SUPER GEL AS A SOIL CONDITIONER
超级凝胶作为土壤调理剂
II - ITS EFFECT ON PLANT GROWTH, ENZYMES ACTIVITY, WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE
II - 它对植物生长、酶活性、水分利用效率和养分吸收的影响
O.A. El-Hady, M.Y. Tayel and A.A. Lotfy
O.A. El-Hady、M.Y. Tayel 和 A.A. Lotfy

Soils and Water Use Laboratory
土壤与水利用实验室
National Research Centre
国家科研中心
Dokki, Cairo  Dokki， 开罗
Egypt  埃及

Greenhouse experiments were conducted on corn plants grown in sandy soil conditioned with $0.0,0.05,0.10,0.15$$0.0,0.05,0.10,0.15$0.0,0.05,0.10,0.150.0,0.05,0.10,0.15, and 0.20 grams Super Gel per 100 grams soil. Super gel treatments led to an increase in germination percent and rate, plant hight, dry matter production, urease and phosphatase activity in soil, water use efficiency and in the uptake of $N,P,K,Mn$$N,P,K,Mn$N,P,K,MnN, P, K, M n and Zn .
对生长在沙质土壤 $0.0,0.05,0.10,0.15$$0.0,0.05,0.10,0.15$0.0,0.05,0.10,0.150.0,0.05,0.10,0.15 中生长的玉米植株进行温室实验，每 100 克土壤中 0.20 克超级凝胶。超级凝胶处理提高了发芽率和发芽率、植株高度、干物质产量、土壤中脲酶和磷酸酶活性、水分利用效率以及锌的 $N,P,K,Mn$$N,P,K,Mn$N,P,K,MnN, P, K, M n 吸收。

The aim of soil and water management is generally to maximize production in relation to investment. In arid regions, where water generally constitutes the limiting factor, the aim is generally to induce the greatest amount of growth per unit quantity of available water.
土壤和水管理的目的通常是在投资方面最大限度地提高产量。在干旱地区，水通常是限制因素，其目标通常是每单位可用水量诱导最大的增长量。

Tayel and El-Hady (1980) found marked changes in water relations of a sandy soil conditioned with Super Gel. The response of plant growth and nutrient uptake to the changes in soil water relation was mentioned by many workers (Peterson and Ballard, 1953, Haddock, 1952, Metwally and Pallard, 1959, Abdel-Salam and Hashish, 1962, Abdou et al., 1969, El-Sherif and El-Scherif, 1973, El-Hady, 1979, Abed et al., 1980, and Tayel et al., 1980).
Tayel 和 El-Hady （1980） 发现用超级凝胶调理的沙质土壤的水分关系发生了显着变化。许多工人提到了植物生长和养分吸收对土壤水分关系变化的反应（Peterson 和 Ballard，1953 年，Haddock，1952 年，Metwally 和 Pallard，1959 年，Abdel-Salam 和 Hashish，1962 年，Abdou 等人，1969 年，El-Sherif 和 El-Scherif，1973 年，El-Hady，1979 年，Abed 等人，1980 年和 Tayel 等人，1980 年）。

According to Dadal (1975), Zantua et al (1977), Gould et al. (1973), Myers and Mc-Garity (1968), Tabatabai (1977), Gavrilova et al. (1974), Arutyunyan and Galstyan (1975) and Speir (1977), urease and phosphatase activity tends to increase with organic matter or organic carbon content in soil.
根据 Dadal（1975 年）、Zantua 等人（1977 年）、Gould 等人（1973 年）、Myers 和 Mc-Garity（1968 年）、Tabatabai（1977 年）、Gavrilova 等人（1974 年）、Arutyunyan 和 Galstyan（1975 年）和 Speir（1977 年）的说法，脲酶和磷酸酶活性往往随着土壤中有机质或有机碳含量的增加而增加。

Soil moisture exerts a beneficial effect on urease and phosphatase activity, (Rachinsky and Peltser), (1965), Jackman and Black, (1952), Gavrilova and Shimko, (1969) and Daraseliya et al. (1975).
土壤水分对脲酶和磷酸酶活性产生有益影响（Rachinsky 和 Peltser）（1965 年）、Jackman 和 Black（1952 年）、Gavrilova 和 Shimko（1969 年）和 Daraseliya 等人（1975 年）。

This current work was done to study the effect of Super Gel on germination process, plant growth, enzymes activity, water use efficiency and nutrient uptake.
目前这项工作旨在研究超级凝胶对发芽过程、植物生长、酶活性、水分利用效率和养分吸收的影响。

A greenhouse experiment was conducted in 20 plastic pots to study the effect of Super Gel on germination. The pots were 15, 16 and 10 cm in the inside bottom diameter, inside top diameter, and hight, respectively.
在 20 个塑料盆中进行了温室实验，研究了超级凝胶对发芽的影响。盆底内径、顶径内径和高分别为 15、16 和 10 cm。

Two kilograms of sandy woil were placed in each pot. The soil used was taken from the Southern Sector of Tahrir Province, (sand $=92.6\mathrm{\%}$$=92.6\mathrm{\%}$=92.6%=92.6 \%, $0.\mathrm{M}=0.28\mathrm{\%},{\mathrm{CaCO}}_3=1.2\mathrm{\%},\mathrm{pH}=7.55$$0.\mathrm{M}=0.28\mathrm{\%},{\mathrm{CaCO}}_3=1.2\mathrm{\%},\mathrm{pH}=7.55$0.M=0.28%,CaCO_(3)=1.2%,pH=7.550 . \mathrm{M}=0.28 \%, \mathrm{CaCO}_{3}=1.2 \%, \mathrm{pH}=7.55, water holding capacity = $17\mathrm{\%}$$17\mathrm{\%}$17%17 \%, field capacity $=3.1\mathrm{\%}$$=3.1\mathrm{\%}$=3.1%=3.1 \%, and wilting percentage $=1.25\mathrm{\%}$$=1.25\mathrm{\%}$=1.25%=1.25 \% ). Some other characteristics of the soil and Super Gel used are given in table 1. The pots were divided into 5 groups according to Gel concentration ( $0.0,0.05,0.10,0.15$$0.0,0.05,0.10,0.15$0.0,0.05,0.10,0.150.0,0.05,0.10,0.15, and $0.20\mathrm{\%}$$0.20\mathrm{\%}$0.20%0.20 \% ). The soil was well mixed with the appropriate amount of Super Gel and uniformly packed in their pots to a bulk density of $1.555\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{cm}}^3$$1.555\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{cm}}^3$1.555g//cm^(3)1.555 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3}. A sufficient amount of distilled water was added to all the pots to complete the gellation reaction. The pots were left to evaporation process until their moisture content reached $60\mathrm{\%}$$60\mathrm{\%}$60%60 \% of their water holding capacity. Each pot was planted with 10 corn seeds which were soaked overnight in distilled water before cultivation. The pots were left for 10 days without irrigation. During this period the germination rate was recorded. At the end of the ten days period, the seedlings hight was recorded and moisture in potswas determined.
每盆放两斤沙质。使用的土壤取自解放省南部地区（沙 $=92.6\mathrm{\%}$$=92.6\mathrm{\%}$=92.6%=92.6 \% 子、 $0.\mathrm{M}=0.28\mathrm{\%},{\mathrm{CaCO}}_3=1.2\mathrm{\%},\mathrm{pH}=7.55$$0.\mathrm{M}=0.28\mathrm{\%},{\mathrm{CaCO}}_3=1.2\mathrm{\%},\mathrm{pH}=7.55$0.M=0.28%,CaCO_(3)=1.2%,pH=7.550 . \mathrm{M}=0.28 \%, \mathrm{CaCO}_{3}=1.2 \%, \mathrm{pH}=7.55 持水能力 = $17\mathrm{\%}$$17\mathrm{\%}$17%17 \% 、田间容量 $=3.1\mathrm{\%}$$=3.1\mathrm{\%}$=3.1%=3.1 \% 和枯萎率 $=1.25\mathrm{\%}$$=1.25\mathrm{\%}$=1.25%=1.25 \% ）。表 1 给出了所用土壤和超级凝胶的其他一些特性。根据凝胶浓度将花盆分为 5 组（ $0.0,0.05,0.10,0.15$$0.0,0.05,0.10,0.15$0.0,0.05,0.10,0.150.0,0.05,0.10,0.15 、 $0.20\mathrm{\%}$$0.20\mathrm{\%}$0.20%0.20 \% 和 ）。土壤与适量的超级凝胶充分混合，均匀地包装在花盆中，堆积密度 $1.555\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{cm}}^3$$1.555\mathrm{g}/{\mathrm{cm}}^3$1.555g//cm^(3)1.555 \mathrm{~g} / \mathrm{cm}^{3} 为 。向所有锅中加入足量的蒸馏水以完成胶凝反应。将花盆置于蒸发过程，直到其水分含量达到 $60\mathrm{\%}$$60\mathrm{\%}$60%60 \% 其持水能力。每个盆种植 10 粒玉米种子，在栽培前在蒸馏水中浸泡过夜。花盆放置 10 天而不灌溉。在此期间，发芽率被记录下来。在十天结束时，记录幼苗高度并测定盆内水分。

An experiment similar to the one mentioned above was conducted to study the effect of Super Gel on enzymes activity, plant growth, nutrient uptake and water use efficiency. In this experiment, once, the available moisture dpletion (AMD) reaches $60\mathrm{\%}$$60\mathrm{\%}$60%60 \% of the total available water capacity, the pots were re-irrigated to $60\mathrm{\%}$$60\mathrm{\%}$60%60 \% of their water holding capacity.
进行了与上述类似的实验，研究了超级凝胶对酶活性、植物生长、养分吸收和水分利用效率的影响。本实验中，一旦有效水分枯竭（AMD）达到 $60\mathrm{\%}$$60\mathrm{\%}$60%60 \% 总可用水容量，盆栽就重新灌 $60\mathrm{\%}$$60\mathrm{\%}$60%60 \% 溉至其持水能力。

After one week, plants were thinned to 3 per pot. Fertilizers were applied at the rate of 60,30 and $50\mathrm{kg}/$$50\mathrm{kg}/$50kg//50 \mathrm{~kg} / Feddan $\left(4200{\mathrm{m}}^2\right)$$\left(4200{\mathrm{m}}^2\right)$(4200m^(2))\left(4200 \mathrm{~m}^{2}\right) of $\mathrm{N},{\mathrm{P}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_5$$\mathrm{N},{\mathrm{P}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_5$N,P_(2)O_(5)\mathrm{N}, \mathrm{P}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{5} and ${\mathrm{K}}_2\mathrm{O}$${\mathrm{K}}_2\mathrm{O}$K_(2)O\mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{O}, respectively, Fifty ppm/pot of both Zn and Mn in the form of ${\mathrm{SO}}_4$${\mathrm{SO}}_4$SO_(4)\mathrm{SO}_{4} were applied. Irrigation was performed using distilled water by weighing the pots daily. The amount of irrigation water used to replace the loss in pots weight during the growing period was recorded.
一周后，植物间苗至每盆 3 株。肥料施用量为 60,30，Feddan $50\mathrm{kg}/$$50\mathrm{kg}/$50kg//50 \mathrm{~kg} / $\left(4200{\mathrm{m}}^2\right)$$\left(4200{\mathrm{m}}^2\right)$(4200m^(2))\left(4200 \mathrm{~m}^{2}\right) 和 $\mathrm{N},{\mathrm{P}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_5$$\mathrm{N},{\mathrm{P}}_2{\mathrm{O}}_5$N,P_(2)O_(5)\mathrm{N}, \mathrm{P}_{2} \mathrm{O}_{5} ${\mathrm{K}}_2\mathrm{O}$${\mathrm{K}}_2\mathrm{O}$K_(2)O\mathrm{K}_{2} \mathrm{O} 50 ppm/盆的 Zn 和 Mn ${\mathrm{SO}}_4$${\mathrm{SO}}_4$SO_(4)\mathrm{SO}_{4} 均施用。通过每天称量花盆的重量，使用蒸馏水进行灌溉。记录了生长期用于替代盆栽重量损失的灌溉水量。

After one month, corn plants were cut above the soil surface and dried at ${70}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${70}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$70^(@)C70^{\circ} \mathrm{C}. Soil samples were taken from the pots for determination of enzymes (Phosphatase and Urease) activity after Burns (1978). Plants dry matter, the soil and Gel used were analysed for $N,P,K$$N,P,K$N,P,KN, P, K, Zn , and Mn as recommended by Jackson (1967). Also, the organic carbon in the soil and gel used was determined following Wakley and Blacks method according to Jackson (1967). Knowing the dry matter and irrigation water used, transpiration ratio and water use efficiency were calculated.
一个月后，将玉米植株切割到土壤表面以上并在 下 ${70}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$${70}^{\circ }\mathrm{C}$70^(@)C70^{\circ} \mathrm{C} 干燥。在 Burns （1978） 之后，从盆中抽取土壤样本以测定酶（磷酸酶和脲酶）活性。按照 Jackson （1967） 的建议，对植物干物质、土壤和所用凝胶进行了 $N,P,K$$N,P,K$N,P,KN, P, K 锌和锰分析。此外，根据 Jackson （1967） 的说法，所用土壤和凝胶中的有机碳是按照 Wakley 和 Blacks 方法测定的。在了解干物质和灌溉用水的基础上，计算了蒸腾比和水分利用效率。

Table 1 shows some characteristics of both Tahrir sandy soil and Super Gel. It is obvious that Super Gel contains 90, 3.44, 32.55 and 116 times that in Tahrir soil from $N,P,K$$N,P,K$N,P,KN, P, K and organic $C$$C$CC, respectively.
表 1 显示了解放沙土和超级凝胶的一些特征。很明显，超级凝胶的含量分别是解放土壤 $N,P,K$$N,P,K$N,P,KN, P, K $C$$C$CC 中的 90、3.44、32.55 和 116 倍。

Super Gel contains higher amounts of available Zn and Mn than that in the studied soil.
超级凝胶含有比所研究土壤中的有效锌和锰含量更高。

Conditioning Tahrir sany soil caused a marked improvement in germination processes (table 2). Increasing gel content in soil increased the rate of germination after 4 and 7 days. It can be noticed that the time needed for $50\mathrm{\%}$$50\mathrm{\%}$50%50 \% emergence decreased from 6.35 to 4.7 days with increasing gel in soil from 0.05 to $0.2\mathrm{\%}$$0.2\mathrm{\%}$0.2%0.2 \% (Figure 1). This figure indicates that the period of 10 days is not sufficient for $50\mathrm{\%}$$50\mathrm{\%}$50%50 \% emergence in the control. There is no doubt that shortening the period during which the seeds are susceptible to some diseases and drought periods is very important. Data in hand, show that gel caused an increase in seedlings length after 10 days. The difference in seedling length between $0.2\mathrm{\%}$$0.2\mathrm{\%}$0.2%0.2 \% gel and any of the other treatments was significant at the $1\mathrm{\%}$$1\mathrm{\%}$1%1 \% level. Because the gel can absorb a great amount of water ( 55 g water/1 g gel), more water is stored in the conditioned soil relative to the control. This stored water is an essential prerequisite for germination and growth during the 10 days period.
对解放三一土壤进行调理后，发芽过程得到显著改善（表 2）。增加土壤中的凝胶含量提高了 4 天和 7 天后的发芽率。可以注意到， $50\mathrm{\%}$$50\mathrm{\%}$50%50 \% 随着土壤中的凝胶从 6.35 天增加到 4.7 天，出苗所需的时间从 0.05 天减少到 $0.2\mathrm{\%}$$0.2\mathrm{\%}$0.2%0.2 \% （图 1）。该数字表明 10 天的时间不足以在对照中 $50\mathrm{\%}$$50\mathrm{\%}$50%50 \% 出现。毫无疑问，缩短种子易患某些疾病和干旱的时间非常重要。手头数据表明，凝胶在 10 天后导致幼苗长度增加。凝胶与任何其他处理之间的 $0.2\mathrm{\%}$$0.2\mathrm{\%}$0.2%0.2 \% 幼苗长度差异在水平上 $1\mathrm{\%}$$1\mathrm{\%}$1%1 \% 是显着的。由于凝胶可以吸收大量的水（55 克水/1 克凝胶），因此相对于对照，在条件土壤中储存了更多的水。这些储存的水是 10 天内发芽和生长的重要先决条件。

It is interesting to notice that the seedlings kept at $60\mathrm{\%}\mathrm{AMD}$$60\mathrm{\%}\mathrm{AMD}$60%AMD60 \% \mathrm{AMD} are longer relative to the non-irrigated ones (Figure 2). This may be due to the higher availability of soil moisture (Tayel and El-Hady, 1980) and subsequently, the higher mobility of most plant nutrients.
有趣的是，相对于未灌溉的幼苗，饲养 $60\mathrm{\%}\mathrm{AMD}$$60\mathrm{\%}\mathrm{AMD}$60%AMD60 \% \mathrm{AMD} 的幼苗更长（图 2）。这可能是由于土壤水分的可用性更高（Tayel 和 El-Hady，1980 年），以及随后大多数植物养分的流动性更高。

In addition to seedling length, dry matter production g/pot was taken as an index for seedling growth at the end of the experiment (table 3). The data indicate an increase in dry matter/pot with increasing gel content in soil. The difference in dry matter production as a result of soil conditioning was significant at the $1\mathrm{\%}$$1\mathrm{\%}$1%1 \% level, exception to that the difference between 0.0 and $0.05\mathrm{\%}$$0.05\mathrm{\%}$0.05%0.05 \% gel and between 0.15 and $0.2\mathrm{\%}$$0.2\mathrm{\%}$0.2%0.2 \% gel. Because water is not a limiting factor in plant growth under the prevailing condition ( $60\mathrm{\%}$$60\mathrm{\%}$60%60 \% AMD), the increase in dry matter production can be attributed mainly to the nutritive value of Super Gel (table 1).
除幼苗长度外，还以干物质产量 g/盆作为实验结束时幼苗生长的指标（表 3）。数据表明，随着土壤中凝胶含量的增加，干物质/盆的增加。土壤调理导致的干物质产量在水平 $1\mathrm{\%}$$1\mathrm{\%}$1%1 \% 上差异显著，但 0.0 与 $0.05\mathrm{\%}$$0.05\mathrm{\%}$0.05%0.05 \% 凝胶以及 0.15 与 $0.2\mathrm{\%}$$0.2\mathrm{\%}$0.2%0.2 \% 凝胶之间的差异除外。由于水不是当前条件下植物生长的限制因素（ $60\mathrm{\%}$$60\mathrm{\%}$60%60 \% AMD），因此干物质产量的增加主要归因于超级凝胶的营养价值（表 1）。

Data on phosphatase and urease activities are graphically plotted in figure 3. The activities of both enzymes markedly increased in the sandy soil conditioned with Super Gel. A maximum activity for the two enzymes was noticed in the soil treated with $0.20\mathrm{\%}$$0.20\mathrm{\%}$0.20%0.20 \% gel. This can be explained on the basis that the content of Super Gel from $N,P,K$$N,P,K$N,P,KN, P, K and $C$$C$CC is very high relative to the soil. In other words, conditioning the sandy soil with Super Gel increased its content from these elements. Also, it has been found by Tayel and El-Hady (1980) that Super Gel increased water retention in the sandy soil. Many workers (Jackman and Black (1952), Gavrilova and Shimko (1969), Daraseliya et al (1975), Arutyunyan and Gelstyan (1975), Speir (1977) and Gavrilova et al. (1974) found that phosphatase activity in soil is related to its content from moisture, organic carbon, total nitrogen and organic phosphorous. In the case of urease, Dadal (1975), Zantua et al. (1977), Tabatabai (1977) and Rachinsky and Peltser (1965) indicated that its activity tends to increase with organic matter and water level in the soil.
磷酸酶和脲酶活性的数据以图形方式绘制在图 3 中。两种酶的活性在用超级凝胶调理的沙质土壤中显着增加。在用 $0.20\mathrm{\%}$$0.20\mathrm{\%}$0.20%0.20 \% 凝胶处理的土壤中注意到这两种酶的最大活性。这可以解释为来自 和 $C$$C$CC 的 $N,P,K$$N,P,K$N,P,KN, P, K 超级凝胶含量相对于土壤非常高。换句话说，用超级凝胶调理沙质土壤会增加这些元素的含量。此外，Tayel 和 El-Hady （1980） 发现超级凝胶增加了沙质土壤中的保水性。许多工人（Jackman 和 Black（1952 年）、Gavrilova 和 Shimko（1969 年）、Daraseliya 等人（1975 年）、Arutyunyan 和 Gelstyan（1975 年）、Speir（1977 年）和 Gavrilova 等人（1974 年）发现，土壤中的磷酸酶活性与水分、有机碳、总氮和有机磷的含量有关。就脲酶而言，Dadal （1975）、Zantua 等人 （1977）、Tabatabai （1977） 以及 Rachinsky 和 Peltser （1965） 指出，其活性往往随着土壤中有机质和水位的增加而增加。

The differences in peaks of phosphatase and urease activities may be due to the different roles performed by these two enzymes in soil metabolism and to their different cellular location, as well as to different production of activities that may be influenced by both types and physiological ages of the various microorganisms.
磷酸酶和脲酶活性峰值的差异可能是由于这两种酶在土壤代谢中发挥的不同作用和它们不同的细胞位置，以及可能受到各种微生物类型和生理年龄影响的不同活性产生。

Conditioning the sandy soil increased water use efficiency and decreased the transpiration ratio (table 3).
对沙质土壤进行调理提高了水分利用效率并降低了蒸腾比（表 3）。