Tire Force Transmissibility and Wheel Lateral Stiffness Evaluation Procedure 轮胎力传递性和轮侧刚性评价流程
1 Introduction 1 引言
Note: Nothing in this standard supercedes applicable laws and regulations. 注：本标准中任何内容均不能替代适用的法律法规。
Note: In the event of conflict between the English and domestic language, the English language shall take precedence. 注：如果英文和中文版本之间存在冲突，英文版本应优先。
Note: The Transducer Calibration Master Test Procedure, GMW14172 and the Hand Held Force Input Frequency Response Function (FRF) Acquisition Master Test Procedure, GMW14181, shall be referenced for more detailed information corresponding to the procedure contained herein. 注意：关于此处所含流程的详细信息，应参考传感器校准主测试程序 GMW14172 和手持式力输入频率响应函数（FRF）采集主测试程序 GMW14181。
1.1 Purpose. Define the process for obtaining the tire and wheel force transmissibility and wheel lateral stiffness. These measurements are used to compare tire force transmissibility and wheel lateral stiffness to the specifications. 1.1 目的。定义获取轮胎和轮辋力传递性和轮辋侧向刚性的流程。这些测量用于将轮胎力传递性和轮辋侧向刚性与规格进行比较。
1.2 Applicability. The test procedure is appropriate to use for all passenger cars, vans and small bus tire wheel systems. 1.2 适用范围。该测试程序适用于所有乘用车、面包车和小型公共汽车轮胎轮辋系统。
1.3 Remarks. The tire and wheel force transmissibility and wheel lateral stiffness are factors in structure borne road noise performance. 1.3 备注。轮胎和轮辋力传递性以及轮辋侧向刚性是结构生道路噪声性能的因素。
2 References 2 参考文献
Note: Only the latest approved standards are applicable unless otherwise specified. 注意：除非另有说明，否则仅适用最新批准的标准。
3.1 Facilities. A test room or an area which is free of extraneous vibration (see GMW14181). 3.1 设施。一个测试室或一个无额外振动的区域（参见 GMW14181）。
3.1.1 Calibration. The test facilities and equipment shall be in good working order and shall have a valid calibration label. 3.1.1 校准。测试设施和设备应处于良好工作状态，并应有有效的校准标签。
3.1.2 Alternatives. Alternative test facilities and equipment may also be used. However, all measuring variables as specified in this standard shall be determined correctly with respect to their physical definition. 3.1.2 替代方案。也可使用替代的测试设施和设备。但是，本标准中规定的所有测量变量均应根据其物理定义正确确定。
3.2 Equipment. 3.2 设备。
3.2.1 Test Equipment. Two (2) measuring methods can be used to measure the tire and wheel transmissibility under free-free condition. Excitation with impact hammer or hand held shaker. The required equipment for both 3.2.1 测试设备。在自由-自由条件下测量轮胎和轮辋传递性的测量方法有两种。使用冲击锤或手持式振动器进行激励。两种方法所需的设备包括
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methods is different, however, the measurement results are comparable. Equivalent measurement equipment may be used in place of the suggested equipment. 方法不同，但测量结果可以比较。可以使用等效的测量设备代替建议的设备。
3.2.1.1 Equipment (Excitation with Impact Hammer). 3.2.1.1 设备（冲击锤激励）。
3.2.1.1.1 One (1) Four (4) channel Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analyzer (e.g., OROS 25, available through OROS Incorporated). 3.2.1.1.1 一个（1）四（4）通道快速傅里叶变换（FFT）分析仪（例如，OROS 25，可通过 OROS 公司获得）。
3.2.1.1.2 One (1) impact hammer with force transducer and nylon hammer tip (e.g., PCB small impact hammer, available through PCB Piezotronics Incorporated). 3.2.1.1.2 一个（1）冲击锤，带力传感器和尼龙锤头（例如，PCB 小型冲击锤，可通过 PCB Piezotronics 公司获得）。
3.2.1.1.3 One (1) triaxial accelerometer for vertical and lateral acceleration on the tire patch (i.e., PCB 353 B33 ICP, available through PCB Piezotronics Incorporated). 3.2.1.1.3 一个（1）三轴加速度计用于轮胎接地区域的垂直和横向加速度（即 PCB 353 B33 ICP，可通过 PCB Piezotronics Incorporated 获取）。
Note: Integrated Circuit Piezoelectric (ICP) is the most commonly used accelerometer technology. 注：集成电路压电（ICP）是最常用的加速度计技术。
3.2.1.1.4 Two (2) single axis accelerometers for acceleration on each side of wheel center (e.g., PCB 353 B65 ICP, available through PCB Piezotronics Incorporated). 3.2.1.1.4 两个（2）单轴加速度计用于车轮中心的两侧加速度（例如 PCB 353 B65 ICP，可通过 PCB Piezotronics Incorporated 获取）。
3.2.1.1.5 Accelerometer Calibrator. 3.2.1.1.5 加速度计校准器。
3.2.1.1.6 Calibration Mass. 3.2.1.1.6 校准质量。
Note: Refer to GMW14172 for more calibration details. 注意：更多校准详情请参考 GMW14172。
3.2.1.2 Equipment (Excitation with Hand Held Shaker). 3.2.1.2 设备（手持式振动器激励）。
3.2.1.2.1 One (1), Four (4) channel FFT analyzer (e.g., OROS 25, available through OROS Incorporated). 3.2.1.2.1 一（1）、四（4）通道 FFT 分析仪（例如，OROS 25，可通过 OROS 公司获取）。
3.2.1.2.2 One (1) waveform generator (e.g., WAVETEK Model 395, available through Fluke Precision Measurement Limited). 3.2.1.2.2 一台波形发生器（例如，WAVETEK Model 395，可通过 Fluke Precision Measurement Limited 获取）。
3.2.1.2.3 Hand held shaker with force transducer (e.g., Shaker: B&K Type 4819 and Force Transducer B&K B200 185524 60, available through Brüel & Kjær North America Incorporated). 3.2.1.2.3 一台手持式振动器，配备力传感器（例如，振动器：B&K Type 4819，力传感器：B&K B200 185524 60，可通过 Brüel & Kjær North America Incorporated 获取）。
3.2.1.2.4 Power amplifier (e.g., B&K 2706, available through Brüel & Kjær North America Incorporated). 3.2.1.2.4 功率放大器（例如，B&K 2706，可通过 Brüel & Kjær North America Incorporated 获取）。
3.2.1.2.5 One (1) triaxial accelerometer for vertical and lateral acceleration on the tire patch (e.g., PCB 354 B33 ICP, available through PCB Piezotronics incorporated). 3.2.1.2.5 一个三轴加速度计，用于轮胎接地区域的垂直和横向加速度（例如，PCB 354 B33 ICP，可通过 PCB Piezotronics incorporated 获取）。
3.2.1.2.6 Two (2) single axis accelerometers for acceleration on each side of wheel center (e.g., PCB 353 B65 ICP, available through PCB Piezotronics incorporated). 3.2.1.2.6 两个（2）单轴加速度计，用于测量轮胎中心两侧的加速度（例如，PCB 353 B65 ICP，可通过 PCB Piezotronics 公司获得）。
3.2.1.2.7 Accelerometer Calibrator. 3.2.1.2.7 加速度计校准器。
3.2.1.2.8 Calibration Mass. 3.2.1.2.8 校准质量。
Note: Refer to GMW14172 for more calibration details. 注意：有关更多校准详情，请参考 GMW14172。
Note: Alternative equipment by other manufacturers are useable. 注意：其他制造商提供的替代设备可用。
3.3 Test Vehicle/Test Piece. Tire and wheel. 3.3 测试车辆/测试部件。轮胎和轮毂。
3.4 Test Time. 3.4 测试时间。
Calendar time: 0.5 days 日历时间：0.5 天
Test hours: 2 hours 测试时间：2 小时
Coordination hours: 2 hours 协调时间：2 小时
3.5 Test Required Information. Not applicable. 3.5 测试所需信息。不适用。
3.6 Personnel/Skills. At least one (1) technician or engineer skilled in noise and vibration data acquisition, analysis, equipment use and test setup is required. 3.6 人员/技能。至少需要一名（1 名）在噪声和振动数据采集、分析、设备使用和测试设置方面具备技能的技术人员或工程师。
4 Procedure 4 流程
4.1 Preparation. 4.1 准备。
4.1.1 Check tire pressure and insure that the pressure is set to design intent level. Weigh the tire/wheel assembly or wheel only (bare wheel) to obtain the mass of the test object (see Appendix A, Figure A1). 4.1.1 检查轮胎气压，确保气压设置为设计意图水平。称量轮胎/轮毂总成或仅轮毂（光轮）以获得测试对象的重量（参见附录 A，图 A1）。
4.1.2 The test tire and wheel will be hung from elastic cords to allow the free-free condition in the direction of excitation. The rigid body mode of the tire and wheel shall be below 3 Hz . The test tire and wheel shall be 4.1.2 测试轮胎和轮毂将悬挂在弹性绳上，以允许在激励方向上的自由-自由条件。轮胎和轮毂的刚体模态应低于 3 Hz。测试轮胎和轮毂应
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secured appropriately to the elastic cords and the loading limits of the cords shall not be exceeded (see Appendix A, Figure A1 for an example of a tire and wheel boundary condition). 应适当将轮胎固定在弹性绳上，且绳子的负载极限不得超过（参见附录 A，图 A1，轮胎和轮子边界条件示例）。
4.1.3 Two (2) single axis accelerometers (M1 and M2) shall be attached with hot glue on each side of the wheel center in the direction of excitation (see Appendix A, Figure A2 for single axis accelerometers (M1 and M2) placement). These two (2) single accelerometers shall be positioned equidistant from the hub center and at the bolt circle diameter (BCD) circumference (referring to the red circle in Appendix A, Figure A2). The straight line between the two (2) accelerometers shall go through the hub center. A triaxial accelerometer (M3) shall be positioned along this straight line, on top of the tire. Typically, the straight line is oriented to be a vertical line for an easy measurement. Accelerometer directions shall be positioned in accordance with either Z or Y force transmissibility measurement directions. 4.1.3 应在轮子中心的两侧，沿激励方向，用热熔胶粘贴两个（2）单轴加速度计（M1 和 M2）（参见附录 A，图 A2，单轴加速度计（M1 和 M2）的安装位置）。这两个（2）单轴加速度计应与轮毂中心等距，位于螺栓圆直径（BCD）的圆周上（参考附录 A，图 A2 中的红色圆圈）。两个（2）加速度计之间的直线应穿过轮毂中心。一个三轴加速度计（M3）应沿此直线，位于轮胎顶部。通常，此直线应调整为垂直线以便于测量。加速度计的方向应根据 Z 轴或 Y 轴力传递测量方向进行定位。
4.1.4 The triaxial accelerometer (M3) will be affixed directly on the tire tread with hot glue when the force transmissibility from a tire to a wheel hub needs to be measured. Only the vertical and lateral directions will be used (see Appendix A, Figure A3 for triaxial accelerometer (M3) placement). This accelerometer (M3) shall not be mounted if only the stiffness of a tire/wheel assembly or a bare wheel is required to be measured. 4.1.4 当需要测量轮胎到轮毂的力传递性时，三轴加速度计（M3）将使用热胶直接粘贴在轮胎胎面上。仅使用垂直和横向方向（参见附录 A，图 A3，三轴加速度计（M3）的安装位置）。如果只需要测量轮胎/轮毂总成或裸轮毂的刚度，则不应安装此加速度计（M3）。
4.1.5 For accelerometer and force transducer calibrations, see GMW14172. 4.1.5 加速度计和力传感器的校准，参见 GMW14172。
4.2 Conditions. 4.2 条件。
4.2.1 Environmental Conditions. 4.2.1 环境条件。
4.2.2 Test Conditions. Deviations from the requirements of this standard shall have been agreed upon. Such requirements shall be specified on component drawings, test certificates, reports, etc. 4.2.2 测试条件。与标准要求的偏差应经事先商定。此类要求应在部件图纸、测试证书、报告等文件中明确说明。
Channel 1(CH1)1(\mathrm{CH} 1) : Force signal Impact Hammer ICP coupled auto range. 通道 1(CH1)1(\mathrm{CH} 1) : 力信号冲击锤 ICP 耦合自动量程。
Channel 2 (CH2): Acceleration signal tire tread (M3) ICP coupled auto range. 通道 2 (CH2): 加速度信号轮胎胎面 (M3) ICP 耦合自动量程。
Channel 3 (CH3): Acceleration signal wheel below center (M1) ICP coupled auto range. 通道 3 (CH3): 加速度信号车轮中心下方 (M1) ICP 耦合自动量程。
Channel 4 (CH4): Acceleration signal wheel above center (M2) ICP coupled auto range. 通道 4 (CH4): 加速度信号车轮中心上方 (M2) ICP 耦合自动量程。
Trigger: 10%10 \% slope channel and approximately 0.03 seconds pre-trigger. 触发: 10%10 \% 斜率通道和大约 0.03 秒预触发。
Average: Six (6) averages (minimum). 平均数：六（6）个平均值（最小值）。
Overlap: None. 重叠：无。
Window: Rectangular (uniform). 窗口：矩形（均匀）。
Maximum frequency: 2048 Hz . 最大频率：2048 Hz。
Minimum frequency resolution: 1 Hz or 0.25 Hz preferable for the tire and wheel system (see 5.1.4.1). For wheel only measurements, 0.125 Hz frequency resolution is recommended in the case that a wheel has little damping to stop ringing. 最小频率分辨率：1 Hz 或 0.25 Hz 更佳，适用于轮胎和轮子系统（见 5.1.4.1）。对于仅测量轮子的情况，如果轮子阻尼较小难以停止振动，建议使用 0.125 Hz 的频率分辨率。
Overload detection: Enabled. 过载检测：已启用。
4.3.1.2 The excitation will be made using an impact hammer. 4.3.1.2 激发将使用冲击锤进行。
4.3.1.2.1 For the following locational descriptions, refer to Appendix A, Figure A2. For a stiff hub such as an aluminum wheel hub, two (2) lateral and two (2) vertical impacts, both above and below the wheel center will be made. Two (2) single axis accelerometers are positioned/mounted laterally at M1 and M2 as illustrated. Lateral impact position P 1 is located 90 degrees perpendicular to the straight line between accelerometers M1 and M2. Lateral impact position P2 is located adjacent to accelerometer M2. Lateral impact locations and lateral accelerometer positions shall be aligned with the circumference of a BCD. If a mounting hole or a nonflat surface occurs, the impact positions and accelerometers shall be as close as possible to the BCD on adjacent flat locations. For vertical transmissibility, mount the accelerometers vertically at M1 and M2. Impact positions V1 and V2 are performed vertically, respectively at the locations on the pilot hole edges along the straight line between M1 and M2. Therefore, four (4) lateral Drive Point FRFs and four (4) vertical Drive Point FRFs are generated around the hub. Two Transfer FRFs between M3 and M1 (or M2) are also measured. Refer to 4.3.1.6 for notations and 5.1 for calculations. 4.3.1.2.1 对于以下位置描述，请参考附录 A，图 A2。对于铝制轮毂等刚性轮毂，将在轮毂中心上方和下方进行两个（2 个）横向冲击和两个（2 个）垂直冲击。两个（2 个）单轴加速度计按照图示方式安装在 M1 和 M2 处。横向冲击位置 P1 位于加速度计 M1 和 M2 之间直线垂直 90 度的位置。横向冲击位置 P2 位于加速度计 M2 旁边。横向冲击位置和横向加速度计位置应与 BCD 圆周对齐。如果出现安装孔或不平整表面，冲击位置和加速度计应尽可能靠近相邻平整位置的 BCD。对于垂直传递性，将加速度计垂直安装在 M1 和 M2 处。垂直冲击位置 V1 和 V2 分别垂直于 M1 和 M2 之间直线上的导孔边缘位置。因此，在轮毂周围将生成四个（4 个）横向驱动点 FRF 和四个（4 个）垂直驱动点 FRF。同时测量 M3 与 M1（或 M2）之间的两个（2 个）传递 FRF。 参考 4.3.1.6 关于符号说明，参考 5.1 关于计算方法。
4.3.1.2.2 For the following locational descriptions, refer to Appendix A, Figure A4. For a less rigid or shallow hub such as a steel wheel hub, eight (8) lateral impacts will be made radially along the circumference of a 4.3.1.2.2 对于以下位置描述，参考附录 A、图 A4。对于刚性较低或较浅的轮毂，如钢制轮毂，将沿圆周径向进行八个（8）横向冲击。