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Chapter 14 The Dynamics of Labor Relations

True / False
真 / 假

1. Employees at StreamCorp are holding a labor organizing drive. It is appropriate for supervisors to meet individually with members of their staff to learn their positions regarding the possibility of unionizing. 
1. StreamCorp 公司的员工正在进行工会组织活动。上级管理人员与下属个别会面,了解他们对组建工会的看法是合适的。

2. Union members who work at StreamCorp began wearing their union buttons at work. Management can bar them from wearing those buttons while on duty.
2. StreamCorp 公司的工会会员开始在工作中佩戴工会徽章。管理层可以在工作时间禁止他们佩戴这些徽章。

3. In the field of labor relations, unfair labor practices (ULPs) involve violations of safety practices.
3. 在劳动关系领域,不公平劳动行为(ULPs)涉及违反安全规范。

4. In an attempt to thwart efforts to unionize, the management at StreamCorp announced a new benefits plan including an additional 5 days of paid leave that would be implemented if employees voted against the union. StreamCorp is not allowed to do this.
4. 为了阻止工会化的努力,StreamCorp 的管理层宣布了一个新的福利计划,如果员工投票反对工会,将实施额外 5 天的带薪休假。StreamCorp 不允许这样做。

5. Because StreamCorp is nonunion, its employees do not have the right to file unfair labor practice charges against the firm.
由于 StreamCorp 是非工会企业,其员工无权对该公司提起不公平劳动行为指控。

6. Steph has brought a grievance to the union, which plans to arbitrate it on Steph's behalf. Management has proven conclusively that the grievance is groundless and, therefore, does not have to arbitrate the grievance.
6. Steph 向工会提出了申诉,工会计划代表 Steph 进行仲裁。管理层已经证明该申诉毫无根据,因此无需对该申诉进行仲裁。

7. Demery is an active union member and is highly critical of StreamCorp as an employer. At the same time, Demery has a poor work record, consistently falling short of established goals of the job. Because of Demery’s union activism, StreamCorp is not able to legally discharge Demery.
7. Demery 是一名积极的工会成员,对 StreamCorp 作为雇主的做法极为批评。同时,Demery 的工作表现不佳,一直未能达到岗位设定的目标。由于 Demery 的工会活动,StreamCorp 无法合法解雇他。

8. Employees are most likely to seek unionization if they believe that doing so will achieve results that they cannot achieve acting individually.
8. 员工最有可能寻求组建工会,如果他们认为这样做能够实现他们单独行动无法实现的结果。

9. The agency responsible for administering and enforcing the Wagner Act is the National Labor Relations Board.
9. 负责管理和执行瓦格纳法的机构是国家劳动关系委员会。

10. Union officials have begun to meet with employees at StreamCorp  to explore the possibility of unionization. This is the first step in unionizing.
10. 工会官员已开始与 StreamCorp 的员工会面,探讨组建工会的可能性。这是工会化的第一步。

11. A union wishes the National Labor Relations Board to hold a representation election. The NLRB will hold the election only if the union has 50 percent of signed authorization cards collected.
11. 工会希望全国劳动关系委员会举行代表选举。全国劳动关系委员会只有在工会收集到 50%的授权卡签名后才会举行选举。

12. To reenergize the labor movement, unions often endorse political candidates who specifically pledge support for prolabor legislation.
12. 为了重振劳工运动,工会通常会支持那些承诺支持有利于劳工的立法的政客。

13. Laken is a manager at StreamCorp. During the recent labor organizing drive, Laken was overheard expressing negative opinions regarding unions and the officials who ran them. These comments are illegal.
13. Laken 是 StreamCorp 的一名经理。在最近的工会组织活动中,Laken 被听到表达了对工会及其官员的负面看法。这些言论是违法的。

14. As a supervisor at StreamCorp and in order to better meet the needs of the staff employees, Parris should attend union meetings.
14. 作为 StreamCorp 的主管,为了更好地满足员工的需求,帕里斯应该参加工会会议。

15. The bargaining unit is that group of employees who have similar working conditions and who are grouped together for the purpose of collective bargaining.
15. 集体谈判单位是由具有相似工作条件的员工组成的工作组,他们被归为一组以便进行集体谈判。

16. A recent employee survey revealed that many employees at StreamCorp are dissatisfied with their jobs. One step the firm could take to increase employee satisfaction is to introduce job rotations.
16. 最近的一项员工调查显示,StreamCorp 的许多员工对工作不满意。公司可以采取的一个措施是实施岗位轮换,以提高员工的满意度。

17. When the NLRB certifies a union as the bargaining representative, the union is certified for a period of at least three years.
17. 当劳工关系委员会(NLRB)认证一个工会作为谈判代表时,该工会将被认证至少三年。

18. NLRB election statistics show that currently, unions win approximately 40 percent of representation elections.
18. NLRB 选举数据显示,目前工会在代表选举中大约赢得 40%的选举。

19. Unionization may restrict the freedom of management in many areas.
19. 工会化可能在许多方面限制管理层的自由。

20. Management prerogatives are those decisions over which management claims exclusive rights.
20. 管理权是指管理层声称拥有独家决策权的事项。

21. Kendall is a carpenter. As a skilled worker, the union that Kendall is a member of is a craft union.
21. 凯尔登是一名木匠。作为一名技术工人,凯尔登所在的工会是技工工会。

22. Industrial unions represent various groups of professional and white-collar workers.
22. 工会代表各种专业和白领工人团体。

23. Employee associations may function in the same way as unions, being just as aggressive in organizing and representing their members.
23. 员工协会可以像工会一样运作,同样积极地组织和代表其成员。

24. Organizing campaigns are often begun by employees rather than by union organizers.
24. 组织运动往往是由员工而不是工会组织者发起的。

25. Union stewards are full-time employees at the workplace and generally are not paid by the union.
25. 工会代表是全职员工,通常不由工会支付薪酬。

26. The collective bargaining process may include activities such as strikes and boycotts.
26. 集体谈判过程可能包括罢工和抵制等活动。

27. During collective bargaining, each side normally places 12 negotiators at the table.
27. 在集体谈判期间,双方通常会在谈判桌上派出 1 至 2 名谈判代表。

28. Tristan is a negotiator for SalietOrg’s management. In order to be in a strong negotiating position, Tristan will make sure the employer's bargaining strategy includes a contingency plan in the event of a strike.
28. 特拉斯坦是萨利特组织管理层的谈判代表。为了在谈判中占据有利地位,特拉斯坦会确保雇主的谈判策略中包含一项罢工情况下应对的预案。

29. Good faith bargaining requires that employers and union counterparts be willing to meet at any time and place to discuss proposals.
29. 诚意谈判要求雇主和工会代表随时、在任何地点讨论提案。

30. In labor negotiations, the point at which agreement is reached must be within limits that the union and the employer are willing to accept. The area inside these two limits is known as the good-faith zone.
30. 在劳资谈判中,达成协议的点必须在工会和雇主都愿意接受的范围内。这两个范围内的区域被称为善意区。

31. U.S. labormanagement negotiations are adversarial.
31. 美国劳资谈判具有对抗性。

32. StreamCorp intentionally adopts practices that will decrease the chances that employees will want to unionize. One of those practices is likely to promote employees from within.
32. StreamCorp 有意采取措施降低员工想要组建工会的可能性。其中一个措施很可能是从内部提拔员工。

33. One of the disadvantages of interest-based bargaining as an approach to labormanagement negotiations is that it leads to suspicion and compromise.
基于利益的谈判作为劳资协商的方法之一的缺点是,它会导致怀疑和妥协。

34. A labor agreement generally becomes binding prior to the conclusion of negotiations.
34. 劳动协议通常在谈判结束前即具有约束力。

35. Bargaining power consists of economic, political, and social influence to achieve demands.
35. 还工谈判力量是指通过各种手段实现诉求的经济、政治和社会影响力。

36. Limitations on use of performance evaluations in management decisions is a typical clause within a labor agreement.
36. 关于绩效评估在管理决策中使用的限制条款是劳资协议中常见的条款。

37. The electrical workers union at StreamCorp have coordinated a boycott. This means that all union members, regardless of their actual union affiliation, will refuse to cross their picket line.
37. StreamCorp 的电气工人工会已经组织了一次抵制行动。这意味着所有工会成员,无论其实际所属的工会是什么,都将拒绝穿越他们的纠察线。

38. An employer's bargaining power may rest on its ability to continue its operations despite a strike by its workers.
38. 雇主的谈判实力可能取决于其在工人罢工的情况下仍能继续运营的能力。

39. When the employees at StreamCorp went on strike, the firm hired replacement workers. This is called a lockout. 
39. 当 StreamCorp 公司的员工罢工时,公司雇佣了替代工人。这被称为锁工。

40. In the context of a labor agreement, management rights include the specific provisions agreed to by the union and which are not restricted by law.
在劳动协议的背景下,管理权包括工会同意的具体条款,这些条款不受法律限制。

41. Management rights exclude any issues that it has specifically conceded as part of the labor agreement.
41. 管理权排除劳动协议中其已明确让渡的所有问题。

42. Because unions represent all members of a bargaining unit, even those who are members of the union, they often negotiate a union security agreement that covers issues such as the extent to which the union may compel union membership.
由于工会代表劳资谈判单位的所有成员,即使这些成员已经是工会成员,工会通常会协商签订一项工会保障协议,涵盖诸如工会可以强制要求加入工会的程度等问题。

43. Once a union is certified, an employer is obligated to begin negotiations leading toward a labor agreement.
43. 一旦工会被认证,雇主有义务开始谈判以达成劳工协议。

44. A grievance procedure is a formal representation process that is often considered the heart of a bargaining agreement.
44. 抱怨程序是一种正式的申诉程序,通常被认为是集体合同的核心。

45. Dallas, a union member, brought a grievance to Shaun, the union rep. Because Shaun considered it to be a weak case that it would probably lose, the union most likely will not take it to arbitration for the fear of losing member support.
45. 达拉斯是一名工会成员,向工会代表肖恩提出了申诉。因为肖恩认为这是一桩薄弱的案件,可能会败诉,工会很可能不会将其提交仲裁,以免失去成员的支持。

46. Rights arbitration is the legal obligation to assist both members and nonmembers in labor relations management.
46. 劳动争议仲裁是法律规定的协助会员和非会员进行劳动关系管理的义务。

47. The fair representation doctrine settles disputes over the meaning of contract terms.
47. 公平代理原则解决了合同条款含义的争议。

48. It is the arbitrator's responsibility to ensure that each side receives a fair hearing.
仲裁员的责任是确保每一方都能得到公正的听证。

49. Arbitration hearings have the appearance of formal court proceedings because they are held in a court of law.
仲裁听证会具有正式法庭程序的外观,因为它们在法律法庭上举行。

50. An arbitration award should include both a decision and the rationale for that decision in order to provide guidance for future interpretation.
50. 裁定应包括裁决结果及其理由,以便为未来的解释提供指导。

51. The demand for certain types of employees who have traditionally been unionized has decreased in part because of technological advances in computer science and automated operating systems.
51. 由于计算机科学和自动化操作系统技术的进步,传统上由工会组织的某些类型员工的需求部分下降了。

52. Recent statistics show total union membership to be about 33 percent of the civilian labor force.
最近的统计数据显示,工会会员占 civilian 劳动力的比例约为 33%。

53. In an attempt to increase unionism, unions are now targeting low-wage service workers.
53. 为了增加工会会员人数,工会现在将目标转向了低工资的服务行业工人。

54. Targeting recent immigrants, among other ignored work groups, for union membership has been one of the focuses of energized organizing.
54. 专注于近期移民等被忽视的工人团体,争取工会会员资格是活跃组织的重点之一。

Multiple Choice
多项选择

55. Hadley wanted to join a union to take advantage of the equality and teamwork brought about through union membership. Hadley was motivated by
55. 哈德利想加入工会,以便利用工会会员带来的平等和团队合作。哈德利的动机是

56. The employees at Gnewers Market were interested in unionizing because they saw statistics showing that union workers are more likely to have guaranteed pensions than nonunion employees. They were motivated by
56. Gnewers Market 的员工们希望组建工会,因为他们看到了统计数据,显示工会成员更有可能拥有有保障的退休金,而非工会员工。他们的动机是

57. Employees at Gnewers Market began unionizing activities after a series of promotions and job transfers at the firm were handled in a biased manner. They were motivated by
57. Gnewers Market 的员工在公司一系列晋升和调动处理得不公平后开始进行工会化活动。他们主要是出于

58. Illegal acts by either employers or unions that deny employees their rights and benefits are called
58. 无论是雇主还是工会如果侵犯员工权益和福利的行为被称为

59. Terry Moser, an organizer for the Teamsters, gives five progressive steps that can lead to unionization. Which step has as one of its purposes to identify employees who can help the organizer direct the campaign?
59. Teamsters 组织者 Terry Moser 提出了五步渐进策略,这些策略可以导致工会化。哪一步的目的之一是识别能够帮助组织者指导运动的员工?

60. Which act covering most private-sector employers prohibits certain unfair labor practices, such as a union's refusal to bargain in good faith or a union persuading an employer to discriminate against an employee?
60. 哪一部法律涵盖了大多数私营雇主,并禁止某些不公平劳动行为,例如工会拒绝诚意谈判或工会说服雇主歧视员工?

61. The employees at Gnewers Market are in the process of a union organizing campaign. At this point, a group of employees is working to interest other employees in joining the union and supporting its campaign. Where are they in Moser's progression of steps leading to unionization?
61. Gnewers Market 的员工正在进行工会组织运动。目前,有一组员工正在努力让其他员工加入工会并支持其运动。他们在 Moser 的工会化步骤进展到哪一步了?

62. A provision that requires employees to join the union as a condition of employment is called
62. 将员工入职条件与加入工会挂钩的规定称为

63. For most union members, their strongest reason to join a union appears to be
63. 对于大多数工会成员而言,他们加入工会的最强有力的理由似乎是

64. Terry Moser, an organizer for the Teamsters, gives five progressive steps that can lead to unionization. At which step do labor organizers seek specific information about the employer's finances, supervisory styles, and management practices?
64. Teamsters 组织者 Terry Moser 提出了五步渐进策略,这些策略可以导致工会化。在哪个步骤中,劳工组织者会寻求关于雇主的财务状况、监督风格和管理实践的具体信息?

65. What type of card do employees sign to indicate their willingness to be represented by a union?
65. 员工签署哪种卡片以表明他们愿意由工会代表?

66. Lou is a union organizer, and before the National Labor Relations Board holds a representation election, Lou must provide which of the following?
66. Lou 是一名工会组织者,在全国劳动关系委员会举行代表选举之前,Lou 必须提供以下哪一项?

67. In what percentage of union campaigns are unions unable to secure a first contract after winning a representation election?
在工会赢得代表选举后,有多少比例的工会竞选无法确保签订首个合同?

68. Under the Taft-Hartley Act, if a newly certified union is unable to obtain a labor agreement within a year of winning its certification election, then
68. 根据塔夫-哈特利法,在新认证的工会在一年内未能获得劳动协议的情况下,则

69. Under federal labor law, employers can
69. 根据联邦劳动法,雇主可以

70. A bargaining unit consists of
70. 一个谈判单位由

71. When an employer and the union fail to agree on the basis on which employees should be in the bargaining unit, then
71. 当雇主和工会在应将员工纳入谈判单位的基础上无法达成一致时,那么

72. After certification, the United Mine Workers (UMW) was seeking representation through an election at the McCoy Coal Company 200. employees were eligible to vote, but the vote was only 50 for and 25 against the UMW. According to the process, the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) should now
62. 在认证后,联合煤矿工人工会(UMW)在麦科伊煤炭公司进行选举寻求代表。有 200 名员工有投票资格,但赞成 UMW 的票数为 50 票,反对的为 25 票。根据程序,现在全国劳动关系委员会(NLRB)应

73. Once a union becomes certified, the employer is required to
73. 一旦工会被认证,雇主必须

74. Which of the following statements best describes the collective bargaining process?
74. 以下哪项陈述最能描述集体谈判过程?

75. Management generally claims exclusive rights to decisions on issues relating to subcontracting, work standards, and job content. Management's claim is properly called
75. 管理层通常声称在分包、工作标准和工作内容方面拥有独家决策权。管理层的这一主张被称为

76. Because supervisor Hadley suspended an employee covered by a typical labor agreement, a grievance hearing will be held in which Hadley will be called upon to support the suspension by demonstrating
76. 由于主管哈德利暂停了一名受典型劳动协议保护的员工,将召开申诉听证会,在听证会上,哈德利将被要求通过展示

77. The United Auto Workers, United Steelworkers, and Office and Professional Employees International Union are all classified as what type of union?
77. 美国汽车工人联合会、美国钢铁工人联合会和全国办公室及专业雇员国际联合工会都属于哪种类型的工会?

78. Within the collective bargaining process, those participating must consider the other party’s goals. In which step does this activity occur?
78. 在集体谈判过程中,参与者必须考虑对方的目标。这一活动发生在哪一步?

79. Which of these labor organizations represents various groups of professional and white-collar employees in labor management relations?
79. 这些劳动组织中,哪些代表了各类专业和白领员工在劳资关系中的利益?

80. The employees at Gnewers Market are in the process of a union organizing campaign. At this point, the NLRB has certified the union as the legal bargaining representative of the employees. Where are they in Moser's progression of steps leading to unionization?
80. Gnewers Market 的员工正在进行工会组织运动。目前,NLRB 已认证该工会为员工的合法谈判代表。他们在 Moser 的工会化步骤进展到哪一步了?

81. To which of these groups do individuals who represent the interests of union members in their relations with their immediate supervisor and other members of management belong?
81. 在与直接上级和其他管理层成员的关系中代表工会会员利益的个人属于哪个群体?

82. As an organizing tactic, a union was able to secure a binding commitment from Gnewers Market that the firm would not express any opinions for or against the union during the campaign. The union used what technique?
82. 作为组织策略,工会成功从 Gnewers Market 获得了公司的承诺,即在竞选期间不会对工会发表任何支持或反对的意见。工会使用了什么技巧?

83. Strikes, boycotts, lockouts, and plant closures are techniques used by labor or management as economic pressure in
83. 集体罢工、抵制、停工和工厂关闭是劳方或管理层用于经济施压的技术手段。

84. Developing likely union proposals, a list of management demands, and a contingency plan for operating in the event of a strike are part of
84. 制定可能的工会提案、管理层要求的清单以及罢工情况下运营的应急计划,是其中的一部分。

85. Employers are required to negotiate in good faith with the union’s representatives over conditions of employment. This requirement is the result of which piece of legislation?
85. 用人单位有义务与工会代表就劳动条件进行真诚谈判。这一要求源自哪一部立法?

86. Good-faith bargaining requires that
86. 诚意谈判要求双方在谈判过程中必须真诚地进行协商。

87. The creation of a relationship for the future based on trust, understanding, and mutual respect is the basis of
87. 建立在信任、理解和相互尊重基础上的未来关系的创建是

88. The union representing the workers at Gnewers Market wants to strengthen its position by exercising its bargaining power. One way it could do this is by
88. 代表 Gnewers 市场员工的工会希望通过行使谈判权来加强其地位。它可以通过以下方式之一做到这一点

89. In what way may pickets prevent trucks and railcars from entering a struck business?
89. 请问纠察如何阻止卡车和火车进入被罢工的企业?

90. The workers union at Gnewers Market took out a number of radio and newspaper ads to discourage consumers from shopping at Gnewers. This is
90. Gnewers 市场的工会在多家广播和报纸上投放了广告,以劝阻消费者不去 Gnewers 购物。这

91. The employees at Gnewers Market are threatening to strike. To counter this threat, the weapon Gnewers would most likely wield is
91. Gnewers 市场的员工威胁要罢工。为了应对这一威胁,Gnewers 最有可能使用的武器是

92. Lake is a third-party neutral who resolves labor disputes. When Lake issues a final decision, both sides must accept it. Lake is
92. 湖是一位中立的第三方,负责解决劳资纠纷。当湖作出最终决定时,双方都必须接受。湖是

93. Management rights within a labor agreement refer to
93. 劳动合同中的管理权指的是

94. Labor and management at Gnewers Market are in a dispute. One way that management could exercise its bargaining power is by
94. 格纽尔斯市场劳资双方存在争议。管理层可以通过以下方式行使谈判权力:

95. Unions have a legal obligation to provide assistance to members who are pursuing grievances under
95. 工会对正在申诉的会员有提供援助的法律义务

96. In a dispute, which of the following falls within the arbitrator's responsibilities?
96. 在争议中,以下哪项属于仲裁员的职责?

97. The factors that arbitrators use when deciding cases are the wording of the labor agreement, the submission agreement, the testimony and evidence offered, and
97. 裁判员在决定案件时所考虑的因素包括劳动协议的措辞、提交协议、提供的证词和证据,以及

98. Which of the following would be least likely to appear on a list of contemporary challenges to labor organizations?
98. 以下哪一项最不可能出现在劳工组织当前挑战的列表中?

99. "Energized organizing" to stem the overall decline in union membership involves
99. 为遏制工会会员的整体下降趋势,“激活组织”策略涉及

100. Which two parties are involved in a union security agreement?
100. 劳资保障协议涉及哪两个当事人?

101. Currently, what percentage of U.S. workers have a union membership?
101. 目前,美国工人的工会会员比例是多少?

102. According to statistics, how many jobs did the United States lose to China between 2001 and 2018?
102. 根据统计数据,2001 年至 2018 年美国因中国而失去了多少个工作岗位?

103. One of the worries many U.S. workers face is that their job may be shifted to workers in other countries. This practice is known as
103. 许多美国工人的担忧之一是他们的工作可能会被转移到其他国家的工人身上。这种做法被称为

104. A clause in a labor agreement that contains limitations against electronic monitoring is considered to be
104. 劳动协议中包含对电子监控限制的条款被视为

Essay
论文

105. Briefly discuss what occurs in an arbitration hearing and the role of the arbitrator.
105. 简要讨论仲裁听证会中发生的情况以及仲裁员的作用。

106. Briefly discuss some of the aggressive organizing tactics that unions sometimes employ.
106. 简要讨论工会有时采用的一些激进组织策略。

107. Explain some of the issues that should be addressed by the employer’s bargaining strategy.
107. 说明雇主在谈判策略中应解决的一些问题。

108. List some typical and some progressive clauses found in a labor agreement.
108. 列出劳动合同中的一些典型条款和一些进步条款。

109. Discuss the various contemporary challenges faced by labor organizations. How are unions attempting to meet these challenges?
109. 讨论劳工组织当前面临的各种挑战。工会是如何应对这些挑战的?