主人甚至还未拍手之前，能够自主表现出快乐的行为。最难以重现的恐惧情境之一是与雷暴相关的情况。
Storm Phobias 雷暴恐惧症
Many dogs that fear storm activity also fear other sharp percussive noises, such as gunfire, exploding balloons, or lowfrequency sounds from a sound system capable of rattling the windows. Because storm noises originate outdoors, any attempts to simulate storm noises or other loud sounds should originate there. These can be tested and used with the Jolly Routine, which involves a single handclap, followed immediately by praise and introduction of some toy or other stimulus the dog associated with happiness. These staged performances should be repeated until the dog acts happy in response to loud noises, without use of the Jolly Routine. After this stage, it is still advisable to follow the same steps required for dogs that do not respond to staged percussion (see below). 许多害怕暴风雨活动的狗也害怕其他尖锐的打击声，如枪声、爆炸的气球声，或能够震动窗户的音响系统发出的低频声音。由于暴风雨的声音来自户外，任何模拟暴风雨声音或其他大声响的尝试都应从户外开始。这些可以通过“欢乐程序”进行测试和使用，该程序包括一次手掌拍击，紧接着是表扬和引入狗与快乐相关联的玩具或其他刺激物。这些有计划的表演应反复进行，直到狗在没有使用“欢乐程序”的情况下对大声响表现出快乐的反应。在此阶段之后，仍建议遵循对不响应有计划打击声的狗所需的相同步骤（见下文）。
If gunfire is to be used in these sessions, the shells used must be handloaded, low-powder blanks. The gun should be fired outdoors into thick, soft material, such as an old pillow. Only adults experienced with firearms should be involved. Also, neighbors should be forewarned of training sessions. 如果在这些训练中使用枪声，所用的弹壳必须是手工装填的低火药空包弹。枪应在户外对着厚软材料射击，如旧枕头。只有有枪械经验的成年人应参与。此外，应提前通知邻居训练课程的安排。
If the dog does not respond to attempts at recreating storm sounds, the solution becomes more difficult, as one cannot conjure up storms at will. However, one can watch the weather forecasts carefully and make preparations at least 3-43-4 hours before a storm is due. This long lead time is necessary because many phobic dogs begin to show anxiety as falling barometric pressure indicates impending storms. In these situations, the Jolly Routine must be applied at the first sign of anxiety in the dog, and then reapplied until the dog shows upbeat behavior instead of the former anxiety, without any need for the routine. 如果狗狗对模拟暴风雨声音的尝试没有反应，解决方案就会变得更加困难，因为人们无法随意制造暴风雨。然而，可以密切关注天气预报，并至少在暴风雨来临前 3-43-4 小时做好准备。这个较长的提前时间是必要的，因为许多恐惧症狗狗会在气压下降预示暴风雨来临时开始表现出焦虑。在这种情况下，必须在狗狗出现焦虑的第一个迹象时立即应用“欢乐例行程序”，并持续应用，直到狗狗表现出积极的行为，而不再需要该程序。
Sedation: If the owner cannot be present to apply these procedures before and during storms, sedatives and tranquilizers may be used to reduce the dog’s anxiety. However, without behavioral therapy, such drugs have not been effective over the long term. 镇静剂：如果主人无法在暴风雨来临前和期间在场执行这些程序，可以使用镇静剂和安定药来减轻狗狗的焦虑。然而，如果没有行为疗法，这些药物长期来看并不有效。
Desensitizing With Sound and Light: Though several authorities have recommended playing low-level thunder recordings and gradually increasing the volume as the dog accommodates to it, I and several others in this field have not been successful with this technique. In the 1970s I used recordings of thunder, coupled with flashing strobe lights, without success. This is probably because of 2 factors unique to storms. First is the lack of barometric pressure changes. Second is lack of the intense (to the dog) percussive effects of low-volume thunder recordings. 声音和光线脱敏：虽然有几位权威人士建议播放低音量的雷声录音，并随着狗的适应逐渐增加音量，但我和该领域的其他几位专家在使用这一技术时并未取得成功。上世纪 70 年代，我曾尝试将雷声录音与闪烁的频闪灯结合使用，但未见成效。这可能是由于暴风雨独有的两个因素所致。首先是缺乏气压变化；其次是低音量雷声录音缺乏对狗来说强烈的打击感。
Situation Phobias 情境恐惧症
In dogs with phobias to such loud noises as gunfire, firecrackers, auto backfires and slamming doors, the above program, as described for storms, works especially well. When the phobic situation involves visual, nonpercussive auditory, olfactory or tactile senses, alone or in combination, the leadership program and Jolly Routine must be used in conjunction with staging of the total situation. Distinct from storm and other percussive sound phobias, these situations can be approached by starting at low levels of stimulation and then increasing the intensity. 对于害怕枪声、鞭炮声、汽车回火声和门砰砰声等响亮噪音的狗，上述针对暴风雨的方案效果尤为显著。当恐惧情境涉及视觉、非打击性听觉、嗅觉或触觉感官，单独或组合出现时，必须将领导力训练和欢乐日常程序与整体情境的模拟结合使用。与暴风雨及其他打击性声音恐惧不同，这些情境可以从低强度刺激开始，逐步增加刺激强度来进行处理。
For instance, if a dog is phobic about a certain person or place, the Jolly Routine is applied as that person or place is first perceived at a distance. When the happy response is achieved, the person or place is brought or approached closer. This is 例如，如果一只狗对某个人或某个地方有恐惧症，快乐程序会在该人或地方最初被远距离感知时应用。当达到愉快的反应时，该人或地方会被带近或接近。这种方法
repeated until the dog dependably “jollies” with no sign of anxiety. 会反复进行，直到狗可靠地“快乐”而没有任何焦虑的迹象。
Carsickness 晕车
A dog that gets carsick is a genuine victim of motion sickness (rare in dogs), a leader-type animal that becomes ill as a psychosomatic response to its inability to control its circumstances, or one that has experienced traumatic reinforcement in a car or at the journey’s end. 晕车的狗是真正的运动病受害者（在狗中罕见），也可能是那种因无法控制环境而产生心理生理反应而生病的领导型动物，或者是在车内或旅程结束时经历过创伤性强化的狗。
A prime example of a trauma victim is a dog that always gets ill on the way to the veterinarian, but seldom on the way home, In several cases, this predictable reaction was used in correction. The dogs were driven away from home, in the opposite direction from the clinic, then back toward home and thence on to the doctor. No illness occurred. Different routes were used on later trips. 一个典型的创伤受害者例子是一只在去兽医途中总是生病，但回家途中很少生病的狗。在几个案例中，这种可预测的反应被用来进行矫正。狗被驱赶离开家，朝着与诊所相反的方向，然后再朝家方向，最后前往医生那里。没有发生生病。之后的几次行程使用了不同的路线。
Correction 矫正
Most carsickness cases are not so easily corrected. Where no emotional basis is found for the problem, administration of motion sickness medication has proved helpful. If excessive salivation accompanies vomiting, atropine sulfate (by veterinary prescription) may alleviate the problem. In cases involving behavioral relationships, a combination of general environmental and leadership adjustments succeeds. 大多数晕车病例并不那么容易矫正。如果问题没有情绪基础，使用晕车药物已被证明有效。如果呕吐伴随过度流涎，硫酸阿托品（需兽医处方）可能缓解问题。在涉及行为关系的病例中，结合一般环境和领导力的调整会取得成功。
Most of the carsickness cases I encounter involve a leader-type dog. Therefore, the first step toward correction is for the owner to gain a dominant leader position. Together with teaching a few simple commands, all general petting of the dog must cease. Any solicitation for attention by the dog must be countered by a command, with a few seconds of petting and praise if the dog responds appropriately. This regimen impresses on the dog that the owner is in control of the general tenor of life. 我遇到的大多数晕车病例都涉及领导型的狗。因此，纠正的第一步是让主人获得主导的领导地位。除了教几条简单的命令外，所有对狗的抚摸都必须停止。狗任何寻求注意的行为都必须用命令来制止，如果狗做出适当反应，则给予几秒钟的抚摸和表扬。这种方法让狗明白主人掌控着生活的整体节奏。
In addition to command training, the dog should be taken for an upbeat car ride around the block at least twice daily. The owner should act jolly toward the dog throughout the ride, reinforcing happy behavior. These trips may then be extended in time and distance over a 6 -week period, after which permanent correction is usually achieved. 除了命令训练外，狗每天至少应被带着愉快地绕街区开车两次。主人在整个车程中应对狗表现得开心，以强化快乐的行为。随后，这些车程可以在六周内逐渐延长时间和距离，通常在此之后即可实现永久纠正。
Fear and Shyness 恐惧与害羞
Fear and shyness are combined in this section because in many dogs, fear is an outgrowth of shyness. That is, a shy dog is more likely to become fearful than a bold, gregarious animal. Extremely strong or prolonged fear-producing stimuli are required to induce generalized fearfulness in a dog with a well-balanced nervous system and a sanguine personality. On the other hand, extremely excitable or inhibited pets are often quick to develop fearfulness. 恐惧和害羞在本节中合并讨论，因为在许多狗中，恐惧是害羞的延伸。也就是说，害羞的狗比大胆、爱社交的动物更容易变得恐惧。对于神经系统平衡且性格开朗的狗来说，通常需要极强或持续的恐惧刺激才能引发广泛的恐惧感。另一方面，极度兴奋或抑制的宠物往往很快就会产生恐惧感。
Fear of falling is thought to be the only inborn emotional fear response. All other fears are presumed to be learned associations. However, because fear is a subjective emotion, it might be wise to define behaviorisms associated with problems in fearful dogs. The first startle responses in puppies are to sudden movement and loud noises. Distress vocalization appears when pups are isolated from their litters. These responses will not be dealt with here because they do not usually trigger the types of overt problem behavior under consideration. 恐惧跌落被认为是唯一的天生情绪恐惧反应。所有其他恐惧都被认为是后天学习的联想。然而，由于恐惧是一种主观情绪，明智的做法可能是定义与恐惧犬问题相关的行为主义。幼犬最初的惊吓反应是对突然的动作和响亮的噪音。幼犬被与窝分开时会发出痛苦的叫声。这里不会讨论这些反应，因为它们通常不会引发所考虑的明显问题行为类型。
For our purposes, fear and shyness may describe a submissive response to relatively normal stimuli. For example, extreme panic accompanied by defecation, urination and expression of anal sacs is not a normal reaction to a sudden loud noise, a car ride, or handling by the veterinarian. Nor is a submissive posture (ears back, tail between legs, slinking, urinating) a normal response to the mere presence of people or other animals. 就我们的目的而言，恐惧和害羞可能描述的是对相对正常刺激的顺从反应。例如，极度惊慌伴随排便、排尿和肛门腺分泌并不是对突然的响声、汽车行驶或兽医操作的正常反应。顺从的姿态（耳朵后缩，尾巴夹在腿间，偷偷摸摸，排尿）也不是对仅仅有人或其他动物存在的正常反应。
Submissive responses of course would be more prevalent in submissive dogs with passive defense reflexes. A fearful or shy dog with active defense reflexes would be more likely to growl, bark or bare its fangs in response to a fear-producing stimulus. Fear biting may occur in either type. 顺从反应当然在具有被动防御反射的顺从型犬中更为常见。具有主动防御反射的恐惧或害羞的狗更可能在面对引起恐惧的刺激时咆哮、吠叫或露出獠牙。恐惧性咬伤可能发生在这两种类型中。
Understanding the Shy Dog 理解害羞的狗
Two important questions should be answered before any attempt to modify shy behavior: 在尝试改变害羞行为之前，应回答两个重要问题：
What does the dog actually do? (for example, tail tucked under, head down, freezes, retreats, rolls over). 狗实际表现出什么行为？（例如，尾巴夹在下面，低头，僵住，后退，翻滚）。
What stimulates the shy behavior, and when was it first noticed? 是什么刺激了害羞行为，最初是什么时候注意到的？
Chapter 12 第 12 章
If a dog displays shyness only before its owners, one must consider its behavior with other people. If shyness is absent with other people, most likely the dog has been overpunished. If it has not extended its shy behavior to people, it may be basically aggressive. 如果一只狗只在主人面前表现出害羞，必须考虑它与其他人的行为。如果与其他人相处时没有害羞行为，很可能是狗被过度惩罚了。如果它没有将害羞行为扩展到其他人身上，可能它本质上是具有攻击性的。
Most dog owners confuse genuine shyness with submissive behavior. Wolves are shy; when approached by people they retreat if possible, responding to the instinct for self-preservation. A pet dog faced with its owner’s threats often finds retreat impossible. Therefore, the pet behaves submissively (tail down, whining, rolling on its side, urinating, etc) to tell the aggressor (owner) that the point is well made (Fig 1). 大多数狗主人将真正的害羞与顺从行为混淆。狼是害羞的；当有人接近时，它们会尽可能后退，以响应自我保护的本能。宠物狗面对主人的威胁时，往往无法退缩。因此，宠物表现出顺从行为（尾巴下垂、呜咽、侧身翻滚、撒尿等），以告诉攻击者（主人）“你的意思我明白了”（图 1）。
Because owners who overpunish their dog are not attuned to canine behavior, the pet’s submissive gestures fail to ward off the threats and/or punishment. If the dog continues to be overpunished, it will act submissively when approached by anyone. This learned behavior is then misinterpreted as shyness. 由于过度惩罚狗的主人不了解犬类行为，宠物的顺从姿态未能阻止威胁和/或惩罚。如果狗继续被过度惩罚，它在任何人接近时都会表现出顺从行为。这种学到的行为随后被误解为害羞。
Most of the “shy dogs” I see fall into the above category (overpunished). Due to excessive scolding, threats or physical 我见过的大多数“害羞狗”都属于上述类别（过度惩罚）。由于过度责骂、威胁或体罚
Figure 1. This Italian Greyhound displayed submissive behavior in response to people. The animal lacked broad socialization, and chewed destructively when left alone. 图 1。这只意大利灵缇对人表现出顺从行为。该动物缺乏广泛的社交，独处时会进行破坏性咀嚼。
abuse, they display submissive behavior to their owners or to all people. In either case, the corrective procedure is the same. 虐待后，它们会对主人或所有人表现出顺从行为。在任何情况下，纠正方法都是相同的。
Correction 纠正
A dog that has been overpunished lacks self-confidence. Therefore, such dogs should be allowed to succeed. This is fortunately a simple process with dogs. They are dramatically quick to learn from people when taught by nonphysical methods. Even a simple 3-part exercise, performed daily, can bring about a behavior change in a few days. 被过度惩罚的狗缺乏自信。因此，应允许这类狗获得成功。幸运的是，对狗来说这是一个简单的过程。当用非身体惩罚的方法教导时，它们学习得非常快。即使是一个简单的三步练习，每天进行，也能在几天内带来行为改变。
All that is needed is to crouch down, say “Rover, come,” and heartily praise when it responds, even if it only looks at the owner. If the pet urinates on the way, the praise must be continued. The wetting usually disappears as confidence improves. When the dog comes all the way, it should be petted, preferably on the throat and chest to eliminate fear responses that may be caused by hands over or on top of its head. Most shy dogs usually come readily to a crouching figure. 所需的只是蹲下，说“罗弗，过来”，当它回应时热情地表扬，即使它只是看了看主人。如果宠物在途中尿尿，也必须继续表扬。随着自信心的提高，尿湿的情况通常会消失。当狗完全过来时，应抚摸它，最好是在喉咙和胸部，以消除因手放在头顶或头上方可能引起的恐惧反应。大多数害羞的狗通常会很快走向一个蹲着的人影。
The “Sit” command is simple, once the pet comes dependably. A hand is held up over the dog’s rump as the words “Rover, sit” are spoken. The dog usually looks upward, and should be praised by happily saying “Good, sit,” but without bending down or petting. If this is patiently repeated a few times, most dogs will sit down. The spoken praise should be followed by petting. “坐”命令很简单，一旦宠物可靠地过来。说出“罗弗，坐”时，一只手举在狗的臀部上方。狗通常会向上看，应该高兴地说“好，坐”，但不要弯腰或抚摸。如果耐心地重复几次，大多数狗会坐下。口头表扬后应跟着抚摸。
It is important not to bend over from the waist to pet shy dogs, as this movement often signals possible punishment. Crouching avoids bending over, and is friendly and reassuring. Pushing down on its rump, holding, or otherwise manipulating the pet must be avoided. Physical force is at the root of most submissive behavior and interferes with effective learning. 重要的是不要从腰部弯下去抚摸害羞的狗，因为这个动作常常意味着可能的惩罚。蹲下避免了弯腰，显得友好且令人安心。必须避免按压狗的臀部、抓住或以其他方式操控宠物。体力强制是大多数顺从行为的根源，并且妨碍有效学习。
The second part of therapy requires that owners avoid punishing the pet. If other behavior problems exist, these must be resolved using the methods mentioned elsewhere in this book. Self-control is a major challenge to most dog owners; however, after they see the progress usually achieved in a few days, their feelings that the pet “needs to be told it has done wrong” usually abate. Any backsliding on the owner’s part is quickly reflected by regression in the dog. This feedback provides an effective control mechanism to which most owners are highly sensitive. 治疗的第二部分要求主人避免惩罚宠物。如果存在其他行为问题，必须使用本书其他部分提到的方法来解决。自我控制对大多数狗主人来说是一个重大挑战；然而，当他们看到通常在几天内取得的进展后，宠物“需要被告知它做错了”的想法通常会减弱。主人任何的退步都会迅速反映在狗的倒退上。这种反馈提供了一种有效的控制机制，大多数主人对此非常敏感。
A third step in correction is used for dogs that respond submissively to persons outside the family. If a few friends are gathered to reinforce the owner’s teachings, the dog usually responds satisfactorily. Correction in most cases requires only a few minutes on 2 or 3 occasions. Older dogs with a persistent problem may require longer training periods. 纠正的第三步适用于对家庭外的人表现出顺从反应的狗。如果召集几位朋友来加强主人的教导，狗通常会有满意的反应。大多数情况下，纠正只需在 2 到 3 次场合中花费几分钟。对于有持续问题的年长犬，可能需要更长的训练时间。
This approach to correct overly submissive behavior in shy dogs assumes the pet is healthy, so that no possible organic influence interferes with the learning capabilities of the animal. Total rehabilitation can be expected in 6 weeks when the process is carried out daily. 这种纠正害羞狗过度顺从行为的方法假设宠物是健康的，没有任何可能的有机因素干扰动物的学习能力。如果每天进行，预计在 6 周内可以实现完全康复。
'Kennelosis' “犬舍病”
The behaviorisms mentioned above may be displayed by either extremely excitable or inhibited dogs. Extreme submissiveness is typical of a syndrome called “kennelosis.” Such cases usually involve prolonged isolation and lack of broad geographic-social experience, excessive punishment, improper management by the owner, or extreme psychic trauma associated with other animals, certain areas, odors, sights or sounds. Leader-type dogs are seldom affected. 上述行为可能出现在极度兴奋或抑制的狗身上。极端的顺从性是被称为“犬舍病”综合症的典型表现。这类情况通常涉及长期隔离和缺乏广泛的地理-社会经验、过度惩罚、主人管理不当，或与其他动物、特定区域、气味、景象或声音相关的极端心理创伤。领导型的狗很少受到影响。
A 4-year-old spayed German Shepherd, which was fearful of loud sounds, strangers, clinical care, fast movements and unexpected touches, had been raised in a large family from 6 weeks of age. The dog snapped at visiting children and made violent escape efforts when left home alone, either in the yard or house. These resulted in split toenails and severely torn pads. From puppyhood, the dog had been fearful of sudden noises. To correct the behavior, the family had coddled the pet. The only effort at training was made by the father, who taught the dog to come and sit. 一只 4 岁的绝育德国牧羊犬，害怕响亮的声音、陌生人、临床护理、快速动作和意外触碰，从 6 周大起就在一个大家庭中长大。该狗会对来访的孩子咬人，并在独自在院子或屋内时拼命逃跑，导致趾甲断裂和脚垫严重撕裂。从幼犬时期起，这只狗就害怕突发的噪音。为了纠正这种行为，家人对宠物过度溺爱。唯一的训练尝试是由父亲进行的，他教狗狗过来和坐下。
When the family arrived at our facility, the dog, hackles abristle, barked at me and then proceeded to investigate the perimeters of the property, apparently in search of an escape opening. The dog’s behavioral history indicated an extremely excitable nervous makeup, which we discussed. It took about 45 当这家人抵达我们的设施时，狗竖起了背毛，对我吠叫，然后开始巡视物业的周边，显然是在寻找逃脱的出口。狗的行为历史显示其神经极度兴奋，我们对此进行了讨论。大约过了 45
minutes before the dog lay down near the owners. At this point a cabinet door was slammed somewhere. The dog’s reaction was to leap up and run to the family sedan, onto the roof and into the car through the sunroof. 分钟，狗才躺在主人身边。就在这时，某处的一个橱柜门砰地关上了。狗的反应是跳起来，跑向家用轿车，爬上车顶，然后通过天窗进入车内。
The corrective program required all family members to “jolly” the pet after loud noises or when any fearful or shy reactions started. Everyone took part in daily off-leash teaching sessions, during which the dog displayed independence and at times stood and barked at the owners in response to their teaching efforts. The owners were often exasperated, but no physical punishment was used and persistence finally prevailed over the dog’s excitable resistance. 纠正方案要求所有家庭成员在响声大或出现任何害怕或胆怯反应时，都要“逗乐”宠物。每个人都参与每日的无绳教学课程，在此期间，狗表现出独立性，有时会站立并对主人的教学努力吠叫。主人们常常感到沮丧，但没有使用体罚，坚持最终战胜了狗的兴奋抵抗。
Accentuated startle responses were alleviated about 3 weeks after a stress diet was initiated (see Chapter 5 ). Within 7 weeks all exaggerated responses were absent. Though the dog was not gregarious with strangers, fear and shyness were replaced by tailwagging and friendly approach behavior when strangers knelt or sat down. 在开始实施压力饮食约 3 周后，夸张的惊跳反应有所缓解（见第 5 章）。7 周内，所有夸张的反应均消失。虽然这只狗对陌生人不合群，但恐惧和害羞被摇尾巴和友好接近的行为所取代，尤其是在陌生人跪下或坐下时。
Gemini, a female Doberman Pinscher, was adopted at 61//261 / 2 months of age from a kennel environment. The new owner, an intelligent teenage girl, had visited Gemini twice in the kennel and had once taken the dog to her home. On these occasions Gemini crept along fearfully, rolled over submissively, and urinated when approached. Because the dog was bought as a deterrent to burglary, this behavior was unacceptable. Gemini 是一只母杜宾犬，在 61//261 / 2 个月大时从犬舍环境中被领养。新主人是一位聪明的少女，她曾两次到犬舍看望 Gemini，并曾带狗回家一次。在这些场合，Gemini 害怕地蹑手蹑脚，顺从地翻身，且在被接近时会尿尿。由于这只狗是作为防盗工具购买的，这种行为是不可接受的。
This case was typical of moderate kennelosis. On referral from the family’s veterinarian, I was asked to assist Gemini’s socialization, and to teach the dog to bark when strangers approached the yard and display mild aggressiveness on command. Considering the dog’s background, this seemed an impossible task. The extreme shyness of kennel dogs often precludes rehabilitation. However, due to the dedication of the owner and the age of the dog, significant progress was made. 这个案例是中度犬舍病的典型表现。应家庭兽医的转诊，我被请来协助 Gemini 的社交训练，并教这只狗在陌生人接近院子时吠叫，并在指令下表现出轻微的攻击性。考虑到这只狗的背景，这似乎是不可能完成的任务。犬舍犬的极度羞怯常常使康复变得不可能。然而，由于主人投入的努力和狗的年龄，取得了显著的进展。
Correction involved 2 stages: socialization with family members and others, including strangers; and instilling territorial possessiveness. Stage 1 included daily off-leash command train- 纠正分为两个阶段：与家庭成员及他人（包括陌生人）的社交；以及培养领地占有欲。第一阶段包括每日的无绳指令训练—
ing sessions, plus maximum contact with people through field trips. The game of “fetch” also increased the dog’s confidence. Stage 2 involved nightly “patrols” of the property by dog and owner, with the owner acting worried about sounds outside the yard. 训练课程，以及通过实地考察与人们进行最大程度的接触。“捡回”游戏也增强了狗的自信心。第二阶段包括狗和主人每晚对房产进行“巡逻”，主人对院子外的声音表现出担忧。
Within 12 weeks the Doberman was extremely responsive to family members, and was sufficiently confident to meet strangers without displaying submissiveness. Soon the dog began barking at unfamiliar sounds, and was “on guard” at appropriate times with strangers. 在 12 周内，这只杜宾犬对家庭成员反应极为敏捷，并且足够自信地面对陌生人而不表现出顺从。很快，这只狗开始对陌生的声音吠叫，并在适当的时候对陌生人保持“警戒”。
Summary 摘要
Fear may be an integral part of a dog’s general reflex mechanisms. Dogs that exhibit fearful or shy behavior usually have passive or flight tendencies that tend to dominate in stress situations. However, more than the dog’s response is involved in problem cases of this type. The manner in which owners react to the dog’s behavior can reinforce shyness or fear, or reduce such emotional reactions. 恐惧可能是狗的一般反射机制的一个组成部分。表现出害怕或胆怯行为的狗通常在压力情境下表现出被动或逃避倾向。然而，问题案例中涉及的不仅仅是狗的反应。主人对狗行为的反应方式可能会强化胆怯或恐惧，或者减少这种情绪反应。
The term “shy dog” should be qualified by examination of the dog’s actual behavior and the things that stimulate the shyness. Dogs may display submissive behavior because of overly harsh treatment. Others may suffer from kennelosis or other improper socialization during early critical periods. In all cases, the dog’s level of confidence in its interactions with people must be increased. “胆小狗”这一术语应通过对狗的实际行为及引发胆怯的因素进行考察来限定。狗可能因过于严厉的对待而表现出顺从行为。还有些狗可能在早期关键时期经历了犬舍病或其他不当的社会化。在所有情况下，都必须提高狗在人际互动中的自信水平。
Rehabilitation requires gradual socialization, demonstrative teaching for command responses, and avoidance of physical manipulation. While this is being accomplished through training exercises and general environmental adjustments, the “Jolly Routine” of acting happy and gaining tail-wagging responses in place of fearful or shy behavior usually solves the problem after a few weeks. 康复需要逐步的社会化、通过示范教学来训练服从指令，并避免身体上的强制操作。在通过训练练习和整体环境调整实现这一目标的过程中，采用“快乐例行公事”——表现出快乐并获得摇尾巴的反应以取代恐惧或胆怯行为——通常在几周后就能解决问题。
Housesoiling 室内排泄
Though most dogs, male and female, choose to “brand” their territories with urine, many also defecate to mark their turf. Housesoiling with defecation most often involves females. Though the following corrective programs refer to micturition and urination, they apply equally to marking by defecation. 虽然大多数狗，无论公母，都会选择用尿液“标记”它们的领地，但许多狗也会通过排便来标记它们的地盘。室内排便问题最常见于母狗。尽管以下纠正方案主要针对排尿和小便，但同样适用于通过排便进行标记的情况。
Housesoiling is the complaint most often mentioned by dog owners. It can be divided into several categories: the naive unhousetrained dog; the diet-change victim; and the insecure dog. The first 2 types are not associated with introverted behavior and are discussed elsewhere. The insecure dog requires detailed attention because the problem usually has its roots in emotional influences in the dog’s environment. Fact finding, therefore, becomes a more delicate matter, as human factors as well as canine and human interactions are involved. Fortunately, explaining the principles of behavior to the owner is usually productive. 室内排泄是狗主人最常提到的抱怨。它可以分为几个类别：未经训练的幼犬；因饮食改变而出现问题的狗；以及不安全感强的狗。前两种类型与内向行为无关，已在其他地方讨论。不安全感强的狗需要详细关注，因为问题通常根源于狗所处环境中的情绪影响。因此，事实调查变得更加微妙，因为涉及到人类因素以及犬类与人类的互动。幸运的是，向主人解释行为原理通常是有效的。
Causes 原因
To “brand” it as theirs, dogs urinate around a territory, on an object and, infrequently, upon another animal or even a person. Leg lifting is more pronounced in males, but females also do it. Wild dogs mark whelping and hunting area perimeters for obvious reasons. Emotional conflict within the pack sometimes leads to dominant dogs urinating on subordinate animals. Pack leadership contests often start with the contestants comparing urine scents, and sometimes end up in a pitched battle. 为了“标记”领地，狗会在领地周围、物体上，偶尔也会在其他动物甚至人身上撒尿。抬腿行为在雄性狗中更为明显，但雌性狗也会这样做。野狗出于明显的原因，会标记产窝和狩猎区域的边界。群体内部的情绪冲突有时会导致主导狗在从属动物身上撒尿。群体领导权的争夺通常从竞争者比较尿液气味开始，有时最终会演变成激烈的争斗。
Other notable causes for this problem include: the dog’s being shut away because of some other undesirable behavior when guests visit; a neighborhood bitch in heat; pubescent girl experiencing her first menstrual cycle; and moving, either out of or into a home. In all cases, a strong leader relationship must be established by key family members to relieve the anxieties of the “insecure” dog. 导致这一问题的其他显著原因包括：当有客人来访时，因其他不良行为而被关起来的狗；邻居家发情的母狗；青春期女孩经历第一次月经周期；以及搬家，无论是搬出还是搬入新家。在所有情况下，关键家庭成员必须建立强有力的领导关系，以缓解“缺乏安全感”狗的焦虑。
Owners of dogs that urine mark indoors must consider where and when the urination occurs, and when the problem began. This information may reveal the source of the problem. Two cases from my files typify the problem, and subsequent corrective actions. 室内尿液标记的狗主人必须考虑尿尿发生的地点和时间，以及问题开始的时间。这些信息可能揭示问题的根源。我的档案中有两个案例典型地反映了这一问题及其后续的纠正措施。
A 2-year-old male Sydney Silky had been urinating on furniture and draperies for 11 months. The owner, a pregnant mother of 2, had been told by her husband to solve the problem or get rid of the dog. 一只两岁的雄性悉尼丝毛犬在家具和窗帘上尿尿已经持续了 11 个月。主人是一位怀孕的两个孩子的母亲，她的丈夫告诉她，要么解决这个问题，要么把狗处理掉。
She explained that the urination always occurred near the front windows of the living room. I asked, 她解释说，尿尿总是在客厅前窗附近发生。我问，
“When does he do it?” She answered, “Any time he gets the chance!” Further discussion indicated that the dog had been physically punished at the urination sites and now urinated only when nobody was looking. Lately the dog had responded to the client’s attempts to punish or even groom him by snarling and biting her. The Silky moved very stiffly in my office and, within a few moments, urinated on a recent dog scent on my sofa. “他什么时候尿？”她回答：“只要有机会，他就会尿！”进一步的讨论表明，狗在尿尿的地方曾受到体罚，现在只有没人看着时才尿尿。最近，狗对主人试图惩罚甚至给它梳理毛发的行为做出了咆哮和咬人的反应。丝毛犬在我的办公室里走路非常僵硬，几分钟内就在我沙发上一个新留下的狗味道上尿了尿。
No specific time of onset was apparent, so I questioned the owner regarding general practices with the dog. He was taken for morning and evening walks up and down the front sidewalks, and allowed to “sprinkle” indiscriminately as he walked. Further, when not kept away from the large front window, the dog spent daytime hours monitoring “his” territory, fiercely barking at both canine and human passersby. The frustration of this daily experience caused the Silky to relieve tension by urinating on drapes and furniture in the front room. The owners also fondled the dog and on many occasions he had growled at them when not “in the mood” for petting. 没有明显的发病时间，因此我询问了主人关于狗的一般习惯。它每天早晚都会沿着前门的人行道散步，并被允许在走路时随意“撒尿”。此外，当没有被阻止靠近大前窗时，狗会在白天守护“它的”领地，对经过的狗和人类激烈地吠叫。这种日常经历的挫败感导致这只丝毛犬通过在前厅的窗帘和家具上撒尿来缓解紧张情绪。主人们也会抚摸狗，但在许多情况下，当狗“不想被摸”时，它会对他们咆哮。
Such reactions indicate a dominant personality, the result of pampering and lack of owner direction. Correction was achieved through withholding all praise and petting, except during daily teaching lessons for command responses. The daily walks were stopped and a single toilet area in the backyard was established, using praise for performance as reinforcement. In 5 days the client was able to groom the dog with no sign of hostility, and houschold urination ceased by the end of the third week. 这种反应表明它有支配性性格，这是溺爱和缺乏主人引导的结果。纠正方法是除了日常命令训练课上的表扬和抚摸外，完全停止所有赞扬和抚摸。停止每日散步，在后院设立一个固定的排泄区，并用表扬作为表现的强化。五天内，客户能够给狗梳理毛发而没有敌意表现，第三周末时室内排尿行为停止。
In some cases, household urination might be aptly labeled the “new baby syndrome.” Older children sometimes begin wetting the bed on arrival of a new baby bother or sister and the resulting loss of parental attention. With dogs, the reaction is often more immediate, and the cause more obvious. 在某些情况下，家庭内的尿尿问题可以恰当地称为“新生儿综合症”。年长的孩子有时会在新生的弟弟或妹妹到来以及由此导致的父母关注减少时开始尿床。对于狗来说，反应通常更为直接，原因也更明显。
Two 9-year-old Dachshunds, male and femail, had been relegated to the backyard because they began to urinate in the house after the owner adopted a Miniature Poodle puppy. A compounding factor was that the dogs also defecated in the house. This is not uncom- 两只 9 岁的腊肠犬，一公一母，因为主人收养了一只迷你贵宾犬幼犬后，它们开始在屋内小便，于是被赶到了后院。一个加重因素是，这些狗还在屋内排便。这并不罕见——
mon, as new puppies also often defecate indoors. All family members expressed disgust for the offending Dachshunds and freely admitted they believed the age of the dogs precluded correction. Euthanasia was thought to be the only alternative. 主人，因为新来的小狗也经常在室内排便。所有家庭成员都对这些惹事的腊肠犬表示厌恶，并坦言他们认为狗的年龄使得纠正行为变得不可能。安乐死被认为是唯一的选择。
After I explained the probable causes, the dogs were granted a 1 -week trial period. During this time, the owners were to have the older dogs inside the house, praising them whenever the pup appeared. Everyone was instructed to pay more attention to the Dachshunds than to the puppy. Four days after starting the trial, the problem had cleared up. This was unusual. We typically experience poor success when such trials are attempted, primarily because the owners have already prejudged the pet as “hopeless.” This negative attitude diminishes their effectiveness as teachers. The best situation for correction is the owners’ total commitment to the dogs. 在我解释了可能的原因后，狗狗们获得了为期一周的试用期。在此期间，主人们需要让年长的狗待在屋内，每当小狗出现时就表扬它们。所有人都被指示多关注腊肠犬，而不是小狗。试用开始四天后，问题就解决了。这种情况很少见。我们通常在尝试此类试用时成功率较低，主要是因为主人们已经预先将宠物判定为“无可救药”。这种消极态度削弱了他们作为训练者的效果。纠正问题的最佳情况是主人对狗狗的完全投入。
Correction 纠正
In all cases of housesoiling, I advise against any form of punishment, either physical or social, such as scolding or isolating the dog. Usually these methods have already been tried unsuccessfully and often are implemented hours after the act, contributing to the dog’s neurotic behavior. 在所有室内排泄的问题中，我建议不要使用任何形式的惩罚，无论是身体上的还是社交上的，比如责骂或隔离狗狗。通常这些方法已经被尝试过但未成功，而且往往是在行为发生数小时后才实施，反而加剧了狗狗的神经质行为。
Following are suggestions on correction of housesoiling. 以下是关于纠正室内排泄问题的建议。
Avoid all fondling of the dog. Praise and pet it only after it has responded to some command. 避免对狗狗过度抚摸。只有在它对某个指令作出反应后，才表扬和抚摸它。
Feed a steady diet only, on schedule. Never tidbit. 只按固定时间表喂食稳定的饮食。绝不喂零食。
Take the dog to the same restricted area for elimination only at times the owner is normally home during the work week, even on weekends. 带狗狗去同一个限定区域排泄，时间安排在主人平时工作日通常在家的时间，即使是周末也如此。
On weekends, correct all sniffing of furniture, etc. Praise enthusiastically after each correction. 周末时，纠正所有对家具等的嗅闻行为。每次纠正后都要热情表扬。
If urine or feces are found in the house, do not make a “big deal” of it. Avoid scolding in any way. Apply correction when the dog looks at the soiled spot, then immediately take the dog to the proper toilet area and await some sort of sniffing, praising it with “good dog,” and wait for urination 如果在屋内发现尿液或粪便，不要大惊小怪。避免以任何方式责骂。 当狗狗看向弄脏的地方时进行纠正，然后立即带狗狗到合适的厕所区域，等待它闻嗅，称赞它“好狗”，并等待排尿
or defecation. Then, praise and pet the dog, pointing to the spot. 或排便。然后，表扬并抚摸狗狗，同时指向那个地方。
All household members must treat the dog in the same manner, using the same method. 所有家庭成员必须以相同的方式对待狗狗，使用相同的方法。
Run the dog through command exercises twice daily and whenever it seems to be getting “bossy.” 每天两次以及每当狗狗显得“专横”时，带它进行指令训练。
Avoid bringing other dogs into the house until the problem is cleared up. 在问题解决之前，避免将其他狗带入屋内。
Remove sources of water when the dog is to be left alone and at night. In severe cases, give water only at feeding times. 当狗狗独处或在夜间时，移除水源。在严重情况下，只在喂食时提供水。
Clean any soiled spots with a 25%25 \% solution of white vinegar. Soak any residue of this solution out of materials by pressing with paper towels. Do not let the dog watch the cleanup! 用 25%25 \% 浓度的白醋溶液清洁弄脏的地方。用纸巾按压吸干材料中残留的溶液。不要让狗狗看到清理过程！
Have the dog examined by a veterinarian if disease is suspected or the dog does not respond to correction attempts. The corrective program assumes the dog to be in excellent health. Disease may be responsible for the problem. 如果怀疑有疾病或狗狗对纠正措施无反应，应让兽医检查。纠正方案假设狗狗身体健康。疾病可能是问题的原因。
Masturbation 手淫
Masturbation is apparently normal among bitches and dogs. It becomes a “problem” for owners when it is a source of personal embarrassment, is esthetically distasteful to witness, or damages property (upholstery, pillows, clothing, etc). Incessant masturbation is rare, but it does occur. 手淫在母狗和公狗中显然是正常的。当它成为主人个人尴尬的来源、目睹时令人审美上不悦，或损坏财物（如家具套、枕头、衣物等）时，就成了“问题”。持续不断的手淫很少见，但确实存在。
Cause 原因
Some offenders are hypersexual and have histories of precocious sexual behavior. Many cases also involve owner permissiveness. 一些行为异常者性欲亢进，有早熟性行为的历史。许多案例还涉及主人的纵容。
When the behavior is destructive to furniture and bedding, investigation usually reveals that the target articles bear the owner’s scent. One possible explanation is that the dog is venting its frustration on the owner’s property to relieve tension. Often the dog receives an inordinate amount of attention from its owner and, as with chewing problems, tends to be overly anxious when the owner is absent. 当行为对家具和床上用品造成破坏时，调查通常会发现被破坏的物品带有主人的气味。一种可能的解释是，狗通过破坏主人的财物来发泄挫折感，以缓解紧张情绪。通常，这种狗从主人那里获得了过多的关注，并且像咬东西的问题一样，当主人不在时往往会过度焦虑。
Excessive masturbation is generally associated with owners who tend to fondle their pets or, on the other extreme, give them little if any petting. Regardless of the cause, methods of correcting the problem are similar. 过度手淫通常与那些倾向于抚摸宠物的主人有关，或者在另一极端，几乎不给宠物任何抚摸。无论原因如何，纠正问题的方法是相似的。
Correction 纠正方法
In all cases, the owner must gain some degree of response to simple commands (Come, Sit, Stay) without handling or touching the dog. All fondling must be stopped. The dog should be praised and petted only after it responds to some command. These social rewards should be brief, especially in dogs that constantly pester the owner for attention. 在所有情况下，主人必须在不触摸或接触狗的情况下，让狗对简单命令（来、坐、停留）产生一定的反应。所有的抚摸行为必须停止。只有当狗对某个命令作出反应后，才应给予表扬和抚摸。这些社交奖励应简短，尤其是对于那些不断缠着主人寻求关注的狗。
If the dog masturbates when the owners are present, the dog must be distracted and then praised in a jolly manner for stopping the behavior. The nature of the distraction is not important, except that it must divert the pet’s attention toward some external activity. One client distracted her 2 -year-old Boxer by dropping a tin can, then got a dog toy and tossed it as further reinforcement. Masturbation ceased within a week. 如果狗在主人在场时自慰，必须分散狗的注意力，然后以愉快的方式表扬它停止这种行为。分散注意力的方法并不重要，关键是要将宠物的注意力转移到某种外部活动上。一位客户通过掉落一个铁罐来分散她两岁拳师犬的注意力，然后拿出一个狗玩具并扔出去作为进一步的强化。自慰行为在一周内停止了。
In puppies, masturbation is never a problem if the owners have begun obedience training before puberty (about 12-14 weeks). After dealing with hundreds of cases involving puppies, I have concluded that early establishment of strong leadership by the owner helps avoid the problem. 在幼犬中，如果主人在青春期（大约 12-14 周）之前开始服从训练，自慰从来不是问题。处理了数百例幼犬案例后，我得出结论，主人早期确立强有力的领导地位有助于避免这个问题。
Pica 异食癖
Causes 原因
When a dog starts to swallow nonfood articles, owners often wonder if perhaps they have a neurotic pet. After all, why should a dog swallow rocks, pins, wrist watches, panty hose or toilet paper? The logical answer is that such behavior must make the pet feel better. That is, it probably relieves tension. 当狗开始吞食非食物物品时，主人常常会怀疑他们的宠物是否有神经质。毕竟，为什么狗会吞食石头、别针、手表、丝袜或卫生纸呢？合乎逻辑的答案是，这种行为一定让宠物感觉更好。也就是说，这很可能缓解了它们的紧张情绪。
In all cases, the dog’s diet and feeding regimen must be considered. Underfeeding or overfeeding may be an underlying cause of pica. Older dogs should be fed 2 times a day. The quantity should produce a formed, firm stool, with no looseness. Puppies should be fed as many times as they have bowel move- 在所有情况下，都必须考虑狗的饮食和喂养方案。喂食不足或过量可能是异食癖的潜在原因。年长的狗应每天喂食两次。喂食量应使粪便成形且坚实，不松散。幼犬应根据其排便次数进行喂食。
ments per day, in amounts that produce formed, firm stools. If a particular food does not produce firm stools, the diet should be changed to one that does. 每天喂食的次数应保证排便成形且坚实。如果某种食物不能使粪便成形，应更换为能使粪便成形的饮食。
Most pica cases hinge on an unsatisfactory relationship between dog and owner. There is usually an element of over- or underattentiveness on the part of the owner. Most cases involve nervous, inhibited dogs. It is also interesting that most cases involve puppies that were either orally oriented to begin with, or were made so through excessive oral stimulation (tug-o’-war, etc)\mathrm{etc}) during early life with the owners. 大多数异食癖病例都源于狗与主人之间不满意的关系。通常主人对狗的关注要么过度，要么不足。大多数病例涉及神经质、抑制型的狗。有趣的是，大多数病例中的幼犬一开始就是以口腔为导向，或者在早期与主人相处时通过过度的口腔刺激（拔河游戏， etc)\mathrm{etc}) ）变得如此。
An overindulged, orally oriented male Dachshund was shut out of the house because of unruliness with the owners. Soon thereafter the dog was taken to the veterinarian because of extreme pain and failure to eat or defecate. X-rays revealed blockage in the intestines, but no object was apparent. A pair of panty hose was surgically removed from the intestine. The dog, having been severely weakened by starvation, failed to survive the operation. 一只被过度宠溺、口欲强烈的雄性腊肠犬因对主人行为失控而被关在屋外。不久之后，这只狗因剧烈疼痛且不进食、不排便被送往兽医处。X 光显示肠道堵塞，但未发现异物。手术中从肠道内取出了一双丝袜。由于长期饥饿导致身体极度虚弱，狗未能挺过手术。
Correction 纠正
Corrective measures are straightforward in most pica cases. All fondling of the pet is stopped and some degree of command response is established, using nonphysical methods. If the dog pesters for affection, it is directed to perform some previously learned command response before it is rewarded with petting. 大多数异食癖病例的纠正措施相对简单。停止所有对宠物的抚摸，并通过非身体接触的方法建立一定程度的服从反应。如果狗狗寻求宠爱，先让它执行某个已学会的指令，完成后再给予抚摸作为奖励。
As in chewing cases, I recommend that a scented nylon bone be employed to fix the animal’s oral orientation on an acceptable object. Even if the owner teases the dog with the bone, this substitute object has proved helpful in correction. If the animal is kept outdoors because of a chewing problem, the underlying problem must be corrected and the dog reunited with the family before dealing with the pica problem. Correction usually takes 1-6 weeks. 正如在咀嚼问题中，我建议使用带香味的尼龙骨来引导动物将口腔注意力集中在一个可接受的物体上。即使主人用骨头逗狗玩，这种替代物体在纠正行为上也被证明是有效的。如果因为咀嚼问题而将动物关在户外，必须先纠正根本问题，并让狗重新回到家庭中，然后再处理异食癖问题。纠正通常需要 1 到 6 周时间。
Self-Mutilation 自我伤害
A dog that licks or chews on itself is manifesting stress or frustration about something. The problem may start because of some frustration relating to environment, but soon develops into 舔舐或咬自己身体的狗是在表现某种压力或挫折感。问题可能最初是由于环境相关的某种挫折引起，但很快发展成
a self-reinforcing habit, as the licking or chewing causes inflammation. Further licking or chewing can provide at least temporary relief, but this ultimately perpetuates the problem. 一种自我强化的习惯，因为舔舐或咬咬会引起炎症。进一步的舔舐或咬咬至少能提供暂时的缓解，但这最终会使问题持续存在。
A complete veterinary evaluation should precede the behavior program for rehabilitation. Flea or tick infestation must be ruled out as a cause. Possible allergies also should be considered, as the problem in many self-mutilators stems from food or other environmental allergies. Many practitioners recommend hypoallergenic diets, even in the absence of clinical symptoms, as a matter of “insurance.” 在进行行为康复计划之前，应先进行全面的兽医评估。必须排除跳蚤或蜱虫感染作为原因。还应考虑可能的过敏，因为许多自残行为的问题源于食物或其他环境过敏。许多从业者即使在没有临床症状的情况下，也建议采用低过敏性饮食，作为一种“保险”措施。
Correction 纠正
Corrective measures must consider the environmental factors that bear on the problem. However, a general plan involving nonphysical, off-leash training and stabilization of the ownerpet relationship provides satisfactory results. Owner leadership is established by withholding petting and praise, except when the pet responds to some directive from the owner. 纠正措施必须考虑影响问题的环境因素。然而，一般的方案包括非身体接触的无绳训练以及稳定主人与宠物的关系，能够取得满意的效果。通过在宠物响应主人的指令时才给予抚摸和表扬，确立主人的领导地位。
If licking or chewing occurs in the owner’s presence, some strong and neutral distraction must be applied. I use an ultrasonic device for this purpose, but other distracting stimuli have been equally successful. These have included a loud rap on the wall, a ball tossed, or a tin can dropped. 如果在主人面前出现舔舐或咀嚼行为，必须施加强烈且中性的分散注意力的方法。我使用超声波装置来达到这个目的，但其他分散注意力的刺激同样有效。这些包括在墙上敲击发出响声、扔球或掉落铁罐。
If a specific stimulus is associated with mutilation, such as sirens or footsteps, this must be “staged” and correction applied until the dog’s reaction stops. If self-mutilation occurs only in the owner’s absence, the owner should hide and distract the animal with a neutral stimulus (ultrasonic device or tin can dropped); otherwise, final correction hinges on the owner’s presence. 如果某个特定刺激与自残行为相关联，比如警报声或脚步声，必须“模拟”该情境并施以纠正，直到狗的反应停止。如果自残行为仅在主人不在时发生，主人应隐藏起来并用中性刺激（超声波装置或掉落的铁罐）分散动物注意力；否则，最终的纠正依赖于主人的在场。
Coprophagy 食粪症
Eating stools is not always abnormal behavior, disgusting though it appears to the owner. For example, the dam eats her pups’ stools as a hygienic measure. 吃粪便并不总是异常行为，尽管这在主人看来令人厌恶。例如，母犬会吃掉幼犬的粪便以保持卫生。
Causes 原因
Stool-eating in older pups and adult dogs may indicate disease that impairs normal digestion of food. Examples include pancreatitis, parasitic infection, malabsorption, and other intestinal 年长幼犬和成犬吃粪便可能表明存在影响正常食物消化的疾病。例如胰腺炎、寄生虫感染、吸收不良及其他肠道问题。
problems. For this reason, it is best to have the stool-eating dog examined by a veterinarian for possible physical abnormalities. 因此，最好让吃粪便的狗接受兽医检查，以排查可能的身体异常。
Overfeeding is a common cause of coprophagy. This includes overloading the digestive system by feeding a full day’s ration in a single meal. Because the digestive system of some dogs cannot fully digest the nutrients in a single large meal, many nutrients are passed in the stool. The dog, later feeling undernourished, then feeds on the stool. 过度喂食是吃粪症的常见原因。这包括一次性喂食全天的食量，导致消化系统负担过重。由于某些狗的消化系统无法完全消化单次大量进食的营养，许多营养物质会随粪便排出。狗随后感到营养不足，便会吃粪便补充营养。
Some dogs learn to eat stools after watching their owners pick up stools. Some housesoiling dogs have learned to eat their stools to avoid punishment, hiding the evidence, so to speak. 有些狗在观察主人清理粪便后学会吃粪便。一些有排泄问题的狗为了避免惩罚，学会吃掉自己的粪便，换句话说，是为了掩盖证据。
Correction 纠正
Adult dogs that eat their stools must be fed, twice daily, an amount that they totally consume at every meal and that produces a formed, firm stool. Puppies should be fed as many meals as they have bowel movements, with the same standard for stool firmness. 吃粪的成年犬必须每天喂食两次，每次喂食的量应能被它完全吃完，并且能产生成形且坚实的粪便。幼犬的喂食次数应与其排便次数相同，粪便的坚实度标准也应保持一致。
Assuming health and feeding problems are uninvolved, correction is fairly straightforward. Most dogs defecate soon after eating. Knowing this, the owner must monitor the dog after meals. As soon as the dog finishes its bowel movement, a single, sharp, distracting sound should be made. Immediately thereafter, the owner should praise the dog and distract it to some happy activity, while moving away from the stool, preferably back to the house. Toilet area stools must be removed after each deposit, but when the dog cannot see the owner. 假设没有健康和喂养问题，纠正相当直接。大多数狗在进食后不久会排便。了解这一点后，主人必须在饭后监视狗。一旦狗完成排便，应发出一个尖锐且分散注意力的声音。紧接着，主人应表扬狗并转移其注意力到某个愉快的活动上，同时远离粪便，最好是回到屋内。厕所区域的粪便必须在每次排便后清理，但清理时狗看不到主人。
This routine must be repeated after each feeding until the dog moves away from the stool before the sound stimulus and jolly routine can be instituted. Praise should be given to reinforce this conditioned reaction. After 6 weeks, the correction is generally permanent, even in longstanding stool eaters. 这一程序必须在每次喂食后重复，直到狗在声音刺激和愉快活动开始前主动远离粪便。应给予表扬以强化这种条件反射。六周后，纠正通常是永久性的，即使是长期吃粪的狗也有效。
13
Problems of Old Age 老年问题
Problems that most often lead to euthanasia of elderly dogs are deafness, loss of sight, incontinence, physical soreness and irritability. The fact that old age in dogs is accompanied by inconvenience to the owner is often overlooked when a puppy is bought. Many people tend to compare the experience of dog ownership with that of having a new baby in the house. But there is a major difference: few dogs outlive their owners. 导致老年犬安乐死的最常见问题是耳聋、视力丧失、失禁、身体疼痛和易怒。购买小狗时，常常忽视了老年犬给主人带来的不便。许多人倾向于将养狗的经历与家中有新生婴儿的经历相比较，但两者有一个重大区别：很少有狗能比主人活得更久。
The owner of a puppy should be aware of the entire spectrum of life so that geriatric problems will not adversely influence the owner-pet relationship. The owner should also know that these problems can be minimized by veterinary care, training, and certain environmental adjustments. 小狗的主人应了解生命的整个阶段，这样老年问题就不会对主人与宠物的关系产生不利影响。主人还应知道，这些问题可以通过兽医护理、训练和某些环境调整来减轻。
Some problems cited here, particularly loss of sight and deafness, may occur in younger dogs. I have not discussed these in the Puppy Problems chapter because few puppies are spared when the breeder recognizes a handicap. However, methods of dealing with geriatric problems have been equally successful with younger dogs. 这里提到的一些问题，特别是视力丧失和耳聋，也可能发生在较年轻的狗身上。我没有在“小狗问题”章节中讨论这些，因为当繁育者发现有缺陷时，很少有小狗能幸免。然而，处理老年问题的方法对年轻狗同样有效。
Deafness 失聪
Loss of hearing or congenital deafness is often a greater handicap to the deaf dog’s owner than to the affected dog. 听力丧失或先天性失聪对失聪犬的主人来说往往是更大的障碍，而对受影响的狗来说则不然。
Usually the dog’s other senses compensate for lack of hearing. Problems associated with this condition involve a lack of response to the owner’s spoken commands, and the pet’s tendency to wander into the road or otherwise endanger itself. The solutions to these problems are not too difficult. 通常，狗的其他感官会弥补听力的缺失。与这种情况相关的问题包括对主人的口头命令缺乏反应，以及宠物倾向于走入马路或以其他方式危及自身安全。解决这些问题并不太困难。
The deaf dog must be taught to come by a sign, rather than by a spoken word. Once this is accomplished, hand signs can also be used to teach Sit and Stay. Teaching the dog to walk with the owner requires both hand signs and signalling the pet to come back when it starts to wander away from the owner’s side. 必须教失聪的狗通过手势而非口头语言来回应。一旦做到这一点，手势也可以用来教它“坐下”和“停留”。教狗与主人一起散步需要同时使用手势，并在狗开始偏离主人身边时示意它回来。
Because voice communication is useless, direct physical contact is the only truly reliable training tool for deaf dogs. The method I recommend requires an innovative owner willing to devote the time necessary to teach the dog. The only supplies required are beanbags (these may be made from dried beans and old nylon socks) and pea-sized pebbles. Throw-chains and other heavy objects used by some trainers are entirely unnecessary and inhumane. 由于语音交流无效，直接的身体接触是训练聋犬唯一真正可靠的工具。我推荐的方法需要一个愿意投入时间教导狗狗的创新主人。所需的唯一用品是豆袋（可以用干豆和旧尼龙袜制作）和豌豆大小的鹅卵石。一些训练师使用的投掷链条和其他重物完全没有必要且不人道。
The deaf pet must learn to keep its visual attention on the owner at all times. Therefore, teaching sessions are held in safe but distracting areas. Each time the pet’s attention is distracted from the teacher, a beanbag is tossed at its legs and the teacher turns and walks away from the animal. It must be remembered that dogs have greater peripheral vision than people and are therefore better able to track objects in their peripheral field of view. Several times during the conditioning process, the teacher should try walking away before tossing the beanbag to test the dog’s visual tracking and response. If the dog turns to follow, the teacher should crouch down and make beckoning movements to attract it. When the dog approaches, it should be petted for a few seconds before the process is repeated. When the dog follows reliably, 5 or 6 times in a row, without the need for tossing a beanbag, the session is ended. 聋哑宠物必须学会始终保持对主人的视觉注意力。因此，训练课程在安全但有干扰的环境中进行。每当宠物的注意力从训练者身上分散时，就会向它的腿部扔一个豆袋，训练者则转身离开动物。需要记住的是，狗的周边视野比人类更广，因此它们更能追踪周边视野中的物体。在条件反射训练过程中，训练者应多次尝试在扔豆袋之前先离开，以测试狗的视觉追踪和反应。如果狗转头跟随，训练者应蹲下并做出招手动作以吸引它。当狗靠近时，应抚摸几秒钟，然后重复该过程。当狗连续 5 到 6 次可靠地跟随，且不需要扔豆袋时，训练课程结束。
Sessions should be no longer than 15 minutes and about 3 hours apart. The process should be repeated at least twice daily over a 6-week period in increasingly distracting circumstances. For instance, the first few sessions might be held in the backyard, in the house, or in the front yard. Then the dog is taken to neighbors’ homes and yards, neighborhood tennis courts, fields, 训练时间不应超过 15 分钟，且间隔约 3 小时。整个过程应在 6 周内每天至少重复两次，并逐渐增加干扰环境。例如，最初几次训练可以在后院、屋内或前院进行。然后带狗去邻居家和院子、社区网球场、田野，
on quiet streets, then busy streets. An assistant should come along to stop traffic if necessary. 安静的街道，然后是繁忙的街道。如果有必要，应有助手协助拦截交通。
Once the dog is well oriented to the owner (when no beanbag tosses are required for a few days), field trips can be conducted, using only a few pebbles as substitutes for the beanbags. If the pet starts to stray or becomes distracted, a pebble is tossed as a reminder to pay visual attention to the owner. 一旦狗狗对主人有了良好的认知（几天内不需要扔豆袋作为提示），就可以进行外出训练，只用少量小石子代替豆袋。如果宠物开始走神或分心，就扔一颗小石子提醒它注意看主人。
The daily teaching process should involve every family member who may need this type of control, even children, as the pet may respond only to those who teach it. Once the dog keeps its eye on its human companion and stays close, hand signals may be employed to teach Sit, Stay and Heel (walk with me). 日常训练应让每个可能需要控制宠物的家庭成员参与，包括儿童，因为宠物可能只会对教它的人做出反应。一旦狗狗能持续注视主人并保持靠近，就可以使用手势信号来教它“坐下”、“停留”和“跟我走”。
Deaf dogs that wander into dangerous areas or that tend to chase (cars, motorcycles, other dogs, etc) should be taken through the above owner-orientation process. This often eliminates the wandering or chasing problem. However, some dogs chase when their owners are absent. These animals must be taught, through the behavioral response communicated by the owner, that such activities are to be avoided. For this reason, the owner orientation of deaf dogs must be reliable. 听力受损的狗如果会走入危险区域或倾向于追逐（汽车、摩托车、其他狗等），应当经过上述的主人定向训练过程。这通常能消除走失或追逐的问题。然而，有些狗在主人不在时仍会追逐。这些动物必须通过主人传达的行为反应来学习，明白应避免此类行为。因此，对听力受损狗的主人定向训练必须是可靠的。
The deaf dog should be exposed to dangerous situations in controlled circumstances. That is, the vehicle or other dog must be under the control of a person who is cooperating with the owner and will react quickly to ensure that the dog is not injured. The dog is walked toward the dangerous area (for example, a quiet street). As soon as it exhibits the first sign of recognition of an approaching car (driven by a cooperating companion), the owner must toss a beanbag at the dog’s legs (to gain attention) and then withdraw from the area, displaying the most horrified expression that dramatic abilities allow. This procedure must be repeated until the deaf animal exhibits retreat behavior before the owner’s act on several occasions. 聋犬应在受控环境下接触危险情境。也就是说，车辆或其他狗必须由与主人合作并能迅速反应以确保狗不受伤害的人控制。狗被牵引向危险区域（例如，一条安静的街道）走去。一旦它表现出识别接近车辆（由合作伙伴驾驶）的第一个迹象，主人必须向狗的腿部投掷一个豆袋（以引起注意），然后撤离该区域，表现出尽可能夸张的惊恐表情。此过程必须重复进行，直到聋犬在主人多次行动前表现出退缩行为。
The situation should then be repeated, with the owner at increasingly greater distances behind the dog. When the dog fails to respond properly, the beanbag must be tossed again and the process repeated. This entire regimen must be continued for several days until the pet responds reliably when the owner is absent. 然后应重复该情境，主人逐渐站在离狗更远的位置。当狗未能正确反应时，必须再次投掷豆袋并重复该过程。整个训练方案必须持续数天，直到宠物在主人不在时也能可靠地做出反应。
A deaf dog should never be placed in circumstances that are genuinely dangerous; this would be foolhardy and inhumane. Special treatment for the deaf dog should be the first consideration of the owners. With careful training, deaf dogs can enjoy a happy and rewarding life as family pets. This training also helps develop the patience and thoughtfulness of owners, especially family children, who take part in the program. 聋犬绝不应被置于真正危险的环境中；那样做既鲁莽又不人道。对聋犬的特殊照顾应是主人首先考虑的事项。通过细心的训练，聋犬也能享受作为家庭宠物的快乐和满足生活。这种训练还帮助培养主人的耐心和体贴，尤其是参与训练计划的家庭儿童。
Incontinence 失禁
Incontinence is the inability to control urination and/or defecation. In this section, the term is also used to describe the reduced control sometimes apparent in geriatric animals. The condition can be upsetting to owners, as it warrants constant vigil to avoid cleanups. Many owners believe the affected animal is uncomfortable or in poor health. Some owners are revulsed and unable to cope with the problem. 失禁是指无法控制排尿和/或排便。在本节中，该术语也用来描述老年动物有时表现出的控制能力减弱。这种状况可能让主人感到困扰，因为需要时刻警惕以避免清理。许多主人认为受影响的动物感到不适或健康状况不佳。有些主人对此感到厌恶，无法应对这一问题。
I always recommend that incontinent dogs be carefully examined by a veterinarian to determine whether the problem is due to old age (lack of sphincter control) or a condition that can be treated. Urinary incontinence may be caused by conditions of the bladder and urethra. A relatively common cause in older spayed bitches is reduced estrogen levels; this may respond to hormone treatments. 我总是建议对失禁的狗狗进行仔细的兽医检查，以确定问题是由于年老（括约肌控制能力下降）引起，还是由于可以治疗的疾病。尿失禁可能由膀胱和尿道的疾病引起。对于年长的绝育母犬来说，一个相对常见的原因是雌激素水平降低；这可能对激素治疗有反应。
Fecal incontinence has been associated with damaged anal sphincter muscles, which perhaps can be surgically repaired, or injuries to the lumbar or pelvic area, with resultant nerve damage. Nerve disorders usually are difficult to treat. Where loose stools associated with improper feeding are a part of the problem, dietary adjustments may be helpful (see Chapter 5). 粪便失禁与肛门括约肌损伤有关，这种损伤可能通过手术修复，或者是腰部或骨盆区域的损伤导致神经受损。神经疾病通常难以治疗。如果松散的粪便与不当喂养有关，调整饮食可能会有所帮助（见第 5 章）。
The saddest situation is one in which the dog owner, unaware of possible corrective measures, believes that incontinence automatically warrants euthanasia. Even if the problem cannot be handled medically, some minor adjustments may make the incontinent dog easier to live with, and thus prevent the injustice of sending a faithful companion to its death. 最令人难过的情况是，狗主人不了解可能的纠正措施，认为失禁自动意味着安乐死。即使问题无法通过医疗手段解决，一些小的调整也可能使失禁的狗狗更容易相处，从而避免将忠实的伙伴送上死亡的不公。
A woman recently phoned me about her 13 -year-old spayed bitch. The animal was healthy in all other respects, but had had urinary and fecal incontinence for about 2 months. As the con- 一位女士最近给我打电话，关于她那只 13 岁的绝育母狗。除了其他方面健康，这只动物大约有两个月的时间出现了尿失禁和大便失禁。
versation progressed, it became apparent that she was calling for advice on how to explain euthanasia to her children. 随着谈话的进行，很明显她是想寻求如何向她的孩子们解释安乐死的建议。
I told her flatly that the best approach was an honest one. “Just tell them its too much trouble for you and that you are going to take the dog down and have her killed.” 我直截了当地告诉她，最好的方法是诚实。“就告诉他们，这对你来说太麻烦了，你打算带狗去安乐死。”
This answer upset her. “They would never forgive me!” she said. 这个回答让她很难过。“他们永远不会原谅我！”她说。
I explained the various things that a veterinarian might do for the dog, but she still could not overcome her own “problem.” She was revulsed by feces and the odor of urine. The dog had been relegated to the back porch and winter was on its way. 我向她解释了兽医可能为狗做的各种处理，但她仍然无法克服自己的“问题”。她对粪便和尿味感到厌恶。狗被赶到了后廊，冬天即将来临。
I added a piece of common sense that has worked in similar cases. “I never recommend lying to a child about inevitable truths. And death is one of those. If you cannot face your children with the truth, I suggest you put diapers and plastic bloomers on the dog and let her into the house again. Treat her as she really is: not sick, but probably in the same boat you and I may be in one day: somewhat incontinent, but still useful to humanity.” 我补充了一条在类似情况下有效的常识。“我从不建议对孩子撒谎，关于不可避免的事实。死亡就是其中之一。如果你无法以真相面对你的孩子，我建议你给狗穿上尿布和塑料短裤，让它重新进屋。把它当成它真实的样子：不是生病了，而很可能和你我有一天可能处于同一境地：有些失禁，但仍然对人类有用。”
Several days later the woman phoned to say that she had taken the dog in for a veterinary examination. With a diet change and medical treatment, the incontinence had been reduced to the point where the diapers and bloomers were working acceptably. 几天后，这位女士打电话来说她已经带狗去做了兽医检查。通过改变饮食和医疗治疗，失禁情况已减少到尿布和短裤能接受的程度。
Other affected dogs have responded well to paper training or installation of a pet door. 其他受影响的狗对纸尿布训练或安装宠物门也有良好反应。
Loss of Sight 视力丧失
The only problem I have encountered when an older dog began to lose its sight or when any dog became blind is convincing the owner that this does not necessitate euthanasia. Dogs can adjust to blindness and poor eyesight with little difficulty. Their senses of hearing and smell begin to function as directional indicators, even though they may occasionally bump into table and chair legs or stumble over objects (Figs 1-3). 我遇到的唯一问题是，当一只年长的狗开始失明或任何狗变盲时，要说服主人这并不意味着必须安乐死。狗可以轻松适应失明和视力不佳。它们的听觉和嗅觉开始作为方向指示器发挥作用，尽管它们偶尔会撞到桌椅腿或绊倒在物体上（图 1-3）。
The following steps may help a blind pet find its way about the house and yard more easily. 以下步骤可能有助于盲宠更容易地在房子和院子里找到路。
Figure 1. An aged Cocker Spaniel, blind for 5 years, exits the house through a pet door. 图 1。一只年老的可卡犬，失明 5 年，通过宠物门走出房子。
Mark upright obstacles, such as chair legs and door jambs, with a light-scented cologne, spray or other scented substance. This helps the dog identify perpendicular objects. 用带有淡香味的古龙水、喷雾或其他有香味的物质标记直立的障碍物，如椅子腿和门框。这有助于狗识别垂直物体。
Use a different scent on the floor about 6 inches from steps or similar obstacles. Use a light scent to avoid the buildup 在台阶或类似障碍物附近地面约 6 英寸处使用不同的气味。使用淡香味以避免气味积聚。
Figure 2. After eliminating in the preferred area, the blind pet is rewarded with petting. 图 2. 在宠物在首选区域排泄后，盲宠物会得到抚摸作为奖励。
Figure 3. Marking such obstacles as steps with a lightly scented substance helps the pet find its way back through the pet door. 图 3. 用带有淡香味的物质标记台阶等障碍物，有助于宠物通过宠物门找到回家的路。
of odors around the house, which has been the only owner complaint about this method. 房子周围的气味，这是使用这种方法时唯一的主人抱怨。
Wear a small bell or a bracelet that jingles. Visitors can also be equipped with such jewelry. This allows the dog to follow its owner’s movements more easily. One owner I know hangs a small bell on his belt loop. His blind dog follows with amazing accuracy even on daily jogs. 佩戴一个小铃铛或发出叮当声的手链。访客也可以佩戴这样的饰品。这使得狗更容易跟随主人的动作。我认识的一位主人在他的裤带环上挂了一个小铃铛。他的盲犬即使在日常慢跑时也能惊人地准确跟随。
Sightless dogs tend to adjust well to the problem, with little trouble to the owners. The suggestions above have been helpful in cases where the owner feels the need to do something to make the adjustment a little less difficult for the dog. 失明的狗往往能很好地适应这个问题，给主人带来的麻烦很小。上述建议在主人觉得需要做些什么以使狗的适应过程稍微容易一些的情况下很有帮助。
Older blind dogs may be handicapped, but they should be treated, as far as possible, as if they were normal. This means using the earned-petting routine regularly, and performing obedience routines learned before the onset of blindness. My own Dalmatian continued to go out every morning to sniff out and bring the morning newspaper until the day she died (Fig 4). 年长的盲犬可能有些残疾，但应尽可能像对待正常狗一样对待它们。这意味着要定期使用奖励抚摸的方式，并执行失明前学会的服从训练。我的斑点狗直到去世那天，仍每天早晨出去嗅闻并叼回晨报（见图 4）。
Senility 老年痴呆
Dogs may become forgetful as they age. Signs of senility include unexplained housesoiling, and failure to recognize previously familiar people, animals, objects or places. 随着年龄增长，狗可能会变得健忘。老年痴呆的迹象包括无法解释的室内排泄，以及无法识别以前熟悉的人、动物、物品或地点。
Figure 4. The author’s Dalmatian, blind for 4 years, continued to fetch the bulky daily newspaper, and was rewarded with praise and petting. 图 4. 作者的达尔马提亚犬，失明已有 4 年，仍然会叼来笨重的日报，并因此获得赞扬和抚摸作为奖励。
Research in human and veterinary geriatrics has shown that certain nutritional supplements may benefit elderly dogs with forgetfulness and lethargy. Chief among these nutritional supplements is choline. Many geriatric animals are deficient in this neurotransmitter. Vet-A-Mix (Shenandoah, IA) manufactures choline tablets for dogs and cats, sold under the brand names of DynaLode and Cholodin. They are generally available through veterinary supply distributors. 人类和兽医老年医学的研究表明，某些营养补充剂可能对患有健忘和嗜睡的老年犬有益。其中最重要的营养补充剂是胆碱。许多老年动物缺乏这种神经递质。Vet-A-Mix（爱荷华州申南多厄）生产用于犬猫的胆碱片，品牌名为 DynaLode 和 Cholodin。它们通常通过兽医供应分销商销售。
We have used choline supplementation, along with housetraining sessions, to treat housesoiling in older dogs. Choline also has been amazingly effective in combatting lethargy in several older dogs. 我们使用胆碱补充剂结合室内训练课程来治疗年长犬只的室内排泄问题。胆碱在对抗几只年长犬只的嗜睡症状方面也表现出了惊人的效果。
Physical Soreness and Irritability 身体酸痛与易怒
It has always seemed sensible to me to treat the idiosyncrasies of old age with some consideration. It is reasonable to assume that the aches and pains of old age will cause some behavioral changes. However, some people do not allow their pet dogs the dignity of old age quirks. 我一直认为，理智地对待老年期的怪癖是明智的。合理地假设，老年期的酸痛会引起一些行为上的变化。然而，有些人并不允许他们的宠物狗拥有老年期的尊严和怪癖。
“I always grabbed her by the rump and pulled her to me,” said a client who was recently bitten by his 11 -year-old Setter mix. “一直都是抓着她的臀部把她拉到我身边，”一位客户说，他最近被他那只 11 岁的塞特混血犬咬伤了。
“She never bit me before. I think she’s going balmy in her old age.” “她以前从没咬过我。我觉得她年纪大了，有点神经错乱。”
The solution to such problems, of course, is to have a little consideration for the pet’s physical condition, and respect its needs. The following simple rules will help minimize problems. 解决这类问题的方法当然是多考虑宠物的身体状况，尊重它的需求。以下简单规则有助于减少问题。
Let sleeping dogs lie. 让睡着的狗安静睡觉。
Feed a proper geriatric diet without tidbits or extras. 喂食适合老年犬的饮食，不要给零食或额外的食物。
Except when the pet solicits attention, do not bother it. When it does want to be petted, have the dog sit before petting. Then, be brief about it. This will avoid “spoiling” the dog in its old age. 除非宠物主动寻求关注，否则不要打扰它。当它想被抚摸时，让狗先坐下再抚摸。抚摸时要简短。这样可以避免在它年老时被“宠坏”。
Never coddle the pet or act overly sympathetic when it seems to complain. 当宠物似乎在抱怨时，切勿溺爱它或表现出过度同情。
Don’t subject the dog to strenuous exercise if it invariably becomes sore afterward. 如果狗每次运动后都会感到酸痛，就不要让它进行剧烈运动。
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Introducing Babies and New Pets to Resident Dogs 给家里的狗介绍婴儿和新宠物
The same general rules for introducing a new baby brother or sister to its older siblings apply to established household dogs. That is, the newcomer, whether a pup, adult dog, cat, baby or elderly relative, should mean good times for the dog. If the relationships with its owners are positive, the dog will feel good about the newcomer, showing good-natured interest. 引入新生的弟弟或妹妹给年长的兄弟姐妹时所遵循的一般规则，同样适用于已定居的家庭犬。也就是说，无论新来者是幼犬、成年犬、猫、婴儿还是年长的亲属，都应该意味着狗狗的美好时光。如果它与主人的关系积极，狗狗会对新来者感到愉快，表现出友善的兴趣。
Special Steps 特别步骤
If relationships are not positive, the learn-to-earn routine (Chapter 8) should be used at least 2 weeks before the newcomer’s arrival. Also, if the resident dog has ongoing behavior problems, these must be corrected before the newcomer’s arrival, so as to avoid linking the newcomer’s arrival to the new behavioral regimen. 如果关系不积极，应至少在新来者到来前两周使用“学会赚取”程序（第 8 章）。此外，如果家中的狗狗存在持续的行为问题，必须在新来者到来之前纠正，以避免将新来者的到来与新的行为规范联系起来。
Four days before the newcomer is introduced, the amount of attention given the resident dog must be reduced to below the level of attention it will receive after the newcomer’s arrival. Dogs are extremely sensitive to both the quality and the quantity of attention they get from their owners. Reducing the attention 在引入新来者的四天前，给予家中狗狗的关注量必须减少到低于新来者到来后它将获得的关注水平。狗狗对主人给予的关注的质量和数量都极为敏感。减少关注量
level before the newcomer arrives leads the dog to perceive an increase in attention it receives after the newcomer’s arrival. 在新来者到来之前的关注水平，会导致狗感知到在新来者到来后它所获得的关注增加。
If the times for feeding babies or caring for other newcomers conflict with the times when the resident dog is accustomed to receiving attention, such as walks or play periods, these times must be adjusted to avoid conflict. When this is not possible, and “prime time” for the resident dog cannot be afforded, these customary activities should be eliminated at least a week before the newcomer arrives. Again, this avoids negative associations with the newcomer. 如果喂养幼崽或照顾其他新来者的时间与原有狗习惯接受关注的时间（如散步或玩耍时间）冲突，必须调整这些时间以避免冲突。当无法调整，且无法给予原有狗“黄金时间”时，应至少在新来者到来前一周取消这些习惯性的活动。同样，这样做可以避免对新来者产生负面联想。
Personal Contact 个人接触
When new puppies are brought home, the resident dog should be allowed free access to investigate while the owners offer plenty of jolly praise to the resident dog, not the puppy. Puppies adapt nicely and should be allowed to “fit in” with the resident dog’s routine. In this way, the puppy will naturally assume a subordinate position to the resident dog, which will prevent rivalry as the puppy matures. 当新幼犬带回家时，应允许原有狗自由接近调查，同时主人应给予原有狗大量愉快的赞扬，而不是幼犬。幼犬适应能力强，应允许其“融入”原有狗的日常生活。通过这种方式，幼犬自然会处于原有狗的从属地位，这将防止幼犬成长过程中产生竞争。
A new baby should be introduced with the Jolly Routine, and the dog should be allowed to sniff the infant. As to how close this contact should be, this is best left to the owner’s discretion. Owners are more sensitive to their dogs’ moods than outsiders. If the owner is nervous about putting the baby on the floor for the dog to freely investigate, this should be avoided, as the dog will sense the owner’s anxiety and may perceive the baby and situation as “wrong.” 新生儿应通过欢乐例行程序介绍给狗狗，并允许狗狗嗅闻婴儿。至于这种接触应有多近，最好由主人自行判断。主人比外人更能敏感地察觉狗狗的情绪。如果主人对将婴儿放在地上让狗狗自由探查感到紧张，应避免这样做，因为狗狗会感受到主人的焦虑，可能会将婴儿和这种情况视为“不对劲”。
If the dog’s perception of the newcomer and its owners’ response is upbeat and positive, the newcomer is usually readily accepted. 如果狗狗对新来者的感知以及主人对新来者的反应是积极乐观的，新来者通常会被迅速接受。
When Babies Cry, Crawl and Fall 当婴儿哭泣、爬行和跌倒时
Immobile, quiet babies are one thing, but a squalling infant is perceived as another kind of “animal” by a dog. Most dogs show concern when babies start their high-pitched complaining. This is normal canine behavior. However, when such crying begins, it is best to call the dog to Come, then “jolly” it so that it does not think the child is in pain. Then the baby can be attended to. In this way, most dogs will seek out the owners when the baby starts to cry, rather than rush to the baby. This can be life saving 不动且安静的婴儿是一回事，但尖叫的婴儿在狗狗眼中则被视为另一种“动物”。大多数狗狗在婴儿开始发出高音调的抱怨时会表现出关心。这是正常的犬类行为。然而，当这种哭声开始时，最好叫狗狗过来，然后用“欢乐”方式安抚它，让它不要认为孩子在受痛苦。然后再去照顾婴儿。通过这种方式，大多数狗狗在婴儿开始哭泣时会去找主人，而不是冲向婴儿。这可能会挽救生命。
if the child is genuinely injured or ill, and the owners are asleep and out of earshot. 如果孩子确实受伤或生病，而主人正在睡觉且听不到声音。
The first crawling by an infant may elicit extreme curiosity from the dog. As with other first-time experiences, the Jolly Routine should be used here, too. This also applies to the baby’s first attempts at walking. 婴儿第一次爬行可能会引起狗极大的好奇心。和其他首次经历一样，这里也应使用“欢乐例行程序”。这同样适用于婴儿第一次尝试走路。
When the baby is actually walking, and tumbles or careens awkwardly toward the dog, “jollies” should be applied. If the child appears about to fall on or corner the dog, the dog should be shown by the owner’s movement how to move away from the youngster. This should be continued until the dog moves away on its own. 当婴儿真正开始走路，且跌倒或笨拙地朝狗冲去时，应施以“欢乐”。如果孩子看起来快要跌倒在狗身上或将狗逼入角落，主人应通过自己的动作示范给狗看如何远离孩子。应持续这样做，直到狗自己主动离开。
When the baby falls, the owner should avoid rushing over and picking it up. Once again, a moment of jollies and a calm approach to righting the child will help avoid the idea that a fallen child warrants concern. Many parents whose dogs have developed negative relationships with babies tell me that the problem started when the dog was scolded or punished for rushing over to the fallen baby, an act which they learned from the parents! 当婴儿跌倒时，主人应避免急忙跑过去抱起孩子。再次强调，施以一阵“欢乐”并冷静地帮助孩子站起来，有助于避免让孩子觉得跌倒需要特别关心。许多养狗的父母告诉我，狗与婴儿关系变差的问题，往往始于狗因冲向跌倒的婴儿而被责骂或惩罚，而这种行为是狗从父母那里学来的！
Baby Investigates Dog 婴儿探索狗狗
It is wise to allow a maturing baby to satisfy its interest in the dog. However, this should be done with supervision and lots of happy praise for the dog. It is unwise to scold a baby if it inadvertently steps on or sticks a finger in the dog’s eye, pulls its hair, etc. The dog may believe the scolding is aimed at it or perceive the baby is being punished. Either way, there is the risk that the dog may later attempt to “discipline” the baby in the owner’s absence. Rather, the dog should be jollied and the child should be calmly shown the proper way to pet the dog. 允许正在成长的婴儿满足对狗狗的好奇心是明智的做法。然而，这应在监督下进行，并对狗狗给予大量愉快的表扬。如果婴儿无意中踩到狗狗或把手指伸进狗狗眼睛里、拉扯它的毛发等，责骂婴儿是不明智的。狗狗可能会认为责骂是针对它的，或者觉得婴儿正在被惩罚。无论哪种情况，都存在狗狗可能在主人不在时试图“管教”婴儿的风险。相反，应逗乐狗狗，并平静地向孩子展示正确的抚摸狗狗的方法。
The foregoing steps help to ensure the most satisfactory integration of newcomers into the domain of a resident dog. If negative interaction is avoided and positive initial emotional experiences are accentuated, most dogs establish harmonious relationships with their new family members. 上述步骤有助于确保新成员顺利融入已有狗狗的领域。如果避免负面互动并强调积极的初始情感体验，大多数狗狗都能与新家庭成员建立和谐的关系。
Adopting a Mature Dog 收养一只成熟的狗狗
The tendency to get rid of a dog because of some minor inconvenience has created a vast pool of adoptable mature pets 因为一些小的不便而抛弃狗的倾向，造成了动物收容所中大量可领养的成年宠物。
in animal shelters. Unlike inmates on death row, they have no right of appeal. Their lives are usually limited to the days until euthanasia. Many well-behaved mixed-breed and purebred dogs are in ample supply at shelters. 与死刑犯不同，它们没有上诉权。它们的生命通常只剩下等待安乐死的日子。许多行为良好的杂交犬和纯种犬在收容所中供应充足。
There are advantages and disadvantages of adopting a mature dog from a private party or a shelter. 从私人或收容所领养成年狗有利有弊。
Advantages 优点
The dog usually is already housetrained. 这只狗通常已经接受过室内训练。
The dog’s behavior and personality tend to be stable, and not subject to the changes seen in maturing puppies. 这只狗的行为和性格往往比较稳定，不会像正在成长的小狗那样发生变化。
The dog is not subject to diseases of puppyhood. 这只狗不会患上幼犬期常见的疾病。
The dog’s health record and behavioral history usually are available, and problems may be avoided. 这只狗的健康记录和行为历史通常是可查的，因此可以避免出现问题。
The dog’s cost, if any, is usually lower than that for a puppy. 狗的费用（如果有的话）通常低于小狗的费用。
Disadvantages 缺点
The dog has already “lost” its human family and may tend to be insecure. Therefore, it requires careful behavioral/ emotional guidance. 这只狗已经“失去了”它的人类家庭，可能倾向于不安全感。因此，它需要细心的行为/情感指导。
The dog may have behavior problems that are not evident until after several weeks in its new home. 这只狗可能存在行为问题，直到在新家几周后才显现出来。
The new owners will not benefit from the optimum socialization periods of puppy development. 新主人将无法受益于幼犬发育的最佳社会化时期。
Fortunately, most humane society shelters evaluate all aspects of their dogs, from health to behavior and personality. Many shelters develop profiles of the home environments best suited to each dog and offer guidance in selecting an older dog. Once the choice is made, the following steps have proven most successful in helping the new dog settle in. 幸运的是，大多数人道协会收容所会评估其所有狗的各个方面，从健康到行为和性格。许多收容所会为每只狗制定最适合其的家庭环境档案，并在选择成年犬时提供指导。一旦做出选择，以下步骤已被证明是帮助新狗适应环境的最有效方法。
Introduction to a Resident Dog: If the owner has another dog, the program for introducing babies and new pets (see above) can be used. 与现有犬只的介绍：如果主人已有另一只狗，可以使用婴儿和新宠物介绍的程序（见上文）。
The Ride Home: The dog should be picked up from the shelter and taken directly to the veterinarian for a general examination. This helps avoid bringing parasites or infectious organisms into the home. During the ride from the shelter, the dog should be in 回家途中：应直接从收容所接狗，并立即带到兽医处进行全面检查。这有助于避免将寄生虫或传染性病原体带入家中。在从收容所回家的途中，狗应处于
the passenger compartment of the vehicle, and the new owners should be friendly but calm. If the dog is restless or whines or drools, this should be ignored. In other words, overemotionality should be avoided. 车辆的乘客舱内，新主人应保持友好但冷静。如果狗狗不安、呜咽或流口水，应予以忽视。换句话说，应避免过度情绪化。
At the New Home: Before the dog is brought into the house or apartment, it should be taken to the selected toilet area immediately. Urination or defecation in other areas should be stopped by distracting the dog. Its first memory of eliminating should be in the correct place, and the act reinforced with praise. 在新家：在将狗狗带入房屋或公寓之前，应立即带它去指定的厕所区域。若在其他地方排尿或排便，应通过分散注意力来制止。它对排泄的第一记忆应是在正确的地方，并通过表扬来强化这一行为。
Once in the home, it should be offered a bowl of water in the place assigned permanently. If it drinks copiously, another trip to the outdoor toilet area is in order. Also, it may have to defecate soon after it eats. 一旦进入家中，应在固定位置提供一碗水。如果它大量饮水，应再次带它去户外厕所区域。此外，它可能在进食后不久需要排便。
The dog should then be allowed to investigate the entire home. It is vital that the new pet get to know the odors of its new home so as to feel secure about it. The owners should avoid following and talking to the dog. 然后应允许狗狗探索整个家。让新宠物熟悉新家的气味至关重要，这样它才能感到安全。主人应避免跟随和与狗狗交谈。
However, an eye should be kept on it and a quick, single handclap used for distraction if it appears about to eliminate, pick up inappropriate objects, or get on furniture (if such will not be allowed generally). 然而，应密切关注它，如果它看起来要排泄、拾取不适当的物品或爬上家具（如果通常不允许这样做），应使用快速的单手拍手声进行分散注意力。
Once they investigate their new home, most dogs turn their attentions to their new “family.” The learn-to-earn regimen (Chapter 8) should be instituted by telling it to Sit before petting and praising. All family members capable of this must apply it consistently. 一旦它们探索了新家，大多数狗会将注意力转向它们的新“家庭”。应通过让它先坐下再抚摸和表扬来实施“学着赚取”训练计划（第 8 章）。所有能够做到的家庭成员都必须始终如一地执行这一点。
Housetraining: The housetraining program, as used for puppies, should be instituted. Mature dogs need guidance in a new home, just as new puppies do 如同对待小狗一样，应实施如厕训练计划。成犬在新家中也需要指导，就像新小狗一样。
Leaving the Dog Alone: Initially, the dog should not be left alone for at least 3 hours. Then, without speaking to the dog or making eye contact, the owners should quietly leave by the door generally used for routine out-of-home affairs. If, from outside the door, the dog can be heard fussing inside, the owners must not reenter until it has stopped for at least 4 minutes. Then the owners should go back in, avoiding excessive emotion, but speaking praise quietly, not at the door, but in an area the dog will be expected to occupy when left alone. 独自留狗：最初，狗不应独自留超过 3 小时。然后，主人应在不与狗说话或进行眼神交流的情况下，安静地从通常用于日常外出事务的门离开。如果从门外能听到狗在里面吵闹，主人必须等到它至少安静 4 分钟后才重新进入。然后主人应回到屋内，避免过度情绪化，但要轻声表扬，不在门口，而是在狗被期望独处的区域内。
If the dog does not fuss, the owners should stay outside at least 15 minutes before reentry with quiet praise. Time away should then be doubled and redoubled until an hour passes with no unwanted behavior, such as barking, whining or pacing. 如果狗狗没有吵闹，主人应在重新进入前至少在外面停留 15 分钟，并给予安静的表扬。离开的时间应逐渐加倍，直到一个小时内没有出现不良行为，如吠叫、哀鸣或徘徊。
This program instills important first impressions regarding the owners’ departures and arrivals. If these are unemotional and matter of fact, the dog will take them in stride. 该方案灌输关于主人离开和回归的重要第一印象。如果这些行为表现得冷静且事实陈述，狗狗会泰然处之。
Sleeping Arrangements: Given an opportunity, most dogs will sleep 16-18 hours a day. When the family sleeps, they do also. The dog should be encouraged to sleep in a bedroom where people sleep. If a dog bed is to be provided, it should be left in the bedroom so the dog can use it in the owners’ absence. Most dogs tend to go there when left alone. If no dog bed is used, its sleeping spot should always be accessible. 睡眠安排：大多数狗狗如果有机会，会每天睡 16-18 小时。当家人睡觉时，狗狗也会睡。应鼓励狗狗在有人睡觉的卧室里睡觉。如果提供狗床，应放在卧室里，以便主人不在时狗狗可以使用。大多数狗狗在被单独留下时会去那里。如果不使用狗床，狗狗的睡觉地点应始终保持可达。
Visitors: Visitors should be brought into the home as often as possible so the dog can learn to expect and greet them calmly. 访客：应尽可能频繁地带访客进入家中，让狗狗学会期待并平静地迎接他们。
Neighborhood Walks: Neighborhood walks should be avoided for the first few weeks. This “local quarantine” allows the dog to become firmly bonded to its new home and family. Neighborhood walks introduce distractions that may interfere with family relationships. 邻里散步：在最初的几周内应避免邻里散步。这种“本地隔离”让狗狗能够牢固地与新家和家庭建立联系。邻里散步会带来干扰，可能影响家庭关系。
This plan will settle most dogs nicely in 2-4 days. However, in any social or learning situation, at least 6 weeks are needed before the newly adopted dog tends to retain its lessons permanently. As the dog gains more confidence about its social relationships, it may begin to “test” its place in the family regarding leadership and dominance. Depending on the nature of such actions (jumping up, etc), the appropriate correction program should be immediately instituted. 这个计划通常能让大多数狗狗在 2-4 天内安定下来。然而，在任何社交或学习环境中，至少需要 6 周时间，新领养的狗狗才能较为持久地记住所学内容。随着狗狗对社交关系的信心增加，它可能会开始“测试”自己在家庭中的地位，涉及领导权和支配权。根据这些行为的性质（如跳跃等），应立即实施适当的纠正方案。
15
Training Systems and Professional Assistance 训练系统与专业帮助
Dog owners who need help in training or behavior problems have a confusing array of devices and individuals from which to choose. This chapter briefly describes some of the training systems and devices which the author finds to be humane and effective, as well as some we feel are not humane and may actually be harmful. 需要训练或行为问题帮助的狗主人面临着众多设备和人员的选择，令人困惑。本章简要介绍了作者认为既人道又有效的一些训练系统和设备，以及一些我们认为不人道且可能有害的设备。
Obedience Instructors 服从训练师
Obedience instructors generally gain experience through apprentice programs, working as assistants with a experienced instructors. The National Association of Dog Obedience Instructors (NADOI) has an extensive apprenticeship program, after which practical and written examinations must be passed before certification. Certified NADOI instructors generally display the NADOI insignia. 服从训练师通常通过学徒计划获得经验，作为有经验训练师的助理工作。美国国家犬类服从训练师协会（NADOI）有一个广泛的学徒计划，完成后必须通过实践和笔试才能获得认证。获得 NADOI 认证的训练师通常会展示 NADOI 徽章。
Dog owners should be aware that there are no generally accepted training or equipment standards for humaneness, inhumaneness, abuse or downright cruelty among American dog trainers or organizations. The United Kingdom and a few other countries have associations whose charters ban compulsion, i.e., electric shock, fear, or pain, either to train or modify behavior, the United States 狗主人应当意识到，在美国的狗训练师或组织中，没有普遍认可的人道、非人道、虐待或彻底残忍的训练或设备标准。英国和其他一些国家有协会，其章程禁止使用强制手段，即电击、恐惧或疼痛来训练或改变行为，而美国尚未出现这样的组织。
has yet to see such a group formed. Even so, there are many humane, ethical trainers and behavior consultants in the U.S. and other countries without organized associations. And there are ways to find such professionals, as will be seen here. 即便如此，美国和其他国家仍有许多人道、合乎伦理的训练师和行为顾问，尽管他们没有组织化的协会。这里将介绍如何找到这些专业人士的方法。
Obedience Training Programs and Systems 服从训练课程与体系
Puppy Classes 幼犬课程
Puppy kindergarten classes are growing in popularity and are generally conducted by behavior consultants, obedience instructors or veterinary technicians. There is no standard format for these, nor am I sure there should be. This is because more information is needed before a well-balanced program can be devised, with systems flexible enough to deal with all types of puppies and people. 幼犬幼儿园课程越来越受欢迎，通常由行为顾问、服从训练教练或兽医技术人员主持。这类课程没有统一的标准格式，我也不确定是否应该有。这是因为在设计一个均衡的课程之前，需要更多的信息，同时课程体系必须足够灵活，以应对各种类型的幼犬和不同的主人。
Before enrolling a puppy, the owner should make arrangements to attend a class without her or his puppy, if possible. This allows an opportunity to see the instructor in action. If they find the class atmosphere uncomfortable, it is best to seek another program. 在为幼犬报名之前，主人应尽可能安排一次不带幼犬的试听课程。这可以让主人有机会观察教练的教学方式。如果发现课堂氛围让人不舒服，最好另寻他处。
Puppy classes offer the owner an economical opportunity to socialize the puppy with other pups, dogs, adults and children at weekly meetings, often held indoors. Attending animals are in good health, which minimizes the danger of contracting disease. 幼犬课程为主人提供了一个经济实惠的机会，让幼犬在每周的聚会中与其他幼犬、成犬、成人和儿童进行社交，这些聚会通常在室内举行。参加的动物都健康良好，这最大限度地减少了感染疾病的风险。
Lessons concern health care, nutrition, exercise, grooming, and instruction to Sit, Stay and Come and, in some, leash walking. Food-bait reward systems are used in many classes, while others rely on praise and petting. 课程内容包括健康护理、营养、锻炼、梳理，以及坐下、停留和过来等指令的训练，有些课程还包括牵引绳行走训练。许多课程采用食物诱饵奖励系统，而其他课程则依赖表扬和抚摸。
Owners should ask about all training methods. If these include any hitting, snout-clamping, shaking, fingers-down-the-throat or other compulsive corrections, we advise owners not to enroll. As mentioned earlier, in 1998 a puppy was ‘gagged’ and shaken, then collapsed and died during a training class. Puppies can also suffer spinal injuries and brain damage, just as can human babies, as a result of being shaken. 主人应询问所有训练方法。如果这些方法包括任何打击、夹鼻、摇晃、用手指掏喉咙或其他强制性纠正，我们建议主人不要报名。如前所述，1998 年一只幼犬在训练课上被“堵嘴”并摇晃，随后倒地并死亡。幼犬也可能因被摇晃而遭受脊椎损伤和脑损伤，就像人类婴儿一样。
Basic Obedience Programs 基础服从训练课程
These vary so much in training methods, instructor competence and class size that the best advice is to personally investigate the 这些在训练方法、教练能力和班级规模上差异很大，因此最好的建议是在报名之前亲自调查教练和训练技巧。
instructors and techniques before enrolling. Basic obedience programs may have some of the following strengths and shortcomings: 基础服从训练课程可能具有以下一些优点和缺点：
Strengths: 优点：
Lessons may help control the dog on leash in distracting situations. 课程可能有助于在干扰环境中控制牵引绳上的狗。
Owners can meet other owners with similar breeds, problems or other common interests. 主人们可以遇到拥有相似品种、问题或其他共同兴趣的其他主人。
“Graduating” dogs may progress to more advanced obedience training. “毕业”的狗狗可以进入更高级的服从训练。
Shortcomings: 缺点：
Many classes are large, usually over 20 owner-dog pairs, affording little or no time for personal assistance. 许多课程规模较大，通常超过 20 对主人和狗，几乎没有时间提供个人帮助。
Courses often require 10 weeks, at 1 class per week, which some owners complain is too long. 课程通常需要 10 周，每周上一节课，有些主人抱怨时间太长。
Some instructors are impatient and unsympathetic with individuals working with difficult dogs. 有些教练对与难以训练的狗一起工作的人缺乏耐心和同情心。
Some instructors use harsh and inhumane measures, such as hanging an aggressive dog by its choke collar or kneeing a jumping dog in the chest, to correct difficult dogs. 有些教练使用严厉且不人道的手段，比如用链圈吊起攻击性的狗，或用膝盖顶跳跃的狗的胸部，以纠正难以训练的狗。
The training methods may be rigid and mechanical, lacking variety, which may benefit some owners and dogs. 训练方法可能僵硬机械，缺乏多样性，但这可能对某些主人和狗有益。
Disappointed owners say they wish they had met the instructors personally or had attended a class first, without their dogs, to evaluate the program before enrolling. 失望的主人表示，他们希望能亲自见见教练，或者先参加一次没有带狗的课程，以便在报名之前评估该课程。
Satisfied owners attended small classes, with fewer than 10 other students. 满意的主人参加了小班课程，班上学生人数少于 10 人。
Private In-Home Obedience Programs 私人家庭服从训练课程
These vary widely in instructor experience and competence, techniques, course content and cost. The best advice to owners contemplating private obedience programs is to investigate fully the techniques to be applied, and speak with other owners with similar problems and dogs who have used that instructor. Both the instructor and the former clients should be asked about the harshest treatment techniques used during the program. If the dog owner wants assistance with behavior problems unrelated to training, this should be made clear at the initial interview, with special emphasis 这些课程在教练的经验和能力、训练技巧、课程内容和费用上差异很大。对于考虑私人服从训练课程的主人，最好的建议是充分调查将要采用的训练技巧，并与有类似问题和狗狗的其他主人交流，了解他们使用过该教练的情况。应向教练和之前的客户询问课程中使用的最严厉的训练方法。如果狗主人希望获得与训练无关的行为问题帮助，应在初次面谈时明确说明，并特别强调。
on the instructor’s experience and techniques to be applied. Many owners who did not make inquiries complained that methods used on their dog were far more harsh than they anticipated, such as sharp leash corrections with choke collars or spike collars, hanging, whipping and hitting unruly or aggressive dogs, or extensive hours of crating. 这取决于教练的经验和所采用的技巧。许多没有事先咨询的主人抱怨，对他们的狗使用的方法比预期的要严厉得多，比如用勒颈圈或刺颈圈进行尖锐的牵引纠正，悬挂、鞭打和打击不听话或具有攻击性的狗，或者长时间将狗关在笼子里。
Boarding Obedience Programs 寄宿服从训练项目
Sending the dog away to a training facility for a few weeks is an appealing concept. However, it is expensive and still requires extensive follow-up work by the owners to be effective. 将狗送到训练设施几周是一个很有吸引力的想法。然而，这很昂贵，而且仍然需要主人进行大量的后续工作才能有效。
Boarding obedience programs are far longer than required in most cases, usually 6-12 weeks, after which the owner must still follow up and work with the dog almost daily to achieve the degree of obedience obtained by a professional trainer. 寄宿服从训练项目通常比大多数情况下所需的时间要长得多，通常为 6 到 12 周，之后主人仍需几乎每天与狗一起训练，才能达到专业训练师所获得的服从程度。
By contrast, in the early 1970s at our Sun Valley Ranch facility in Los Angeles, Peggy and I trained 5 dogs weekly in 41//241 / 2 days, both on- and off-leash to Come, Sit, Stay, Heel, Down, Go to a designated place, and Stay until released. This was combined with behavior problem corrections, from housetraining, through chewing, to fighting other dogs and biting. Our methods were demonstrated and/or explained fully to each client. Each program was guaranteed to correct problem behavior and produce dependable command responses while in our charge. This was easily demonstrated to our clients’ satisfaction when they picked up their “instant good dogs” and put them through their ritual obedience routines. 相比之下，在 1970 年代初期，在我们位于洛杉矶的 Sun Valley Ranch 设施，Peggy 和我每周在 41//241 / 2 天内训练 5 只狗，既有牵绳训练也有无牵绳训练，内容包括“来”、“坐下”、“停留”、“跟随”、“趴下”、“去指定地点”以及“保持直到被释放”。这还结合了行为问题的纠正，从如厕训练、咬东西，到与其他狗打架和咬人。我们的训练方法都会向每位客户充分展示和/或解释。每个训练项目都保证纠正问题行为，并在我们照看期间产生可靠的指令反应。当客户来接他们的“立刻变好的狗”并让它们完成例行的服从训练时，这一点很容易向客户证明，令他们满意。
All clients were thoroughly instructed on what to do at home, and were given a complete follow-up, in-home behavioral “prescription.” The program was immensely popular. However, after the dogs went back home, the old environmental forces that had created the problems soon took their toll, as most owners (over 75%75 \% ) lacked the motivation to change their own ways in living with their “new” dog. As a result, we were soon spending weekends in follow-up consultations to fulfill what we considered our ethical obligation to the clients and their pets. 所有客户都被详细指导了在家中应采取的措施，并获得了一份完整的后续家庭行为“处方”。该项目非常受欢迎。然而，狗狗回家后，导致问题的旧环境因素很快又开始发挥作用，因为大多数主人（超过 75%75 \% ）缺乏改变自己与“新”狗相处方式的动力。因此，我们很快就开始在周末进行后续咨询，以履行我们认为对客户及其宠物的道德义务。
Once again, a consultant/client relationship is needed which spans several weekly meetings, plus a virtual ‘open line’ for telephone assistance between weekly meetings in case interim problems arise. 再次强调，需要建立一个顾问/客户关系，涵盖数次每周会议，并在每周会议之间提供一个虚拟的“开放热线”以便电话协助，以防出现临时问题。
Even though the Los Angeles market of troubled dog owners would have supported it, we believed it was improper to continue boarding programs. We abandoned them in favor of weekly meetings for 6 weeks. This proved remarkably effective in 96%96 \% of the cases treated during the ensuing years! 尽管洛杉矶问题犬主市场对此有需求，我们仍认为继续寄养项目不合适。我们放弃了寄养，转而采用为期 6 周的每周会议。这在随后几年中治疗的 96%96 \% 案例中证明极为有效！
Most obedience trainers understand the value of the owners teaching their dog themselves or treating problems with the dog in its home environment. Many boarding kennels now offer weekly classes in which the owners are counseled and trained in obedience techniques. This is quicker, more effective and less expensive than adding the costs of boarding the dog for long periods, and still spending time on follow-up work at home. 大多数服从训练师都理解让主人自己教导狗狗或在家中环境中处理狗狗问题的重要性。许多寄养犬舍现在提供每周课程，指导和训练主人掌握服从技巧。这比长时间寄养狗狗并且还要花时间在家中进行后续训练更快、更有效且成本更低。
Professional Behavior Consultants 专业行为顾问
Since the 1970s, the number of dog behavior consultants has grown from a handful to thousands. Their qualifications range from the self-taught to formally educated at universities. Some have undergone apprentice training with an experienced professional. Others have simply advertised their services and learned by experience. 自 20 世纪 70 年代以来，狗行为顾问的数量从少数增长到数千人。他们的资质从自学成才到在大学接受正规教育不等。有些人曾在有经验的专业人士那里进行学徒培训。还有些人只是通过广告宣传自己的服务并在实践中学习。
The fact that training instructors, veterinarians behaviorists, psychologists, animal behaviorists, zoologists and sociologists charge single consultation fees ranging from $15\$ 15 to more than $250\$ 250 is more an indication of a growing public demand than the competence of those attempting to fill that demand. 训练教练、兽医行为学家、心理学家、动物行为学家、动物学家和社会学家收取的单次咨询费用从 $15\$ 15 到超过 $250\$ 250 不等，这更多地反映了公众需求的增长，而非那些试图满足这一需求者的能力水平。
One recent HelpLine caller had sought advice from a behaviorist about a 2-year old neutered male Yorkshire Terrier. The dog had started snapping at her when she picked him up. The behaviorist, according to the caller, warned her of the gavity of the problem and that it would cost $1,500\$ 1,500 to solve it. This diagnosis was reached in less than three minutes on the telephone. Obviously, the public needs more educating! 一位最近致电求助热线的来电者曾向一位行为学家咨询关于一只两岁已绝育的雄性约克夏犬的问题。根据来电者的说法，这只狗在她抱起它时开始咬她。行为学家警告她问题的严重性，并表示解决该问题的费用将是 $1,500\$ 1,500 。这个诊断是在电话中不到三分钟内得出的。显然，公众需要更多的教育！
After speaking with many such dog owners and evaluating the entire spectrum of qualifications of dog trainers and behavior consultants, I developed guidelines that dog owners may use to locate the consultant best suited to that owner, their dog and its specific problems. The system has been used successfully by thousands of dog owners with excellent results. It appears on page 109, Chapter 4. 在与许多此类狗主人交谈并评估了狗训练师和行为顾问的各种资质后，我制定了指导方针，供狗主人用来寻找最适合他们自己、他们的狗及其具体问题的顾问。该系统已被数千名狗主人成功使用，效果显著。该内容见第 4 章第 109 页。
Devices for Training and Behavior Control 训练和行为控制设备
The devices described here are available to the public through retail stores, mail order houses and some veterinary practices. This review does not include all of the various products available, but presents an overview of significant innovations and modes of operation for those which are mentioned. 这里描述的设备可通过零售店、邮购公司以及一些兽医诊所向公众提供。本综述未涵盖所有可用的各种产品，但对所提及的设备的重要创新和操作模式进行了概述。
Anti-Bark Shock Collars 防吠电击项圈
Electric shock creates pain, fear, and can induce acute stress for the dog. (1996 study, Utrecht Univ. The Netherlands). Anyone considering one of these should strap one on their own neck before putting it in their dog. A Cornell University study found citronella collars to be 88.9%88.9 \% effective, while electric shock worked in only 44.4%44.4 \% of cases. 电击会造成疼痛、恐惧，并可能引发狗的急性压力。（1996 年，荷兰乌得勒支大学研究）任何考虑使用此类项圈的人，应该先将其戴在自己脖子上，再给狗戴。康奈尔大学的一项研究发现，香茅项圈的效果为 88.9%88.9 \% ，而电击项圈仅在 44.4%44.4 \% 的案例中有效。
Remote-Control Shock Collars 遥控电击项圈
Many models feature variable shock intensities, with buzzers or vibrators that precede the shock to allow the dog to stop the unwanted behavior and, hence, avoid the shock. Both short-range and long-range remote-control units are available. These collars have been shown to create acute stress. 许多型号具有可调节的电击强度，配备有蜂鸣器或振动器，先发出信号让狗停止不良行为，从而避免电击。市面上有短距离和长距离遥控装置。这些项圈已被证明会引发急性压力。
"Invisible" Fencing Shock Collars “隐形”围栏电击项圈
These are reviewed in Chapter 9, Fence Jumping. 这些内容在第 9 章《跳围栏》中有介绍。
Ultrasonic Devices 超声波装置
The hearing range of dogs is from about 20 cycles per second to over 50,000 cycles per second. While this range is similar, on the low end, to that of people, the upper range in dogs is more than twice as high as in people. Dogs can hear, but learn to ignore, many sounds in the environment that are inaudible to people (ultrasound is above about 20,000 cycles per second). However, most dogs and other mammals ‘orientate’ strongly to a short ‘beep’ of ultrasound, much as humans react to a sudden movement at the edge of their peripheral visual field. The orientation reflex is not a “startle” reflex, in that it does not cause animals to move suddenly, or, to start. Pavlov called it the “what’s that?” reflex. 狗的听觉范围大约是每秒 20 次到超过每秒 50,000 次。虽然这个范围在低端与人类相似，但狗的高端听觉范围是人类的两倍多。狗能听到许多人类听不到的环境声音（超声波频率大约在每秒 20,000 次以上），但会学会忽略这些声音。然而，大多数狗和其他哺乳动物会对短促的超声波“哔”声产生强烈的“定向”反应，就像人类对周边视野边缘的突然移动做出反应一样。这个定向反射不是“惊跳”反射，因为它不会导致动物突然移动或惊跳。巴甫洛夫称之为“那是什么？”反射。
Extremely loud sounds above about 120 decibels, produced within 4-6 inches of the dog’s ear, can produce pain and defensive “startle” reflexes. The ultrasonic devices mentioned here produce ultra-sound well below the pain threshold. Their effectiveness lies in momentarily interrupting the dog’s attention to the undesirable behavioral activity, with a beep of ultrasound. When the sound is paired with a word or movement, a conditioned response can be taught. 极其响亮的声音，超过约 120 分贝，在距离狗耳朵 4-6 英寸内产生时，会引起疼痛和防御性的“惊跳”反射。这里提到的超声波装置产生的超声波远低于疼痛阈值。它们的有效性在于通过超声波的哔声瞬间打断狗对不良行为活动的注意力。当声音与某个词语或动作配对时，可以教会条件反射。
Bio-Sonic "Beanbags" 生物声波“豆袋”
This new device, nick-named “The Magic Beanbag,” combines Pavlovian and operant conditioning principles to: 这款新设备，昵称为“魔法豆袋”，结合了巴甫洛夫和操作性条件反射的原理，以：
Distract, or stop, the dog as he starts unwanted behavior, which is reinforced by certain movements, etc., and praise and/or petting, 在狗开始不良行为时，通过某些动作等强化该行为，并通过表扬和/或抚摸，分散或阻止狗的行为，
Teach commands or behavior by combining the ‘beep’ with a command to gain a conditioned orienting response, which is reinforced by the owner’s actions and praise to teach a conscious motor movement, posture or behavior (such as silence, if the dog were about to start barking.) 通过将“哔”声与命令结合，教导指令或行为，以获得条件定向反应，主人通过行动和表扬强化这一反应，从而教会有意识的运动动作、姿势或行为（例如，如果狗狗即将开始吠叫，则教它保持安静）。
The ultra-sound is made by 2-ounces of soldered, closed- link ‘high-brass’ chain in a beanbag. The sound occurs when the device lands on the ground or when it is shaken once in the hand. It is available with complete instructions from: 超声波由 2 盎司焊接的闭合环“高黄铜”链条装在豆袋中发出。该声音在装置落地或手中摇晃一次时产生。可从以下地址获得完整说明：
2-inch square bags emit ultrasound on landing or when shaken once in the hand; trigger orientation reflex to interrupt dog’s intention to jump, chew, etc., or used with word commands. 2 英寸见方的袋子在着陆或手中摇晃一次时会发出超声波；触发定向反射以打断狗跳跃、咀嚼等意图，或配合口令使用。
Dog-Master Systems: 狗主系统：
Formerly called Hi-FiDo and Sound Rx, several different DogMaster devices are now available through mail order houses, along with an accompanying manual and more than 30 audio tapes concerning use of the device to correct various behavioral problems. The devices consist of a chain of brass links (Fig 2). The ultrasound (about 34,000 cycles per second) is produced by tossing the device at the dog’s feet, or holding it in the hand and giving a single, quick shake. Both methods require considerable practice before the device can be used with the dog. Manual, vocal and visual timing skills must be practiced until the user’s full attention can be devoted to the dog to detect its responses, often as subtle as the flick of an ear or a subtle change in gait or posture. 以前称为 Hi-FiDo 和 Sound Rx，现在通过邮购商店提供多种不同的 DogMaster 设备，附带一本手册和 30 多盘关于使用该设备纠正各种行为问题的音频带。该设备由一串黄铜链环组成（见图 2）。超声波（约每秒 34,000 次）通过将设备扔到狗脚下，或手持设备快速摇晃一次产生。两种方法都需要大量练习，才能在使用时配合狗。必须练习手动、语音和视觉的时机掌握技巧，直到使用者能全神贯注于狗，捕捉其反应，这些反应往往细微如耳朵的轻微摆动或步态、姿势的微妙变化。
Comment: The Dog-Master device is effective when used properly. We used the older models, both single double loop, in many problem cases at our facility. Its only limitations are the skill of the user, and it requires dedicated practice to use it effectively. As with any type of sound distraction, instant response by the trainer is prerequisite to success. The “kits” now available include instructions sufficient for most dog owners to understand. However, as with any training technique, practice and forethought before application are required, or results can be disappointing. 评论：Dog-Master 装置在正确使用时效果显著。我们在设施中处理许多问题案例时使用了较早的型号，包括单环和双环。它唯一的限制是使用者的技能，并且需要专门的练习才能有效使用。与任何类型的声音干扰一样，训练师的即时反应是成功的前提。现在市面上的“套装”包含了足够让大多数狗主人理解的说明。然而，和任何训练技巧一样，应用前需要练习和深思熟虑，否则效果可能令人失望。
Figure 2. The Dog-Master ultrasonic device consists of a chain of brass links. 图 2. Dog-Master 超声波装置由一串黄铜链环组成。
Pet-Agree Transducer: Pet-Agree 传感器：
Pet-Agree is a hand-held ultrasonic transducer powered by a 9-volt battery (Fig 3). It is manufactured by K-II Enterprises of Solvay, New York and currently marketed through mail order houses. A more powerful device is available to government agencies, utility companies and businesses, as a deterrent against aggressive dogs. When the device is pointed at the dog, pushing its button emits an ultrasonic frequency of about 22,000 cycles per second, along with an audible frequency. This alerts or startles most dogs, depending on how close the device is to the dog, i.e., the closer to the dog, the stronger the response. Instructions are limited to use of the device in gaining the dog’s attention or interrupting its concentration on some other activity. Pet-Agree 是一种手持式超声波换能器，由 9 伏电池供电（见图 3）。它由纽约索尔维的 K-II 企业制造，目前通过邮购渠道销售。一种更强大的设备提供给政府机构、公用事业公司和企业，用作对抗攻击性犬只的威慑。当该设备对准狗时，按下按钮会发出约 22,000 赫兹的超声波频率，同时伴有可听频率。这会提醒或惊吓大多数狗，具体取决于设备与狗的距离，即距离越近，反应越强烈。说明书仅限于指导如何使用该设备引起狗的注意或打断其对其他活动的专注。
Comment: I tested the Pet-Agree device on 2 car chasers by pointing it at the dogs from my car as they were about to start the chase. Both stopped abruptly and retreated; they have not chased my car since. When the proprietor of a local kennel tested it with a constant barker, the dog stopped barking during the rest of its stay at the kennel. 评论：我在两只追车犬身上测试了 Pet-Agree 设备，当它们准备开始追逐时，我从车内对准它们使用该设备。两只狗都突然停止并退缩；此后它们再也没有追逐我的车。当当地一家犬舍的主人用它测试一只持续吠叫的狗时，该狗在犬舍停留期间停止了吠叫。
This device may be useful if one combines with it other behav-ior-modifying techniques, such as the Jolly Routine (Chapter 7). 如果将该装置与其他行为矫正技术（如第 7 章的欢乐日常）结合使用，可能会很有帮助。
Figure 3. The Pet-Agree ultrasonic transducer is a hand-held battery-operated device. 图 3. Pet-Agree 超声波换能器是一种手持式电池供电设备。
Chew-Proofing the House 防止啃咬房屋
Here’s an early training idea we have used successfully with puppies older than 6 weeks, as well as adults. John Paul Scott and John L. Fuller tested newborns’ sniffers using a commercial dog repellent containing oil of citronella. It is almost odorless to people, but leaves a “slightly nauseating after-taste in the throat.” Their newborn puppies reacted to the stuff by withdrawing their heads as far as possible. Breeders might utilize this aversion to the odor/taste to oil of citronella would be to use the test on newborns a few days after birth, then wait until they start moving around to investigate things visually. Set-ups could then be made, as described below. If the early aversion-withdrawal ‘took,’ one could expect the pups to avoid such things in the future when they saw them. 这是我们早期用在 6 周以上幼犬及成犬身上的训练方法。John Paul Scott 和 John L. Fuller 使用含有香茅油的商业犬类驱避剂测试新生幼犬的嗅觉。该驱避剂对人几乎无气味，但会在喉咙留下“略带恶心的余味”。他们的新生幼犬对这种物质的反应是尽可能地缩回头部。繁育者可以利用幼犬对香茅油气味/味道的厌恶，方法是在出生几天后对新生幼犬进行测试，然后等待它们开始四处活动并用视觉探索事物。随后可以按照下文所述进行布置。如果早期的厌恶-缩回反应“生效”，就可以预期幼犬将来看到类似物品时会避免接近。
We recommend introducing one type of movable baited taboo article at a time; electric cords, then shoes, etc. However, oil should also be applied to all taboo chewables from the beginning; stationary chair legs, the corners of furniture, baseboards, cabinets, etc. 我们建议一次引入一种可移动的带诱饵禁咬物品；先是电线，然后是鞋子等。然而，从一开始就应在所有禁咬物品上涂抹油脂；固定的椅腿、家具角落、踢脚板、橱柜等。
The best item to start with is electrical cords, unplugged. All cords are baited in every room. This avoids the danger that “context learning” might apply, i.e the pup learns to avoid cords in one room, but not in others. The pup should be allowed to investigate freely, with the owners out of his sight, but able to monitor reactions. The cords should be re-baited daily with the oil for four days, then left without refreshing. Of course, if a puppy shows no aversion to oil of citronella, another substance must be used. Substitutes generally recommended are bitter apple, liquid styptic, lemon oil and unscented underarm deodorant 最适合开始的是未插电的电线。每个房间的所有电线都要涂上诱饵油。这可以避免“情境学习”的危险，即小狗只学会在一个房间避免电线，而在其他房间不避开。应允许小狗自由探索，主人在视线之外，但能监控其反应。电线应连续四天每天重新涂抹油脂诱饵，然后停止补涂。当然，如果小狗对香茅油没有厌恶感，则必须使用其他物质。通常推荐的替代品有苦苹果液、止血液、柠檬油和无香腋下除臭剂。
A desirable chewable should be left in each room. Among the best are Nylabones, (non-chocolate flavored), Gummabones, Kongs and other non-destructible articles. Since the puppy is also in a housetraining period, we do not recommend any chewable that will be ingested, because this can stimulate defecation and urination. Next, baited footwear, shoes, slippers and socks should be left around; the oil must also be applied to the footwear being worn by family members. The baiting should be stopped when the puppy ignores the objects for four days and confines all chewing interest to acceptable chewables. 每个房间里都应放置一个合适的咀嚼物。其中最好的有 Nylabones（非巧克力味）、Gummabones、Kongs 以及其他不可破坏的物品。由于小狗还处于室内训练阶段，我们不推荐任何会被吞食的咀嚼物，因为这可能刺激排便和排尿。接下来，应在周围放置诱饵鞋类，如鞋子、拖鞋和袜子；油脂也必须涂抹在家庭成员穿着的鞋类上。当小狗连续四天忽视这些物品，并将所有咀嚼兴趣集中在可接受的咀嚼物上时，应停止诱饵。
The strength and appeal of this way of puppy-proofing a home is that the articles, themselves, say “don’t put me in your mouth” and, since absolutely no negative treatment of the puppy is required, the corrections are effective even in the owners’ absence. 这种小狗防护家居方法的优势在于，这些物品本身就传达了“不要把我放进嘴里”的信息，而且由于完全不需要对小狗进行任何负面惩罚，即使在主人不在时，纠正效果也依然有效。
Cages and Travel Crates 笼子和旅行箱
Confining of puppies or older dogs in cages or crates to housetrain them or curtail unwanted behavior has received support from many professionals. However, the idea does not appeal to most dog owners for humane reasons. Proponents claim, erroneously, that dogs are naturally “den-seeking” animals because of their wolf ancestry. This, however, is not true. The only naturally denning wolf or dog is a pregnant bitch; other wolves and dogs do not naturally seek burrows or dens. Thus, many misinformed owners lock up their puppies or adult dogs up to 18 hours a day while the owners work and sleep, so as to avoid problems. 将幼犬或成年犬关在笼子或箱子里以进行家庭训练或遏制不良行为，得到了许多专业人士的支持。然而，出于人道原因，这一做法并不被大多数狗主人所接受。支持者错误地声称，狗由于其狼的祖先，天生是“寻巢”动物。但事实并非如此。唯一自然筑巢的狼或狗是怀孕的母犬；其他狼和狗并不自然地寻找洞穴或巢穴。因此，许多被误导的主人为了避免问题，在工作和睡觉时将幼犬或成年犬关在笼中长达 18 小时。
In a recent study, dogs kept in crates when left alone were found to be more than three times as likely to be turned into animal shelters than dogs that were left free in some living area in the house. 最近的一项研究发现，被关在笼中独处的狗被送到动物收容所的可能性是那些在家中某个生活区域自由活动的狗的三倍多。
Short-term crating, 2-3 hours, can useful if the crate or cage meets humane specifications. The National Institutes of Health recommends the following: 如果笼子或箱子符合人道标准，短时间关笼（2-3 小时）是有用的。美国国立卫生研究院建议如下：
Crate or Cage Size Requirements: 笼子或箱子的尺寸要求：
Measure the dog from the tip of the nose to the tip of the outstretched tail. 从狗的鼻尖量到伸展尾巴的尾尖。
Add 6 inches to this length. 在这个长度上加 6 英寸。
Multiply that sum by itself to determine the floor area required (in square feet or square inches). 将该总和乘以自身，以确定所需的地面面积（以平方英尺或平方英寸为单位）。
For example, a dog is 21//221 / 2 feet long ( 30 inches). Adding 6 inches yields a total of 3 feet ( 36 inches). Multiplying 3xx33 \times 3 results in a total of 9 square feet of floor space. Using inches in the calculation, one would multiply 36 xx3636 \times 36, resulting in a floor space of 1296 square inches. Divide this by 144 to arrive at the floor space in square feet. 例如，一只狗的长度是 21//221 / 2 英尺（30 英寸）。加上 6 英寸，总长度为 3 英尺（36 英寸）。乘以 3xx33 \times 3 ，得到总共 9 平方英尺的地面空间。使用英寸进行计算时，将乘以 36 xx3636 \times 36 ，得到 1296 平方英寸的地面空间。将此数除以 144，即可得出以平方英尺为单位的地面空间。
Curtailing Cage Confinement: Even the most dedicated crate proponents suggest abandoning the practice if the puppy or dog 减少笼内限制：即使是最坚定的笼子支持者也建议，如果小狗或狗
displays anxiety behavior, such as whining, barking, pacing or self-mutilation, when confined in a crate. 在笼内表现出焦虑行为，如呜咽、吠叫、踱步或自残，应放弃这种做法。
Alternatives to Cage Confinement: 笼内限制的替代方案：
Those who favor larger spaces for confinement suggest large exercise pens for puppies or baby gates across the doors of a den or kitchen area for pups and older dogs. As with confinement in a crate, water, toys and bedding should be provided in the area. 那些支持较大限制空间的人建议为幼犬使用大型运动围栏，或在巢穴或厨房区域的门口安装婴儿门，以限制幼犬和年长犬的活动。与笼内限制一样，应在该区域提供水、玩具和床铺。
Comment: While confinement in cages and crates is often recommended to prevent some types of unwanted behavior, the frustrations underlying these problems remain untreated. For this reason, nearly all dog behaviorists consider cage confinement as inappropriate therapy. Misinformation and lack of owner education have led to many dogs being caged in enclosures smaller than those recommended for laboratory dogs, and for periods of up to 18 hours a day. This has led to serious injury of many dogs in their efforts to escape, in addition to marked neurotic behavior in some. 评论：虽然通常建议使用笼子和箱子限制来防止某些类型的不良行为，但这些问题背后的挫折感并未得到解决。因此，几乎所有犬类行为学家都认为笼内限制是不适当的治疗方法。错误的信息和缺乏主人教育导致许多狗被关在比实验室犬推荐的笼子还小的围栏中，且时间长达每天 18 小时。这不仅导致许多狗在试图逃脱时严重受伤，还导致部分狗表现出明显的神经质行为。
Halter-Style Collar Devices 勒式项圈装置
Figure 4. The halter-collar can be used with a standard leash during walks, or with a long lead for household behavior corrections. 图 4. 勒式项圈可在散步时与标准牵引绳一起使用，或配合长牵引绳用于家庭行为矫正。
These collars have a muzzle component (Fig 4). Several variations of these halter-collars are available through retail stores, mail order houses and veterinarians. Some devices become muzzles when the handler pulls the leash, or can be adjusted to do so. The obvious advantage of the device lies in the handler’s ability to control the direction of the dog’s head with relatively little force, whereas the traditional neck collar requires great force. This is particularly true with unruly, highly active or biting dogs. The veterinary version is called the Promise System, while obedience instructors and humane societies supply it under the label Gentle Leader. 这些项圈带有口套部件（图 4）。通过零售店、邮购公司和兽医可以购买到几种不同款式的这种头套项圈。有些装置在牵引绳被拉紧时会变成口套，或者可以调节成这样。该装置的明显优点在于，牵引者能够用相对较小的力量控制狗头的方向，而传统的颈圈则需要很大的力量。对于不听话、活动量大或有咬人行为的狗来说，这一点尤为重要。兽医版本称为 Promise System，而服从训练师和人道协会则以 Gentle Leader 的名称提供。
This new leash minimizes the risk of spinal and neck injuries by reducing from pounds to ounces the impact of deliberate or accidental leash-jerks. Developed by the author and field-tested by experts and lay dog owners, it features a removable elastic member which creates a 4 -inch valley in the leash. The elastic action creates an ideal instrumental conditioning situation; the trainer merely stands still, holds the leash firmly against his or her hip and watches, as the dog learns by itself to ease up the gradually increasing tension. The only handler skill required is the ability to stand absolutely still! Further, when a standard jerk-release correcFig. 5 Sof-Touch ^("TM "){ }^{\text {TM }} Safety Leash 这款新型牵引绳通过将故意或意外拉扯的冲击力从磅级减少到盎司级，最大限度地降低了脊椎和颈部受伤的风险。由作者开发，并经过专家和普通狗主人实地测试，它配备了一个可拆卸的弹性部件，在牵引绳上形成一个 4 英寸的凹槽。弹性作用创造了理想的工具性条件反射环境；训练者只需站立不动，将牵引绳牢牢贴在臀部，然后观察，狗狗便会自行学会缓解逐渐增加的拉力。唯一需要的训练者技能就是能够完全静止站立！此外，当使用标准的拉扯释放纠正时，图 5 Sof-Touch ^("TM "){ }^{\text {TM }} 安全牵引绳
tion is applied, the elasticity absorbs the potentially injurious energy of the jerk. (Fig.5) 当施加张力时，弹性会吸收可能造成伤害的冲击能量。（图 5）
Once ‘not straining’ is permanently learned, the Velcro-mounted elastic can be taken off the leash and replaced when needed for other dogs. The leash has been commended by leading trainers and behaviorists. The Sof-Touch ^(TM){ }^{\mathrm{TM}} conforms to AKC obedience equipment specifications. 一旦“停止拉扯”这一行为被永久学会，带有魔术贴的弹性绳索即可从牵引绳上取下，并在需要时为其他狗更换。该牵引绳受到顶级训练师和行为学家的赞誉。Sof-Touch ^(TM){ }^{\mathrm{TM}} 符合美国养犬俱乐部（AKC）服从训练设备的规格。
The Sof-Touch ^(TM){ }^{\mathbf{T M}} Safety Leash is currently available through the Internet at http://www.webtrail.com/petbehavior/ Sof-Touch ^(TM){ }^{\mathbf{T M}} 安全牵引绳目前可通过互联网在 http://www.webtrail.com/petbehavior/ 购买。
Veterinary comments about Behavior Problems in Dogs 关于犬类行为问题的兽医评论
“Not only is Bill Campbell’s Behavior Problems in Dogs a book for those who want to know what goes on in the problem pet’s furry little head, it also explains how the owner’s and/or other people’s interactions with the animal may cause or worsen negative displays. Campbell then shows readers armed with these crucial basics the most humane and efficient ways to resolve those problem behaviors. In a world in which so many books focus far more on a particular training method rather than giving owners a solid understanding about why any negative behavior came about in the first place, this book remains a classic.” “不仅《犬类行为问题》是一本让人了解问题宠物毛茸茸小脑袋里发生了什么的书，它还解释了主人和/或其他人与动物的互动如何可能导致或加剧负面行为表现。坎贝尔随后向读者展示了掌握这些关键基础知识后，解决这些问题行为的最人道和高效的方法。在许多书籍更多关注特定训练方法，而不是让主人深入理解任何负面行为最初产生原因的世界里，这本书依然是经典之作。”
\author{
Myrna Milani, DVM. Author DogSmart Myrna Milani，兽医。著有《DogSmart》
}
“. . .What Mr. Campbell has to say about the species canis is, in general measure, applicable to all our patients. Anything the animal doctor can do to “know and predict” the patient better is twice positive - it helps the diagnosis and protects the diagnostician . . .I highly recommend it to all veterinarians as well as to some of their clients.” “……坎贝尔先生关于犬科物种所说的话，在很大程度上适用于我们所有的患者。兽医能做的任何事情，只要能更好地‘了解和预测’患者，都是双重积极的——它有助于诊断，也保护诊断者……我强烈推荐所有兽医以及他们的一些客户阅读。”
\author{
James H. Rosenberger, DVM in Veterinary Economics Magazine James H. Rosenberger，兽医，《兽医经济学杂志》
}
Bill Campbell has championed holistic treatments for pet dog behavior problems since he began writing as contributing editor on pet dog behavior to Modern Veterinary Practice magazine in 1972. The first edition of Behavior Problems in Dogs, 1975, gave pet care professionals the basic tools necessary to provide enlightened guidance to clients, finding the root causes and corrections for their dogs’ malbehavior. The 3rd revision incorporates the latest useful concepts and techniques; useful, meaning they are proven humane and effective. 比尔·坎贝尔自 1972 年开始担任《现代兽医实践》杂志宠物犬行为特约编辑以来，一直倡导对宠物犬行为问题进行整体治疗。1975 年出版的《犬类行为问题》第一版，为宠物护理专业人员提供了必要的基本工具，以便为客户提供开明的指导，找出其犬只不良行为的根本原因并加以纠正。第三版修订本融入了最新的有用概念和技术；所谓有用，指的是经过验证的人道且有效的方法。
Bill now resides with wife, Peggy and their miniature Dachshund, Punkin, in Grants Pass, Oregon. His services are featured on the Internet WorldWideWeb at www.webtrail.com/petbehavior. 比尔现与妻子佩吉及他们的小型腊肠犬潘金一起居住在俄勒冈州格兰茨帕斯。他的服务在互联网万维网上展示，网址为 www.webtrail.com/petbehavior。
BehavioR: SYSTEMS 行为：系统
P.O. Box 1658 邮政信箱 1658
Grants Pass, OR 97528 俄勒冈州格兰茨帕斯 97528
"He’s looking for your telephone, " the owner said. "He wants to attack it if it rings. “他在找你的电话，”主人说。“如果电话响了，他想去攻击它。”
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