AI Is Wrecking an Already Fragile Job Market for College Graduates
人工智能正重创本已脆弱的大学毕业生就业市场

At Chicago recruiting firm Hirewell, marketing agency clients have all but stopped requesting entry-level staff—young grads once in high demand but whose work is now a “home run” for AI, the firm’s chief growth officer said. Dating app Grindr is hiring more seasoned engineers, forgoing some junior coders straight out of school, and CEO George Arison said companies are “going to need less and less people at the bottom.”
芝加哥招聘公司 Hirewell 的首席增长官表示，营销机构客户几乎不再要求招聘初级员工——这些曾炙手可热的年轻毕业生，如今其工作内容对 AI 而言已是"全垒打"。交友应用 Grindr 正在招聘更有经验的工程师，放弃直接从学校招聘初级程序员，其 CEO 乔治·阿里森表示企业"对底层员工的需求会越来越少"。

Bill Balderaz, CEO of Columbus-based consulting firm Futurety, said he decided not to hire a summer intern this year, opting to run social-media copy through ChatGPT instead. 
总部位于哥伦布市的咨询公司 Futurety 首席执行官比尔·巴尔德拉斯称，他今年决定不招聘暑期实习生，转而通过 ChatGPT 生成社交媒体文案。

Balderaz has urged his own kids to focus on jobs that require people skills and can’t easily be automated. One is becoming a police officer.
巴尔德拉兹敦促自己的孩子专注于需要人际交往能力且难以被自动化取代的工作。他的一个孩子正在成为警察。

Having a good job “guaranteed” after college, he said, “I don’t think that’s an absolute truth today any more.”
他说，大学毕业后"保证"能找到好工作，"我认为如今这已不再是绝对真理。"

For the Class of 2023, participation in the labor force declined in the first year after graduation, a deviation from typical patterns.

One year after graduation

+4

+3 pct. pts.

+2

+2

+1

-1

-1

Class of 2017

’18

’19

’20

’21

’22

’23

For the Class of 2023, participation in the labor force declined in the first year after graduation, a deviation from typical patterns.

One year after graduation

+4

+3 pct. pts.

+2

+2

+1

-1

-1

Class of 2017

’18

’19

’20

’21

’22

’23

For the Class of 2023, participation in the labor force declined in the first year after graduation, a deviation from typical patterns.

One year after graduation

+4

+3 pct. pts.

+2

+2

+1

-1

-1

Class of

2017

’18

’19

’20

’21

’22

’23

For the Class of 2023, participation in the labor force declined in the first year after graduation, a deviation from typical patterns.
2023 届毕业生在毕业后第一年的劳动力参与率出现下降，这与典型模式相背离。

One year after graduation
毕业一年后

+4

+3 pct. pts.  +3 个百分点

+2

+2

+1

-1

-1

Class of  届

2017

’18  18 级

’19  2019 年

’20  2020 年

’21  2021 年

’22  2022 年

’23  2023 年

For the Class of 2023, participation in the labor force declined in the first year after graduation, a deviation from typical patterns.

One year after graduation

+4

+3 pct. pts.

+2

+2

+1

-1

-1

Class of

2017

’18

’19

’20

’21

’22

’23

There’s long been an unwritten covenant between companies and new graduates: Entry-level employees, young and hungry, are willing to work hard for lower pay. Employers, in turn, provide training and experience to give young professionals a foothold in the job market, seeding the workforce of tomorrow. 
企业与应届毕业生之间长期存在一项不成文契约：初入职场的年轻人充满干劲，愿意为较低薪资努力工作。作为回报，雇主提供培训和实践机会，帮助职场新人在就业市场站稳脚跟，为未来培养人才梯队。

A yearslong white-collar hiring slump and recession worries have weakened that contract. Artificial intelligence now threatens to break it completely. 
持续数年的白领招聘低迷与经济衰退担忧已使这份契约松动。如今人工智能的崛起或将彻底摧毁这一传统模式。

That is ominous for college graduates looking for starter jobs, but also potentially a fundamental realignment in how the workforce is structured. As companies hire and train fewer young people, they may also be shrinking the pool of workers that will be ready to take on more responsibility in five or 10 years. Companies say they are already rethinking how to develop the next generation of talent.
这对寻找初级工作的大学毕业生来说是个不祥之兆，也可能预示着劳动力结构的根本性重组。随着企业雇佣和培训的年轻人减少，未来五到十年内能够承担更多责任的员工储备池可能正在萎缩。企业表示已在重新思考如何培养下一代人才。

AI is accelerating trends that were already under way.
人工智能正在加速已然存在的趋势。

High school

diploma

Some college,

no degree

Associate’s

degree

Bachelor’s

degree

Graduate

degree

2018-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

7.3

7.2%

22-27

year olds

Highest unemployment rate increase

5.6

5.5

5.3

5.2

4.9

28-34

year olds

4.5

4.2

4.2

4.1

3.9

3.8

3.3

3.2

2.9

2.8

2.1

1.9

1.7

High school

diploma

Some college,

no degree

Associate’s

degree

Bachelor’s

degree

Graduate

degree

2018-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

7.3

7.2%

22-27

year olds

Highest unemployment rate increase

5.6

5.5

5.3

5.2

4.9

28-34

year olds

4.5

4.2

4.2

4.1

3.9

3.8

3.3

3.2

2.9

2.8

2.1

1.9

1.7

High school

diploma

Some college,

no degree

Associate’s

degree

Bachelor’s

degree

Graduate

degree

2018-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

7.3

7.2%

22-27

year olds

Highest unemployment rate increase

5.6

5.5

5.3

5.2

4.9

28-34

year olds

4.5

4.2

4.2

4.1

3.9

3.8

3.3

3.2

2.9

2.8

2.1

1.9

1.7

Associate’s  大专学历

degree  学位

High school  高中学历

diploma  文凭

Some college,  大学肄业

no degree  无学位

’18-’19  2018-2019 年

’23-’25  2023-2025 年

2018-’19  2018-2019 年

’23-’25  2023-2025 年

’18-’19  2018-2019 年

’23-’25  2023-2025 年

7.3

7.2%

22-27

year olds  二十多岁的年轻人

5.6

5.5

5.3

5.2

28-34

year olds  年轻人

4.5

4.2

4.1

3.9

3.3

2.9

Bachelor’s  学士

degree  学位

Graduate  研究生

degree  学位

’18-’19  2018-2019 年

’23-’25  2023-2025 年

’18-’19  2018-2019 年

’23-’25  2023-2025 年

Highest unemployment rate increase
失业率增幅最高

4.9

4.2

3.8

3.2

2.8

2.1

1.9

1.7

Associate’s

degree

High school

diploma

Some college,

no degree

’18-’19

’23-’25

2018-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

7.3

7.2%

22-27

year olds

5.6

5.5

5.3

5.2

28-34

year olds

4.5

4.2

4.1

3.9

3.3

2.9

Bachelor’s

degree

Graduate

degree

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

Highest unemployment rate increase

4.9

4.2

3.8

3.2

2.8

2.1

1.9

1.7

With each new class after 2020, an ever-smaller share of graduates is landing jobs that require a bachelor’s degree, according to a Burning Glass Institute analysis of labor data. That’s happening across majors, from visual arts to engineering and mathematics. And unemployment among recent college graduates is now rising faster than for young adults with just high-school or associate degrees.
2020 年后的每一届毕业生中，获得需要学士学位工作岗位的比例持续下降，根据 Burning Glass Institute 对劳动力数据的分析。这一现象横跨各个专业，从视觉艺术到工程学和数学皆然。而大学应届毕业生的失业率增速，如今已超过仅持有高中或副学士学位的年轻群体。

Meanwhile, the sectors where graduate hiring has slowed the most—like information, finance, insurance and technical services—are still growing, a sign employers are becoming more efficient and see no immediate downside to hiring fewer inexperienced workers, said Matt Sigelman, Burning Glass’s president.
与此同时，招聘放缓最严重的行业——如信息、金融、保险和技术服务——仍在增长，这显示出雇主们正变得更高效，且认为减少招聘缺乏经验的员工不会立即带来负面影响，燃烧玻璃公司总裁马特·西格尔曼表示。

experiencing more layoffs

experiencing LESS layoffs

Arts,

entertainment

and recreation

Finance and

insurance

Professional

and business services

Information

Wholesale trade

2018-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

1.9

1.4

+.2

+.7 pct. pts

1.2

1.3

1.2

+.3

+.3

1.2

pct.

pts

1.2

+.5

0.9

1.0

0.8

0.7

0.7

National average

Agriculture,

forestry, fishing and

hunting sector

Educational

services

Accommodation

and food services

Manufacturing

Construction

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

-.1

1.4

1.4

No

change

1.3

No

change

-.4

1.1

1.1

-.1

1.0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

experiencing more layoffs

experiencing LESS layoffs

Arts,

entertainment

and recreation

Finance and

insurance

Professional

and business services

Information

Wholesale trade

2018-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

1.9

+.2

1.4

+.7 pct. pts

1.3

1.2

1.2

+.3

+.3

1.2

pct.

pts

1.2

+.5

0.9

1.0

0.8

0.7

0.7

National average

Agriculture,

forestry, fishing and

hunting sector

Educational

services

Accommodation

and food services

Manufacturing

Construction

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

-.1

1.4

1.4

No

change

1.3

No

change

1.1

1.1

-.4

-.1

1.0

1.0

0.9

0.9

0.9

experiencing more layoffs
裁员加剧的行业

experiencing LESS layoffs
裁员减缓的行业

Professional   专业服务领域

and business   商业

services  服务

Finance and   金融与

insurance  保险

Information  信息

2018-’19  2018-2019 年

’23-’25  2023-2025 年

’18-’19  2018-2019 年

’23-’25  2023-2025 年

’18-’19  2018-2019 年

’23-’25  2023-2025 年

1.9

+.7 pct. pts.  +0.7 个百分点

1.3

+.3

1.2

pct.   百分比

pts  分

1.2

+.5

1.0

0.8

0.7

0.7

National average  全国平均水平

Arts,   艺术、

entertainment  娱乐

and recreation  休闲娱乐

Wholesale trade  批发贸易

’18-’19  2018-2019 年

’23-’25  2023-2025 年

’18-’19  2018-2019 年

’23-’25  2023-2025 年

+.2

1.4

1.2

1.2

+.3

0.9

Agriculture,   农业，

forestry, fishing and  林业、渔业和

hunting sector  狩猎业

Manufacturing  制造业

Construction  建筑业

’18-’19  2018-2019 年

’23-’25  2023-2025 年

’18-’19  2018-2019 年

’23-’25  2023-2025 年

’18-’19  2018-2019 年

’23-’25  2023-2025 年

-.1

1.4

No  不

change  变

1.3

No  不

change  变

1.1

1.1

0.9

0.9

Accommodation   住宿

and food services  和餐饮服务

Educational   教育

services  服务

’18-’19  2018-2019 年

’23-’25  2023-2025 年

’18-’19  2018-2019 年

’23-’25  2023-2025 年

1.4

-.4

-.1

1.0

1.0

0.9

experiencing

more layoffs

experiencing

LESS layoffs

Finance and

insurance

Information

2018-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

1.9

+.7 pct. pts

1.2 pct.

pts

1.2

+.5

0.8

0.7

0.7

National average

Professional and

business services

Wholesale trade

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

.13

+.3

+.3

.12

1.0

0.9

Arts,

entertainment

and recreation

Manufacturing

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

+.2

1.4

No

change

1.2

1.1

1.1

Agriculture,

forestry, fishing and

hunting sector

Construction

’18-’19

’23-’25

’18-’19

’23-’25

-.1

1.4

1.3

No

change

0.9

0.9

Educational

services

Accommodation

and food services

’18-’19

’23-’25

2018-’19

’23-’25

1.4

-.4

-.1

1.0

1.0

0.9

“This is a more tectonic shift in the way employers are hiring,” Sigelman said. “Employers are significantly more likely to be letting go of their workers at the entry level—and in many cases are stepping up their hiring of more experienced professionals.”
"这是雇主招聘方式上更为根本性的转变，"西格曼表示，"雇主明显更倾向于裁减初级岗位员工——在许多情况下，他们正加大力度招聘经验更丰富的专业人士。"

After dancing around the issue in the 2½ years since ChatGPT’s release upended the way almost all companies plan for their futures, CEOs are now talking openly about AI’s immense capabilities likely leading to deep job cuts. Top executives at industry giants including Amazon and JPMorgan have said in recent weeks that they expect their workforces to shrink considerably. Ford CEO Jim Farley said he expects AI will replace half of the white-collar workforce in the U.S.
在 ChatGPT 问世两年半后，其颠覆性力量彻底改变了几乎所有企业的未来规划方式。如今，企业首席执行官们不再回避这一话题，开始公开讨论人工智能的强大能力可能导致大规模裁员。亚马逊、摩根大通等行业巨头的多位高管最近几周均表示，预计公司员工数量将大幅缩减。福特汽车 CEO 吉姆·法利更直言，他预计人工智能将取代美国半数白领岗位。

For new graduates, this means not only are they competing for fewer slots but they are also increasingly up against junior workers who have been recently laid off.
对于应届毕业生而言，这不仅意味着他们要争夺更少的职位空缺，还意味着他们正日益面临近期被裁初级员工的竞争。

While many bosses say they remain committed to entry-level workers and understand their value, the data is increasingly stark: The overall national unemployment rate is at about 4%, but for new college graduates, it was 6.6% over the past 12 months ending in May.
尽管许多老板表示他们仍致力于培养初级员工并认可其价值，但数据却日益严峻：全美整体失业率约为 4%，而在截至 5 月的过去 12 个月里，应届大学毕业生的失业率高达 6.6%。

5.0%

22–27

28–34

35–44

45–65

22-27 year olds were the most affected by pandemic layoffs

22-27 year olds were the least affected by the 2008 recession

2.5

RECESSION

0

1990

'95

2000

'05

'10

'15

'20

'25

5.0%

22–27

28–34

35–44

45–65

22-27 year olds were the most affected by pandemic layoffs

22-27 year olds were the least affected by the 2008 recession

2.5

RECESSION

0

1990

'95

2000

'05

'10

'15

'20

'25

22–27  《AI 正摧毁本已脆弱的大学毕业生就业市场》——《华尔街日报》

28–34  28–34 岁

35–44  35–44 岁

45–65  45–65 岁

5.0%

22-27 year olds were
22 至 27 岁的年轻人

the most affected by pandemic layoffs
受疫情裁员冲击最严重的群体

22-27 year olds were
22 至 27 岁人群曾是

the least affected by the 2008 recession
受 2008 年经济衰退影响最小的群体

2.5

RECESSION  经济衰退

0

1990

'95  1995 年

2000

'05  2005 年

'10  10

'15  15

'20  20

'25  2025 年

22–27

28–34

35–44

45–65

5.0%

22-27 year olds were

the most affected by pandemic layoffs

22-27 year olds were

the least affected by the 2008 recession

2.5

RECESSION

0

1990

'95

2000

'05

'10

'15

'20

'25

At large tech companies, which power much of the U.S. economy, the trend is perhaps more extreme. 
在美国经济中占据重要地位的大型科技公司中，这一趋势可能更为极端。

Venture-capital firm SignalFire found that among the 15 largest tech companies by market capitalization, the share of entry-level hires relative to total new hires has fallen by 50% since 2019. Recent graduates accounted for just 7% of new hires in 2024, down from 11% in 2022. A May report by the firm pointed to shrinking teams, fewer programs for new graduates and the growing influence of AI.
风险投资公司 SignalFire 发现，以市值计算的 15 家最大科技公司中，初级职位占新招聘总数的比例自 2019 年以来已下降 50%。2024 年应届毕业生仅占新聘员工的 7%，低于 2022 年的 11%。该公司 5 月份的报告指出，团队规模缩减、针对应届毕业生的项目减少以及人工智能日益增长的影响力是主要原因。

Jadin Tate studied informatics at the University at Albany, hoping to land a job focused on improving the user experience of apps or websites. The week before graduation, his mentor leveled with him: That field is being taken over by AI. He warned it may not exist in five years.
杰丁·泰特在奥尔巴尼大学攻读信息学专业，梦想着能从事改善应用程序或网站用户体验的工作。毕业前一周，他的导师直言相告：这个领域正被人工智能占领，并警告说五年后这个岗位可能不复存在。

Tate has attended four conventions this year, networking with companies and asking if they are hiring. He has also applied to dozens of jobs, without success. Several of his college friends are working retail and food-service jobs as they apply for white-collar roles or before their start dates.
今年泰特已经参加了四场招聘会，与各公司建立联系并询问是否有招聘计划。他还投递了数十份工作申请，但均未成功。他的几位大学同学在申请白领职位或等待入职期间，都在从事零售和餐饮服务的工作。

“It has been intimidating,” Tate said of his job search.
"这确实令人望而生畏，"泰特在谈到自己的求职经历时说道。

Indeed, recent graduates and students are fighting over a smaller number of positions geared at entry-level workers. There were 15% fewer job postings to the entry-level job-search platform Handshake this school year than last, while the number of applications per job rose 30%, according to the platform. Internship postings and applications saw similar trend lines between 2023 and 2025.
事实上，应届毕业生和在校生正在争夺数量锐减的初级岗位。求职平台 Handshake 数据显示，本学年该平台发布的初级职位数量较去年减少 15%，而每个职位的申请量却激增 30%。2023 至 2025 年间，实习岗位发布量与申请量也呈现相似走势。

Less gruntwork, more mentoring
减少基础工作，增加指导机会

The shift to AI presents huge risks to companies on skill development, even as they enjoy increased efficiency and productivity from fewer workers, said Chris Ernst, chief learning officer at the HR and finance software company Workday.
人力资源与财务软件公司 Workday 的首席学习官克里斯·恩斯特表示，向人工智能转型给企业技能发展带来巨大风险，即便企业因减少人力而获得效率和生产力提升。

Ernst said his research shows that workers mostly learn through experience, and then the remainder comes from relationships and development. When AI can produce in seconds a report that previously would have taken a young employee days or weeks—teaching that person critical skills along the way—companies will have to learn to train that person differently.
恩斯特指出，其研究表明员工主要通过实践学习，其余则来自人际互动与专业发展。当人工智能能在数秒内完成年轻员工过去需要数日甚至数周才能完成的报告（该过程原本能培养其关键技能）时，企业必须学会采用全新的培养方式。

“Genuine learning, growth, adaptation—it comes from doing the hard work,” he said. “It’s those moments of challenge, of hardship—that’s the crucible where people grow, they change, they learn most profoundly.”
"真正的学习、成长和适应，都来自于脚踏实地的努力，"他说。"正是在那些充满挑战与磨难的时刻——这个熔炉里，人们得以成长、蜕变，获得最深刻的领悟。"

Among other things, Ernst said employers must be intentional about connecting young workers with colleagues and making time to mentor them.
厄恩斯特表示，雇主必须有意将年轻员工与同事联系起来，并留出时间指导他们。

At the pipeline operator Williams, based in Tulsa, Okla., the company realized that thanks to AI young professionals were performing less of the drudgework like digging into corporate data that historically has taught them the core of the business. 
在俄克拉荷马州塔尔萨市的管道运营商威廉姆斯公司，管理层发现由于人工智能的应用，年轻职场新人从事的枯燥工作（如挖掘企业数据这类传统上能让他们掌握业务核心的苦差事）正在减少。

The company this year started a two-day onboarding program where veteran executives teach new hires the business fundamentals. Chief Human Resources Officer Debbie Pickle said that increased training will help new hires develop without loading them down with gruntwork. 
今年该公司启动了一项为期两天的入职培训计划，由资深高管向新员工传授业务基础知识。人力资源总监黛比·皮克尔表示，加强培训将帮助新员工成长，同时避免让他们陷入繁琐的杂务中。

“These are really bright, top talent people,” she said. “We shouldn’t put a cap on how we think they can add value for the company.”
“这些人非常聪明，都是顶尖人才，”她说。“我们不应该限制他们为公司创造价值的方式。”

Still, Pickle said, the increased efficiency will allow the company to expand the business while keeping head count flat in the future.
尽管如此，皮克尔表示，效率提升将使公司能够在未来保持员工人数不变的同时拓展业务。

Some of the entry-level jobs most at risk are the most lucrative for recent graduates, including on Wall Street and in big law firms where six-figure starting salaries are the norm. But those jobs have also been famously menial for the first few years—until AI came along.
最受冲击的初级职位恰恰是应届毕业生薪资最优渥的领域，包括华尔街和大型律所——这些地方六位数的起薪是常态。但众所周知，这些工作头几年往往琐碎枯燥，直到人工智能的出现改变了局面。

The investment firm Carlyle now pitches to prospective hires that they won’t be doing grunt work. Junior hires go through AI training and a program called “AI University” in which employees share best practices and participate in pilot programs, said Lúcia Soares, the firm’s chief information officer.
投资公司凯雷如今向潜在雇员宣传他们不会做苦差事。该公司首席信息官露西亚·索亚雷斯表示，新入职员工需接受人工智能培训并参加名为"AI 大学"的项目，员工们在此分享最佳实践并参与试点计划。

In the past, she said, junior hires evaluating a deal would find articles on Google, request documents from companies, review that information manually, highlight details and copy and paste information from one document to another. Now, AI tools can do almost all of that. 
她说，过去初级员工评估交易时，会在谷歌上搜索文章、向公司索要文件、手动审查信息、标注细节，还要在不同文件间复制粘贴内容。如今，人工智能工具几乎能完成所有这些工作。

“That analyst still has to go in and make sure the analysis is accurate, question it, challenge it,” she said. “The nature of the brain work that needs to go into it is very much the same. It’s just the speed at which these analysts can move.” 
"分析师仍需介入以确保分析的准确性，提出质疑并进行挑战，"她说道。"所需投入的脑力劳动本质完全相同，只是这些分析师的工作速度发生了变化。"

She said Carlyle has maintained the same volume of entry-level hiring but said 90% of its staff has adopted generative AI tools that automate some work.
她表示凯雷集团保持了相同规模的应届生招聘量，但指出 90%的员工已采用能自动处理部分工作的生成式 AI 工具。

‘Messy transition’  混乱的转型期

Carlyle’s reliance on young staff to check AI’s output highlights what many users know to be true: it still struggles in some cases to do the work of humans effectively. Still, many executives expect that gap to close quickly.
凯雷集团依赖年轻员工核查 AI 输出的做法，凸显了一个众所周知的现实：在某些情况下，AI 仍难以有效完成人类工作。尽管如此，许多高管预计这种差距将迅速缩小。

At the New York venture-capital firm Primary Venture Partners, Rebecca Price said she’s encouraging CEOs of the firm’s 100 portfolio companies to think hard about every hire and whether the role could be automated. 
纽约风险投资公司 Primary Venture Partners 的丽贝卡·普莱斯表示，她正鼓励公司 100 家被投企业的 CEO 们审慎考虑每个招聘岗位，评估这些职位是否可能被自动化取代。

She said it’s not that there are no entry-level jobs, but that there’s a gap between the skills companies expect out of their junior hires in the age of AI and what most new graduates are equipped with out of school. An engineer in a first job used to need basic coding abilities: now that same engineer needs to be able to detect vulnerabilities and have the judgment to determine what can be trusted from the AI models.
她说，问题并非没有初级岗位，而是在 AI 时代，企业对初级员工技能的要求与大多数应届毕业生离校时所具备的能力之间存在差距。过去，初入职场的工程师只需掌握基础编程能力；如今，同样的工程师需要能识别漏洞，并具备判断 AI 模型输出可信度的能力。

New grads must also learn faster and think critically, she said—skills that many of the newest computer-science grads don’t have yet.
她说，新毕业生还必须学得更快、思维更敏锐——许多最新的计算机科学毕业生尚未掌握这些技能。

“We’re in this messy transition,” said Price, a partner at the firm. “The bar is higher and the system hasn’t caught up.”
"我们正处于这个混乱的转型期，"该公司合伙人普莱斯表示。"门槛提高了，但系统还没跟上。"

Students are seeing the transition in real time. Arjun Dabir, a 20-year-old applied math major at the University of California, Irvine, said when he applied for internships last year, companies asked for knowledge of coding languages. Now, they want candidates who are familiar with how AI “agents” can automate certain tasks on behalf of humans—or “agentic workflows” in the new vernacular.
学生们正实时见证着这一转变。加州大学欧文分校 20 岁的应用数学专业学生阿尔琼·达比尔表示，去年他申请实习时，企业还要求掌握编程语言。如今，他们更青睐熟悉人工智能"代理"如何代表人类自动化特定任务的候选人——用新潮术语来说就是"代理工作流"。

“What is an intern going to do?” Dabir said as drones buzzed overhead nearby at an artificial intelligence convention in June in Washington, DC. The work typically done by interns, “that task is no longer necessary. You don’t need to hire someone to do it.” 
"实习生还能干什么？"达比尔在华盛顿特区 6 月的人工智能大会上说道，当时无人机在附近嗡嗡作响。通常由实习生完成的工作，"那些任务已经没必要了。你不需要雇人来做这些。"

Venture capitalist Allison Baum Gates said young professionals will need to be more entrepreneurial and gain experience on their own without the standard track of starting as an analyst or a paralegal and working their way up. Her firm, SemperVirens, invests in healthcare startups, workforce technology companies and fintech firms, some of which are replacing entry-level jobs.
风险投资家艾莉森·鲍姆·盖茨表示，年轻职场人士需要更具创业精神，在没有从分析师或律师助理起步并逐步晋升的标准路径的情况下，自行积累经验。她所在的 SemperVirens 公司投资于医疗初创企业、劳动力技术公司和金融科技公司，其中部分企业正在取代初级岗位。

“Maybe I’m wrong and this leads to a wealth of new jobs and opportunities and that would be a great situation,” she said. “But it would be far worse to assume that there’s no adverse impact and then be caught without a solution.”
"也许我错了，这可能会带来大量新的工作和机会，那将是个好局面，"她说。"但如果假设没有负面影响，结果却措手不及拿不出解决方案，情况就会糟糕得多。"

Rosalia Burr, 25, is trying to avoid such an outcome. She graduated in 2022 and quickly joined Liberty Mutual Insurance, where she had interned twice during college at Arizona State University. She was laid off from her payroll job in December.
25 岁的罗莎莉娅·伯尔正试图避免这种结局。她于 2022 年毕业，随即加入利宝互助保险公司——这家公司曾在她就读亚利桑那州立大学期间两次为她提供实习机会。去年 12 月，她的薪资岗位被裁撤。

Running has soothed her anxiety. This spring, however, she tore her hip flexor and had to rest to heal. Job rejections, as she was stuck inside, hit extra hard. “I felt that I was failing.” 
跑步曾缓解了她的焦虑。然而今年春天，她拉伤了髋屈肌，不得不静养恢复。困在屋里的日子里，求职被拒的打击显得尤为沉重。"我感觉自己很失败。"

Her goal now is to find a client-facing job. “If you’re in a business back-end role, you’re more of a liability of getting laid off, or your job being automated,” she said. “If you’re client facing, that’s something people can’t really replicate” with AI. 
她现在的目标是找一份面向客户的工作。"如果你从事的是业务后端岗位，被裁员或工作被自动化的风险更大，"她说。"如果是面向客户的工作，这是 AI 难以真正替代的。"

Write to Lindsay Ellis at lindsay.ellis@wsj.com and Katherine Bindley at katie.bindley@wsj.com
请发送邮件至林赛·埃利斯的邮箱 lindsay.ellis@wsj.com 和凯瑟琳·宾德利的邮箱 katie.bindley@wsj.com