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Muscadine cultivars  麝香葡萄品种

Muscadines (Vitis rotundifolia) are a species of grape with a native range from the eastern one-third of Texas-where soils are acidic and rainfall is high-to Maryland (Fig. 1). Compared to the other wild grape species in Texas and European grapes (Vitis vinifera)—collectively referred to as bunch grapes-muscadines have slightly different characteristics.
麝香葡萄（Vitis rotundifolia）是一种葡萄品种，原产地范围从德克萨斯州东部三分之一地区——土壤酸性且降雨量高——一直延伸到马里兰州（见图 1）。与德克萨斯州的其他野生葡萄品种和欧洲葡萄（Vitis vinifera）——统称为串状葡萄——相比，麝香葡萄具有略微不同的特性。
Muscadines have smooth bark, un-forked tendrils, and fruit born in small clusters of large berries that ripen individually and fall away or shed when mature. Due to their additional pain of chromosomes, muscadines are generally incompatible with bunch grapes for grafting and hybridizing. Hybrids of muscadines and bunch grapes are rare and usually sterile.
麝香葡萄具有光滑的树皮，未分叉的卷须，果实成小簇生长，果实较大，成熟时单个成熟并脱落或脱落。由于其额外的染色体组，麝香葡萄通常与串状葡萄在嫁接和杂交方面不兼容。麝香葡萄与串状葡萄的杂交品种很少见，且通常不育。
Wild muscadine vines are dioecious, requiring a male and female plant to reproduce. They bear either male (staminate) or female (pistillate) flowers, but only female vines produce fruit. Both muscadines and bunch grapes are primarily wind-pollinated. There are over 100 improved muscadine cultivars. Most older cultivars are
野生麝香葡萄藤为雌雄异株，繁殖需要雄株和雌株。它们开雄花（雄蕊花）或雌花（雌蕊花），但只有雌株能结果。麝香葡萄和串状葡萄主要依靠风媒授粉。已有 100 多种改良的麝香葡萄栽培品种。大多数较老的品种是
Figure 1. Native range of muscadine grapes.
图 1. 麝香葡萄的原生分布范围。
female and require a pollinizer to produce fruit, but many new cultivars are self-fertile (per-fect-flowered). These newer varieties are able to produce fruit when planted alone and can serve as a pollinizer for female flowers. A pollinizer should be planted within 30 to 40 feet of female vines for effective pollination. Many vineyards with pistillate cultivars plant a self-fertile cultivar every third row.
雌性葡萄需要授粉者才能结果，但许多新品种是自花授粉的（完全有花的）。这些新型品种单独种植时也能结果，并且可以作为雌花的授粉者。为了有效授粉，授粉者应种植在距离雌藤 30 到 40 英尺内。许多种植雌性品种的葡萄园每隔三行种植一个自花授粉品种。
Muscadine berries are a slip-skin fruit meaning they have a thick skin and a gelatinous pulp that pops out when the berries are squeezed (Fig. 2). Muscadine berries generally contain up to five seeds, which are hard and often bitter.
麝香葡萄是一种滑皮果，意味着它们有厚厚的果皮和果肉，果肉呈胶状，挤压时会弹出（图 2）。麝香葡萄通常含有多达五颗种子，种子坚硬且常带苦味。
Figure 2. Slip-skin muscadine berry.
图 2. 滑皮麝香葡萄果实。
Berries of improved muscadines range in color from green to bronze and from red to black (Fig. 3). Berry weight can also range from a few grams for processing-type muscadines to 30 grams for the largest fresh-eating cultivars. Muscadine breeders target traits such as thin skin, crunchy texture, synchronous cluster-ripening, size, flavor, yield potential, and seedless-ness. The improved characteristics of modern muscadine cultivars make them far superior to their wild counterparts.
改良后的麝香葡萄果实颜色从绿色到青铜色，从红色到黑色不等（图 3）。果实重量也有差异，加工型麝香葡萄果实仅重几克，而最大的新鲜食用品种可达 30 克。麝香葡萄育种者关注的特性包括薄皮、脆爽口感、果串同步成熟、果实大小、风味、产量潜力和无籽性。现代麝香葡萄品种的改良特性使其远远优于野生品种。
Noble and Carlos are the most widely planted red and white muscadine wine cultivars, respectively. Supreme is often considered to be the standard black-fruited, fresh-market cultivar and Fry is a commonly planted bronze, fresh-market cultivar. Other cultivars are grown on a commercial scale (Table 1).
Noble 和 Carlos 分别是种植最广泛的红色和白色麝香葡萄酒品种。Supreme 通常被认为是标准的黑色果实鲜食市场品种，而 Fry 是一种常见的青铜色鲜食市场品种。其他品种也在商业规模上种植（表 1）。
Figure 3. Small processing and large fresh market muscadines.
图 3. 小型加工和大型鲜食市场的麝香葡萄。
Many of the newer muscadine cultivars (Lane, Hall, Southern Jewel, Delicious, Onyx, and Paulk) have not been extensively trialed in Texas but may be considered for test plantings. Commercial production of muscadines in Texas for fresh eating, juice, and wine is limited to approx-
许多较新的麝香葡萄品种（Lane、Hall、Southern Jewel、Delicious、Onyx 和 Paulk）在德克萨斯州尚未广泛试验，但可以考虑进行试种。德克萨斯州麝香葡萄的商业生产主要限于鲜食、果汁和葡萄酒，约为
Table 1. Recommended muscadine cultivars
表 1. 推荐的麝香葡萄品种
Cultivar  品种 Size  大小 Color  颜色 Pollination  授粉 Use  用途
Fresh eating  鲜食 Juice and jelly  果汁和果冻 Wine  葡萄酒
Black Beauty  黑美人 Black Beauty  黑美人 Black  黑色 Female  女性 ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet - ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet
Black Fry  黑色弗莱 Black Fry  黑色弗莱 Black  黑色 Female  女性 ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet
Carlos  卡洛斯 Carlos  卡洛斯 Bronze  青铜色 Self  自我 ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet
Cowart  考沃特 Cowart  考沃特 Black  黑色 Self  自我 ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet
Darlene  达琳 Darlene  达琳 Bronze  青铜色 Female  女性 ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet -
Fry  幼鱼 Fry  幼鱼 Bronze  青铜色 Female  女性 ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet
Hunt  狩猎 Hunt  狩猎 Black  黑色 Female  女性 ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet
Nesbitt Nesbitt Black  黑色 Self  自我 ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet
Noble  高贵 Noble  高贵 Black  黑色 Self  自我 ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet
Pam  帕姆 Pam  帕姆 Bronze  青铜色 Female  女性 ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet
Regale Regale Purple  紫色 Self  自我 ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet
Southern Home  南方之家 Southern Home  南方之家 Black  黑色 Self  自我 ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet -
Supreme  至尊 Supreme  至尊 Black  黑色 Female  女性 ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet
Sugargate Sugargate Black  黑色 Female  女性 ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet
Sweet Jenny  甜珍妮 Sweet Jenny  甜珍妮 Bronze  青铜色 Female  女性 ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet
Tara  塔拉 Tara  塔拉 Bronze  青铜色 Self  自我 ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet
Triumph  胜利 Triumph  胜利 Bronze  青铜色 Self  自我 ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet ∙ ∙ ∙\bullet
Cultivar Size Color Pollination Use Fresh eating Juice and jelly Wine Black Beauty Black Beauty Black Female ∙ - ∙ Black Fry Black Fry Black Female ∙ ∙ Carlos Carlos Bronze Self ∙ Cowart Cowart Black Self ∙ ∙ Darlene Darlene Bronze Female ∙ - Fry Fry Bronze Female ∙ ∙ Hunt Hunt Black Female ∙ ∙ ∙ Nesbitt Nesbitt Black Self ∙ ∙ Noble Noble Black Self ∙ ∙ Pam Pam Bronze Female ∙ ∙ Regale Regale Purple Self ∙ ∙ Southern Home Southern Home Black Self ∙ - Supreme Supreme Black Female ∙ ∙ Sugargate Sugargate Black Female ∙ ∙ Sweet Jenny Sweet Jenny Bronze Female ∙ ∙ Tara Tara Bronze Self ∙ ∙ ∙ Triumph Triumph Bronze Self ∙ ∙ | Cultivar | Size | Color | Pollination | Use | | | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | | | | Fresh eating | Juice and jelly | Wine | | Black Beauty | Black Beauty | Black | Female | $\bullet$ | - | $\bullet$ | | Black Fry | Black Fry | Black | Female | $\bullet$ | $\bullet$ | | | Carlos | Carlos | Bronze | Self | | | $\bullet$ | | Cowart | Cowart | Black | Self | $\bullet$ | $\bullet$ | | | Darlene | Darlene | Bronze | Female | $\bullet$ | - | | | Fry | Fry | Bronze | Female | $\bullet$ | $\bullet$ | | | Hunt | Hunt | Black | Female | $\bullet$ | $\bullet$ | $\bullet$ | | Nesbitt | Nesbitt | Black | Self | $\bullet$ | $\bullet$ | | | Noble | Noble | Black | Self | | $\bullet$ | $\bullet$ | | Pam | Pam | Bronze | Female | $\bullet$ | $\bullet$ | | | Regale | Regale | Purple | Self | $\bullet$ | $\bullet$ | | | Southern Home | Southern Home | Black | Self | $\bullet$ | - | | | Supreme | Supreme | Black | Female | $\bullet$ | $\bullet$ | | | Sugargate | Sugargate | Black | Female | $\bullet$ | $\bullet$ | | | Sweet Jenny | Sweet Jenny | Bronze | Female | $\bullet$ | $\bullet$ | | | Tara | Tara | Bronze | Self | $\bullet$ | $\bullet$ | $\bullet$ | | Triumph | Triumph | Bronze | Self | $\bullet$ | $\bullet$ | |
imately 80 acres of production, but states such as North Carolina and Georgia have much larger, more developed markets.
大约有 80 英亩的生产面积，但像北卡罗来纳州和佐治亚州这样的州拥有更大、更成熟的市场。
The primary criteria for selecting fresh-market muscadine cultivars include fruit quality potential, yield potential, harvest timing, size, and stem scar. In colder locations, cold hardiness may be an important selection criterion. Muscadines are generally hardy through cold zone 7 with damage likely to occur when temperatures fall below 10 ∘ F 10 ∘ F 10^(@)F10^{\circ} \mathrm{F}. Cold sensitivity differs between cultivars, and the physiological status of the vine going into winter is important during dormancy. Avoiding large fertilizer applications helps improve winter hardiness. Fertilizers, particularly nitrogen, applied after harvest and other practices may stimulate late season growth which decreases cold hardiness.
选择鲜食麝香葡萄品种的主要标准包括果实品质潜力、产量潜力、采收时间、果实大小和果梗疤痕。在较冷的地区，耐寒性可能是一个重要的选择标准。麝香葡萄通常能耐受 7 区的寒冷，当温度降至 10 ∘ F 10 ∘ F 10^(@)F10^{\circ} \mathrm{F} 以下时可能会受到损害。不同品种的耐寒性有所不同，葡萄藤进入冬季时的生理状态在休眠期间非常重要。避免大量施肥有助于提高冬季耐寒性。施肥，特别是氮肥，在收获后施用以及其他管理措施可能刺激晚季生长，从而降低耐寒性。

Training systems  训练系统

Muscadines are vigorous growers with shoots that have a downward or procumbent growth habit (Fig. 4). They are usually trained to highwire systems with cordons at 5 to 6 feet off the ground. Cordons are the woody arms of the grapevine and are at least 2 years old. The shoots are then allowed to cascade downward. Commercial vineyards use both high-wire bilateral cordon and quadrilateral training systems. Vines are spaced anywhere from 12 to 24 feet apart and rows are commonly spaced at 10 to 12 feet
麝香葡萄生长旺盛，枝条呈向下或匍匐生长习性（图 4）。它们通常被训练成高架系统，臂蔓距地面 5 到 6 英尺。臂蔓是葡萄藤的木质枝条，至少有 2 年生龄。然后允许枝条向下垂落。商业葡萄园使用高架双臂蔓和四臂蔓训练系统。葡萄藤的间距从 12 到 24 英尺不等，行距通常为 10 到 12 英尺。
Figure 4. Procumbent growth of muscadine shoots.
图 4. 麝香葡萄枝条的匍匐生长。
apart. This spacing allows equipment to pass down the row. Because muscadine vines are heavy, 12.5-gauge, high-tensile wire or 9-gauge soft wire are used for load-bearing wires. The most common materials for training systems are 5- or 6-inch round CCA-treated wood posts or 27 / 8 27 / 8 27//827 / 8-inch drill stem pipes for end posts and 3 - or 4-inch round CCA-treated wood posts or metal posts (t-posts or vineyard stakes). Both options can be used as line posts situated within each row. Set the posts a maximum of 12 to 18 feet apart and plant the vines between the posts. Use a small stake, string, or wire to train a straight trunk up to the cordon wire.
间距。这种间距允许设备沿行通过。由于麝香葡萄藤较重，承重线通常使用 12.5 号高强度钢丝或 9 号软钢丝。训练系统最常用的材料是 5 或 6 英寸直径的 CCA 处理木桩或 27 / 8 27 / 8 27//827 / 8 英寸钻杆管作为端柱，3 或 4 英寸直径的 CCA 处理木桩或金属桩（T 型桩或葡萄园桩）作为线柱。两种选项都可以用作每行内的线柱。桩子之间的最大间距为 12 到 18 英尺，葡萄藤种植在桩子之间。使用小桩、绳子或钢丝将主干训练成直立，直至臂蔓线。
End-post configurations must be strong enough to resist the tension put on them. Tieback systems, H-brace end post assemblies, and dead man assemblies are most common (Fig. 5). H-brace and dead man assemblies generally offer superior support and do not result in any unused spaces in the trellis.
端柱结构必须足够坚固，以抵抗施加在其上的拉力。最常见的有拉杆系统、H 型支撑端柱组件和死桩组件（图 5）。H 型支撑和死桩组件通常提供更优越的支撑，并且不会在棚架中产生任何未利用的空间。
Figure 5. Dead man made from drill stem pipe (top) and H -brace made from wood posts (bottom).
图 5. 由钻杆管制成的死桩（上）和由木柱制成的 H 型支撑（下）。

Soil  土壤

Muscadines grow best in acidic to slightly acidic soils with a pH of 5.5 to 6.8. They are not well adapted to soils with high concentrations of calcium carbonate (calcareous) and a high pH . Problems with iron uptake usually occur in soils with a pH above 7.0 , leading to iron chlorosis (Fig. 6). Soils with a pH higher than 7.0 may be improved with large additions of compost, but this often does not completely solve chlorosis problems, particularly with high-alkaline irrigation water. Applying chelated iron as a foliar spray or through the drip irrigation system may mitigate this problem but may not be sufficient for highly calcareous soils.
麝香葡萄在 pH 值为 5.5 至 6.8 的酸性至微酸性土壤中生长最佳。它们不适合高碳酸钙（石灰质）含量高且 pH 值较高的土壤。通常在 pH 值高于 7.0 的土壤中会出现铁吸收问题，导致铁黄化症（图 6）。pH 值高于 7.0 的土壤可以通过大量添加堆肥来改善，但这通常不能完全解决黄化问题，尤其是在高碱性灌溉水的情况下。施用螯合铁作为叶面喷雾或通过滴灌系统施用可能缓解此问题，但对于高度石灰质土壤可能仍不足够。
Generally, it is not economically feasible to acidify an alkaline soil by adding sulfur. However, soil with a pH lower than 5.5 may be limed
通常，通过添加硫磺来酸化碱性土壤在经济上不可行。然而，pH 值低于 5.5 的土壤可以施用石灰。
Figure 6. Symptoms of iron deficiency are visible as interveinal chlorosis (top photo) beginning at the tip of shoots (bottom photo).
图 6. 铁缺乏的症状表现为叶脉间黄化（上图），从枝条顶端开始（下图）。
to raise the soil pH to a more favorable range for plant nutrients intake.
提高土壤 pH 值至更有利于植物养分吸收的范围。
Like most other fruit crops, muscadines do not tolerate “wet feet” or grow well in soils with poor drainage. Conduct a percolation test on the soil’s absorption rate to determine whether drainage is suitable. If the drainage at your site is inadequate, set the plants on a raised row that will drain in all directions.
像大多数其他水果作物一样，麝香葡萄不耐“湿脚”，也不适合生长在排水不良的土壤中。对土壤的吸水率进行渗透测试，以确定排水是否适合。如果您所在地的排水不良，应将植物种植在四面排水的高垄上。

Propagation  繁殖

Muscadines are most commonly propagated using soft cuttings or by layering. Layering allows the stem to root while attached to the original vine. Cuttings taken in early to late summer are most successful. Avoid selecting the tips of shoots and basal regions with bark or periderm formation. Place cuttings in a soilless potting mix or other medium and use intermittent mist until rooting takes place in approximately 2 to 4 weeks. In a commercial setting, vines are usually grown in a field nursery for a year before they are dug and sold. Muscadine vines are typically sold as dormant, bare-root, 1-year-old vines or in pots.
麝香葡萄最常用软枝条扦插或压条繁殖。压条法允许枝条在仍连接母藤的情况下生根。夏初至夏末采取的扦插枝条成功率最高。避免选择枝条顶端和已形成树皮或皮层的基部区域。将扦插枝条插入无土栽培基质或其他介质中，并使用间歇喷雾，约 2 至 4 周后生根。在商业环境中，葡萄藤通常在苗圃中种植一年后才挖出出售。麝香葡萄藤通常以休眠状态的裸根一岁藤或盆栽形式出售。

Planting  种植

The time to plant muscadines is from the start of the dormant season through early spring (December through April). Do not plant dormant, bare-root plants later than May. This will help avoid hot, dry conditions that can lead to poor establishment. You can plant potted vines later in the growing season, but they perform best when planted early. Earlier in the season, they can become established under the most favorable weather conditions of the season.
种植麝香葡萄的时间为休眠期开始至早春（12 月至 4 月）。休眠裸根植株不应晚于 5 月种植，以避免高温干燥的不利条件，影响成活。盆栽葡萄藤可以在生长季节晚些时候种植，但早期种植效果最佳。季节越早种植，葡萄藤越能在最有利的气候条件下扎根。
To plant muscadines:  种植麝香葡萄：
  • Start with large, healthy plants with shoots about the size of a pencil.
    选择枝条粗细约铅笔大小、健康且生长良好的大株植株开始种植。
  • Dig a hole to accommodate the entire root system.
    挖一个足以容纳整个根系的坑。
  • Plant the vine and gently firm the soil around the roots.
    种植葡萄藤，轻轻压实根部周围的土壤。
  • Do not backfill with potting soil or add fertilizer to the planting hole.
    不要用盆栽土回填，也不要在种植坑中添加肥料。
  • Once the vine is planted, water immediately to ensure good contact between roots and soil, and to prevent the roots from drying out. The most common reason a new dormant, bare-root plant dies is that the roots become too dry.
    葡萄藤种植后立即浇水，以确保根部与土壤良好接触，防止根部干燥。新种植的休眠裸根植物死亡的最常见原因是根部过于干燥。
  • After planting, cut the top of the dormant vine down to two buds. This ensures stronger shoot growth than if the vine is left untrimmed.
    种植后，将休眠藤蔓的顶部剪至两个芽。这比不修剪藤蔓能确保更强壮的枝条生长。

Training - Trellises and Arbors
训练——葡萄架和凉亭

Training is bending, tying, or pruning a plant or branch into a particular shape or position onto a trellis system. Trellising is training the vine to the support structure, which includes hardware such as end posts, line posts, bracing, and wire. Train muscadines onto a high-wire trellis with a top wire situated 5 or 6 feet above the ground (Figure 7 and Figure 8). Muscadines also make beautiful arbors.
训练是将植物或枝条弯曲、绑扎或修剪成特定形状或位置，固定在葡萄架系统上。葡萄架训练是将藤蔓引导到支撑结构上，该结构包括端柱、线柱、支撑和铁丝等硬件。将麝香葡萄训练在高线葡萄架上，顶线距地面约 5 至 6 英尺（见图 7 和图 8）。麝香葡萄也非常适合制作美丽的凉亭。
Figure 7. Two-wire trellis system.
图 7. 双线铁丝棚架系统。
Figure 8. Quadrilateral trained muscadine vineyard.
图 8. 四边形训练的麝香葡萄园。
To train muscadine vines into a trellis:
将麝香葡萄藤训练成棚架：
  • In the first year, select a vigorous shoot that will grow up the training stake and become the trunk of the vine.
    第一年，选择一根有活力的枝条，让它沿着训练杆向上生长，成为葡萄藤的主干。
  • Remove any other shoots as they develop during this time to encourage one robust, upright shoot that will develop into a healthy, permanent trunk (Figure 9).
    在此期间，去除其他生长的枝条，以促进一根健壮、直立的枝条发育成健康、永久的主干（图 9）。
Figure 9. Establishing a muscadine trunk in the first season.
图 9. 第一季建立麝香葡萄主干。
  • Allow this main shoot to grow upward until it reaches the top wire, making sure to tie it to the training stake along the way.
    让主蔓向上生长，直到达到顶丝，同时确保沿途将其绑在训练桩上。
  • This may occur during the first season, but if it does not, prune the main shoot back down to two buds during the dormant season before growth commences in the second year, beginning the process again.
    这可能会在第一个生长季节发生，但如果没有发生，请在第二年生长开始前的休眠期，将主蔓修剪回两个芽，重新开始这个过程。
  • Avoid the common mistake of retaining a small or weak cane in hopes of building a trunk more quickly.
    避免常见错误，不要保留细小或弱的枝条以期望更快地形成主干。
  • Once the main shoot reaches one foot beyond the top wire, cut it back to a few inches below the wire to encourage lateral shoot growth. Shoots will grow from buds just below where the shoot was cut.
    一旦主蔓超过顶丝一英尺，剪回到顶丝以下几英寸处，以促进侧枝生长。新枝将从剪切处下方的芽处生长。
  • Select two lateral shoots-one to the right and one to the left-at or below the point where they touch the wire. Each lateral shoot will serve as an “arm” (cordon) of the grapevine and can then be trained along the cordon wire (Fig. 10). The cordon can sometimes develop to the full length of the wire during the second growing season.
    选择两个侧枝——一个向右，一个向左——位于它们接触铁丝的点上或下方。每个侧枝将作为葡萄藤的“臂”（主枝），然后可以沿着主枝铁丝进行训练（图 10）。主枝有时可以在第二个生长季节发展到铁丝的全长。
Figure 10. Cordon establishment in the second season.
图 10. 第二季节的主枝建立。
Depending on the health of the vine, soil conditions, and weather, newly planted muscadines may grow anywhere from a few feet to over 10 feet within a single year. You can also retain two trunks rather than a single one.
根据葡萄藤的健康状况、土壤条件和天气，新种植的麝香葡萄在一年内的生长高度可能从几英尺到超过 10 英尺不等。你也可以保留两根主干，而不是一根。
To train vines into an arbor:
将葡萄藤训练成凉亭形状：
  • During the first 2 years, train the vine up the arbor post.
    在最初的两年内，将葡萄藤沿着葡萄架柱子引导生长。
  • In the third year, establish a cordon down the wire, with horizontal bars (cross-members) spaced 24 inches apart.
    在第三年，沿着铁丝建立一个主枝，水平横杆（横档）间隔 24 英寸。
  • In January or February, prune the cordon to two or three bud spurs every 4 to 6 inches.
    在一月或二月，将主枝修剪成每隔 4 到 6 英寸有两个或三个芽的短枝。
  • Prevent overgrowth by establishing cordons at least than 48 inches apart.
    通过将主枝间距至少保持在 48 英寸，防止过度生长。
  • If you use only one cultivar and want it to fruit, be sure it is a perfect plant, one that is self-fruitful and does not require a pollinizer.
    如果您只种植一个品种并希望其结果，务必选择一个完美的植株，即自花授粉且不需要授粉者的品种。
  • Choose a bronze-colored cultivar if a patio or concrete surface is below the arbor and staining from fruit drop is a concern.
    如果凉亭下方是露台或混凝土表面，并且担心果实掉落造成污渍，请选择青铜色品种。

Cluster Thinning  疏果

To ensure healthy vine development in the first season:
为了确保第一季节葡萄藤的健康生长：
  • Pinch off all of the clusters as they appear.
    当果串出现时，全部摘除。
  • If vine growth is not satisfactory after the first season, pinch off all clusters as they appear during the second season.
    如果第一季后藤蔓生长不理想，第二季出现果串时全部摘除。
  • Otherwise, pinch off approximately half of the clusters as they appear in the second season. Typically, a full crop can be harvested by the third season.
    否则，第二季出现的果串大约摘除一半。通常，到第三季可以收获完整的果实。
  • If over-cropping occurs in a mature vineyard, you may need to implement cluster thinning before the fruit ripens (Fig. 11).
    如果成熟葡萄园出现过度结果，可能需要在果实成熟前进行果串疏果（见图 11）。
Figure 11. Muscadine vine showing signs of over-cropping.
图 11. 显示过度结果迹象的麝香葡萄藤。

Pruning  修剪

Once the trunk and cordon are established, prune the 1 -year-old shoots (canes) that arise from the cordon down to two to three buds. These short sections of cane are spurs. Space spurs 3 to 5 inches apart along each cordon (Fig. 12).
一旦主干和主枝建立起来，修剪从主枝上长出的 1 年生枝条（藤蔓），将其剪短至两到三个芽。这些短的藤蔓段称为短果枝。沿每个主枝将短果枝间隔 3 到 5 英寸（图 12）。
Once vines are established, prune them by cutting back the canes that grew in the previous season to manage growth and production. Remove any unwanted shoot growth that arises from the trunk or other regions of the vine soon after it appears, or during the dormant season. If left unpruned, a muscadine’s canopy
葡萄藤一旦建立起来，通过修剪上一季生长的藤蔓来管理生长和产量。及时去除从主干或葡萄藤其他部位长出的不需要的枝条，最好是在它们刚出现时或在休眠期进行修剪。如果不修剪，麝香葡萄的树冠会...
Figure 12. Before dormant pruning (left) and after (right).
图 12. 休眠期修剪前（左）和修剪后（右）。
Figure 13. Cordon spur pruned vine with visible spur positions along the cordon.
图 13. 带有沿着主枝可见短枝位置的主枝短枝修剪葡萄藤。
becomes unmanageable making harvest difficult. Muscadines produce fruit on shoots that arise from 1-year-old wood, so it is necessary to remove around 90 percent of the previous season’s growth to control the canopy and prevent over-cropping (Fig. 13).
变得难以管理，导致收获困难。麝香葡萄的果实生长在一岁枝条上，因此需要去除大约 90%的上一季生长枝条，以控制树冠并防止过度结果（图 13）。
An unpruned or otherwise unhealthy vine can often be retrained by cutting back to near the trunk or cordon to re-establish a cordon or spur positions. Pruning invigorates the plant and is necessary for to produce high-quality fruit.
未修剪或健康状况不佳的葡萄藤通常可以通过剪回到接近主干或主枝的位置来重新训练，以重新建立主枝或短枝位置。修剪能激活植物生长，是生产高质量果实所必需的。

Fertilizer  肥料

Conduct a soil test before planting a muscadine vineyard to determine if pre-plant amendments are necessary. Some amendments, such as lime, should be tilled into the soil before planting and constructing a trellis to be effective.
在种植麝香葡萄园之前进行土壤测试，以确定是否需要种植前的土壤改良。一些改良剂，如石灰，应在种植和搭建葡萄架之前翻入土壤中，以确保其效果。
Your soil test should guide your first-year nutrition program. For instance, sandy soil has a relatively low nutrient-holding capacity. As a result, muscadines grown on sandy soil will require more frequent applications of fertilizer.
您的土壤测试结果应指导第一年的营养管理计划。例如，沙质土壤的养分保持能力相对较低。因此，种植在沙质土壤上的麝香葡萄需要更频繁地施肥。
Table 2. Target values for vineyard soil nutrients.
表 2. 葡萄园土壤养分的目标值。
Nutrient  养分 Target soil values (ppm)
目标土壤值（ppm） 		Target soil values (lbs/acre)
目标土壤值（磅/英亩）
Potassium (K)  钾（K） 75-100 150-200
Phosphorus (P)  磷（P） 20-50 40-100
Calcium (Ca)  钙 (Ca) 500-2,000 1,000-4,000
Magnesium (Mg)  镁 (Mg) 100-250 200-500
Boron (B)  硼 (B) 0.3-2 0.6-4
Iron (Fe)  铁 (Fe) 20 40
Manganese (Mn)  锰（Mn） 20 40
Copper (Cu)  铜（Cu） 0.5 1.0
Zinc (Zn)  锌（Zn） 2 4
Organic Matter  有机质 3-5% 一
Nutrient Target soil values (ppm) Target soil values (lbs/acre) Potassium (K) 75-100 150-200 Phosphorus (P) 20-50 40-100 Calcium (Ca) 500-2,000 1,000-4,000 Magnesium (Mg) 100-250 200-500 Boron (B) 0.3-2 0.6-4 Iron (Fe) 20 40 Manganese (Mn) 20 40 Copper (Cu) 0.5 1.0 Zinc (Zn) 2 4 Organic Matter 3-5% 一| Nutrient | Target soil values (ppm) | Target soil values (lbs/acre) | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Potassium (K) | 75-100 | 150-200 | | Phosphorus (P) | 20-50 | 40-100 | | Calcium (Ca) | 500-2,000 | 1,000-4,000 | | Magnesium (Mg) | 100-250 | 200-500 | | Boron (B) | 0.3-2 | 0.6-4 | | Iron (Fe) | 20 | 40 | | Manganese (Mn) | 20 | 40 | | Copper (Cu) | 0.5 | 1.0 | | Zinc (Zn) | 2 | 4 | | Organic Matter | 3-5% | 一 |
Muscadines respond well to fertilizers such as 15-5-10. Unless specific deficiency symptoms develop, muscadine grapes need no other fertilizer additions in Texas.
麝香葡萄对 15-5-10 等肥料反应良好。除非出现特定的缺乏症状，否则在德克萨斯州种植的麝香葡萄不需要额外施肥。
To fertilize muscadine vines:
给麝香葡萄藤施肥的方法：
  • For every year of vine age, apply about 1 pound (2 cups) of fertilizer, not exceeding 4 pounds per vine.
    每年每株葡萄藤的年龄，施用约 1 磅（2 杯）肥料，但每株葡萄藤施肥量不超过 4 磅。
  • In the first and second years, apply 1 / 4 1 / 4 1//41 / 4 pound once a month from March through June.
    在第一年和第二年，从三月到六月每月施用 1 / 4 1 / 4 1//41 / 4 磅一次。
  • Do not place fertilizer closer than 18 inches from the vine trunks or in the sod between the rows.
    不要将肥料放置在距离葡萄藤树干 18 英寸以内的位置，也不要放在行间的草皮中。
  • If you maintain a weed-free or bare strip under the vines, broadcast the fertilizer along this strip.
    如果你在葡萄藤下保持无杂草或裸露的条带，请沿着这条条带撒施肥料。
    If growth is poor or a nutrient deficiency is suspected, collect tissue samples for diagnostic testing. In the first year of production, conduct tissue testing via petiole both at bloom ( 50 percent cap fall) and between ripening (veraison) and harvest. Doing so will guide fertilizer applications moving forward. During each
    如果生长不良或怀疑营养缺乏，应采集组织样本进行诊断测试。在生产的第一年，通过叶柄在开花期（50%花帽脱落时）以及成熟期（变色期）和收获之间进行组织测试。这样可以指导后续的施肥工作。在每次期间
    growing season that follows, take tissue samples during the same time of the season, using the same methods to build a database that accurately reflects the vineyard nutrient status. Some laboratories in Texas offer nutrient testing services with plant tissue.
    在随后的生长季节，需在同一季节的相同时期采集组织样本，使用相同的方法建立一个准确反映葡萄园养分状况的数据库。德克萨斯州的一些实验室提供植物组织养分检测服务。

Weed control  杂草控制

Muscadine roots are very shallow. To prevent root damage, avoid mechanical tillage or use the tiller on a very shallow setting. Most commercial vineyards maintain a 3 - to 5 -foot wide weed-free strip beneath the trellis. Weeds compete with vines for water and nutrients; have the potential to harbor pests and diseases; and interfere with vineyard activities. Control weeds in first-year vines by either hoeing a 3-foot circle around each vine or by very carefully applying an herbicide. Glyphosate herbicide is effective, but avoid spraying it onto the foliage or trunk, especially on young vines with green bark. Use a vine shelter (grow tube) to protect vines from particle drift and to safeguard it from rabbit and deer browsing. Contact and preemergence herbicides are also available for vineyards. Do not underestimate the importance of weed control. It is one of the most significant challenges for new vineyards.
麝香葡萄的根系非常浅。为了防止根部受损，应避免机械耕作，或将耕耘机设置在非常浅的深度。大多数商业葡萄园在葡萄架下保持 3 至 5 英尺宽的无杂草带。杂草会与葡萄藤争夺水分和养分；可能成为害虫和疾病的寄主；并干扰葡萄园的管理活动。对第一年生的葡萄藤进行杂草控制，可以通过在每株葡萄藤周围锄除一个 3 英尺的圆圈，或非常小心地使用除草剂。草甘膦除草剂效果显著，但避免喷洒到叶片或树干上，尤其是对带有绿色树皮的幼藤。使用葡萄藤保护管（生长管）可以防止颗粒漂移对葡萄藤的影响，并保护其免受兔子和鹿的啃食。葡萄园中也可使用接触性和预防性除草剂。不要低估杂草控制的重要性，这是新葡萄园面临的最重大挑战之一。

Irrigation  灌溉

Many commercial muscadine vineyards irrigate with drip irrigation. At a minimum, irrigation is necessary for vineyard establishment. It is also crucial for fruit sizing and to maintain vine health and fruit quality during dry periods. Irrigation requirements depend on soil, vine size, and weather conditions. Adjust the watering rates to compensate for extremes in soil drainage or weather events.
许多商业麝香葡萄葡萄园采用滴灌。至少，灌溉对于葡萄园的建立是必要的。它对于果实大小的形成以及在干旱期间维持藤蔓健康和果实质量也至关重要。灌溉需求取决于土壤、藤蔓大小和天气条件。应调整浇水量以补偿土壤排水极端或天气事件的影响。
The minimum delivery capacity of a vineyard irrigation system is 5 gallons per minute per acre. Most vineyards use well water, but surface water of sufficient quality and quantity can also be used. All irrigation sources require adequate
葡萄园灌溉系统的最低输水能力为每英亩每分钟 5 加仑。大多数葡萄园使用井水，但水质和水量足够的地表水也可以使用。所有灌溉水源都需要适当的
filtration but surface water generally requires a higher level of filtration.
过滤，但地表水通常需要更高水平的过滤。
Test irrigation water before planting. Some aquifers in Texas are not suitable as an irrigation source for muscadines due the salt content. If irrigation water quality parameters fall outside of the recommended range, it may be necessary to find another water source (Table 3).
在种植前测试灌溉水。一些德克萨斯州的含水层由于盐分含量较高，不适合作为麝香葡萄的灌溉水源。如果灌溉水质参数超出推荐范围，可能需要寻找其他水源（见表 3）。
Table 3. Guidelines for irrigation water quality for muscadine vineyards.
表 3. 麝香葡萄园灌溉水质指南
Analysis  分析 No problem  没问题 Increasing problem  日益严重的问题 Severe problem  严重问题
Electrical Conductivity (mmhos/cm or dS/m)
电导率（mmhos/cm 或 dS/m）		 <1.0 1.0-2.7 >2.7
Total Dissolved Solids (ppm)
总溶解固体（ppm） 		<640 640-1728 >1728
Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR)
钠吸收比（SAR）		 <6 6-9 >9
Sodium (ppm)  钠（ppm） <460 - -
Boron (ppm)  硼 (ppm) <1 1-3 >3
Chloride(ppm)  氯化物（ppm） <140 140-525 >525
Analysis No problem Increasing problem Severe problem Electrical Conductivity (mmhos/cm or dS/m) <1.0 1.0-2.7 >2.7 Total Dissolved Solids (ppm) <640 640-1728 >1728 Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) <6 6-9 >9 Sodium (ppm) <460 - - Boron (ppm) <1 1-3 >3 Chloride(ppm) <140 140-525 >525| Analysis | No problem | Increasing problem | Severe problem | | :--- | :--- | :--- | :--- | | Electrical Conductivity (mmhos/cm or dS/m) | <1.0 | 1.0-2.7 | >2.7 | | Total Dissolved Solids (ppm) | <640 | 640-1728 | >1728 | | Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) | <6 | 6-9 | >9 | | Sodium (ppm) | <460 | - | - | | Boron (ppm) | <1 | 1-3 | >3 | | Chloride(ppm) | <140 | 140-525 | >525 |

Pests and Diseases  害虫和疾病

Compared to improved bunch grapes, muscadines have excellent disease resistance. However, a disease-control program remains necessary to maximize production and fruit quality. Bunch rots such as bitter rot, ripe rot, and macrophoma rot are the most common threats, and often warrant control, particularly in wet years (Fig. 14). Well-timed fungicide sprays can reduce the incidence of these diseases. Bronzefruited cultivars are more susceptible to rots and
与改良的串状葡萄相比，麝香葡萄具有出色的抗病能力。然而，为了最大化产量和果实质量，仍然需要实施病害防治方案。串状腐烂病如苦腐病、成熟腐烂病和大孢子菌腐烂病是最常见的威胁，尤其在多雨年份通常需要防治（图 14）。适时喷洒杀菌剂可以减少这些病害的发生。青铜色果实品种更易受腐烂病侵害，
Figure 14. Macrophoma rot and ripe rot.
图 14. 大孢子菌腐烂病和成熟腐烂病。
their fruit is more prone to visible imperfections, both of which reduce quality.
其果实更容易出现明显的瑕疵，这两者都会降低果实质量。
The grape berry moth is the most common insect pest of muscadines and bunch grapes in Texas. It lays its eggs on developing flower and fruit clusters, where the larvae infest. A single larva can infest and destroy several flowers or berries, reducing yield and quality (Fig. 15). In Texas, it is common to observe multiple generations of grape berry moth during a single season.
葡萄果实螟是德克萨斯州葡萄和麝香葡萄中最常见的昆虫害虫。它在发育中的花序和果实簇上产卵，幼虫在其中寄生。一只幼虫可以侵染并破坏多个花朵或浆果，降低产量和品质（图 15）。在德克萨斯州，常见在一个季节内观察到葡萄果实螟的多代繁殖。
Figure 15. Infested muscadine cluster just after fruit set (left) and a mature berry with a visible larval exit hole (right).
图 15. 刚结实的受害麝香葡萄果串（左）和带有明显幼虫出口孔的成熟浆果（右）。

Harvest  采收

In East Texas, most muscadine cultivars ripen from late July through September. Muscadines are not considered to be ripe as soon as they change color. Instead, they continue to increase in sweetness, decrease in tartness (accumulate sugar and lose acid) for several weeks following color change. When berries become fully ripe, they often take on a slightly dull appearance and are easily dislodged from the cluster. Many processing-type muscadines ripen at the same time and allow for just one or two harvests (Fig. 16).
在东德克萨斯，大多数麝香葡萄品种从七月底到九月成熟。麝香葡萄颜色一变并不意味着成熟。相反，浆果在变色后会继续增加甜度，减少酸味（积累糖分并降低酸度）数周。当浆果完全成熟时，通常呈现略显暗淡的外观，并且容易从果串上脱落。许多加工型麝香葡萄同时成熟，只能进行一到两次采收（图 16）。
To harvest ripe grapes efficiently, place a canvas or catching frame (Fig. 17) under the vine and gently shake the vine or wire. Larger vineyards use mechanical harvesters, such as blueberry harvesters, to pick their fruit.
为了高效采摘成熟的葡萄，可以在葡萄藤下放置一块帆布或接果架（图 17），然后轻轻摇动葡萄藤或铁丝。较大的葡萄园则使用机械采摘机，如蓝莓采摘机，来采摘果实。
Figure 16. Synchronous ripening allows for efficient harvesting.
图 16. 同步成熟便于高效采摘。
Figure 17. Catch frame made from PVC pipe.
图 17. 由 PVC 管制成的接果架。
Process cultivars or individual berries that have a wet stem-end scar directly after harvest as they do not store well (Fig. 18). Those with a dry stem scar will keep for up to 2 weeks if refrigerated at a temperature between 34 ∘ F 34 ∘ F 34^(@)F34^{\circ} \mathrm{F} and 45 ∘ F 45 ∘ F 45^(@)F45^{\circ} \mathrm{F}.
加工品种或带有湿润果梗疤的单颗葡萄应在采摘后立即处理，因为它们不易保存（图 18）。带有干燥果梗疤的葡萄如果在 0 至 1 摄氏度的温度下冷藏，可保存长达 2 周。
Figure 18. A dry (top) and wet (bottom) stem scar.
图 18. 干燥（上）和湿润（下）的茎痕。

Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service
德州农工大学农业生命延伸服务

AgriLifeExtension.tamu.edu
Texas A&M AgriLife Extension provides equal opportunities in its programs and employment to all persons, regardless of race, color, sex, religion, national origin, disability, age, genetic information, veteran status, sexual orientation, or gender identity.
德州农工大学农业生命延伸项目在其项目和就业中为所有人提供平等机会，无论其种族、肤色、性别、宗教、国籍、残疾、年龄、遗传信息、退伍军人身份、性取向或性别认同。
  1. *Extension Viticulture Specialist, The Texas A&M University System
    *延伸葡萄栽培专家，德州农工大学系统